APPENDIX A
‘Broms method for analysis of single piles under lateral loading
‘Te method was preset in tee papers bled in 1964 and 1965 (roms 1964,
"Sth, 965. As sown nthe flowing paragraphs ap canbe designed to atin ¢
Intra loa by solving some simple equa ory refering och and grape
[Ad PILES INCOMESIVE SOIL
‘ALL Una tral oad fr plein coher sil
roms adopted dstbaton of oll esse, a shown i Figure A.) tat ows te
ima ara lado be computed by equations of sac egitim, Te elilaion of
sol resistance forthe top 1.3 dames af he pie is a alt of lowe esas in a
‘ae case a wedge of sil can move up and et when the ie is efee. Te sles
‘in of nine tines be uae tear srengt es the ple amet she ims sl
reste, eparales of det, bated on kates with movement of sail fen th
‘eat toward te bok of the ile
AL). Sho fehead pe ico sll
For shor piles that we urease apis oan, the pte that wee sled fo
Seevior e showa in Figure A2. The following equation eae fom the inert ef
the upper art of he herr ote prin of mr shear (Ie po fy =
zen)
Maz = (ors) 2 a
‘Butte poe where shear is
a
May = ler10+05/) a
latraton ofthe lover prion of he ser dg yes
Pa370 Plunder lar ong
— ‘gee A. Asam dart frescos
Sr tsk
i
Fee A2. Dias of deacon, sl site, se, and moment fr she le in exkese
Mos = 2.256? as
ema be een at
Lae soe) as
[quations A tough A. may be saved othe fod Pg that wl rode soi fare
Aer obtaining 2 value of Pa he maximum monet an be corte atd compared
ihe moment api ofthe ple. An appropriate fcr of xe should be employed
‘Asan example ofthe tse of the equtns assume the flowing
15-305 mm asm 305m OD. see pipe 19m wal),
2 195% 10 we 061 mL 244 mandroms method for enabisof sige ples under lateral loading 371
e791.
ution A2 though A. ae soled simaneousy andthe following quartic eg
too bane
P'41,083P, 67,9000
P= 948N
‘Sthsitng in Equation A.3 yeh aun moment
Moe = 90610150305) O2BA]
Bur9V0305)
oT,
Assuming po aval lan, the mci esis
f= TASS) 65.009
15810"
‘The computed maximum srs is ler fr 8 se pi, epi when itor of|
safe i apie to Pay. Te compuations, ther, sow te shor pe weal al da
stoi lee,
roms presented a convenient tof ues fr sting the prblem ofthe shape
(ee Fig A3), Energie carves with 18 of & and wf 2 one cis aval of Pa,
‘of RN, which ages wid he ress computed sve
AL12 Lang, frosted piles n cohen sll
‘sth pl in cohesive sol with he west! hea becomes longer, file wll out
ihe fomsaton of pls hinge at a depth of 1506 + Equation A can then be
teed icy sole fr te ulna ne ea at cn be applied, The shape of he
le uner load wil be dirt han ht shows In Figure A2 Eu the ears of me
‘his othe upper prion of he pie remain sachanged,
‘A past ge wil develop wht the ied soso te tea i ataned oer the
‘re crosescton Forth ple tats wed inte example, i yield moment 50 AN
‘tie yield srength a tts lee 276 MP
Sutsuatng mo Egution AS
0-1, (os1so4se 24)
P= 22418
Bom presented st of caves fo sage the problem of the ang pile (se Fle. A).
Exering the crs wih va of Mjed? af 3164 one aie 8 val of Pa of dost
Boni
a
aroms method fr onal of gl ple nde ltr loading 373
AL.13 Inyluenc of ple length re-headiles in cohesive sil
Consdtion may need be given the pl lenght wich the ie eases to bea sort
Pile. Teva ofthe yield ment maybe computed fom the ple geomet apd mate
al properties and sed with Esutons A2 Hwaugh AS to soe fer» tea length
‘ong wll by ing: Ora pal solution my tt with ws of these
pile eutons if he resuag momen is lager than the ye momen, he lng
ations ay be
For the example problem, te length which he shr-pile equation east be
‘ali may be fou by subsiing a vase of Pay of 224 HN ino Equation A2 and
solving fo fae ubstting ale of Ny F430 kN no Eaion At and saving
fog Equation AS can then be ove for The valu of Lt fon to be $m Ta,
forthe example roblen the vale of Puy sess fom zr to 2 KN asthe leah oF
he ple increases fom 0.6m to 5m, and ebove a tenth ofS Ste valor of Pay te
rains constant 325 1,
ALAA Short fed aps in caer ot
Fora peta had apis rutin a top, the mode of fire depends one length
ofthe pie Fora shor pe, Tau cass of hora moveret of th pie eg
he si wih the il 0 rsgancedeveepng ovr te engin ofthe ple eer he
‘op ove and anal ie diameters, wheres expesy eliminated A sine equation
‘ein be wen fr thi made flu, base on freee,
Pag =964KE1.55) 0s,
ALLS Imormetate eg feted plein coh il
‘A epleBecones longer, an nermediae length seach sch hata plate hnge 6
‘elo the tp of the pl Rta tthe tp of he ple wl occur an pt of 22
election wil exist samevhee along he eth ofthe il Figure AS presse
‘ams of mechan fr the cst ofthe estaloed pil of innit gh
“The equation for moment eqolibrium fete pom whee te sear 2 here be
postive moments axinun
ux nae n-r00(S)-,
sme
s=n0sieesp-a, wo
exp ae pt
wpa ae
"este in rn he Pa
Inia roe wo1394 Plead lea loading
it
oer coors
eg As Dagan cco lines, fn ere ile
a0)
Eustis A tough A.10 canbe solved forthe teavir ofthe resins pile fin
rei enh
ALG Long feted ples n cohesive soll
‘Themachan ors long ile tht is restine ti tp i slr otha sown in Figure
[AS except hat a plas hinge develops atte poit of he maximum postive moment
‘Toa the A=" in Ezuton A Became Man the fllowng equa ese
2m,
TsO
autions 810 and 11 canbe Sled to bain Pa fre ong ple
A an
ALL Inlence ofp leh ead psn cohesive sll
‘The example problem wil be solved for te ile lengths wher hele goes fo one
moe of ther t nee. Sting wt the shor pl, an eqn canbe writen or
moment equi fr the case whee the ytd moment has developed the op of the
Pileand whee te moment tt atom zero. Refrng to Fee AS, bt with the soit
Fesistanc onl on the rig-hand sie of pl taking Boments about he Beto a he
pile yl the fling etn
ras 8 m0
‘Summing foes inthe orion rection yield the nest equation.
MLL) =0 (ene a 9.6)roms method for nays of single ple snd fateral loading 318
‘The simataeous slo fhe wo eaatons yes the dese expresso.
eCraTS
any
"autons A und A.12 canbe solved simtaneol fo Pyaar fr lows
om Equation A, Pua = 9X47 9O.50SHL 04575,
fom Equi A12, Pua 450105. +0229,
then = 24 ad P= 281 4N,
Fo th determination ofthe length where he behavior chang fom ht af he pile of
internecine lng to tht a Tong pile, Eatatons A dough 410 canbe wel wih
Mau eal Ma flows
E08 A, fg = KES. _—_
Som EO A, a 0 oF
fmt AR ef 362
09
BaperoNORS,
fom Equi A9, L= 0.940305) +g
‘fom EqusionA.10, =A c47930305)
then = 7.27 mand Pa 419
ase, fo th example problem the ale of Pa nests fom 26281 AN as
tte lengih ofthe pl meres fom 046m to 26" ites fom 281 KN 419 LN as
‘he length increases fom 24 1073 mal bone gh of 73 ae of a,
Ins reseraion roms showed a curve in Figue Afr he shot pi tha was
‘sae aginst rina fs top. That cave is med here bene the compan
‘ue sade so realy wit Egan A. Brome eave forthe lng ple at fed
pin rt ats op is reined in Figure Abu a tel add oenoure pope,
eof the cave. Fo he example problem, a value of 415 EN was obaned fi Pay
hich ares wel withthe computed vale No curves a prescted othe ple of
‘ermetin lngh,
AL2 Deflection of plein cohesive sol
Broms suggested that fr cbse sls the assumption of coef of subgrade rese-
‘ion that const wi depth co be used with good res for pectin the lateral
‘ection a te grou. He farther ogget tat he coc of subgrade reacog
‘ould be tear the averse over deh of 0882, ne376 Pls wader aera lading
whee sol ection modus nd: pile sis.
Bros presented euros and ces fr coping the detonate grown.
is resentation follows the provers peed eesere in his tex
‘With egardo values ofthe ection mols, Bros used work ohms and Veic
(0961a, TH6Ib) for selection of values, depending cathe uoconfned compresive
Seng oh sol. The work of Terai (1958) an ther wih eet othe resction
‘mode ve been diesel ine et
Brom suggested hah as of cata forthe ection mad i valid oly Fora
load of nef one hi of he imate aa capt of ple
8
ALS fe of aie of lading on pir cote rot
“Tae vats frenton mods presente by Temaghl ar apparel fe sh ond
ing Terai dnt dae yam oading othe eects of peste lang. Also, be
‘hie Teraghscofcens wer for overonslitd con, the efecto stained
leading would probably be minimal, Bees th atu of he oadlng i 50 nga a
regard to ple response, soe of Brom’ remarks ae peste bere
roms mugged hat th cree inthe deficton ofl de loading de
to comolison can be asimed ob sarees wold tac lace wi ie fer pend
Footings and rats founded onthe youd surface ot same dnc below the ground
surice,Broms sugested th std footings on ti ay indie t the coef
et of subgrade reaction tobe wed fr loagtie Ina deflsion shoul be ake 5
Uw I ofthe nl ection modus. The ve of te coetlent fsbgrade rnc:
‘ion for somal consoled ea shoul be 1/1 16 te inal vl
roms sugges tht epi oa case a rulers te she stent of
‘he sol oct i the mete vii of «pe. He stated tht npied fl
‘ate at epee lounge decree te uit eral ressance ofthe silo sot
‘oneal ntl vale.
AZ PILES IN COESIONLESS SOILS
[ALL Ultimate lateral lado ples in cohesion se
As for the as of case oo faire made were cosee sl ae an =
‘ar of the pile bythe Formation of plastic hinge. With regal lr in ee
oles so Brome essed ht the inate traits alo ee ine the
‘Rankine pasive psu. Thus, aa depths below the oan rte the sil reisance
runt ofleng Pan be bane om he following eqanons,
Pde, am
4, -am'(asst) an)roms metodo ana of ingle under leer loading 377
whee y= unit weight of Sl; Rankine coef of pasive pressure; nd
‘ion ange of,
fhe
[ALL Shor fe-head ples i coho sil
For shor les th re nrearined agaist otto, 2 ol ure wll acer. The cane
showing sol escton sa fincon of depth shpes approximately 2 shown in Fi
‘We AG. The use of Mas an applied monet she op ofthe pe flows the proces
doped ty Broms bots and Myarsting, the ret woud emer ones he
Image of unl pracc tt lone would be apli.
“The pars tha were selected for betirae sho la Fie A. Flue thes
pce ‘wien the ple rotates sich tht he utimae so eine deci ory te
‘und src 1 te center ofan. Theiph ves f sol esstnc that develop a
‘he toe ofthe ple are replace bya concent lad shun in Figue AD.
“The flowing equston resis ale ing moments bot te Bot of epi
wn (28) we
Solving fr Phen Mega 210,
Perm,
wee,
eh ‘ass
Reb as
‘And soving for M when Ps 1 2
M,-osaee, aio
guns A.14 trough A.16 ca be slved fr te land o momento «combination of
‘he to tht wil ease a soll faze. Toe mma ment wl hen be fad he
ep Flow the round sure, and compared with the ment cope ofthe pile As
‘sepopite factor say shud be wed The dance fan be computed by solving ft
‘hep where tester eal te
Pie AS. Asma dare fi te
‘anc fr obsolete2378 Per wr trang
me Te
pe A Digs of een, sl esse se and men fr sore incor,
‘olsen piste,
o,f )-0
g an
Shing Equation A. for an expression fr f
roand te] oe
‘The manu postive bending momen cn then be compte by fering to Figur A.
MES = Ref)
Or by substning expression for Equine A.7 it he shove equton, the flowing
‘roresson is ckned fr he maxima name.
AL ou, cai,
zs nes nA
[Asan example ofthe use ofthe equations, the pile wel previously & considered. The
{ton angle ote san isssunedo be 34 degrees andthe eit wept is asumed be
{64 Ki (ie wae wb assumed be above the ground sures). Asse Mee
alo ao. Equrions AS and 15 yl he alow‘roms metho fron of nl ples under ater lading 379
28.69103092.44764)
(ste2ay 2
‘he dance ean be emote yslving Egon A.18
15g 2) 159 m
1-e0n (gagenase) “12°
“The maximum positive bending momen en be found sing Exton A.
cays)
:
oe
(2.29061 +1.259)- -22m4N
‘Asaing no axial loa he mannan being ssi
022301505
175810
h 2900080
‘The computed maximum ses ands tkabe, expec when 8 fitor of
safle is tsed to reduce Pay. Bros pesered carver fr the slut of he eae where
‘Shon, unesrines ple unergoes sl tale bower Exutons 4.18 and At? a so
lementary ta rsh crves ae unset.
‘A212 Long. freshdl in cohen sil
‘Aste ile i chesiones soll wit the wresralaed hed becomes one, flue will
‘occu ih the formation ofa plating inept he depth below he ond Sar
fe. is sued ta te uit sl rsa develope fom ke oud sure oe
point ofthe platings. Also, he Shar eof the poin of maximum manent. he
“ale oun be obained om Egon A. 18 show above. The maxis piv mo
‘ment ca thes be computed aed Egution 4.19 eens before haunt
ul mo. an exresin cn be developed fo Pa fll
von]
For the example probe, Equation A20 cn be ave, follows:
ca20)
20
asis0se4 ln
ooo
‘roms preset eof caves for ving the probe ofthe log ee cabesoles|
sols oe Fig. A) Estrin the carves wath 3 ae of MSR of 1926 on sins
Valu of Py of tou 16D EN. Te garter dificult
‘maybe dail o make aol ring Eqtionf 20. Eqns A and 20 mas
(etod any eae moment sapped at ep of eps380 Pls tro oang
|
i
ee
Fig Crves fr dein fn le era a ines i
A23 none ope length fre-headples in cohol 0
‘There may be eed a se forthe ile gh ere ee change in behavior rom
the shore cse othe lege eve. A forthe ee ofthe len caesive si the
ei moment may be uso with Egaiont At tough 416 to slve er the eid
Jeng of te le. Aernately the shri entons wold he be oped withthe
>eldmoment Ite yield moment es, the longpleequtias must be se,
For he example poem, the ale of Pas of 153 IN i aubttted no Equation
‘A. 16and alu of Lo 6 i compte, Ths fr thle that unetained aint
‘Dutt vale of Pa eee fom ter hes Leow of 153 KN when
18 600m, Forge values of th vale f Pa tun constant 153 KN
‘A214 Shot, fda ples in cobesiones ol
For apie dh fted against ation at tp, fo cohesive soi, te mode ie
for pl coesonless ol depends onthe length fhe pie: Porat pe the mode
of fare wll bea horizontal movenen ofthe pe toughest he ue sa
‘esstunce developing over the fll agi of tpi The eatin for sai liens
inthe horn decton lene a singe expres
Py =LsyChK, aan
A215 _ nerd enh fleshed pls in cobs sol
[Aste pil becomes longer, a emt gh rece sich hat past hinge de
‘elope te tp oe ple. Raion at th op of he ple wl cetyl point of ee
eetion wil exit smear lng the lenph ofthe ple The astute val ence
ile te sane as shown in Figure 7. Taking mowets about he ce of be pile ed
1 hefolowing equation forthe inBroms mthdfranabis of ingle lr under ara Loadng 381
0K, ay
uation 22 can be slved to obinin Pfr te pil of intermedi eg
ALL8 Lon fsthvad ples cobeones oh
‘As the nga te pileiceses moe te mode of evr wl be hat of fog ll
‘plastic tinge wl frm ath top ofthe plle wher tee se epatv bending moment
tnd at some depth fre the poste bending occa. The shar asp is 0
tnd te lite soi resistance ia shown in Figure 7. The vals of may be detr-
ined om Equation A.8 bt hat equiva is renumbered al pressed ee freon.
seen,
raat} ox
“Taking omens pin eds othe fowing equation oe winter oad on a
long pile tat Ged gst tation 0p
vende)
‘uations 23 and A24 can be sted btn Pa forthe og pl
Pa ary
ADL Influence opie low fsd.bad ples i coesotes sll
‘The ample protien wil be sive fr be pile lng vere the ple gos fom one
moe of teiviar oat. Aegan canbe wren forte cate hese yld no
ret hs deeloped tthe top oe bo pie. The gation
raalesosice, 025
Buaies 22 at A25 a of cose, Meta bt he een is for arty. gps
tins A21 and 425 can bee or Pea a fr a flows
from quton 21, Pay = 10"
0
rom Eqution 25, Py = Persae?
au ra =D
{hen L= 3.59 mat Py
took,
For the determination ofthe ath where the eave changes fom ht feof in
‘een eg tat fang pl, he aie iy om Eaton A2 my be set
ql at i Egon A. sued th be pc a he se ik ment vet
‘entre nah inthis sang3 Pesan ar oti
fomeqaine a2, hy Beast
om Buta A, Pa 2430)
061+0.544| fn —_|
ay 305155,
shen £625, P= 2518
In summary, fr the example problem the vale of Pay ress fom rr to ISD KN at
the leagih of the ple ress om aero 0 3.9 1 TRO EN to 251 IN a oe eng oe
resem 3.39 m 0 628m and above 6.25 he val of Pa eins constant
nis presen, Broms showed curves fr so ks tht were estaine gyn =
‘aon their top. Those curves ar mid esate teen a howe esse 50
‘sy solve. Brome eave fr he log pile at ise elt ln st ep
taned in Figure A baa notes adel to ener prope of he carve, Fr the example
obi, ale of 30 was chained fr Pu, which ares pry with he computed
"ale. The diel probly ies athe iit rend the lgaritinsalesaecuely.
‘Nocares are presented othe ie of itera gh wi ied hed
‘822 Deflection fps in cohesoness sol
‘Brom ot tat Terzaghi (1958) has shown ta the resetion modus fra chesionless
sel cn be assumed fo increas approximately nearly with dep. AS 084 ere,
“ing the formations of his work Terai resomneads the flowing equation the
sollmodule
Egthyt 29
Broms sugested tht Tezagh' aes an be wed only for computing defections up wo
the woripg nad and thatthe seared elections ae wll eth he Compal
ner excep orp tht ae placed wih ke a of tne
rors preset quo’ al carves fru in opting the Intel deft of a
Pile; however, te metbods presatdheren sre coir to be apres,
|A23 fects ofnare of loading pls cohesion soil
Broms noted that pls insalled in cobesonles si wil experince dhe mj of te
lara delecon de teil sppison of the lad. Thee wil be ony a sal,
rout of creep ude steed oad
Repetiveloding and vibration, om teeter hand, cn cause significa ado
elton, especialy if the relive deny of te cobeslss oi low: Bs ted
tat work of Prakash (1962) shows tht the Intel deetono pile group In sand
‘ened to evie the inital defn afer 40 eels of ld The incase efeton
‘responds ta decreas nthe so ods 6 one-hid alvaeroms metho rons of snl pes nde lateral loading 333
Fo piles subjected o repeated latin, Bromsecrmended fr cbesoles sols of
low sitive desi tt te reaction modus be cereus to 1 lvl td
ta the vale ofthe ection medals be dees to 12H inal aie for sl of
high rene doy. He sugested har hse recommendations be ued wih cation be
‘se ofthe sexy of experimental da