qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 355-359

jambul qaSibaZe,
lali tukvaZe

svaneTis rolis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis

feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi

Cveni qveynis mravalferovanma bunebriv-geografiulma pirobebma

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra saqarTvelos dayofa calkeul mxareebad, sadac
saukuneTa manZilze Camoyalibda eTnografiuli kuTxeebi, istoriul-
geografiuli qveynebi, romelTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs svaneTs,
`saqarTvelos yvelaze ufro mkveTrad gamoxatul ekonomikur-geografiul
da eTnikur regions" (S. CarTolani, 1976, gv. 3).
svaneTSi mcxovreb sazogadoebas araxelsayreli bunebriv-sameurneo
pirobebi mudmivad aiZulebda gare samyarosTan (barTan) kavSir-
urTierTobas, romlis masStabebi da intensivoba barSi, zogadad kavkasiis
regionSi, Seqmnili konkretuli istoriuli pirobebiT ganisazRvreboda.
amitom svaneTis istoriis kvlevisas swori daskvnebis gamosatanad saWiroa
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes rogorc svaneTis SigniT, ise mis garemomcvel
samyaroSi mimdinare istoriuli procesebi.
miuvali mTebi svaneTSi mcxovrebi sazogadoebisaTvis bunebriv
simagreebs warmoadgenda, icavda maT mtris Semosevebisagan, xolo
mecxoveleobis ganviTareba, cxovrebis mkacri pirobebi svanebs meomar
xalxad aqcevda. amitomac baris sisustis SemTxvevaSi svanTa `avad
moxarkuloba" uZvelesi periodidanvea sagulisxmebeli da strabonis mier
Zvel da axal welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze samxedro demokratiis pirobebSi
mcxovrebi svanTa sazogadoebis samxedro siZlieris xazgasma (T.
yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126) Zalze bunebrivad da aRniSnuli garemoebebis
dasturad migvaCnia.
rac Seexeba feodalur urTierTobaTa arealSi svaneTis Seyvanas, aq
igi adrefeodaluri xanidanve (IV-IX ss.) baris gavleniT xorcieldeboda.
svaneTi aRebul periodSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
warmonaqmnTa SemadgenlobaSi _ lazikis, Semdeg egris-afxazeTis samefoTa
farglebSi da aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli aq mimdinare politikur procesebSi.
ganixilavs ra adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos social-politikur
cxovrebaSi svaneTis monawileobis Sesaxeb wyaroebis monacemebs, d.
musxeliSvili samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom `aRniSnuli periodis svan-
megrelTa politikuri urTierTobis safuZveli ekonomikuri urTierToba
unda yofiliyo: bari ugzavnida mas miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebs (puri da,
albaT, Rvino da marilic); mTa samagierod amaragebda bars mesaqonleobis,
mefutkreobis da sxva misT. produqciiT" (d. musxeliSvili, 1977, gv. 142).
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze saintereso mosazrebas gamoTqvams
S. CarTolani, roca igi axsnas uZebnis svaneTSi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT
bizantiuri monetebis aRmoCenas. mkvlevari wers: `svaneTis bewveuli,
iSviaTi merqani, liToni, Tafli, cvili da a.S. jer kidev antikur xanaSi
warmoadgenda saberZneTisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis importul
sagans da kolxeTTan savaWro-ekonomiuri urTierTobis erT-erT ZiriTad
safuZvels... rogorc Cans, lazikis meSveobiT miaqvs bizantias svaneTis
nedleuli, amitomac svaneTisa da lazikis urTierTobaSi unda arsebuliyo
ormxrivi savaWro-ekonomikuri da politikuri mniSvnelobis mkveTrad
Camoyalibebuli valdebulebani. bizantiisaTvisac ki am mxares samxedro-
strategiulis garda, garkveuli ekonomikuri mniSvnelobac eqneboda,
yovelive zemoTaRniSnuli sruliad bunebrivs xdis svaneTSi bizantiuri
monetebis aRmoCenas" (S. CarTolani, 1976, gv. 60).
svaneTis, rogorc didi samxedro potencialis mqone mxaris,
politikuri roli gansakuTrebiT unda gazrdiliyo erTiani dasavlur
qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg, sruliad saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaTvis mebrZol egris-afxazeTis saxelmwifoSi, ris dasturadac
miviCnevT rogorc SavlianTa gaxelmwifebas, aseve maruSiZis (maruSianis)
did gavlenas `afxazTa mefis" karze.
SeniSvna: ermravali maruSiZis `eri" _ es unda iyos svaneTis
sustad diferencirebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi,
samxedro razmelebi, romlebic maruSisZis xelisuflebis
dasayrdenia aq (Sida qarTlSi) da ara samoxeleod miRebuli
qveynis (Sida qarTli) `eri", romelic adgilobriv feodalTa
(tbelTa da sxv.) yrmobaSi Cans moqceuli.
e. xoStarias (brose) samarTliani SeniSvniT, ukve erTiani feodaluri
monarqiis arsebobis dros `svaneTi organuladaa dakavSirebuli barTan da
mtkicedaa Semosuli qarTul feodalur da socialur-politikur
sistemaSi" (e. xoStaria (brose), 1984, gv. 64). amasTan, igi aRebul
periodSi svaneTSi ganviTarebul istoriul-kulturul movlenebs
(eklesiaTa intensiuri mSenebloba-Semkoba, oqromWedloba, saeklesio
wignebis gadawera, kavSiri saqarTvelos gareT arsebul qarTul saeklesio-
kulturul centrebTan da sxv.) sruliad samarTlianad aq (svaneTSi)
gvarovnuli wyobilebisdroindeli institutebis safuZvlian rRvevasa da
feodaluri wesebis SemoRebas ukavSirebs (e. xoStaria (brose), 12984, gv.
65).
erTiani feodaluri monarqiis arsebobis periodSi, qarTuli
saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli, warmatebuli sagareo omebis epoqaSi, mefis
karze samsaxuriT svaneTis sazogadoebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT misi zeda
fenisTvis) iqmneba optimaluri pirobebi. es ki mas kidev ufro
angariSgasawev Zalad aqcevs barel xelisufalTaTvis, rac kargad aisaxa
kidec am periodSi Seqmnil qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemisa da erTiani samefos daSlis
Semdeg, XIV-XV saukuneebSi svaneTs politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis gavla mouxda, romlis drosac
yvelaze mkafiod gamoikveTa misi, rogorc saqarTvelos mTiani
regionisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri Taviseburebani.
 centraluri xelisuflebisagan mowyveta, aq (svaneTSi) iwvevs, erTi
mxriv, maT (centralur xelisufalTa) mier dadgenili institutebis
funqciebis moSlasa da mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi formebis, adgilobrivi
institutebis Camoyalibebas (zogierTi maTgani adrec arsebobda, magram
axla drois Sesabamis cvlilebebs ganicdis). meore mxriv, rogorc e.
xoStaria (brose) SeniSnavs: `Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis
kontrolidan gamosvlisa da adgilobrivi dawinaurebuli fenis
upiratesobis maszardoebel erT-erT umTavres wyaros _ mefis karze
samsaxuris moSlis, Tu saerTod barTan ekonomikuri da politikuri
kavSiris Sesustebis Sedegad svaneTis sazogadoebaSi adgili aqvs mZafr
dapirispirebas da brZolas priviligirebuli fenis SigniT (aznaurTa
gvarebs Soris) erTis mxriv da am ukanasknelsa da mwarmoebel
sazogadoebas Soris, meores mxriv" (e. xoStaria (brose), 1984, gv. 66).
yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli (erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis
daSlis Sedegad svaneTSi Seqmnili viTareba) kargad aisaxa aRniSnul
periodSi (XIV-XV ss.) Sedgenil svaneTis istoriul dokumentebSic (v.
silogava, 1986, gv. 102-141).
SeniSvna: svaneTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis analizis Sedegad
axsna eZebneba rogorc svaneTis istoriuli dokumentebis Seqmnis
drois (XIV-XV ss.) gansazRvras (svaneTSi aRebul periodSi
Seqmnilma konkretul-istoriulma viTarebam svaneTis istoriuli
dokumentebis Sedgenis, axali administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi Tu
socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis iuridiuli gaformebis
aucilebloba gamoiwvia), aseve balszemo svaneTis eklesiebSi
aRniSnuli dokumentebis Cvens dromde Semonaxulobas (svaneTis
am nawilSi gvianfeodaluri epoqis mTel sigrZeze ar moxerxda
sazogadoebriv ZalTa wonasworobis darRveva. mxaris
sazogadoebrivma ganviTarebam erTgvari konservacia ganicada da
dokumentebmac moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Zala SeinarCuna, ramac
gansazRvra kidec misi bolo dromde Semonaxuloba).
amdenad, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis Semdeg svaneTis
sazogadoebis priviligirebul gvareulobaTa warmomadgenlebis socialur-
politikuri upiratesobis uzrunvelyofa damokidebuli gaxda sakuTriv
svaneTis feodaluri eqsploataciis (arsebiTad bunebriv-sameurneo)
pirobebze, romelic aseTi saxis (feodaluri) eqsploataciisaTvis erTob
araxelsayreli iyo (miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis umTavresi pirobis -
saxnav-saTesi farTobebis simcires da simwires Tan erTvoda sazamTro
saZovrebis arqona da saTibebis nakleboba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad
aferxebda aq mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas). amasTan, aRniSnul pirobaTa
mixedviT, gamoikveTa gansxvavebani svaneTis calkeul mxareTa Soris, ramac
mTlianobaSi gansazRvra gviani SuasaukuneebisaTvis erTiani svaneTis SigniT
socialuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze myofi calkeuli
administraciul-politikuri erTeulebis Camoyalibeba, kerZod, zemo
svaneTis balszemo nawilSi Temma SeZlo TviTorganizeba feodalur
sawyisebze da Tavisufleba SeinarCuna, balsqvemo nawilSi ki svaneTis mcire
samTavro (sadadiSqeliano) Camoyalibda, xolo qvemo svaneTSi laSxeTisa
da Coluris TemebSi gelovanTa da gardafxaZeTa feodaluri saxlebi
gabatondnen, lentexis Tems dadianebi daeuflnen.
gvianfeodalur xanaSi erTiani eTno-politikuri erTeulis _
svaneTis daSlam calkeul politikur-administraciul erTeulebad,
amasTan, barTan ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis Sesustebam
gamoiwvia misi (svaneTis), rogorc saqarTvelos Semadgeneli erTeulis,
rolis daknineba zogad qarTuli masStabiT.
amdenad, Tuki feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi didia svaneTis roli
rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT da igi
(gansakuTrebiT politikuri) kidev ufro izrdeba erTiani feodaluri
monarqiis Seqmnis (ganviTarebuli feodalizmi) paralelurad, SemdgomSi
gvianfeodalur xanaSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemas Sedegad
mohyva svaneTis barTan ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis Sesusteba
da svaneTis daSla calkeul administraciul-politikur erTeulebad. aman
ki mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra svaneTis rolis daknineba aRebuli
periodis (gvianfeodaluri xana) saqarTveloSi.

damowmebuli literatura
g. gasviani, 1973 - g. gasviani, narkvevebi Sua saukuneebis svaneTis
istoriidan, Tb., 1991.
d. musxeliSvili, 1977 - d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli
geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, t. I, Tb., 1977.
v. silogava, 1986 - v. silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t.
I, Tb., 1986.
T. yauxCiSvili, 1957 - T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957.
e. xoStaria (brose), 1984 - e. xoStaria (brose), feodaluri xanis
saqarTvelos mTisa da baris urTierTobis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1984.

JAMBUL KASHIBADZE, LALI TUKVADZE

ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE ROLE OF SVANETI

IN FEUDAL GEORGIA

In the historical development of Feudal Georgia the role of Svaneti is of great

importance in terms of political and economic viewpoints. This idea is confirmed by
historical records. The political importance of Svaneti increases in the epoch of the united
Georgian feudal monarchy (the period of the advanced feudalism). As for the period of
the collapse of the united Georgian statehood (late feudal period) the province suffers
from the weakening of political and economic ties between the mountainous region and
of the plain population that not only dwindles the role of Svaneti for this period but also
causes the disintegration of Svaneti proper into the smaller administrative and political
units.