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e-mail: info@hms.gr,

www.hms.gr

C. Bruter ................................................. .

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34-106 79

.: 210 3617784-3616532

Fax: 210 3641025

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ISSN:

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1 00.000.000: 2, 5 1 00.000.000 250.000.000 dm2 .

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:
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64cm 2

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. .: (-4)(+4) = 2 -42 = 2-1 6
(3+)(-3), 32-2 2-32;
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( (3+)(-3) = (+3)(-3)).
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7 1 2 = (70+1 / = 4900+ 140+ 1 = 5041
952 = ( 1 00-5)2 = 1 0000-1 000+25 = 9025
: 682 , 52 2 , 1 032
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2- 2 (-)(+) .
. .: 2001 2-1999 2 = (2001+1 999)(2001-1 999) 40002 8000
200 1 99 = (200+ 1 )(200-1) = 2002-12 = 40000-1 = 3 9999
8,56 2 -5,56 2 = (8,56 -5,568,56 +5,56) = 3 14,1 2 = 3
=

14,12

14,12
: 79 81 , 58 2-42 2

14,12

. . .

Newton :

( - 1 ) - 2
+... + - +
(+) = + - +

3+3+3-3 = .!_ (++)[(-) 2+(-)2+(-)2 ] =

2
(++)(2+2+2---)
(2+2 )(2+2 ) = (+)2+(-/
Lagrange:
4+4+4-222-222-222 = ( ++)( -+)( +-)( --)
De Moivre:
Newton
( +)2, ( +) 3 , ( +)4 .
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Euler:

27

' 85 ./22

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http :/Ien. wiki pedia. org/wiki/Diophantus.
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' 85 .l/23

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: Cubum autem in duos cubos, aut quadratoquadratum in duos

quadratoquadratos, et generaiter nullam in infinitum utra quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est
diidere cuius rei demonstrationem mirabiem sane detexi. Hanc marginis exiguitas caperet. (.
http://mathword.wofram.com/FermatsLastheorem.htm). Fermat
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' 85 . l/24

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' 85 .l/25

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Integers) .

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23 Augustin Lou is Cauchy ( 789 - 1 857).
2 4 Ernst Eduard Kummer ( 1 8 - 893 ) .
25 (. http ://www-gap.dcs. st-and.ac. uk/-hi story/HistTopics/Fermat%27 s_ast_theorem.htm).
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khanglab. wordpress.com
maverickphi losopher. typepad.com
toonpool.com
blogs. sch.gr
www .akida. info/index. php?option=com_docman . . . gid . . .

users. sch.grlrnper/publcatons/math vewlch_Pascal. doc

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+ 5 z = 1 1 (mod 3) => 2 3 - + (-1)' = 1(mod 3) => (-1)' = 1(mod 3)

z = 2c, c c > ( z > ).

z ,
t : t 2 2 . t ,
t = 2d + 1, d , 3 + 25c = 74 .
2 2
<:
+ 25c = 7 - 49d =>2 4 2-l .3 + 1 c

3 1d (mod 4) => 02 -2 3'

+ 1 = 3(mod 4) => 1 = 3(md 4), .

= 1 , 23)' + 25c = 7-4 => 2-3 + 1c = 71d (mxl24) =>23Y + 1 = 7(mxl24),
24 1 23 )' + 1 - 7 ' 24 1 6(3 y - l - 1) ' 4 1 - - 1 '
3- 1(mod 4) => (-l) y - = 1(mod 4)
y-1 , y -1 =2b, y = 2b + 1,b E N . 'Z?J +g = 1
69b + 25c = 7-49d => 1 (-1)b + 0 2 (- 1 (mod 5) => (- 1)b = 2(-1)d (mod 5) => 1 = 2( 1)(mod 5),
2 3 )'

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t , t = 2 d , d ( d > , t > ), .
2 3 )' + 25 d = 49 d <=> 3 = ( 7 d - 5c ) ( 7 d + 5c ) .
( 7d - 5c , 7d + 5c ) = 2 7 d + 5c > 2 ( d, c > ) ,
' 85 .l/34

------- ------

: (1)

7d - s c = 2 -
;
7d + 5 c = 23

(I)

y 2: 1
7 d = 2 - 2 + 3 1 d 2 -2 + 33 y- 1 (mod 3) 1 2 -2 + 03 y - ' (mod 3) 1 (- 1 Y-2 (mod 3),
- 2 , = 2 + 2, 2:: 1 , =
3 + 1 = 7 d , ( = ). 7d - 5 c = 2 - :
a 2: 1 (- 1) d - 1c 244- 1 (mod 4) (- 1 - 1 20-4a- (mod 4) (-1) d 1(mod 4),
7 d - 5c = 24 a
d , d = 2e, e 7 d - sc = 24a
a 2: 1 1 e - 5c 244 a- 1 (mod 8) 1 - Sc 204a - (mod 8) 1 5c (mod 8) .
4 - 5c = 24a

c = 2f, f ( 52n = ( 52 )n 1n 1(mxl8) 52n+ = ( 52 )n 5 1n5 5(mod8) ),

4 - sc = 2-4 4 - 251 = 24a 1 e - 11 21 a ( mod 3) 2(mod3) '
. , .
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2 - = 7 d + 5c 2:: 12 2:: 5 .

2: 3 (- 1)d + 1 c 2 2 2 x - \mod 4) ( - 1)d + 1 02 x -3 (mod 4) (- 1)d + 1 O(mod 4).

7d + s c = 2 x - l
d , d = 2e + 1, e .
7d - 5d = 23 7d + 5d = 2-
7 d = y -2 + 3
y2:1
7 d = 2 '-2 + 3 1 d ( -1 -2 + 33Y- ' (mod 3) 1 (- 1 -2 + 03Y - ' (mod 3) 1 (- 1 Y-2 (mod 3),
- 2 , = 2 + 2, , 2:: 2 ( 2:: 5 ).
7 d = 2 -2 + 3
2:
74 = 4a + 3 a2 7 1e 4 2 Aa-2 + 3Y (mod 8) 7 04 a-2 + 3 Y (mod 8) 7 3Y (mod 8),

, 3 modulo 8 1 , y 3 ,
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d = 4k + 1, k , 7 7, 9, 3 1
d 4k + 1, 4k + 2, 4k + 3 4k . c 2:: 2
c 2: 2 7 - ( 7 2 ) 2 k 5 2 5c -2 + 2(mod25) 7( - 1) 2 k Osc -2 + 2(mod25) 7 2(mod25),
7 4 k + I = 5c + 2
.
c = 1 , 7 d = sc + 2 d = 1 , z = 2 t = 2 .
3 + 5 z = 7 1 2 3 + 5 2 = 7 2 2 xJY = 24 = 2 3 3 1 , :

= 3, y = 1 .

' 85 .l/35

= 3, y = 1, z = t = 2

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(2 2 2)

2
p, q

p 2

p 2 , q 2

+ 2q 2 + 334 [ p 2 , q 2 J , [ p 2 , q 2 J
=

p, q , (p, q) = 1 ,
2 2
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( , q2 )
2
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-2
p 2 - 2 * .
(p 2 - 2 ) i p 2 + 334 =(p 2 - 2 ) + 336 (p 2 - 2 ) 1 336 = 2 4 3 7 .
336 = 2 4 3 7
, ( 4 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) = 20
: (p 2 - 2 ) ( 336 ) = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 1 6, 3, 6, 1 2, 24, 46, 7, 1 4, 28, 56, 1 1 2, 2 1, 42, 84, 1 68, 33 6 }
<:::> p 2 { 3, 4, 6, 1 0, 1 8, 5, 8, 14, 26, 48, 9, 1 6, 30, 58, 1 1 4, 23, 44, 86, 1 70, 338 } .
p 2 4, 9 1 6,
: p = 2 p = 3 p = 4 , :

' 85 .l/36

2
,
= 1 6 9 => q = 1 3 ,
p = 2 ,
q 2 = p + 334 = 1 + 336
p2 - 2
p- - 2
( p, q ) ( 2, 1 3) .
= 4 9 => q = 7 ,
p = 3, q 2 = 1 + 336
32 _ 2
(p, q) = ( 3, 7 ) .
= 25 => q = 5 ,
p = 4, q 2 = 1 + 336
42 _ 2
(p, q) = ( 4, 5 ) .

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' 85 .l/38

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8 3 84

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n 3n + 1 0
n 2 + 3n + 1 .

3n + 1 n 2 + 3n + 1 , 3n + 1
3 ( n 2 + 3n + 1 ) = 3n 2 + 9n + 3 . 3n + 1
n ( 3n + 1 0 ) = 3n 2 + 1 0n 3n 2 + 1 0n - ( 3n 2 + 9n + 3 ) = n - 3 .
n - 3 < 3n + 1 , n ,
n - 3 = , n = 3 . 3n + 1
n 2 + 3n + 1 n = 3 . ,
n = 3 3n + 1 = 1 9 n2 + 3n + 1 = 1 9 , .
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p , q , p < q,

p2 q2 + 5 .

p, q, p < q, , p 2 q 2
p 2 q2 + 5 2,
. 2, p = 2
q 2 3 . q > 3 , q = 3k + 1 q = 3k + 2, k
=> q 2 = .3 + 1 => p 2 q 2 = .3 + 4 = .3 + 1 => p 2 q 2 + 5 = .3 + 1 + 5 = .3,
p2q2 + 5 > 3 . q = 3 .
, p = 2, q = 3 , p2 q 2 + 5 = 4 9 + 5 = 4 1 ,
' 85 . l/39

p = 2, q = 3 .
-----

3 .

c( O, R)

------

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= 2 .
AED
(, 2009)

AD
Q . ,

>= =. : QAM = DAB = DEB = = .

QMA, , ,
QMA ,
A QM = = 90 . EQ
ADE ,
AED .

ABC
CED = 1 8 , ABC.

4.

BD

CE .

BDE = 24

IBC + ICB = 1 80 - sic = 1 80 - DiE = sbE + CED = 24 + 1 8 = 42 ,

= 1 80 - + C = 1 80 - 2 IBC + ICB = 1 80 - 84 = 96 .

D CE , F ,
BD , G . F G
BC , .
R BD EF . ERB = RED + EDR =
= 2 CED+ EDR = 2 18 + 24 = 60 ,
BRG = ERB = 60
GRF'=l
criJ -FRG=1
criJ -12Cf =6J' GfF=FIF-ElXJ = W -IEC 2 FIF = W -1ff -224 =24 =RIXJ.

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=
=
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5. ABCD > CD .
Q AD = CD A Q = BC .
PQ A C BD ,
= MQ = CN

' 85 .l/40

-----

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' 85 .l/41

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6 . x, y, z , xy + yz +

: +
2

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zx

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x, y, z , < y < z .

, y, z
y - :?: 1, z - y :?: 1 z - :?: 2 ,
(x -y) 2 +(y - z) 2 +(z -x) 2 :?: 1 + 1 + 4 = 6=>2 ( J +/ +z2 ) - 2(.xy++zx) :?: 6=>( J +y2 + z2 ) -(.xy++zx) :?: 3,
xy + yz + zx = 2 6 2 + / + z 2 :?: 29 .

+l
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1\ 6.

= 2n

3n

5n

6 n

' modulo 7
1 , (7k + 1) 3 (7k + 2) 3 (7k + 4) 3 1 ( mod 7) ,
(7k + 3/ (7k + 5)3 (7k + 6)3 -1 ( mod 7) . , n 2 ,
An = 2n + 3n + 5n + 6n . n = 7k + , {, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } ' 2n 2 ( rod7) , 3n 3 ( rod 7) '
5n 5 ( mxl7) 6n 6 ( mod7) A n ( mod 7) . , { 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6} :
=44 (rd7), =744(rd7) , " =630744 (rd7) , =162(rd7) , =20l82 (rod 7)
3 = 376 5( mod 7) , A n , ,
/i)

6 = 63074 4( mod 7)
26 = 43 1 (mod 7) , 36 = 93 1(mod7) , 56 = (7 - 2) 6 ( -2) 6 26 1 (mod 7) , 66 ( -1 ) 6 1 (mod7).
.

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302 -292=9 00-84 1 =5 9 ( ) ,

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3 .
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1 +2 +3=6 5=6+9,

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ...

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1 :

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8 + 7= 8 +4+2 + 1

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15 = 6 + 9 = 6 + 5 + 3 + 1 6 + 4 + 3 + 2
1 5 4
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' 85

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