CriminalPsychology:TheWhyBehindtheCrime

MeganKoontz

EnglishIIIHonors
Mrs.Kopp
February26,2015

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MeganKoontz
Mrs.Kopp
EnglishIIIHonors
26February2015
CriminalPsychology:TheWhyBehindtheCrime
Criminalsexistthroughouttheworld,buttheirintentionsoftengoundiscovered.Society
perceivesthemajorityofcriminalsasdelinquentswiththoughtlessandfoolishframesofmind,
butinrealitytheysimplyportrayoneofthecrowd.Whenpeoplehearorseethewordcriminal,
theyimmediatelyassumeadevillikefigure.Alotofdifferentaspectsofpsychologygointothe
forethoughtofeachandeverycrime,butnotmanyindividualstakethetimetocompletethe
necessaryresearchduetothechallengeofexplainingtheperplexingactionsofothers.Criminal
psychologistsmustputthemselvesintheshoesofthecriminal.Almostanyoneholdstheability
tocommittheatrocitiesseenandheardaboutinthenews.Nobodytakesintoaccountthewhy
behindthecrimeortheforethoughtthatoccurs,butnotallcriminalspossessmalicious
intentions.Infact,somedonotevenrealizethedamagetheycausebytheactionstheymake.
Manyfactorscomeintoplaywhendeterminingwhetherasuspectappearsinnocentorguiltyand
whetherornottheymustsuffertheconsequences.Criminalpsychologycaptivatesmany
individualsasafuturecareerchoiceduetoitsprominenceinAmericansociety,theinspirational
individualsworkinginthefield,andtheimportanceofthecareerasawhole.
Overtime,criminalpsychologyhastremendouslyevolvedduetoadvancementsin
technologyandarapidlygrowinginterestinthefield.Throughouthistory,theneedforcriminal
psychologistshasdramaticallyincreasedduetotheriseofnumberofcommittedcrimes.Dueto

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itsearlyorigin,historianssplitthehistoryofcriminalpsychologyintofourdifferenteras:
premoderncriminology,moderncriminology,postmoderncriminology,andfuture
criminology.Eachoftheseerasoverlapinaremarkablewayandhavecontributedtothe
developmentofwhatsocietynowconsidersmoderncriminalpsychology.Eacheracontinuesto
buildoffofthepreviousonesandcontinuestohelpdevelopadefinitiveconclusiontotheminds
ofthesefraudulentindividuals(JohnstoneWardWebber78).Despitethetimeperiod,all
criminalpsychologistsaimtopreventcrimesandensuresafetyforallofsociety.
Duringthepremoderneraofcriminalpsychology,judgesbelievedthatoutside
influencessuchasthesupernaturalorwitchesaffectedthosewhoengagedincriminalbehavior.
Superstition,thebeliefinanddeeprespectforthesupernaturalbeings,seemedtodrivethe
actionsoftheseindividuals.AccordingtoHansJ.Eysenck,apremoderncriminologist,
medievalwritingssuchasthoseofGalenstronglyinfluencedthepersonalitiesofthesemaverick
individuals.Hestatedthatprescientificmethodologydominatedthevalidityofeachandevery
criminaloffense,usuallyseenaswitchcraftduringthistimeperiod(JohnstoneWardWebber
810).Unliketoday,mostofpremoderncriminalpsychologistsusedreligionandfaithorsiding
withthedevilinsteadofbelievinginthewordofGodasthebasisofallcriminalcomportment.
Demonology,thestudyofdemonsanddemonicbelief,demonstratedthekeytheoryofwhat
premoderncriminologistsbelievedtocausetheanomalousactionsoftheindividualsinvolvedin
criminalactivity(JohnstoneWardWebber9).Premoderncriminalpsychologynolonger
providessufficientevidenceintodaysworldbecausethevastmajorityofindividualsnolonger
believeinwitchcraftandthesupernatural.Consequently,criminalpsychologistsrarelyusethe
theoriesofthiserainvolvingsuperstition,eventhoughsomeindividualsdostillbelieve.

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Themoderneraofcriminalpsychologydealtwiththesciencebehindhumanactivities.
Inthisera,debatestilloccurredonwhetherornotindividualscommittedoffensesduetosocial
factorsbeyondtheircontrol.AccordingtoAugusteComte,aFrenchphilosopherwhofounded
thedoctrineofpositivism,theapplicationofthescientificmethodhelpedmanycriminal
psychologistsidentifythecauseofcriminaloffensesasitrelatedtopositivism,atheorystill
recognizedtoday(JohnstoneWardWebber1011).Inboththemoderneraandtoday,the
theoryofpositivismsplitsintotwomainforms,individualandsociologicalpositivism.Eachof
theseformsdescribesawayinwhichcriminalpsychologistsrecognizethecauseofunorthodox
behaviorincrimecommittingindividuals.Theformofindividualpositivismassumesthat
internalfactorssuchasinnatecharactertraitsinfluenceanindividualsbehavior,insteadofsocial
factorssuchastheirsurroundingenvironment.Ontheotherhand,sociologicalpositivismdeals
withthebeliefthatapplyingthescientificmethodhelpsacriminalpsychologistidentifythe
socialinfluenceofcrimeanddeviance.AlongwithComte,EmileDurkheimbelievedthatthe
socialworldcontributedmoretotheactionsofindividualsthanthenaturalworldbecausean
individualbeginstheirlifeinthealreadycreatedanddevelopedsociety(JohnstoneWard
Webber1617Positivism).Despiteaspecificindividualsbeliefs,thebulkofindividuals
generallytendtobelievethatthemoderneraofcriminalpsychologyinitiatedtheuniversal
disciplinesofthisdevelopingfield.
BeginningafterWorldWarII,criminalpsychologistsandlawenforcement
representativesbegantoquestiontheruleoflawandthereasoningbehindanindividualsactions
andmotives.Aftermuchdebate,theyreachedaconsensusstatingsocialandmoralfactorsledto
thelackofrespectindividualshadtowardothers.Duringthisera,criminalpsychologistsbegan

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toseescienceaserrorproneandstartedtomainlyfocusonthepracticalityofasituation
(JohnstoneWardWebber9).Asthelawcontinuedtodevelopandchange,thelevelof
enforcementdecreasedandmoraldisputesbegantooccuronwhetherornotlawsreallyexisted.
Forexample,marijuanaoncequalifiedasanillegalsubstance,butnowmanyAmericanstates
havemadeitlegalformedicalpurposesandpossiblyrecreationaluseinthenearfuture
(JohnstoneWardWebber2021).Thisledtoalotofconfusiononwhetheranindividual
committedanactseenasillegalornotbecauseonedefinitivelawseemedtonotexist.
Finally,thefutureeraofcriminologyportraysmostofwhattodaysworldknowsas
criminalpsychology.Thiseraincorporatedmanycounterintuitiveideas,makingitmore
challengingtounderstand.Technologicaladvancementsduringthiseraledtotheriseof
accuracyinpsychologicaldiagnosis.Theseadvancementsallowedthestudyofpsychologyto
combinewiththemedicalfield,whichinturnallowedformoreresearchfunding.Thisincrease
ofresearchallowedcriminalpsychologiststodiscovernewandimprovedtechniquesfor
detectingdeceptionandfindinganidealsolutionforhelpingcriminalsgetbackontherightpath
(Cohen).Alloftheerasofcriminalpsychologycombinedhavehelpedshapethecareer
individualsknowtodaybytheirlastingcontributions.
Duetotheseriousnessofcriminalpsychology,anindividualmustacquirethenecessary
qualificationsbeforeadvancingfurtherinthefield.Onemustfirstearnadegreefroman
accreditedcollegeorinstitutionandenrollinchallenging,butmanageablecoursesthatrelateto
allaspectsofthefield.Anundergraduatedegreesimplydoesnotprovideenougheducationto
obtainawellpayingjobbecauseofthesolemnityofthecareer.Acriminalpsychologistholds
responsibilityforaddressingthementalstateofanindividualwhohascommittedacriminal

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offense.Theymustknowhowtostudyandobservecriminalmindsforintentions,thoughts,and
deviantbehavior(Gabler12).Manycollegesdonotoffercriminalpsychologyasamajor
therefore,oneneedstotakeavarietyofclassessuchaspsychology,sociology,criminology,and
criminalandbehavioralsciencetogarneradequateknowledge,butpotentialemployersdonot
requireaparticularmajortopursuethiscareerinthefuture.Takingamultitudeofthesecourses
willbenefitthestudentbymakingthemmorediverseinthefieldandgivingthemthe
opportunitytoexpandtheirlearningandknowledge(ForensicPsychologyCareers).Whenit
comestocriminalpsychology,knowledgeexemplifiesthekeytosuccess.
Studentsinterestedinpursuingcriminalpsychologyintheirfutureneedtoalsoplanon
attendinggraduateschoolandobtainingadoctoraldegree.Thetwomostprominenttypesof
psychologydoctoraldegreesincludetheDoctorofPhilosophy(Ph.D.)inPsychologyandthe
DoctorofClinicalPsychology(Psy.D.).Earningeitherofthesedegreesdemonstratesthatan
individualhasthoroughlycontinuedtheireducationtothebestoftheirabilityanddoneso
effectively.Pursuingoneseducationallowsafutureemployertoobserveanindividual'slevel
ofeducationandcommitmentbeforehiring(ForensicPsychologyCareers).Thisbenefitsthe
individualbymakingthemamorecompetitivejobseekerandincreasestheirlikelihoodof
receivingajobsoonaftergraduation.Whileschoolingcontinuestodemonstrateaveryvital
aspectinpursuingcriminalpsychologyasacareer,otherrolesplayacrucialpartintheprocess
too.
Onceanindividualhasachievedtherequiredschooling,manyotherqualificationsneed
completion.Anextremelyimportantaspectofbecomingacriminalpsychologistincludes
buildinganexceptionalresume.Aresumeforthiscrucialofcareershouldincorporatea

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multitudeofinformation,butespeciallyavarietyofinterviewsandinternships.Whencreatinga
resume,onetriestoconvincetheirfutureemployerthattheysuitthecareerbetterthananyone
else.Interviewsandinternshipshelpestablishasolidfoundationforabeginnerinterestedinthis
field.Oneofthemosthighlyrecommendinternshipsinvolvesworkingwiththelocalpolice
departmentorothercriminaljusticeagencieswhileincollege.Thesedepartmentsallowan
individualtoexplorethelifestyleofthosewhointeractfirsthandwithcriminalsandevengive
themtheopportunitytocommunicatewithcriminalswhohavecommittedmisdemeanor
offenses.Thisopensindividualsmindsandgivesthemtheopportunitytodealwiththepeople
theywilleventuallyworkwith(Wind).Futureemployersrecommendparticipatinginatleast
oneinternshiptogainknowledgeoftherealworldifchoosingtoproceedwiththisfieldinthe
future.
Aftergraduatingbothcollegeandgraduateschool,onemustregistertotakealicensure
examination,oneofthelasthurdlesacandidatemustfaceinthelicensingprocess.Ifpassed,
thisexamgivesanindividualpermissiontoperforminarestrictedpractice.Anindividual
backgroundandsecuritycheck,includingadrugscreening,exemplifyothernecessary
requirementsduetoworkinginmanycourtroomsettings.Thesenecessitiesensureeligible
candidatesdonothaveacriminalrecordandasaresulthelpspromotesafetyfornotonlythose
inneedofacriminalpsychologist,butalsotheircolleaguesandtherestofsocietyasawhole
(ChinnHertz).Despitetheabundanceofqualifications,oncecompleted,anindividualcan
obtainafulfillingoccupation.
Inordertogainbenefitsfromchoosingthefieldofcriminalpsychology,onemustfind
theappropriateschoolinwhichallowsthemtoobtainabeneficialdegree.TheUniversityof

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NorthCarolinaatWilmington,UNCW,givestheirstudentstheopportunitytostudyandresearch
multiplefieldsofsocialsciencesandpsychologyinordertofindthespecializedareathatbest
suitsthem.ThestaffatUNCWhopestolayasolidfoundationforthefutureoftheirstudents
andaimstohelptheminanypossiblewaytoachievetheirgoals.UNCWencouragestheir
undergraduatestotakemultipleelectivesandpartakeininternshipstofurthereducatethemin
theirfieldofchoice(UNCWStaff).AccordingtotheCollegeU.S.NewsRankingboard,the
UniversityofNorthCarolinaatWilmingtonranksamongthetopfivefortheirMastersprogram
incriminalpsychology,criminology,andsociologywithaseventyonepercentgraduationrate
(UniversityofNorthCarolinaWilmington).ThisprovidesevidencethatUNCWadequately
preparestheirgraduatesenoughtosuccessfullyadvanceintheirfuture.UNCWranksamong
oneofthefewcollegesinNorthCarolinathatprovidestheirstudentswiththeopportunityto
divedeepintotheirpassionwhethertheyofferthecourseornot(UNCWStaff).Theimportance
ofchoosingthebestuniversityensuresthesuccessofanindividualandhelpsmakethema
betterroundedindividualsoonaftergraduating.
Thefieldofcriminalpsychologyappearsextremelybroad,butitnarrowsdowninto
intricatesubfields.Asawhole,criminalpsychologistsaimtoreducerecidivismbytherapeutic
treatmentandnotbyenforcingextensivepunishment.Asaresultofsubstantialresearch,
increasingpenaltiesdoesnothavealonglastingeffectanddoesnotprovidetheguiltyoffender
withtheknowledgethatviolenceneverservesastheappropriateanswer(Violencefor
GoodnessSake).Criminalpsychologistsdesiretostopthecrimebeforeitevenhasthe
opportunitytooccurbyidentifyingthecriminalsoftomorrow(Bannerman).Whetherworking
inthecourtroomsetting,rehabilitationcenters,attheactualcrimescene,orteachingyouthina

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classroom,onemustfullyknowhowtoreadacriminalinsideandout.Warningsignsdoexist,
makingcrimespreventable,butthechallengingpartappearswhenneedingtoidentifythosesigns
(Bannerman).Criminalpsychologistsintendtogiveittheiralltoprotectsocietydespitethe
challengeofstoppingallcriminalactivity.
Criminalpsychologistsstandapartfromtypicalcrimesceneinvestigatorsbecausethey
knowwhattolookfor.Theyunderstandthemajorityofcriminalsseldomcommitviolence
becausetheyneglecttodeliberatebetweenrightandwrongorlackempathy.Duetothis,one
mustchangeanindividualsmotivesandbeliefsaboutbrutalityinhopestonoticeachange
(ViolenceforGoodnessSake).Manyfactorsofrelapseincludeheredity,educationalsettings,
selfconsciousness,gender,andinappropriateuseoffreetime.Themajorityofcriminalsdonot
justwakeuponemorningandsuddenlydecidetoperpetrateacrime.Forexample,amanwho
consistentlybeatshiskidsnotonlyexemplifiesaviolentfather,butalsoakillerinthemaking
therefore,criminalpsychologistsmustrecognizeanindividualwhowillgraduatefromlesser
offencestomoreseriouscrimessuchasmurderorrape.Acontinuoussequenceofbehavior
alwaysoccursbeforeacriminalhastheopportunitytocommitacrime,whichcomprisesthe
methodofhowtheyidentifyasuspectbeforeaccused(Balan485489Bannerman).Criminal
psychologistsmustuncoverthesequenceandputastoptoitbytheresearchtheyhavecollected
andusingittointerveneinthecriminaljusticeprocess.
Amajortopicupfordebateinvolvestheissueofmentalhealthdisorders.Individuals
withdiagnosedmentalhealthdisordersgenerallydonotseethewrongintheiractions,butthat
doesnotjustifytheirnegligentbehavior(Wallisetal.).Theimportanceofreceiving
psychologicaltreatmentinsteadofincarcerationexhibitshighprioritybecauseoncetheyserve

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theirtime,theymostlikelywillgobacktotheirwrongdoingsbecausetheyhaveyettotrulylearn
themistakestheyhavemade.Inthiscircumstance,criminalpsychologistsspecializingin
recoverysuchascounselingandrehabilitationtakeaction(Cohen).The
RiskNeedResponsivity(RNR)modelconstitutesoneoftheinternationallyrecognizedmodel
fortreatingoffendersandreducingrecidivism.Risk,need,andresponsivitymakeupthethree
predominantprinciplestoreducerecidivism,apersonsrelapseintocriminalbehavior.Different
offendersneeddisparatetreatmentdependingontheirlevelandrisktoreoffend.Criminal
psychologiststhenlookatanindividualscriminogenicneeds,needsthatwhenaddressedor
changedincreasethelikelihoodofrecidivism.Finally,theylookatacriminalsresponsivityto
change,whichgivesthepsychologistsanideaofhoweffectivetheirtreatmentwillbe.While
criminalpsychologistshavebeneficialmethods,theyoftencollaboratewithotherprofessionals
tohelpthemcreatemoreeffectivetreatment.Therefore,agroupofcriminalpsychologists
createdtheNorthAmericanCorrectionalandCriminalJusticePsychologyConference
(NACCJPC)inorderfortheprofessionalstogathertogethertoshareideas,whichinturnledto
theopportunityforthefieldofapplyingpsychologytoflourish(ChestonKoegl).Thissubtopic
ofrecoverycriminalpsychologyholdsgreatsignificancebecausewithouttheirhelp,criminals
wouldcontinuetofallbackintotheirroutineofirresponsiblebehavior.
Anotherimportantsubfieldofcriminalpsychologyinvolvesspecialistswhousually
spendtheirworkdaysincourtroomandinvestigationsettings.Criminalandforensic
investigatorsalongwithcrimepreventionagenciesalsofallintothespecialistscategory.Their
mainjobfocusesondeterminingwhetherasuspectappearsinnocentorguiltybyusing
psychologicalknowledge.Theseindividualsspecializeingeneralpsychologyand

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psychotherapyandmeticulouslyunderstandeachandeverylittledetailoflearnedinformation
(ChestonKoegl).Thetwomostprominenttopicsthattheseindividualsstudyincludethe
developmentofthehumanbrainandlearningtodetectlies.
Thehumanbrainconsistsofdifferentlobes,eachhavingadifferentfunctionandhousing
adifferentpartofthebrain.Whendealingwiththebrainofacriminal,criminalpsychologists
mustfullyunderstandthefunctionoftheaveragehumanbraintomakecomparisonstothebrain
ofthecriminalbecausesomepartsmaynothavefullydevelopedcausingthedeviance(Gabler
194195).Theamygdala,locatedinsidethecerebralhemisphere,controlsallemotion,especially
anger,fear,andsexualaggression.Studyingtheamygdalacanhelpacriminalpsychologist
determinewhetherornotanindividualtrulyseesnowrongintheiractionsoriftheyhavea
selfimposedmotiveincommittingthecrime.Thehippocampusalsoexemplifiesanimportant
partofthebrainwhentryingtofigureoutthelogicbehindacrime.Thehippocampus,locatedin
themedialtemporallobe,involvesmemoryformationandtheabilitytorecallinformationafterit
hasoccurred(Brain).Understandingthehumanbrainestablishesasolidfoundationforthe
studyofcriminalpsychology.
Liedetectionalsoepitomizesanimportantaspectofacriminalpsychologistsjob.
Beforetheadvancementsoftechnology,thesepsychologistshadtorelysolelyonfacial
expressionsandmovementtodetectdeception.Themereactoflyingcausesobservablesignsof
cognitiveloadbecauseindividualsrequiremorecognitiveresourceswhentellingalieinsteadof
thetruth.Whendeterminingifanindividualhastoldalie,criminalpsychologistslookfor
microexpressions,facialexpressionsthatflashonapersonsfaceforafractionofasecondand
showtheirtrueemotion.Apersonwhohastypicallyjustliedhasraisedeyebrowsdrawntoward

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thecenteroftheforeheadwithafewsmallwrinkles(Vrijetal.).Alongwithfacialexpressions,
criminalpsychologistsusesuddenbodymovementasatechniqueforrecognizingdeception.
Lyingindividualsgetcaughtoffguardwhenaskedcertainquestions,resultinginnervous
behavior.Psychologistsclassifysweating,shiftinginthechair,crossinglegs,andgrooming
behaviorsasnervousbehaviorstolookfor(Vrijetal.).Afterthetechnologicaladvancements,
criminalpsychologistsbegantousethegalvanicskinresponse(GSR)monitor,aportabledevice
similartothepolygraph.TheGSRmonitormeasurestheelectricalresistanceoftheskinasit
relatestoslightchangesinmoisturecontent.Thismonitorhelpsillustratehowtheautonomic
nervoussystem,thepartofthenervoussystemresponsibleforinvoluntaryactions,reactstoa
situationinvolvingprovocation(GroschSparrow166).Thecombinationoffacialexpressions,
movements,andtheGSRmonitorallowsformoreaccuracyandreliabilityintheresults.
Criminalpsychologistsliveaveryunpredictablelife.Theyspendmanydaysinalab
conductingsubstantialresearchoncriminalprofilesandstudyingtheresultsofmedicalexams.
Whennotinthelab,theyeitherworkinarehabilitationcenterorutilizetheirtimeattheactual
crimesceneanalyzingtheintentionsofthecriminal(Gabler13).Eachaspectofthefieldhasa
differentdailyroutinedependingonwhichsubfieldanindividualchoosestopursue.Sinceno
oneknowstheexacttimeacrimewilloccur,criminalpsychologistsmustremainpreparedatall
times.Evenifacrimehasyettooccur,theycontinuetoworkondiscoveringnewdiagnosesand
developingmoreeffectivetreatments(Wallisetal.).Duetotheirdedication,criminal
psychologistscaneasilyfocusononetaskatatimedespitetheirsporadicworkdays.
Asawhole,criminalpsychologycontainsnumerousadvantagesthatmakethejob
worthwhile,especiallythefactthatmanyviewitasaveryhandsonandinteractivecourseof

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study.Thiscareerallowsindividualstoworkmostlyontheirownschedule,givingthemthe
opportunitytospendmoretimewiththeirfamilies.Criminalpsychologysignifiesavery
promisingcareerchoicebecauseonegetsthechancetoreducethenumberofcommittedcrimes
bydoingwhattheylove,psychologicalanalysisofcriminals(Wind).Pursuingthisfieldgives
anindividualtheopportunitytomakeasalarywellabove$100,000ayeariftheycontinuewith
theoccupationforalongperiodoftime,whichinturnbenefitstheirfamilywithahighincome.
Onthedownside,beginningcriminalpsychologistshaveastartingsalaryofapproximately
$36,000andmustcontinuewiththecompanytobuilduptothe$100,000salary(Forensic
PsychologyCareers).Alongwiththemanyadvantagesofcontinuingcriminalpsychology,
individualsmustpreparethemselvesforthetravelingandtheoccasionalovertimehoursandthe
brutalcrimescenestheywilloftensee.Ifbrutalitybothersanindividualtothepointitbecomes
hardtoforget,thentheyshouldnotconsidercriminalpsychologyasacareeroption.(Wind).
Overall,aspiringcriminalpsychologistsfindthatthepositivesofthecareeroutweighthe
negatives.
Thefieldofcriminalpsychologyhasbecomeoneofthemostpopularcareerchoicesof
todayssociety.Anincreasingnumberofstudentsshowinterestinpursuingitasafuturecareer
choice.AsstatedbySusanWind,afinancialcrimeandcybercrimeconsultant,criminal
psychologyrepresentsagreatfieldtopursueforsomeoneabouttograduatehighschool(Wind).
Theriseoftelevisionexposure,suchascourtTVortruTV,hasledthefieldtogrow
exponentially.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsexpectsanysubdivisionofpsychologyto
experiencedoubledigitjobgrowthuntiltheyear2022(Gabler122123).Choosingthecareerof
criminalpsychologyholdsmanyopportunitiesandcontinuestogroweachandeveryday.Asa

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resultofthegrowinginterestinthefield,criminalpsychologistshavetheabilitytomakea
greaterimpactontheindividualswithinthesocietyandthesocietyasawholebytheirenduring
contributions(Gabler191).Allsubfieldscombinedhavechangedthelivesofnumerous
individuals,hencebringingtogetheracountlessnumberoffamilies.
Theinspirationalindividualsworkinginthefieldofcriminalpsychologyhavehelped
shapetheimportanceofthecareerasawholeandinspiredmanyindividualstopursueitasa
futurechoiceofoccupation.Thehistoryofcriminologyhasevolvedovertimecreatingwhat
peopleknowtodayasmoderncriminalpsychology.Withalltheadvancementsinthefield,
criminalpsychologistshavegainedtheabilitytoimprovetheirdiscoveriesandcreatemore
effectivetreatments.Thisfieldhasleftalastingimpressiononanabundantamountofpeople
andhashelpedmadetodayssocietyasaferplace.Withoutthesedifferentaspectsof
psychology,criminalswouldnotreceivetheappropriatecounselingandtreatmentnecessaryto
changetheirwayoflifeforthebetter.

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Wind,Susan.Electronicinterview.23February2015

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