fN!

;sl oHdj=

Odrd oHq;h

19

19'1 ia;s oHq;h yd Odrd oHq;h

oHq;h wmg b;du jeo.;a Yla;s fYaIhls' kQ;k f,dalfha fndfyda WmlrK
oHq;h Nd; fldg l%shd lrh yels f,i ksmojd we;' WodyrK f,i ,s
myka" ,s bia;%slal yd ,s mxld jeks WmlrK oelah yels h' oHq;h uQ,sl
jYfhka ia;s oHq;h (static electricity) yd Odrd oHq;h (current electricity) f,i
fohdldr f'
ia;s oHq;h hkq mjdrl jHj, mDIaG u; r|k .,d fkdhk oHq;a wdfrdamK
nj Tn y;ajeks yd kujeks fY%aKsj, wOHhkh lr we;' oeka wms ia;s oHq;fha
yeisu uid n,uq'

u nghla f.k 19'1 rEmfha fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg th" lmq fr lvlska
u ngh
lmq fr lene,a,
fydka msueo" b;d l=vd lvodis len,s
<g <x lrkak' tu l=vd lvodis len,s"
lmq frlfvka msue u ngh fj; 19'1 rEmh - u nghla lmq fr lvl we;s,a,Su
wdlIKh fjkq oelsh yels h' lmq fr
lvlska msfkdue u nghla o isyska lvodis len,s <g <x lrkak' tu u
ngh fj; l=vd lvodis len,s wdlIKh fkdjk nj Tng oelsh yels h'


ma,diala oKavla" mEkla iy mkdjla
f.k ysi fliaj, w;=,a,d" b;d isyska
lvodis len,s wi<g fyda b;d l=vd
f*da len,s wi<g <x lrkak' tajd
msue jH fj; wdlIKh f'
msuefuka wdfrdamKh l< mkdjlg
b;d l=vd f*da len,s wdlIKh
19'2 rEmh - msuefuka wfrdamKh
we;s wkaou 19'2 rEmfha olajd we;'
l< mkdjlg b;d l=vd f*da len,s
ysifliaj, msfkdue ma,diala oKavla
wdlIKh we;s wkaou
i|yd o f wdldrhg lr n,kak' tg
f*da len,s wdlIKh fkdjk nj Tng oelsh yels h'
141

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

msueu ksid jia;=jlg l=vd lvodis len,s" ,s wdh weo .ekSf n,hla
^wdlIK n,hla& ,efnhs' jia;=jlg fuu wdlIK n,h ,efnkafka msuef
yg .kakd ia:s;s oHq;a wdfrdamK ksidh'
u nghla fyda mkdjla jeks fohla l=vd lvodis len,s wdlIKh lrkafka
msuefuka miqj muKla nj;a msueu fkdl<fyd;a l=vd lvodis
len,s jeks oE wdlIKh lr fkd.kakd nj;a Tng oelsh yels h'
jia;=jlg wdlIK n,hla ,nd fok ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK yg .kafka flfia
o@ iEu jHhlau iuka; jkafka mrudKq (atoms) j,sks' mrudKq iE we;af;a
bf,lafg%dak (electrons)" fm%dafgdak (protons) yd kshqfg%dak (neutrons) k
wxY=j,sks' fm%dafg%dak zOkZ wdfrdams; wxY= f' bf,lafg%dak" zRKZ wdfrdams; wxY=
f' kshqfg%dakj,g wdfrdamKhla ke;' tajd WodiSk h'

fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak ;sfnkafka mrudKqf
ueo ;sfnk kHIah kka yekafjk
fldgfia h ^19'3 rEmh&' bf,lafg%dak mj;skafka
kHIah jf N%uKh fjks' mrudKqj,ska
myiqfjka bj;aj hd yelafla bf,lafg%dakj,g
muKs' h jia;=jla frlvlska ms uef "
tu jia;=f mDIaGfha ;sfnk mrudKqj,ska
19'3 rEmh - mrudKqjl ;sfnk
Wm mrudKql wxY=
bf,lafg%dak bj;a jqjfyd;a tu jia;=f
mDIaGh u; Ok wdfrdamK yg.kshs' tk tu
mDIaGh Ok ^+& f,i wdfrdamKh f' tfia msuef " frlfvys mDIah
mrudKqj,ska jia;=j bf,lafg%dak ,nd .;af;a k" jia;=f mDIaGh u; RK f,i
wdfrdamK yg .kS' tk mDIaGh RK f,i ^-& wdfrdamKh f'
jia;=jla u; fufia r|dmj;sk oHq;a wdfrdamK ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK f,i
ye`kaf'
ia;s oHq;fha tl;= jQ wdfrdamK .uka lsf oHq;a Odrdjla we;s f'

fuf,i ia;s oHq;fhka Odrdjla we;s lr.kakd wdldrh mlaId lsug

l%shdldrlu 19'1ys fhfouq'

142

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

l%shdldrlu 19'1
wjYH jH ( PVC ng lene,a,la" fmd,s;ska lene,a,la" ksfhdaka n,anhla"

ikakdhl l" wdOdrlhla'

19'4 rEmfha fmkajd we;s m ksfhdaka n,anh ikakdhl lj,ska inkaO

lr wegjqu ilikak' ksfhdaka n,anfha tla w.%hla fmdf<djg fydka
inkaO l< lhlg inkaO l< hq;=h'
PVC oKav fmd,s;skaj,ska msueo wdfrdamKh lrkak'
wdfrdams; oKav ksfhdaka n,anfha w.%h yd iamY lrkak'
mlaIKh lsysmjrla is lrka ksfhdaka n,anfha oe,au mlaId lrkak'

ksfhdaka n,anh

PVC oKav

fmdf<djg
inkaO
l< w.%h

19'4 rEmh - fmd,s;skaj,ska msue PVC oKaf we;s ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK
ksfhdaka n,anh ;=<ska .,dhdu ksid th oe,au

fmd,s;skaj,ska msue PVC oKafvys ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK .nvd mj;S' oKav
n,anfha w.%fha iamY l< g tu ikakdhlh yryd oKafvys .nvd jQ ia;s oHq;a
wdfrdamK" bj;g .,dhdu isf' ksfhdaka n,anh ;=<ska oHq;a wdfrdamK .e,Su
ksid" th oe,afjk whqre kslaIKh l< yels h' oHq;a wdfrdamK fufia .,d
hdug ie,eia jQ g th oHq;a Odrdjla f,i yekaf'

ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,d hk oHq;a wdfrdamK Odrdjla" oHq;a Odrdjla f,i

yekafjhs'

143

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

19'2 ikakdhl ;=<ska ,sh .e,Su

ikakdhl

uqla; bf,lafg%dak
bf,lafg%dak Odrdjlg myiqfjka .,d
hdug bv i,ik jH" ikakdhl
(conductors) f,i yekaf' ishu
f,day" oHq;h fydka ikakhkh lrhs'
;U" weksh iy hlv jeks iEu
f,dayhla u oHq;a ikakdhl f' f,day
uQ, jHj, we;s mrudKqj, ndysr u
ljpfha bf,lafg%dakj,g myiqfjka
f,day whk
bj;a hd yels h' f,day lene,a,l"
19'5 rEmh - f,day mrudKq j, wjidk
ljpfha bf,lafg%dak ksoyfia mej;Su'
tfia bj;a .sh bf,lafg%dak Yd,
ixLHdjla 19'5 iy 19'6 rEmj, fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg mrudKq w;r wjldYfha wyUq f,i ieirka mj;S' fjd uqla;
bf,lafg%dak fyj;a ksoyia bf,lafg%dak (free electrons) f,i yekaf'

19'6 rEmh - f,dayhla ;==< uqla; bf,lafg%dak mj;sk wdldrh

f,day ;=<ska oHq;h fydka ikakhkh ug fya;=j ksoyia bf,lafg%dak mej;Su hs'
fufia mj;sk f,day ikakdhlhl" fofl<jr 19'7 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
h<s fldaIhlg inkaO l< g is jk ls%hdj,sh uid n,uq'
fldaIfha Ok w.%h

fldaIfha RK w.%h

bf,lafg%dak .,k Ydj

19'7 rEmh - ikakdhlhla ;=<ska bf,lafg%dak .,k wdldrh

144

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

fldaIhl RK w.%fha we;af;a bf,lafg%dak m<jdyk ^lIKh lrk& n,hls'

tys Ok w.%fhys we;af;a bf,lafg%dak weo.kakd ^wdlIKh lrk& n,hls' tneka
fldaIhl Ok w.%h yd RK w.%h" ikakdhlhlska inkaO l< jydu RK w.%fha
isg ikakdhlh ;=<ska Ok w.%h olajd bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu is f' fufia
.,d hd yelafla ikakdhlfhys uqla; bf,lafg%dak fyj;a ksoyia bf,lafg%dak
mej;Su ksid h' tk" ikakdhlhla ;=< wyUq f,i p,kh fjka mj;sk uqla;
bf,lafg%dak" tu ikakdhlhg h<s fldaIh inkaO lsu ksid fldaIfha RK
w.%fha isg Ok w.%h olajd tlu Ydjlg .,d hdu isf'
fufia bf,lafg%dak Odrdj .,d hkafka RK w.%fha isg Ok w.%h olajd f'
kuq;a" iu; wdldrhg oHq;a Odrdf Ydj f,i i,lkqfha bf,lafg%dak .,k
Ydjg m%;sreoaO Ydj hs' tk RK w.%fha isg Ok w.%h olajd bf,lafg%dak
.,d hk g Ok w.%fha isg RK w.%h olajd oHq;a Odrdjla .,kafka hehs lshkq
,ef'
oHq;a Odrdf Ydj iy bf,lafg%dak .,k Ydj 19'8 iy 19'9 rEmj,ska fmkajd
we;'
f,day whk
iu; Odrdj
fldaIfha Ok w.%hg
inkaO l< ikakdhl
fl<jr

fldaIfha RK w.%hg
inkaO l< ikakdhl
fl<jr

uqla; bf,lafg%dak Odrdj

19'8 rEmh - ikakdhlhla ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdjla .,d hdu

dj

iu; Odrdj .,k Ydj

af

,l

bf

g%dak

k
.,

19'9 rEmh - iu; Odrdf Ydj iy bf,lafg%dak Odrdf Ydj

145

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

oHq;a Odrdf Yd,;ajh uekSu i|yd Nd; jk tallh wemshrh (A) kka
yekafjk w;r oHq;a Odrdf Yd,;ajh uekSug Nd; lrk WmlrKh
wegrh (ammeter) kka yekaf' oHq;a Odrdf Yd,;ajh uekSug ixLHdxl
u,agrh o Nd; l< yelsh'

)a(
19'10 rEmh -

)b(

(a) wegrhla (b) wegrhla f,i Nd; l< yels ixLHdxl u,agrh

h ikakdhlhla f.a .,d hk Odrdj uekSug wjYH k 19'11 rEmfha fmkajd

we;s wdldrhg tu Odrdj imQKfhka u wegrh yryd .,k f,i wegrh
mm:hg inkaO l< hq;=h'

negh

iaph
n,anh
wegrh

19'11 rEmh - wegrhla mm:hlg inkaO lsu

146

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

19'1 wNHdih
my; oelafjk mm:j, .,d hk Odrd" B ysia u.ska i,l=Kq lrkak'

19'3 Nj wka;rh iy oHq;a.dul n,h

c, gexlshla msysgqjd we;s Wi je jk g" k< f.a c,h .,k f.h je jk
nj Tn okakd lreKls' tfia c,h .,k f.h je jkafka c, gexlsh yd thska
c,h ,nd.kakd ia:dkh w;r mSvk wka;rh je neks'
oHq;a mm:hl Odrdj .e,Sf l%shdj,sh c, gexlshlska bj;g c,h .,dhdf
l%shdj,shg iudk l< yels h' fuys ,s m%Njh" c, gexlshg iudk wdldrhlg
ls%hdlrhs' gexlshg i lr we;s k<hl fofl<jr w;r mSvk wka;rh wkqrEm
jkafka" ,s m%Njh u.ska tys RK w.%fha isg ikakdhlh yryd Ok w.%h olajd
bf,lafg%dak ;,a lsu ksid we;sjk oHq;a mSvk wka;rhghs'
fuu oHq;a mSvk wka;rh" Nj wka;rh (potential difference) f,i yekaf'
Nj wka;rh uekSu i|yd Nd; lrk tallh fjda,agh ^V& f' ;jo RK
w.%fhka ndysr mm:hg bf,lafg%dak m<jd yk n,h" oHq;a.dul n,h
(electromotive force) f,i yekaf'
fldaIhl oHq;a.dul n,h iudk jkafka ,s fldaIhlska ,sh ,nd fkd.kakd
g tys w.% fol w;r mj;akd Nj wka;rhg hs'
fldaIhlska oHq;a Odrdjla ,nd .kakd g tu Odrdj fldaIh ;=<ska o .,d hhs'
fldaIh ;=< o oHq;a m%;sfrdaOhla l%shd lrhs' tg fldaIh ;=< m%;sfrdaOh yryd
l=vd Nj wka;rhla we;s f' tu Nj wka;rh" oHq;a.dul n,fhka wvq l<
g fldaIfhka ndysr mm:hg ,nd fok Nj wka;rh ,ef' mm:hl ,laIH
folla w;r Nj wka;rh fjda,aj,ska uksk ksid th fjda,ah;dj (voltage)
f,i o yekaf'
147

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

19'12 rEmh - fjda,agrhla

fjda,ah;dj uekSug Nd; lrk WmlrKh fjda,agrh kka yekaf'

fjda,ah;djh uekSug ixLHdxl u,agrh o Nd;d l< yelsh ' mm:hl ,laIH
folla w;r Nj wka;rh uekSu i|yd 19'13 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
fjda,agrfha w.% fol tu ,laIH folg inkaO l< hq;= h'
negh

n,anh

iaph

fjda,agrh
19'13 rEmh - fjda,agrhla mm:hlg inkaO lsu

,s Odrdj .e,Su i|yd fldaIhl w.% fol w;r Nj wka;rhla ;sh hq;= nj
;yjqre lsu i|yd my; oelafjk l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

148

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

l%shdldrlu 19'2
wjYH jH ( h<s fldaI folla" ikakdhl l" fjda,agrhla" wegrhla"

n,anhla
19'14 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a n,anhg h<s fldaI fol inkaO l< yels"
tlsfklg fjkia wdldr ;=kls' tu wjia:d ;=fkys u fjda,agrh inkaO
lr we;af;a n,anfha w.% w;r Nj wka;rh uekSu i|yd h' wegrh inkaO
lr we;af;a n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj uekSu i|yd h' 19'14 (b) rEmfha fmkajd
we;af;a tu wjia:d ;=kg wod< mm: igyka h'
19'14 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s tla tla wjia:djg wkqj mm: ilid n,anh
oe,afjk wdldrh kslaIKh lrkak'
ta iEu wjia:djl u n,anfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh iy n,anh ;=<ska
.,k Odrdj igyka lr .kak'
fjda,agrh

wegrh

wegrh

wegrh

1 wjia:dj

fjda,agrh

fjda,agrh

3 wjia:dj

2 wjia:dj

19'14 ^a& rEmh - l%shdldrlu 19'2 i`oyd mrsm: ilik wdldrh

V
A

A
+ - -+

1 wjia:dj

++

A
+ +
- -

2 wjia:dj

3 wjia:dj

19'14 ^b& rEmh - tla tla wjia:dj i`oyd mrsm: igyk

149

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

 Tnf.a kslaIK my; oelafjk m j.= .; lrkak'

wjia:dj
1
2
3

Odrdj

Nj wka;rh

n,anh oe,a f$fkdoe,a f

1 jk wjia:df " fldaI fofla Ok w.% fol n,anfha w.% folg inkaO lr we;'
ta ksid n,anfha w.% fol w;r Nj wka;rhla fkdmj;sh's Nj wka;rhla fkdmj;sk
ksid n,anh yryd Odrdjla o fkd.,kq we;' Tnf.a kqj,ska Tng ta nj ;yjqre
jkq we;'
2 jk wjia:df " fldaI fofla iDK w.% fol n,anfha w.% folg inkaOlr we;'
fuys o n,anfha w.% fol w;r Nj wka;rhla we;s fkdjk w;r n,anh yryd
Odrdjla fkd.,hs'
3 jk wjia:df tla fldaIhl Ok w.%h yd wfkla fldaIfha iDK w.%h n,anhg
inkaO lr we;' fuys " n,anh yryd Nj wka;rhla we;s n,anh yryd Odrdjla
.,d hhs'
tk" ikakdhlhla ;=<ska Odrdj .e,Su i`oyd tys fofl<jr Nj wka;rhla
mej;Su w;HjYH f'

19'4 ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k Odrdj yd ikakdhlfhys

fofl<jr Nj wka;rh w;r inkaOh
ikakdhlhl fofl<jrg Nj wka;rhla iemhQ g ta ;=<ska Odrdjla .,hs'
ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k Odrdj;a tys fofl<jr Nj wka;rh;a w;r inkaOhla
mj;S o hkak oeka wms uid n,uq'

150

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

l%shdldrlu 19'3
wjYH jH (

ksfl%da l orhla" wegrhla" fjda,agrhla" Odrd

kshdulhla" h<s fldaI y;rla" inkaOl l" iaphla'

fjda,agrhla Nd; lrkafka ikakdhlhg tk" ksfl%da l orhg

n,mdk Nj wka;rh uek .ekSug hs'
wegrh fhdod .kafka ikakdhlh ^ksfl%da l orh& ;=<ska .,d hk oHq;a
Odrdj uek .ekSu i|yd h'
Odrd kshdulhla ^19'15 rEmh& fhdod .kafka th
iSreudre lrka ksfl%da l orhg n,mdk
Nj wka;rh yd th ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fjkia
lr .ekSug hs' Odrd kshdulfha mm: ixfla;h
f'

19'15 rEmh - Odrd kshdulh

imhd.;a Wmdx. Nd; lr 19'16 mm: igyfkka oelafjk mm:h ilikak'

V

ksfl%da orh
6V

19'16 rEmh - mlaIKh i|yd mm: igyk

iaph (S) ixjD; lr fjda,agr mdGdxlh o wegr mdGdxlh o yels

blaukska ,ndf.k iaph jD; lrkak' iaph ixjD; l< .i u mdGdxl
,ndf.k iaph jD; l< hq;af;a ksfl%da l orfha WIaK;ajh je h
yels neks' fuys WIaK;ajh ksh; j u ;ndf.k fuu l%shdldrlu l< hq;=
h'
iaj,am f,djlg miq Odrd kshdulh u|la iSreudre lr h<s iaph ixjD;
lr ;j;a mdGdxlhla ,nd .kak'
fufia mdGdxl mylaj;a ,nd .kak'
151

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh


Nj wka;rh ^V& V
1
2
3
4
5

V/ I

Odrdj ^I) A

f iEu wjia:djl u Nj wka;rh (V) i|yd ,efnk w.h fidhkak' tu

Odrdj (I)
w.h ksh; w.hla nj fmfkkq we;' tfia ksh; w.hla ,efnkafka fhdod.;a
ikakdhlfha ^ksfl%da l orfha& WIaK;ajh fkdfjkia j mej;sfha k muKs'
fuu inkaO;dj uq,ska u fidhd.kq ,enqf cuka cd;sl fcda ihsuka
k oHd{hd isks' Tyq bm;a l< tu inkaO;dj kshuh kka yekaf'

kshuh

ikakdhlhl WIaK;ajh ksh; g tu ikakdhlh
;=<ska .,k Odrdj (I) tys fofl<jr Nj wka;rhg
(V) wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl f'
tk" WIaK;ajh ksh; g" I V f'
tu ksid" V / I = ksh;hls'
fuu ksh;h ikakdhlfha oHq;a m%;sfrdaOh (electrical
resistance) f,i yekaf'
tk"

V
=R
I

R hkq" ikakdhlfha m%;sfrdaOh f'

19'17 rEmh - fcdar ihsuka

m%;sfrdaOh uksk tAllh () f'

ikakdhlhl fofl<jrg fjda,a tll (1V) Nj wka;rhla fh g ta ;=<ska
wemsh tll (1A) Odrdjla .,hs k" tu ikakdhlfha m%;sfrdaOh tlla (1)
f,i w: olajd we;'

152

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

m%;sfrdaOh uekSug Nd; lrk WmlrKh grh (Ohm meter) k f'

Tn by; ls%hdldrlf ,nd .;a o;a; Wmfhda.S fldgf.k m%ia;drhl y wlaIfha
Nj wka;rh;a" x wlaIfha Odrdj;a i,l=Kq lr m%ia;drhla wekao g th 19'18
rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrh .kS'
V (V)

I (A)

19'18 rEmh - Odrdj iu Nj wka;rh fjkia jk wdldrh

ksoiqk 1
mm:hlg inkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOh 6 jk n,anhla ;=,ska 1'5 A Odrdjla
.,d hhs k tys fofl<jr Nj wka;rh fidhkak'
n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj i`oyd V = IR fhfuka

V = 1.5 6
n,anfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh = 9.0 V

19'2 wNHdih
1' n,anhla 12 V ,s iemhqulg inkaO l< g ta ;=<ska 0'5 A Odrdjla .,hs'
tu wjia:df tu n,anfha iQ;%sldf m%;sfrdaOh fldmuK o@
2' ksfl%da l orhl m%;sfrdaOh 10 f' th ,s iemhqulg inkaO
l< g 0'6 A Odrdjla .,hs' ksfl%da l orh inkaO lr we;s ,s
iemhqf w.% w;r Nj wka;rh fldmuK o@
3' ksfl%da l orhl m%;sfrdaOh 6 f' th 3 V ,s iemhqulg inkaO
l< g th ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldmuK o@

153

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

19'5 ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdk idOl

ikakdhl lene,a,l m%;sfrdaOh my; idOl u; r`od mj;S'
(i) ikakdhl lene,af,a yrialv j.M,h
(ii) ikakdhl lene,af,a .
(iii) tu ikakdhlh iE we;s jHh
fuu tla tla idOlh m%;sfrdaOh i|yd n,mdk wdldrh fidhd ne,Su i|yd
l%shdldrlu 19'4 is lruq'
l%shdldrlu 19'4
wjYH jH ( tlsfklg fjkia yrialv j.M,h iys; grhla muK .
ksfl%da l len,s 3la" jvd;au isyska ksfl%da lfha . iy
yrialv iys; ;U lhla yd hlv l len,s lsysmhla" h<s

fldaI 2la" wegrhla" iaphla" 1 m muK . yd 20 cm muK
m<, ,E,a,la'
imhd.;a jH Nd;fhka 19'19 rEmfha m mm:h ilikak'
tla tla ikakdhlfha fl<jr i`oyd X w.%h ;nka .,dhk Odrdj igyka
lr.kak'
1
X
2
3
4
5
6
7

19'19 rEmh - ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh i|yd

n,mdk idOl wOHhkh lsu i|yd mm: ieliqu

by; rEmfha"
1 f,i olajd we;af;a >klu je ksfl%da lh o
2 f,i olajd we;af;a uOHia: >klka hq;a ksfl%da luh o
3 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska ksfl%da lh o
4 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska ;U lh o
5 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska hlv lh o
6 iy 7 f,i olajd we;af;a .ska wiudk isyska hlv l o f'
154

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

^4"5"6 iy 7 wjia:d ioyd fhdod .kakd lj, yrialv j.M, tl iudk

h hq;= h&
ikakdhlh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

wegr mdGdxlh ^Odrdj& $ A

^a& 1" 2 yd 3 hk lj,g wod< mdGdxl Nd;fhka ,nd.; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
^b& 3" 4 yd 5 hk lj,g wod< mdGdxl i,lka .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
^c& 5" 6 yd 7 hk lj,g wod< mdGdxl wkqj Tng l=ula lsj yels o@
ls%hdldrlu 19'4 g wkqj tla tla wjia:df " mm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj tlsfklg
fjkia nj meye,s f' tla tla wjia:dj i`oyd Nd; l< ikakdhlj, m%;sfrdaO
fjkia u g fya;=jhs' f wkqj ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk
idOl 3la oelah yels h'
tk"
(i) ikakdhlfha yrialv j.M,h
(ii)
ikakdhlfha .
(iii)
ikakdhlh iE we;s jH f'
f tl tlla m%;sfrdaOh i|yd n,mdk wdldrh my; oelaf'
ikakdhlfha yrialv j.M,h jejk g m%;sfrdaOh wvqf'
ikakdhlfha . jejk g m%;sfrdaOh je f'
tl iudk . yd iudk yrialv j.M,h iyss;" fjkia f,dayj,ska iE l
follg tlu Nj wka;rh ,nd kak o ikakdhl fol ;=<k
s a .,k Odrd wiudk
h' Bg fya;=j tu f,day fofla zzm%;sfrdaOl;djZZ k .=Kh fjkia u h' ta
wkqj tajdfha m%;sfrdaO fjkia f'

19'6 m%;sfrdaOl
k<hla ;=<ska .,k c, Odrdjla md,kh lsu i`oyd c, lrduhla fhu is l<
yels h' tys is lrkqfha c, myrg ndOdjla we;s lsfuka c, Odrdj md,kh
lr .ekSu hs' f wdldrhg u ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k ,s Odrdj o" md,kh
lr .; yels h' ta i`oyd l< hq;af;a l=ula oehs oekgu;a Tng wjfndaO jkakg
we;' mm:hl m%;sfrdaOh je lsfuka ta ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wvq l< yels h'
f.a kshuhg wkqj V = IR. V ksh; w.hl ;nd f.k R jel< fyd;a I wvqf'
mm:hl m%;sfrdaOh je lr .ekSu i`oyd Bg inkaO lsSug yels O m%;sfrda
w.hkaf.ka hq;a Wmdx. ksmojd we;' fjd m%;sfrdaOl (resistors) f,i ye`kaf'
155

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

Odrdj
m%;sfrdaOlh

19'20 rEmh -- k<hla ;=<ska .,k c,

Odrdj md,kh lsu

19'21 rEmh -- ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k ,s Odrdj

m%;sfrdaOlhla u.ska md,kh lsu

m%;sfrdaOlj, ls%hdld;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSu ioyd ls%hdldrlu 19'5 is lruq'

l%shdldrlu 19'5
wjYH jH ( l=vd ,s mkao n,anhla" iaphla" 5 " 10 " 20 " hk
w.hkaf.ka hq;a m%;sfrdaOl" inkaOl l" h<s fldaI folla
19'22 rEmfha oelafjk m mm:h ilikak'

19'22 rEmh - l%shdldrlu 19'5 i`oyd mrsm: wegjqu

A yd B w;rg tla m%;sfrdaOlh ne.ska ;nka n,anh oe,au kslaIKh

lrkak' Tnf.a kslaIK my; oelafjk wdldrfha j.=jl igyka lrkak'
m%;sfrdaOl w.h
5
10
20

n,anfha ma;sh

fuu l%shdldrlfuys m%;sfrdaOh je jk g n,anfha ma;sh wvq jk nj Tng

kslaIKh l< yels h'
156

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

mm:hl m%;sfrdaOh je jk g ta ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wvq jk nj fuhska

meye,s f'

m%;sfrdaOl j.
O ldhka i`oyd fhdod .; yels m%;sfrdaOl j. O m%;sfrda w.h iys;j
ksmojd we;' bka m%;sfrdaOl j. lsysmhla ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq'
1' iar m%;sfrdaOl
2' p,H m%;sfrdaOl
3' wdf,dal ixf m%;sfrdaOl

iar m%;sfrdaOl

mjdrl jHhla u; ;=kS ldnka mg,
;ekam;a lsfuka fyda ksfl%da l jeks
m%;sfrdaOl;dj by< jH t;Sfuka O
w.hkaf.ka hq;a iar m%;sfrdaOl ksmojkq
,ef' fjdfha w.h fjkia l< fkdyels
h'
Wod(- 10 " 100 " 1'2 k w.hkaf.ka hq;=
iar m%;sfrdAOl

19'23 rEmh - O iar m%;sfrdaOl

lsysmhla

19'23 rEmfha O iar m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla o" 19'24 rEmfha iar m%;sfrdaOl i|yd
Nd; jk mm: ixfla; lsysmhla o olajd we;'

19'24 rEmh - iar m%;sfrdaOl i|yd Nd; jk ixfla;

m%;sfrdaOl jK fla; l%uh

iar m%;sfrdaOlj, w.h fndfyda g igyka lrkqfha tys nf`oys i,l=Kq lr we;s
jK j< u.sks' jK j< u.ska w.h igyka lsf l%uh jK fla; l%uh
f,i yekaf'

157

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

19'25 rEmh - jK fla; l%u uska iar m%;sfrdaOlhl nf|ys w.h

i,l=Kq lr we;s whqre

^i& jK m y;rlska hq;= m%;sfrdaOl

fuu l%ufha 19'25 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg m%;sfrdaOlh u; jK m
y;rla fhdod we;' bka jK m ;=kla tlsfklg im j msysgd we;s w;r wfkl
;rula ka msysghs' 19'26 rEmfhys oelafjk m im j msys jK m ;=kla
iys; me;a; j mig msysgk f,i ;enQ g" j me;af;a isg m<uq jK foflka
m%;sfrdaOlfha w.fha m<uq yd fojk b,lal fol fokq ,ef'

oiia:dkh tlia:dkh oyfha iyk w.h

n,fha
oYlh
19'26 rEmh - jK m 4 la iys; m%;sfrdaOl

tla tla jKhg wod< w.h 19'1 j.=fjys oelaf' ;=kajk jK mhg wod<
w.fhka m<uq jK m fol u.ska olajk ixLHdj .=K l< hq;= oyfha mdofha
oYlh ,ef' fuu oYlfha w.h 19'1 j.=fjys m<uq ;Sref oelafjk wxlfha
w.hg iudk f' fuhg wu;rj rka iy jKhka i|yd oYlfha w.h
ms<sfj<ska -1 iy -2 f' tk oYu w.hkaf.ka hq;a m%;sfrda w.hka oelaug
rka fyda jK Nd; flfrhs' ol=Kq mi fjku msys jK mh u.ska w.hka
fjkia h yels mrdih tk" iyk w.h oelafjhs' m%;sfrdaOl iyk w.fha jK
fla; 19'2 j.=f oelaf'

158

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

19.1 j.=j - m%;sfrdaOl jK fla;

wxlh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
--1
--2

f;jk fyda isjk

jK mh wkqj .=K
l< hq;= w.h

jKh
l`M

l`M
Uqre
r;=
;e,s
ly
fld<
ks,a
o
w`M
iq
rka

100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
104 = 10000
105 = 100000
106 = 1000000
107 = 10000000
108 = 100000000
109 = 1000000000
10-1 = 0.1
10-2 = 0.01

19'2 j.=j - m%;sfrdaOl iyk w.fha jK fla;

jKh

Uqre

iyk w.h

1%

r;=
2%

rka

5%

10%

jK mhla fhdod ke;s'

20%

ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjkafka fjf<`ofmdf<ka ,nd.;a iar m%;sfrdaOlhls'

(i) tys m%;sfrda w.h fidhkak

(ii) fuu m%;sfrdaOlfha iyk w.h lSho@
(iii) fuu m%;sfrdaOlhg ;sh yels i;H w.h mrdih l=ulao@
159

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

(i) m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h

Tqre
l`t
1
0
1000

=

(ii) m%;sfrdaOlfha iyk w.h
(iii) iyk w.h

w.h fjkiajk m%udKh

= 10]
= 10]
= 1000

oy
n, fh
h a

f
b, ojk
l
al
u

m
b, ,u
l q
al
u

iu

r;=
102

= 100

m%;sfrdaOlfha i;H w.h

;sh yels mrdih
= (1000-100) - (1000 +100)

= 900 - 1100

19'3 wNHdih
1' ;e,s" ;e,s" ly iy rka f,i jK ;Sre y;rla igyka lr we;s m%;sfrdaOlhla
Tng imhd we;'

(i) m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h fidhkak'

(ii) tys iyk w.h fldmuKo@
(iii) m%;sfrdaOlh ioyd ;sh yels w.h mrdih .Kkh lrkak'

p,H m%;sfrdaOl
wjYH m w.h fjkia lr.; yels f,i ilid we;s m%;sfrdaOl p,H m%;sfrdaOl
(variable resistors) kka yekaf' p,H m%;sfrdaOl w;ska fyda kshkla Nd;fhka
fyda lerlefuka ke;fyd;a iSre udre lsfuka w.h fjkia l< yels h' fmr
ieliq m%;sfrdaOl" Odrd kshdul iy y~ md,l wd f,i p,H m%;sfrdaOl j.
lsysmhla f'
19'27 ^a& rEmfha p,H m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla o" 19'27 ^b& rEmfha p,H m%;sfrdaOl
i|yd Nd; jk ixfla; o olajd we;'

160

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

Odrd kshdulh

fmr ieliq m%;sfrdaOlh

19'27

19'27

^a& rEmh -- O j.j, p,H m%;sfrdaOl

y~ md,lh
(Volume controller)
N%uKh l< yels
p,H m%;sfrdaOlhla

^b& rEmh - p,H m%;sfrdaOl i|yd ixfla;

p,H m%;sfrdaOl" .=jka ,s hka;%j, y`v md,kh lsu" O bf,lafg%daksl

mm:j, iSreudre lsu iy oHd.dr mlaIKj, Odrdj fjkia lsu jeks
wjia:dj, Nd; flfrhs'

wdf,dal ixf m%;sfrdaOl

leh i,a*hs jeks fYaI ridhk jH Nd; lr wdf,dal ixf m%;sfrdaOl
(Light Dependent Resistors - LDR) ilia lr we;' ta u;g jefgk wdf,dalfha
;sr;dj wkqj tys m%;sfrdaOh fjkiau is f'
wdf,dalh wvq jk g tk wf " fuu m%;sfrdaOlj, m%;sfrdaOh je f'
wdf,dalh we;s g fuu m%;sfrdaOlj, m%;sfrdaOh wvq f' wdf,dal ugu wkqj
ls%hd;aul h hq;= WmlrK md,kh lrk mm: i|yd fuu m%;sfrdaOl fhdod
.efkhs'

161

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

(a)

(b)
19'28 rEmh - (a) wdf,dalhg ixf m%;sfrdaOl ixfla; (b) ndysr fmkqu

19'7 m%;sfrdaOl moaO;s

mm:hl .,k Odrdj wjYH m md,kh lsu i|yd m%;sfrdaOl fhdod .efkhs'
wjYH m%;sfrda w.h iys; ;ks m%;sfrdaOlhla imhd .ekSug wmyiq wjia:dj,
m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla inkaO lsfuka wjYH m%;sfrda w.h idod .; yels h' f
i|yd m%;sfrdaOl inkaO lrk uQ,sl wdldr folls'

1' fY%a.; (series) m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu'

2' iudka;r.; (parallel) m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu'

fY%a.; m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu

mm:fha iEu m%;sfrdaOlhla u yryd uq`M Odrdj u .,d hk m inkaO
lsu" m%;sfrdaOl fY%a.; inkaO lsu f,i yekaf' mm:hl R1, R2, yd R3
m%;sfrdaOl ;=kla fY%a.; j inkaO lr we;s wdldrh 19'29 rEmfha olajd we;'
R1

R2

R3

19'29 rEmh - mm:hl fY%a.; m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu

mm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj I f,i .;a g" V = IR wkqj"

R1 m%;sfrdaOlfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh } I.R1
R2 m%;sfrdaOlfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh } I.R2
R3 m%;sfrdaOlfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh } I.R3
162

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

m%;sfrdaOl fYa%.; j inkaO lr we;s g" fuu m%;sfrdaOl yryd we;s Nj

wka;rhkaf.a tl;=j" iemhq Nj wka;rhg iudk h hq;= h'

f wkqj"

V = IR = I.R1 + I.R2 + I.R3

R = R1+ R2+ R3 (R hkqq iul m%;sfrdaOh f')

iul m%;sfrdaOh hkq inkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOl ish,a, fjkqjg fhh yels ;ks
m%;sfrdaOlfha w.hhs' m%;sfrdaOl fYa%.;j inkaO lr we;s g iul m%;sfrdaOh
iudk jkafka m%;sfrdaOl ish,af,a w.hkaf.a tl;=jghs'
ksoiqk 1
rEmfha oelafjkqfha 10 m%;sfrdaOlhla yd 2 m%;sfrdaOlhla 6 V ,s iemhqulg
inkaO lr we;s wdldrhhs'
10

6V

(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'

(ii) mm:h ;=<ska .,k Ordj fldmuK o?
iu
(i) iul m%;sfrdaOh = R1+ R2
= 10 + 2


= 12
(ii) mm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fiug mm:hg V = IR fhdouq'

163

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu

mm:fha uq Odrdj m%;sfrdaOl w;r fnhk wdldrhg inkaO lsu" m%;sfrdaOl
iudka;r.; inkaO lsu f,i yekaf' mm:hl R1, R2, yd R3 m%;sfrdaOl
;=kla iudka;r.;j inkaO lr we;s wdldrh 19'30 rEmfha olajd we;'
R1
I1
I2

R2
R3

I3

V
19'30 rEmh - mm:hl iudka;r.; inkaOh
fuys mm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldgiaj,g fn tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh ;=<ska
.,hs' tk" tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj, tl;=j mm:h ;=<ska .,k
uq`M Odrdjg iudk neka"

I = I1+I2+I3
V
wdfoaY lsfuka"
R

V
V
V
V
+
+
,ef'
=
R
R1
R2
R3

f.a kshuhg wkqj Odrdj i|yd

fuys R hkq iul m%;sfrdaOh f' ka meye,s jkafka iudka;r.; inkaOfha

iul m%;sfrdaOh

u.ska .Kkh l< yels nj hs'

iudka;r.; f,i m%;sfrdaOl inkaO lr we;s moaO;shl iul m%;sfrdaOfhys

mriamrh tla tla m%;sfrdaOlj, w.hkays mriamrj, tl;=jg iudk f'
ksoiqk 1
12
yd 6
m%;sfrdaOl folla iudka;r.; f,i ilr we;s moaO;shl rEm
igykla my; oelaf'
(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'
(ii) moaO;sfha .,k Odrdj fidhkak'
(iii) tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj fldmuKo?
164

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

12

6
6V
(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh R k"
1
1
1
= +
R1 R2
R

1 1
+
12 6
1+ 2
=
12
1 3
=
R 12
R=4
=

(ii) moaO;sfha .,k Odrdj i`oyd V=IR fhfuka"

=
6
4
= 1.5 A
=

(iii) 12 m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj fidhuq' 12 yryd Nj wka;rh 6 V

neka"

V
I =
R
6
= 12
= 0.5 A

165

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

6 m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj fidhuq' 6 m%;sfrdaOlh yryd Nj wka;rh

6 V neka"
V = IR fhdouq
I =V
R
=6
6
I =1A


19'4 wNHdih
(1) rejkag 3 yd 40 ne.ska jk m%;sfrdaOl folla wjYH we;' kuq;a Tyqg
fidhd .; yels jQfha 20 yd 9 m%;sfrdaOl muKs'
(i) by; m%;sfrdaOl Nd; fldg 3 w.fhka hq;a m%;sfrdaO moaO;shla idod
.kakd whqre flfhka meye,s lrkak'
(ii) tu m%;sfrdaOl fhdod idok ,o 40 m%;sfrdaOl moaO;shl rEm igyk
ixfla; u.ska we| olajkak'
(2) rEmfha oelafjkafka O iQ;%sld m%;sfrdaOj,ska hq;a n,an ;=kla Nd;fhka
ieliQ mm:hls' tys fofl<jrg 12 V Nj wka;rhla imhd we;'
inkaOl l j, m%;sfrdaOh fkdi,ld yeh yelsh'
6
P

B2

20

12

B1

B3

A1

A2
A3

12 V

(i) Q iy R w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh fldmuKo@

(ii) P iy R w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'
(iii) mm:h ;=<ska .,k uq Odrdj oelafjkafka l=uk wegrfha mdGdxlfhkao@
(iv) mm:h ;=<ska .,k uq Odrdj fidhkak'
(v) P iy Q w;r Nj wka;rh fldmuKo@
(vi) Q iy R w;r Nj wka;rh fidhkak'
(vii) B1 n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldmuKo@
(viii) B2 n,anh oe .shfyd;a mm:h ;=,ska .,k Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
166

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

wu;r kqug
,sh Nd;fha wdrCIdld fjuq'
oHq;a lmk / ,sier jeu (Electric Shock)
ksia isrer yryd bf,lafg%dak .,dhEula is jQ g oHq;a lmk we;s f' oHq;a
Odrdjla we;s u i|yd ixjD; mm:hla yd Nj wka;rhla mej;Su w;HjYH f'

oHq;a Odrdjg we;=`Mug iy msgug foayh

u; ia:dk folla fkdue;s g oHq;a
lmkh ms<sn| wjodkula fkdue;' 19'31
rEmfha oelafjk l=re,a,d w n,e;s ,s
/yekla u; ,s ier fkdje isug fya;=j
u|la is;d n,kak' fuu l=re,a,d ia:dk
follska ,s /yek iamY l< o tu ia:dk
fol iudk Njhl mj;S' tk Nj
wka;rhla fkdue;s u ksid l=re,a,df.a
isrer yryd bf,lafg%dak .,d hEula is
fkdf' tk l=re,a,dg ,s ier fkdj'

19'31 rEmh - ,s /yekla u; isk

l=re,af,la

oHq;a Odrdjg ksia isrer ;=<g we;+ug

iy bka msgug ia:dk folla mj;sk g
oHq;a lmkhla we;s h yels h' tk"
i ,s /yekla tla ia:dkhlska ksia
isrer iamY lrk g ksid mdjyka rys;j
fmd<j iu inkaO is k Tyqg ,s
ier jefoa' fufia jkafka ,sh ksia isrer
iamY lrk ia:dk fol w;r Njfha
fjkila ^Nj wka;rhla& mj;sk neks'
19'32 rEmh
tk ,s /yek iy fmdf<dj w;r
inkaO;djla f.dvke.Su ksid ixjD; ,s mm:hla we;s f' i ,s
/yefkka ksidf.a isrerg we;=jk ,sh Tyqf.a mdo yryd N+.; f' tk
h whl-= ;ks ,s /yekla iamY lsu ydksodhl fkdjkafka hhs is;Su jer
nj oeka Tng jegfykq we;'

kshuh yd ,s wdrlaIdj
,s wk;=rl urKh f.k fokafka

oHq;a Nj wka;rh o@
oHq;a Odrdjo@
167

ke;sk

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

,s wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j is;Sug fm<fUk kE u whl=g we;s jk fmd .egj

thhs' oHq;a Odrdj urKh f.kfok nj is;Sug iy th i;H nj ;yjqre lsug
idlaIs we;' tfy;a fjda,ah;dj wk;=reodhl fkdjkafka k wk;=reodhl w
fjda,ah;d ,s /yeka ms<sn| i,l=Kqj, wruqK l=ulah yels o@
wms fuh kshuh Nd;fhka iug W;aidy lruq'
fjda,ah;dj" oHq;a Odrdj iy m%;sfrdaOh i|yd kshuh fh g my;
oelafjk ilrKh ,ef'
I=

V
R

,s wk;=rl Yrh yryd .uka lrk Odrdj hkq Yrfha h ,laIH folla
yryd we;sjk Nj wka;rh tu ,laIH fol w;r m%;sfrdaOfhka fn g ,efnk
w.hhs'
w fjda,ah;djh hkq Yd, oHq;a Odrdjla we;s lsug iu;a m%n, oHq;a Njhls'
oHq;a wdfrdamK mqoa.,hl=f.a Yrh yryd .uka lsug fjda,ah;djla wjYH
f' tfuka u mqoa.,hl=f.a Yrh oHq;a Odrdjg olajk m%;sfrdaOh inkaOfhka
o ie,ls,su;a h hq;= h' Yrfha ia:dk folla w;r mj;sk Nj fjki jej;au
we;s m%;sfrdaOhlg wkqj Yrh yryd oHq;a Odrdj .uka lsug we;s yelshdj
je f' tneka wl fjda,ah;djla we;sg Yd, oHq;a Odrdjla Tnf.a
Yrh yryd .uka lsfuka Tng ;=jd, isug fyda h hdug mqjk' m%;sf,dau
jYfhka Yrh" ,s Odrdjg wl m%;sfrdaOhla olajk g mj;sk fjda,ah;dj
wkqj Yrh yryd wvq ,s Odrdjla .uka lsu is f'
Yrh u.ska olajk m%;sfrdaOh iEu g u ksh; fkdf' th mqoa.,hdf.ka
mqoa.,hdg iy ld,h wkqj o fjkia f' th oHq;a wdfrdamK yd iu w;r
we;sjk inkaO;dj u; fjkia f' ksia Yrfha je u m%;sfrdaOhla olajk
fldgi jkafka iuhs' ,jK iy Lkscj,ska fmdfydi;a ksid oyh fyd| oHq;a
ikakdhlhla f,i ls%hdlrhs' tfuka u rerfha we;s ridhk jH yd ;r, j.
o fyd| oHq;a ikakdhl f'
tneka oyfhka f;;a jQ w;la fyda ifuys ;=jd, iys; fmfoila ,s jhrhla
iu. .ef we;sjk ydksh msis h<s iula fyda Yr fldgila yd iu
.efgk g we;sjk ydkshg jvd fndfyda fihska je h'

168

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh

idrdxYh
we;e jH tlsfkl msuefuka tu jH w;r bf,lafg%dak yqjudre u
isf'
,s Odrdjla hkq .,d hk ,s wdfrdamK hs'
iu; Odrdf Ydj Ok w.%fha isg RK w.%h olajd f'
fldaIhlska Odrdj ,nd fkd.kakd g tys w.% w;r mj;sk Nj wka;rh
tu fldaIfha oHq;a .dul n,h f'

WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;sk g ikakdhlhla Tiafia .,k Odrdj tys
fofl<jr w;r Nj wka;rhg iudkqmd;sl nj kshufhka m%ldY
flf'
mm:hla ;=<ska Odrdj .e,Su je<elaug we;s jk ndOdj oHq;a m%;sfrdaOhhs'
mm:hl m%;sfrdaOl inkaO l< yels m%Odk l%u folls'
1' iudka;r.; l%uh
2' fY%aKs.; l%uh

m%;sfrdaO moaO;shl iuia; m%;sfrdaOh iul m%;sfrdaOh f,i yekaf'

mdNdIsl jpk
ia;s oHq;h

Static electricity

Odrd oHq;h

Current electricity

oHq;a Odrdj

Electric current

m%;sfrdaOh

Resistance

fjda,agrh

- Voltmeter

wegrh - Ammeter
Nj wka;rh

Potential difference

oHq;a.dul n,h

Electromotive force

iul m%;sfrdaOh

Equivalent resistance

169

fkdf,a fnod yeu i`oydh