CHAPTER, 1 INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, ‘Ae ollaion the posence of ndesible materi a, in quantities lage ou {o prodice hrf ete The definition doesnot ett ir ollaon to human ‘ross although we aly only talk aboot hese. The undesale mtr nay ‘mage human heath, vegetation, human proper o he aba environment 3s \wellar reste sete nels inthe form of brown oraz aor unpleasant sels Polltnts ae Kawa at may Salo tee things Many of thesehaalatrils ‘net tmoephere rm source carey beyond buman coal Hower othe ‘ost dently nhbite pars of the gobe parca inthe indostalized counties, the principe sores ofthese polite sre human aces, Those sets ee ‘oly asbclsted wit or material standard of Hing. T efminte hese ates ‘would case sucha dase desea inthe andard of Log that this action is ‘eldom considered. The emedy proposed in os indus oun so continue the sctiies and contol the ar pola esions om them 1LL_SOME OF THE HISTORY OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN ‘THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Although si polation conto action goback tess fara the thieath entry {A}? most ofthe nao efor in the wor as taken place since 1945. Before he, er maters were higheron Society's pins and are sil higher in developing “Rasiontcas is ain fo tt cnt whch2 samumocomamemnes conti) athe 1920 and 1940 factory smokestack ning ick plane of Sree res cones sg repr, nisone prema gece Red int ofl yma etre 194d a polaon contol etfs wer dest atoning lrg isons of alts ha a el cate with gion of fees Michot tsi nto goers aso brah arespese tonuisance damage sts rth ae of ich st ‘Between 15 and 1969, aves fsx polation problems arly ince some wore leo con a plluion weno 20- taints Los Angel nde Lose, etme 196 and 196 te ees fewcment pan 9 vee ti sore ea Se plo ona feos. 1969 an 157, te Usted uses eprint envronmentl aa: ceing Taye ny nt ree bow api oS» ange a was Snare soe mar eweppers fo 968 wh same pape 1970. Es ‘veel tes were seaelymenne in nvaypat in 96, Ge ame Tevspiper dancers try eey yn 170 Tapio as eps Sep oft Naonal Ecrentl Pobcy Asad he Clean AlAs of 197000 td ch haved sweeping eects have rely changed on ay of oan Sid air alin. Simi ehanges ook lice thoughout ends wo {Bou tie same ie, ih inlet “Te sen ad sweeping change in politi lw tro shut y the Can hr Actof 1970 came st peat suis fo ast male Aneean ins ‘Att te eds oft older "siesta oe copper some etic owe fog he nx regulon he ex nthe postin Congres $Teay-tve yur a ir scr mony ve deride ft es aon ‘Pelion eee oy and at gut oul be ate esr [Pevess tome regulation clara pact posible sd en comply ‘hte regulon a feet ad economia sways oul The be of the ay lends eaves nig tienen generation gua 0 at then ths elas appear, ey lb prepare forthe an Wil tbe Shane ay i ora pecans freon Mon mae nce the alas ts wel infred end if posible beter iar) on poltion ‘Cia mee ty he oer arta tee) poss. Tithe lc 198 few ee cue ar potion se: tl pa Ine, Uni 190, net a platon poems were press srl poblon Th polls of nares ha st ine ine ope; wer eed inch snl gum th ty were ot pce a ple fr bond he place rom wich hey were enc. Thos sean opel oe eal ste vere death he (snk fate) provisos ont ween {Etc woejy tc economic ees lean andre fede yi ell ante elo neo elton) ne 98, ove robles ener aang Jose plus and pus hat etna long way efor theyamccoceammaninnmenciren. 3 eel damage acd rin, destruction of the ozone lye by closerocszbons, | nde bi ot carbon dioxide in he aosphee. The legal and administrative tute developed inthe 197s to del with acl se pollution problems secs ‘eles fo deal with hese international or lobl problems. We shall tra to tese ‘hos problems in Chapter 16 The istry ioe oun has been sma tht Inte Ute Sts tend enotries responded aot th same time an in host te same aya the United States, Te developing owns responded ler than the United Stats, nd wed a mint of te ideas combine from the United States and te Wor Health Orgcization, which sek similar gal y some bat ferent means, 1.2. WHY THE SUDDEN RISE IN INTEREST IN 1969-1970 ‘Why di al polation awareness increase in 1969-19709 This «subject fo i tonal debt, bt ome of the reason acinus. A ret del of the a Vitam var activists was dveted it the envzoamenal arena quite suddenly. The com Tuncaons aia janped onthe bandwagon vgorly at about the same te ‘hat the Santa Barr ol pl grovided vist example of olton problems nd "rc wide attention, Tere are ceinly hr cases Environmental concern ie often considered uy ony wealthy ations can afford, and the Usted Sates ha come very wealthy To people who are worted shout ther ext meal o whether the wll havea home be able pa fr medical ‘ae pollaton doesnot seem ery important. To person whose base physical needs ae susie, a pollution caa be a much restr cause for concer. Catily he people who parted i he environmental awakening were mostly per mide ls, ncoding many colege stents. There were mot may Poot Peoe involved, or many peopl who dvd trough the Great Depesion of he 19305 Furthermore, when the pica cause of death was infectious disease such 5 influenza, oberclosis andtpoid ever te eflets aa pllaion nals, which tue slow ad cumulative, were seldom observed. Ate hve eared to prevent ‘Gal ie dense, ve have doubled oar average ie san, orviving long enoUeh to die of fog term dieses sch as aeioweleosis, beat malfunctions, sok, | emphysema, and cancer allo which a elated wo emvzonetal actors, eluding tir pollen. The same observation canbe made sbou iarte smoking before Asaph on oon ay ety of be pe mie ce ee ‘nfm aps meter iron esr oa el) ea eh arc a tener nen ‘Sie are opp ie Teele per ress el pl {Stem ne er sient seni wr acne ints nny command henge, Tesi nn eprops ‘Sottero mf mara T as ne ee rn te mgt mil nl ser ea) ced ‘eshawe lesa o treat tes coniagious diseases, moking probably bait ft oo overlie expectane. Now tut these other cases of death ae penticaly sone, lve lang enough hat smoking has real eect nie expec. So alee with 3 poan, eis stu wo contrast the ni pollaion station, for which we have taken se tin s een, wth water polation, for ich we have had stv programe for rer acentcy, The wort water problems were cased by contamination of ae ing water with hunan evage. This quickly spreads cole, ypboid, tnd soe sete). These diseases are sudden and amit none ant oensmily ta ‘Theirconection wth polite waters easly demonsaed Tus, we sponded > tbe ater polation problem much sooaer and more vigorvsy than weve te sr polation problem Evidence ofthe eects of pluton on eat (ee Caper 2) s mach ess mati than that for wat polation. One cn sel point ope of earpes ad Sy, "They dito ai polation” as one can after a hoe oueresk dae pled Yate, The effec are mre lke thse of ssoking; we seldom sn. "He died af smoking" but we know tu smoking hasbeen show decease iexpetay ofthe smokes and in Incease the incidence of eetin well deine tenes smoker sndinthose who weate scondhandastoke The ath so many pple Incuding edvated people—senoke demons th hs type of sbuen ht 8 parsasivess the sight of te corpses alter sn epidemi spend by water pollution Many people do ot ake very seriou the los of ian eal dic oa pluton, Ike ts eo smoking, because they Bee iis ony stil" ‘The eet of st pollution and of sokig are also snalogous le that many people who have live in tadly ai-polte environmen alo He ves bane ‘eet lungs and hears. Sima everyone Kio sorneote Who edt Sex ‘igor 95 tnd smoked cigars or cigars evry day. Those examples existe sounerearpes died younger, of diseases cated or agrvated bya plan ‘noking Public avareness of apollo developed a period when the problem was Jes senre in many especs than it hd been prevotly. Before the nuton ‘of maura gas a the eniplfel a mos U.S cites wate ir was much dice. ‘with oa sot than its now Likewise enti ti cen the esos solar ioe om copper smelting in ets uch a Tacoma, Sal Lake City, E Pat, and “Azaconde were mich greater than they are now At those times there mut hare bee disatsfeton bout these soures of pollo, bt esas evel ‘wehane hd in he pas few years "This increase in awareness arly exisine by he increased wealth oft oni, as mntoned before. We ace thoaght tee polls were necessary concomitant ofa prosperous economy: we now know eteewse Siar we once Beleved tht nothing could be dane about sec problems, Now ta we hare ‘eamed to read the genet code and pat pple onthe con it shade oa that we cannes conrol pluton. We can: his book eplis the tecnica ses and some ofthe deta ow to do/ 13. DIRTY AIR REMOVAL OR EMISSION CONTROL? [Bxample LL, Thearea ofthe Los Angeles basin 4083 square miles The hei plated i layers asud o be 200 fe thick on average. One slton to Los ‘Angele’ problems wuld te wo pup thi committe alr away. Suppose that we ‘wih opamp out the Los Angles an every ay si tht esr mst be pure 50 miles othe dese ner Pa Spins. (We assume he esiens of Paim Spgs ‘won complin) Assomedlso thatthe average elt ine pipels 40 Rs. Estimate the segue pipe diameter” “The ow ate eguied is ‘AMT _ 4083 mi 2000 f (5280 ni! a mh ory tenga 0 _ [extn Vav axe ‘Tis is about sic times the heigh of the lest man-made suc, and ft ‘nyondoercurent strstr engine apa. Simi calclaons(Poblem "TH sow thatthe powe required o dive tbe fow excends the amount of eleteal power gezeatedia the Los Angeles basa. Weare uly to solve out ar plistion robles by pumping avay the polled ai bough hs lution i stl Poquenty Proposed Instead ve must deal wih hose problems by vedicing eausins he ici sbjec ofthe rest of his Bok. 58 mm 14 ONE PROBLEM OR A FAMILY OF PROBLEMS? 1a Tle 1.1 we ee emisions estimates fr the major man-made putas for he ‘United States 1997- From isle, we see he folowing: 1. Thereare sixinivida poland, which ae the major regulated polstants {the Unie Stats. Theis auch longer list of eter pllsans,emited in ‘much ser guns spd reputed in ferent way i he United Stats (ee (Chapers3 ad 15), 2. Some ofthe potants come mostly fom tansporaton (motor veils) and cers come mos fom indus Sources. ‘3 There isnoenyfor“Genera pluton "Te publciiksin eons of"genea sie pollaon” and wopdos if the problem s mos indus (hem) o autos (09, Te Theat alc alone‘tol emsions estimates for 197 (Values los of shart tony) Sewer? Pin 8 NGO epee Tons as Roemueaiomens Geese SS ~ Sa ireeecteneaseeeas Engineers recognize hat there is no one arpa problem bata group of ‘elated problens and thatsome fhe pabems remus caused ast aad ‘ber ae most eausedby nor ess. The patie and ary polit hope to find a simple one step, inexpensive solution to “te at pollsion problem” “Engncersresognaethat Wear uni to fiadsueh soon and mustcomie twapply Limited soluons to pars oft family ofa pollution problems. 4. From 1970 wo 1997, tbe United Sates has made signin progres in redoing isons of lead (nosy y taking lead ut of gasoline) and modest progres in reducing emisions ofthe other major pollstans The air polltant emission sation canbe roughly approximated by (sez oo) ( a pn, mnie), (rc mane) sy ay Sincetheenizoamenil stakening of 1969-1970, the population fhe United ‘Stats hs increased by aboot 30%, or economic evi pee person by aboot 80%, fad ur moter vehicle usage by abou a facto of 4. But the pliant eisins ‘Per unit of economic ave declined sedi beau of singent programs ‘Sf emusion contol. That, ia most of the United Stats, the emissions ad ence the measured onceatations of most pollutants inthe aosphere defined stealily ‘tween 1970 and 197, Thedelne hs no een a ape many hve with, oF apd as many predicted, and here are exceptions to this decline (ences ingen inthe noteaster: United Stes) tn geerl however, the instalaonsenor kanimencim 7 of evermoreeetive polstion sont equpmea is llowed us increase our ‘populition nd inrens ur level of econ activity per person wile Scrensng ‘ost eased a plant concertos. Unlotanately the nw of minting ‘tus applies oa pollution con: th polation conta tps take od ba een ear ad cheaper than he ones we wl ave ake in te fate, 115 EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT, RECEPTORS Figue Lis schema of the pollu’ res, Some source eis pliant tothe ainosphr. The pollutants are transported, a tied chersically fr pyscally in he amspbere; and Sally they each some reepo, where ey rage health, property of ome oer ar of te eavitnment. Some ofthe poll ‘ant are remove rom the atmosphere by natural process, so tat thy never find areeepo: {this book, nay icusion of arpollation, or any sty ofthe regulatory struct of ar poluion consol, oe finds myriad das. One alo finds that what is done for oe Kind af sours or one pariculs olla ieret from what is one for another sore or plat. Some ofthese difercnces res fom histone ‘accidents nd some rv fom the very difleet source and contol ecologies fee the vations major pollutants Faced wih ths vers of dois, oe would do ‘well look oceasnaly at Fig 11 tose bow that pair deta it into the veal a pollution sebematie own he. Ini. LI wealssee a mujor reason wby a pollaione diferent from water polation o indstilhyziene. Ite sn gure were drawn or water polio, {hatmosperic wanspor box would be replace by abo for ranvaer este transport. Thos echanss are indeed complex, bt oot ely as comple a mospharetanspo. We would also ee thatthe chemical cilia fornia which ‘most water pola ar erie she oo hat eases Hara effects The same | ot tue of air polluion: many of the major plants ae formed i the stn0- Sper nd ae caled second pollonsto distinguish them from treet, the primary polls. The nds hygienist whois sponsible fr protecting — ] | ‘Ameen ‘ea — Ee [ees = rs tue mca ty ‘re ion tg rd on et. i, nen‘workers in factories and other workplaces i ofen concerned with the sme emi Sons a the plain conta engineer, at he inde hyena oma ‘na more cul defined anspor pth between emission and thwe effected, and ‘arly da with eco pollutants Severalof these das eeilsaedia ig 12, whereweseesmootied average conceations of four a pols for one yin Los Anges, CO and NO ae ‘rimarypllatnsemited mony hy astomobls (Chapter 13), ss hyacestbon (GC), ot shown oe tis igure. The peak concentrations af CO and NO oceur daring ‘be manag commute peal NO; an Oy ae Secondry pola fomed a he stosphere by a complex se of ection, summarized (soe Appendix Ds NO+ HC 0: suet NO: +05 aa t é { ey 2 dom i i ‘St eageyomatis ed ges ine: ape, Cina), 98 etnies conor ir Sh ach tee“The pak concentration of NO; oscus before the peak for Os bec the reason ‘eguence, which mach moe complex tn the simplieatin in Ea), forms NOs fist ten 0, The CO concenttion pes, whichis shown on he hth seal sbeing “0 ties the peak concentration ofNO, does odin api {be NO peak because the CO contentions edoed only by atmospbariemixng tu etion (Chapter 6) whereas te NO concenvation i reduced by dition and Imxingatd by the chemical reaction in Eq (1.2). The afenocn commote aso ‘rods increase in NO abd CO, but the azure concentatons ot sage ithe moming peaks tect th verage Wind soo is higher andthe amosphene ring is suongerin the ntrnoon than nthe morsag (Chapter 3), thas easing ‘ore rapid ton. thas sso been observed tha the highest peak, coacenuation mally oar boot 3060 mules dowawind ofthe place tata the maxima Ioming emission of NO and HC beens the poled air ass can de the wind that farina ay Thus, ay repute scheme for these poltants (Chapters 3,1, fad 2) mast soon forthe ft tht he worst pita expose may ceca a ilret cy, state or oun rom te major emision source. ‘The to postal of east cures ate 1950s) Path concer are both secondary: one, a deserted above, ad ite parle. The very smal tiles tha ene ost deeply ino ou Tongs and that are believed to be most haat are Tansy fered i the amospbere by resctons that can Be summarized very smplid form as ‘Hydrocarbons + slfr oxides +nitogen oxides ine pricles (1.3) See Chapters 1.6 UNITS AND STANDARDS. nthisbook. bth English and ST nitsare wed As much s possible, weus the uns ow commonly use inthe United Sates in ht paral part of thea pollution ‘ono eld. History setts have used mere r Soften he gs version of tne) whereas engines have id the Engl engineering sytem The egultrs hve wed mined systems The pried emisios fm axemabiies (Chapter 13) ‘uv std in pnileamined merie-Engsh unit Tas seas ike an ogial it, tui eno. The emission data are used in mathematical models (Chapter 6) ha xpress msion ing. The avalabl da on etoile usage ae all in vehicle ‘les drivenfbour, andthe federal anomobile fol eficieecy sada, which ae ‘ered by th ai pliaion branch ofthe U.S. EPA, a in mies, The rode! fngncer il ctegt th unten se clearly ste he unis any guanty, and vay back the usin ever eaeulion Most "praca ir poluion oaks present formulae tht ae unit specie, vwereas moet sccoife”or"teorcal” books presen equation tha are indepen See of ute, For example the power regiment of low-pressure fan or lower (Chapter is10 annssinocuma secre Pp = 28P a4 ‘whore Po i th power gure, Q the volumeuic fw mt, AP the pesare Incense acrop ie lower andthe effin ofthe lover or ofthe tor blower Coniston This equation scoesinany st of wit. One ely ses itwrites Pon SAE as) which sony comet the omer sexed in haracpowe, th ow rain cubic foot pr mint (fm) sad the pressure in BD. Ta san uncoesoon unit fe pressure, so ones ikl ome thi equation I we se he more common ‘bia (pd, tens Beomes| OOP 148 oar fl om O02, 1 = annem a) ‘which only coc foc horsepower, fm and pi In this ook al guations ar ofthe ype of Eq, (1) comes in any consistent tof ont, exept if tre an ep Siaemet 1 the coma. Some of the problems sk th reader omver fo te uses fen topactical” Toms ke Ep (19) and (1.8. To the Unied States, x coscestrton expressed in prs per milion (ppm) i slmoesinays ppm by volume or by mo fs concentration eas, an ppm tay mace or weight fis concentration oa Uqu o sai. Po iui oa sd ‘wth specie pai of. suh x water or te solos ia wae, ppm is he Shine mpl, also widely sed) Tis mixed meaning fr ppnconins {obea sure of confusion when both gud or soi and gas concetaions appar In the same pcblem. One fen ses ths conenration write ss ppm, remind the reader ht for gse its mow oles pny vole Tae same eof pars ‘er bilion; pb = yk fora wld o fig mater wit pect gravity of 1.0) ‘Whe stand condition fore gare referents sens tobe only one hoe for pre the standard amospher, whose values ina arity of systems fof une are sown inside te bck cove Unforunately, the is no comparable ‘eoumen a to which temperate shoud be use. Vues 0°, 18°C, 20°C, a 25°C arene, Through Dok, sls ated oterwise, air and process gases fe sumed to be a | standard amesphere and 20°C (= 68°F. The properties of ‘Sr and wate a this temperate and several thers ar sbown inside the back cover ‘wel (Unfonnatly, many EPA regulations ae based ona Standard temperate of28C=77F) 1.7. THE PLAN OF THIS BOOK “There are maay possible way to aange an Ale Palin book, noone of which seems to pleas all readers. The plan of ths book is ftw discuss epics ha ‘rome fl pola, ad ten to discos individual pollutants. Por eachalsa, the contol technology is adapted to the sources and te physi and ‘heal ature ofthat politan. Chapters -7 cover general oie inst ollion {Chapters 812 cove the fur majors pollatants tha have Den and cand obo ‘be focus of mos of soit’ pollen contol flor, Chapter 13 cover itor hice, which playa unig olin air polation and combate significa 0 ‘bana polation problems. Caper 1 discusses large scale problems, nelaing soba ones. Chap 1 wets ve adtona pci i plliton oie bri. 13 SUMMARY 1. Aic polation the presence of man-made arma teri inthe i, ties large enough produce harmless. 2. Pubic imeresin pollu was low before 1969, About tht time, inresed raat, nha remained high, ‘3. We are unlikely to solve cur air polaon problems by blowing the polluted ai aay; we wl have to save tem by reducing pllstnt emissions, 4. Theres ot oe “a polaion problem” butter eily of led problems. ‘We a nltely wo find cheap, easy way o sl ese problems stead, we wave to make many smal step oes a a Guy goal, hese probably be more expensive tha he taps we have ken 0 far. ‘The oven air polation probln takes the following form: emsons > tas on ion abd madison ithe atmosphere» eects n people Prop, nde exvzoament Altiough the deals may dif fom plus to pla, sll es pate, 6, Some of he mos important sir pollutants re seondiry pollutants, fommed inthe ‘mosphere rom primary pollutanpecuses. 17. Pym means ppm by vlume oe mol when apie gases and ppm by mas oF ‘weph whee apeledo igus and sls ‘8. Forall problems and ctamples ia hi text, ules ted teri te presse 151 am and he emperatue i 20°C = 69°F (ee inside the buck ove). ssn: PROBLEMS. ‘See Common Units and Vales for Problems and Examples, ni the back cove, YM. taba (@) Est he ese top eure. (6) Est he pumping power eget ‘Seeay ld nacuncsextonk ore mange xis, 12, @ intel west stot bese pit eC Do loft [Ske taper of ir pln ponte Usd SCO pln? (© Thesanetlesho hr 5 ol ied alan come eon (ny asm Detfalow'ta pret urona apsenpen ‘Steam pi (ete aver tbe ges n,n jour vee| 14 tee nese taste top oxide eat wsyrason an poet ‘oe, ite mich mr mission eros Why ae se er es mera 14 ann Mem Sat in angen ei moe (a) How dat ome hh esos of Py fsa ates 197 (oem makes ump? Wy ry Se? 15 OaNoveeer 4 196 et Ane! Cnt eet of he un gst oi fry nec PAN), meta mao Mexico i, popoing at eee Soe onerthesy cape apenas Hes Exedy ate eae ‘Sard slant he sto Dds Pedr Da a ‘ey we he vera © nue lean el unos enamine ‘Sans pexing ne [6] Coren oe ray fs ropa. Shahn ow pete ty binges. 14 The ow fd sur” wey aces a exon ee, Te ates {bere caplet he of aning 2 yt eye ‘Speen nin open tt etcetera e ‘es nl segue ae Seppe te ample my ec ea ‘Soing mnt Suge apes a pee seas [REFERENCES 5 lag et i a id a a 2 Kini i nna A ad Pn >. Sirgen etapa Amo Conus Avena en A ‘tat Dt, Sonn Des Cat, Se Cal ae 4 Ae ay erates Case ae Os i Mar da a Agen NOC,