EXPLORATION

OF
HYDROCARBONS
Module No 3
DRILLING OPERATIONS

WELL PROFILE

FIGURE 3.2:
SHOWS A
TYPICAL
DRILLING/
CASING
PROGRAM

DIFFERENT PHASES OF A WELL

PHASE- A

PHASE- B

PHASE- C

SPP & HYDROSTATIC

PRESSURE
(A) HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Ph=
Ph=

H X d/10
(METRIC)
0.052 X H X d
(API)

(B) STANDPIPE PRESSURE

SPP= Psurf + Ppipe + Pbit +
Pann

FIGURE3.3.1: SHOWS HOW TO CALCULATE THE

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND STAND PIPE PRESSURE

CONNECTING
KELLY WITH
JOINT

MAKING A CONNECTION WITH

KELLY TO DRILL 17.5 HOLE
JOINT IN
MOUSEHOLE

PICKING
UP JOINT

STABBING THE
ADDED JOINT
INTO TOP OF
DRILL PIPE

JOINT
ADDED
AND
READY
TO MAKE
HOLE

MAKING A CONNECTION WITH

TOP DRIVE

POOH

KELLY IN
THE RAT
HOLE

SURFACE CASING
1. PREVENT COLLAPSE OF THE
BOREHOLE
2. PROTECT GROUNDWATER
SUPPLIES
3. CONDUCT PRODUCED FLUIDS TO
SURFACE
4. SUPPORT SURFACE PRESSURE CONTROL
EQUIPMENT

CASING ACCESSORIES
CENTRALIZERS
HAVE A BOWEDSPRING
ARRANGEMENT,
TO KEEP THE
CASING
CENTERED IN
THE HOLE

FLOAT COLLAR
IS DESIGNED TO
SERVE AS A
RECEPTACLE
FOR CEMENT
PLUGS, AND TO
KEEP THE
DRILLING MUD
IN THE HOLE
FROM
ENTERING THE
CASING

SCRATCHERS
STRIP OFF THE
WALL CAKE
FORMED BY
DRILLING MUD
FOR BETTER
CEMENT
BONDING
THE GUIDE
SHOE HELPS
GUIDE THE
CASING PAST
SMALL
LEDGES OR
DEBRIS IN
THE HOLE

CEMENTING OF
SURFACE CASING
DISPLACEMENT
FLUID

TOP PLUG
CEMENT SLURRY
BOTTOM PLUG
FLOAT COLLAR

CENTRALIZER
GUIDE SHOE

CASING WITH CEMENT

THE CASING
SHOULD NOT
TOUCH THE
HOLE, IF IT
DOES
A TOP VIEW SHOWS CASING
CONTACTING THE SIDE OF
THE HOLE AND AN EMPTY
AREA (VOID) WHERE NO
CEMENT EXITS.

DRILLING 12.25 HOLE

1. DRILL WITH 12.25 BIT
2. ELECTRIC LOGS (OPTIONAL)
3. RUNNING AND CEMENTING INTERMEDIATE
CASING.

TRIPPING IN
1. RUN IN HOLE WITH NEW BHA ON DRILL PIPES,
WITH ALWAYS SMALL OUTER DIAMETER (OD)
THAN CASING ID.
2. WHILE TRIPPING IN DRILLER CAREFULLY
OBSERVES THE METAL DISPLACEMENT OF
DRILLING MUD.
3. DRILLER FILL THE DRILL STRING AFTER FEW
STANDS TO KEEP THE HOLE IN BALANCE
CONDITIONS .

LOT(LEAK OFF TEST)

IF PUMPING CONTINEOUS,
THE FRACTURES WILL OPEN
FURTHER; TO THE POINT
THAT ALL ADDITIONAL MUD
PUMPED ENTERS THE
FORMATION AND SURFACE
PRESSURE REMAIN STEADY;
INJECTIVITY PRESSURE
THE PRESSURE INCREASES
UNTIL JUST REACHING THE
POINT WHERE EXISTING
FRACTURES BEGIN TO
ADMIT FLUID, LEAK OFF
PRESSURE

RUNNING & CEMENTING

INTERMEDIATE CASING
INTERMEDIATE
CASING IS RUN
AND CEMENTED
IN THE
INTERMEDIATE
HOLE
INTERMEDIATE
LINER IS HUNG
IN THE
SURFACE
CASING

DRILLING TO TOTAL DEPTH

(8.5 HOLE)
1. DRILLING WITH 8.5 BIT TO TD (TOTAL DEPTH).
2. ELECTRIC LOGS, NO GOOD RESULT, PLUG AND
ABANDON.
3. GOOD RESULTS FROM ELECTRIC LOGS, MAY
PROCEED FOR PRODUCTION TESTING, NO GOOD
RESULTS MAY PROCEED FOR PLUG AND ABANDON
4.GOOD RESULTS
COMPLETION.

WILL

FINALLY

END

ON

EVALUATING THE FORMATION

1. MUDLOGGING
2. ELECTRIC LOGGING
3. CORING
4. MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING
5. RFT (REPEATER FORMATION TESTER)
6. DRILL STEM TESTING

MUD LOGGING
FIGURE3.5.1.1:
SHOWS
DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS
MONITERED
BY MUD
LOGGING
UNIT

ELECTRIC LOGGING
(WIRELINE LOGGING)

EXAMPLE OF A WIRELINE LOG

THE IMPORTANCE OF
CORING
1. PROVIDES RELATIVELY UNDAMAGED SAMPLE
OF SUBSURFACE ROCKS.
2. PROVIDES RELATIVELY TRUE PICTURE OF
FORMATION POROSITY & PERMEABLITY.
3. PROVIDES RELATIVELY TRUE FEATURES OF
FORMATIONS.

CONVENTIONAL CORING

CIRCULATING
THROUGH INNER
BARREL BEFORE
CORING

CONVENTIONAL CORING

CIRCULATING
THROUGH OUTER
BARREL DURING
CORING

SIDEWALL CORING
WHY WE NEED SIDE WALL
CORING?
BULLETS BEFORE
FIRING

BULLETS
WITH
SAMPLE
AFTER FIRING

MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING

FIGURE3.5.1.4: MUD-PULSE MEASUREMENT-WHILE

DRILLING (MWD) TOOL

RFT (REPEAT FORMATION

TESTER)

DST (DRILL STEM TESTING)

A-SET PACKER
ABOVE
TEST ZONE, TO
E- CIRCULATE TO
SEAL OFF HOLE
CSHUT
IN
WELL
AT
B- OPEN TEST
D-RELESE PACKER
RECOVERED
ANNULUS
TEST VALVE AND
VALVE ANDMONITOR
FLOW PRESSURE
AND EQUALIZE
FLUIDS OUT OF
FOR FIXEDBUILD UP HYDROSTATIC
HOLE
PERIOD
PRESSURE

WELL TESTING SURFACE EQUIPMENTS

WELL COMPLETION
1. SETTING PRODUCTION CASING
2. PERFORATION.
2. INSTALLING A PRODUCTION WELL HEAD

GUN IN
HOLE TO A
DEPTH OPPOSITE
THE PRODUCING
ZONE

PERFORATING

THE SHAPED
CHARGES ARE
FIRED

PERFORATING GUNS
ARE AVAILABLE IN
SEVERAL SIZES

ALLOW RESERVIOR
FLUIDS TO FLOW
IN WELL

CHRISTMAS TREE

SPECIAL DRILLING
OPERATIONS
1.
2.

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

HORIZONTAL DRILLING
3.

4.

FISHING

STUCK PIPE

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

SEVERAL DIRECTIONAL WELLS ARE OFTEN

DRILLED FROM A SINGLE OFFSHORE PLATFORM

DIRECTIONAL
ENGINEERING
S Well

Slant
Well

Kick-off
Point

End of Buildup
Tangent
Section

Horizontal
Displacement

Total
Vertical
Depth
(TVD) Kick-off
Point
(KOP)

Target
Zone

End of Buildup

Target Zone

Tangent
Section
Drop off
Zone

Horizontal

NOMENCLATURE FOR DIRECTIONAL

WELLBORES

DIRECTIONAL

DRILLING
TOOLS
A WHIPSTOCK
GIVING
DIRECTION TO
BIT

MUD MOTOR
DEFLECTED
WITH BENT SUB

MUD
MOTORS
THE DRILLING
FLUIDS THROUGH
THE TURBINE
BLADES SPINS THE
ROTORS, SHAFT
AND BIT

DEVIATION SURVEY
TOOLS
SINGLE SHOT
MAGNETIC
TOOL

HORIZONTAL DRILLING

STUCK PIPE (KEY SEAT)

IN A DOGLEG, DRILL
STRING TENSIONS
FORCES THE PIPE TO
RUB AGAINST ONE SIDE
OF THE HOLE.
EVENTUALLY, THE PIPE
MAY WEAR A SLOT (THE
KEY SEAT) INTO THE
WALL OF THE HOLE.

DIFFERENTIAL STICKING

WHEN DRILL PIPE (DRILL COLLARS ESPECIALLY)

RESTS STATIONARY AGAINST A PERMEABLE FORMATION,
PART OF THE PIPE BECOMES EMBEDDED IN THE FILTER
CAKE. WITH PRESSURE LOWER ON FORMATION SIDE OF
THE PIPE, THE PIPE BECOMES STUCK IN PLACE BY
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE.

FISHING TOOLS
AN
OVERSHOT
GRIPS THE
OUTSIDE OF A
FISH FOR
REMOVAL
FROM THE
HOLE

A SPEAR
GRIPS THE INSIDE
OF THE FISH

MILLS

MILLS SUCH AS THESE ARE USED TO GRIND THE

JAGGED TOPS OF FISH TO FACILIATE OVERSHOT OR
SPEAR ATTACHMENT

THANK YOU