5

mirfha ixhq;sh ys;lr

wkaoka mj;ajd .ekSu

fuu mdvu yeoEfuka miq j Tng"

jd;fha m%Yia; ixhq;sh" tu ixhq;sh fjkia jk wkaou" tuska we;s
jk n,mE yd tu n,mE wju lr.ekSu"
c,fha m%Yia; ixhq;sh" tu ixhq;sh fjkia jk wkaou" tuska we;s
jk n,mE yd tu n,mE wju lr.ekSu"
mfiys m%Yia; ixhq;sh" tu ixhq;sh fjkia jk wkaou" tuska we;s
jk n,mE yd tu n,mE wju lr.ekSu"
.DydY%;
s j Nd; jk O ridhk jH" tajdfha ridhksl l%h
s dld;ajh"
tuska we;s h yels wys;lr n,mE yd tu n,mE wju lr.ekSu"
ms<sn`o j wkafYKh lsug
wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd.ekSug yels jkq we;'

22

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

5'1 jd;fha ixhq;sh kg ys;lr jk m

mj;ajd .ekSu
jd;fha ixhq;sh
Tn wjg we;s oE ,ehsia;=.; lrk fuka lsisjl= Tfnka b,a,d ishfyd;a
Tf ,ehsia;=jg fndfyda g tl;= jkqfha Tng olskakg ,efnk f.afr" .ia
je,a" i;=ka wdh hs' mDfha fjfik iEu hl=g u w;HjYH im;la jk
wjg we;s jd;hg Tf ,ehsia;=f ys lr we;af;a lS jeks ia:dkh o @
jd;h hkq O jdhq j. lsysmhl Y%Khla nj Tn Wf.k we;' jd;fha
fldgia ,shkhl wvx.= tla tla jdhqf fldgia .Kk ( Parts per million - ppm)
my; 5'1 j.=f laf'
jd;fha
ldlrKfha m%;sM, f,i bkaOk yd
jdhqj
idudkH
wfkl=;a jH oykh iqYd, jYfhka by<
idkaKh$ppm
hEu" ia j dNdl yd lD;% s u wmjH Yd,
jYfhka mirhg tl;= lsu yd wiS; jk
N2
780,840.00
kdYh jeks ksia l%h
s dldrl fya;f
= jka jdhq
O2
209,460.00
f.da,fha kg ys;lr ixhq;h
s oreKq wkaoka
Ar
9340.00
fjkiaj,g nka fjka mj;S' .sksl
CO 2
332.00
msm
s u jeks iuyr iajdNdl ixiso
a ka o we;=
Ne
18.00
j m%Odk jYfhka by; i|yka l< ksia
He
5.20
l%shdldrl fya;= fldgf.k jdhqf.da,hg
CH4
1.65
tl;= jk my; i|yka ix>gl fya;f
= jka fuu
Kr
1.10
;;a;ajh Woa.; we;'
Xe
0.090
ldnkaj, Tlaihsv
H2
0.580
yhsfv%dldnk
CO
0.05 - 0.20
i,a*j, Tlaihsv
O3
10-2 - 10-1
ye,ckSlD; yhsfv%dldnk
SO 2
10-5 - 10-4
khsg%ckaj, Tlaihsv
NO + NO2 10-6 - 10-2
>k iy j wxY=uh wmjH
HO
fjkia f'
2

5'1 j.=j - jd;fha ixhq;sh

ldnkaj, Tlaihsv
ludka;Yd,d" r:jdyk" ;dm n,d.dr yd .Dyia: lghq;=j, Yd,
jYfhka fmdis, bkaOk u yd wfkl=;a ldnksl wmjH oykh jeks l%h
s dldrl
ksid ldnkafudfkdlaihs yd ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqf.da,hg tl;= u YS>f
% hka
by< hka mj;S' fuu jdhq .kaOhla rys; wjK jdhq f' ldnkafudfkdlaihs
mirhg tl;= lrk m%Odk m%Njhla f,i fudag r: tkaka ;=< is jk
bkaOk oykh ykdf.k we;' ldnkafudfkdlaihs I jdhqjls' jdhqf.da,fha
ldnkavfhdlaihs m%Yia; ugulska mj;sk g th kag ys;lr jdhqjls'
Ydl yd i;=ka Yajikfha msg lrk ldnkavfhdlaihs Ydl iska m%NdixYaf,aIK
23
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

l%shdj,shg fhd.ekSu ksid jdhqf.da,fha ldnkavfhdlaihs ixhq;sh m%Yia;

ugulska mj;ajd.ekSu iajdNdl j md,kh f' tfy;a by; i|yka l<
l%shdldrl fuu l%shdj,sfha ;=,H;dj flrys n,mE we;s lsug fya;= f'
i,a*j, Tlaihsv
oykj jeks ishjfia ldl ma,jh;a
iu by< i,a* m%;sY;hlska hq;a .,a w=re"
bkaOkhla f,i Nd; lsu m%p,s; h' tuska
i,a*vfhdlaihs jdhqf.da,hg tl;= u by<
hEu wdrN h' fmfg%da,sh bkaOk oykh"
j,alkhsia lrk ,o rn ksIm
a dok oykh yd .skl
s
wdY% s ; ia j dNdl ixis o a ka u`.s k a o
i,a * vfhdla i hs jdhq f .da , hg tl;= f'
i,a*j, Tlaihsv w;ka lgql .kaOhlska hq;a
wjK jdhq j la jk i,a * vfhdla i hs jdhq
f.da,hg tl;= u tys m%Yia; ixhq;sh flfrys
Yd, n,mEula we;s l rhs ' O m% N j u`.s k a
i,a * vfhdla i hs jdhq f .da , hg tl;= lrk
m%udKhka jg m%ia;drhlska 5'1 rEmfha laf'

fjk;a 11]
.Dyia:
lghq;= 11]
ludka; 18]

n,d.dr 60]

5'1 rEmh - O m%Njj,ska

i,a* vfhdlaihs
jdhqf.da,hg tl;= jk m%udK

khsg%ckaj, Tlaihs
,s flf jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka jdhqj Tlaiscka jdhqj iu`. m%;sl%shd
lr khsg%ckaj, Tlaihsv ksmou iajdNdl j is jk l%shdj,shls' jdykj,
wNHka;r oyk tkau ;=<g we;= jk idudkH jd;fha wvx.= jk khsg%cka
jdhqj o fun u l%shdj,shlg ,la f'
oHq;a pdmh

N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO (g)

2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2 (g)

5'2 rEmh - ,s flu

jdhqf.da,fha wvx.= jk NO2 m%udKfhka 30] - 40]

olajd m%udKhla jdykj, bkaOk oykfha m%;M
s ,hla
f,i mirhg tl;= jk nj fidhdf.k we;'

yhsfv%dldnk yd ye,ckSlD; yhsfv%dldnk

ldnka yd yhsvc
% ka hk uQ,jH muKla O wkqmd;j,ska ixfhdackh
ksudKh jQ ixfhda. yhsfv%dldnk k f' Lksc f;,a Nd.sl wdijkfhka fjka
lr .efkk lrKh l< fmfg%d,
a h
s jdhqj" fmg%,"a i,a wdh yhsfv%dldnk
i|yd ksoiqka f' fjd Yd, jYfhka bkaOk f,i;a Bg wu;r j ldnksl
djl" iafkayl wdh f,i;a Nd;hg .ekSf iDcq j u mirhg tl;= f' u<
Ydl" i;a;j
a fldgia yd ldnksl wmjH u; ksjdhq nelahdjka f.a l%h
s dld;ajh
fya;f
= jka f;aka ( CH4 ) kue;s ir, u yhsfv%dldnkh b;d Yd, jYfhka ksmo
f' tA le<s li< f.dvj,a" j.d yd j.=re wdY%;
s j h'
24

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

1950 isg idudkH jdhQf.da,Sh

WIaK;ajfha jeu$ 0C

jdhQf.da,Sh ldnka vfhdlaishs

ixhq;sh$ ppm

yhsfv%dldnkj, wvx.= yhsv%cka mrudKq tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda ish,a,

u fyda *af,daka" laf,daka fn%daka wd ye,cka mrudKq u`.ska m%;sia:dmkh
fuka ,efnk ixfhda. ye,ckSlD; yhsfv%dldnk .Khg we;=<;a h' f i|yd
ksoiqka f,i laf,darf*da ^CHCl3&" ldnka fgg%dlaf,darhs ^CCl4&" laf,dafrd
*af,dafrd ldnka ^CCl2 F2&" yef,dakaia ^CBrClF2 , C2Br2 F4& wdh oelah yels h'
YS;lrK yd jdhq ilrK hka;%j, YS;ldrl f,i;a" iafm%a ;Ska;j, yd iqj|
,jqkaj, irl m%jdyl (aerosol) f,i;a Nd;fha laf,dafrd *af,dafrd ldnka
(CFC) jdhqj mirhg tl;= f' fmd,sjhskhs,a laf,darhs (PVC) jeks nyq
wjhl ksmou o .sks ksf jH f,i Nd;hg .ekSu o ye,ckSlD;
yhsfv%dldnk mirhg tl;= jk wjia:djka f'
wxY=uh wmjH
jdhqf.da,fha wj,Nkh we;s b;d l=vd wxY= wxY=uh wmjH fjhs' u"
,s wxY= iajdNdl j jd;fha we;s wxY=uh wmjH fjhs' m;,a ludka;h"
jdyk Odjkh wd ksia ls%hdldrl uska jd;hg Yd, f,i wxY= tl;= fjhs'
fuu wxY=uh wmjH >k yd j f,i j. follg fnh yels h'
>k wxY=uh wmjH - ldnka wxY=" ner f,day wxY=" w" ,s" weianeiafgdaia
j wxY=uh wmjH - c, jdIam" j ldnksl wxY=" uZl ^rih& jdIam
jdhqf.da,Sh m%Yia; ixhq;sh fjkia u u`.ska is jk n,mEu
Tn by; ykd.;a O ix>gl jdhqf.da,hg tl;= u u`.ska tys
m%Yia; ixhq;sh fjkia fuka we;s jk O n,mE j;auka f,dalfha mdil
wnqo rdYshlg fya;= we;' bka lsysmhla ms<sn| j bfha ia;r flf'
mD f.da,h WKqiq u
(global warming)
CO ixhq;sh
jdhqf.da,fha wka;.; iuyr
jdhQkaf.a ixhq;sh by< hEu;a iu u
jdhqf.da,fha WIAK;ajh by< hdula is
WIa K ;a j fha
jk nj oHd{hska iska wkdjrKh
je u
lrf.k we;'
jdhqf.da,Sh ldnkavfhdlaihs
ixhq;sh by< hEu;a iu Bg wkqrEm j
5'3 rEmh
jdhqf.da,Sh WIAK;ajh by< hEu m%ia;dl j by; 5'3 rEmfha olajd we;'
YS; rgj, Ydl l%shdld;ajhg fhda.H WIAK;ajhla iys; mir ;;a;ajhla
we;s lsu i|yd rej,ska ksu jQ y;d.dr k jQ .Dyhka ;=< iuyr Ydl j.
j.d flf' fu u`.ska tfia jkqfha fujeks y;d.drhla ;=<g ;dmh /f.k
we;= jk wfOdarla; (IR) lsrK jeks .= ;rx. wdhdu iys; iQh lsrK je
fldgila y;d.drh ;=<ska bj;a j hd fkd mj;ajd .ekSug tys re ;a;s
fya;= jk neks' fuh y;d.dr wdprKh (greenhouse effect) hkqfjka yekaf'
^fuu inkaO;dj wjfndaO lr.ekSug my; l%shdldrlfuys kshef,kak& by;
l%shdldrlu wkqj ixjD; re nk ;=< WIaK;ajh" th wjg mirfha
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

25

l%shdldrlu 5'1
f i|yd WIaK;ajudk folla yd Yd, re nkla
wjYH f'
fydka iQhdf,dalh ,efnk ia:dkhl" fuu rEmfha
lafjk m tla WIaK;ajudkhla re nk ;=<;a
wfkl jD;j;a ;nkak'
wdrNl wjia:df WIAK;ajudk foflys mdGdxl
igyka lr.kak'
iEu ks;;
a = 15l g jrla WIAK;ajudk foflys mdGdxl
lshjd igyka lr.kak'
WIAK;ajhg jvd by< w.hla .kakd nj fmfka' ldnkavfhdlaihs" f;aka"
laf,dafrd *af,dafrd ldnka ^CFC&" c, jdIam jeks nyq mrudKql wKqj,ska hq;a
jdhq j. by< idkaKhlska hq;= j mj;sk jdhqf.da,h o y;d.drhla fuka
l%shd;aul f' tneka fjd y;d.dr jdhq hkqfjka yekaf' mDhg ,efnk
;dmh fldgila
wjldYhg
ksoyia f

y;d.dr jdhq ;dmh

wjfYdaIKh lrhs
H2O

iQh ;dmfhka ,efnk wfOdar;a; lsrKj,ska (IR)

Yd, fldgila mrdj;kh h<s;a mD mDIAGfhka
CO
bj;a hhs' kuq;a jdhqf.da,fha y;d.dr jdhq
iQhhd mDh
idkaKh by< hEu;a iu`. u mDfhka IR lsrK
WKqiq lrhs
bj;a j hk m%udKh wvq f' tfia jkafka tu jdhq
wKq IR lsrK wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSu fya;f
= jks' tu`.k
s a
mD f.da,h WKqiq f' mD f.da,h WKqiq
fuka we;sjk n,mE lsym
s hla my; i|yka f'
5'4 rEmh - y;d.dr wdprKh
mDfha O%ejj, msy
s whsia ;gq ^.a,eish& h u'
by; fya;=j ksid id.r c, ugu by< hEfuka iuyr m;a c,fhka hg u'
f,dalfha foaY.=l yd jIdm;k rgd fjkia u'
w, jeis (acid rain)
jd;fha we;s ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqj h u fya;=fjka jId c,h
iajdNdl j u| jYfhka wd,sl f' ta wkqj iajdNdl jeis c,fha pH w.h
5'6 la muK f' kuq;a iuyr wjia:dj, jId c,fha pH w.h fuu w.hg jvd
my< w.hhkaf.ka - tk" by< wd,sl iajNdjhlska hqla; nj ykdf.k
we;' fYaIfhka ldl k.r wdY%s; j fuu ;;a;ajh kslaIKh l< yels jqj
o j;udkfha th iuia; mDhg u n,mdk .egjla njg m;a we;' jId
c,fha wd,s l ;dj by< hEug m% O dk fya ; = j jka f ka jdhq f .da , S h
i,a*vfhdlaihs idkaKh by< hEu nj ykdf.k we;' c,fha h jk
i,a*vfhdlaihs jdhqj uska i,a*shqria w,h ^H2SO3& iEfohs'
SO2^g& + H2O^l& H2SO3^aq&
i,a*shqria w,h ;j rg;a TlaislrKh i,a*shqla w,h ^H2SO4&
iEfohs' w, Y%s; c,h" jeis f,i jeu w, jeis jYfhka ykajhs' khsg%cka
vfhdlaihs jdhqj o khsg%ia w,h ^HNO2& yd khs%la w,h ^HNO3& idoka
jeis c,fha wd,sl iajNdjh je lsug odhl f'
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'
26
2

f u`.ska is jk mdil n,mE lsysmhla my; laf'

jDlaI,;d yd jkdka;r kdY u'
wd,sl jeis c,h c,dYj,g tla
fuka c,c ka kdY u'
mfia wd,sl iajNdjh by< hEfuka
Ydlj, Lksc wjfYdaIKh flfrys
n,mE we;s lsu'
yqkq.,a jeks mdIdK h u'
f,dayuh bls" f.dvke`.s,s " m%;sud"
kgUqka jeks foa kdY u'
5'5 rEmh - w, jeiafika kdY jQ
iuyr IhS ner f,day h u ksid
jkdka;rhla
c,dYj, tu f,day whk idkaK
wys;lr ug olajd by< hdu"
fidaka hk laIh u (ozone layer depletion)
fidaka Tlaic
s kaj,ska muKla iuka; ;%m
s rudKql wKqj,ska iEKq jdhqjls'
mD mDIaGfha isg 25 km la muK by<ska ;=kS fidaka jdhq ia;rhla mj;S'
iQhhdf.ka ksl;
= a jk w Yla;s mdrcnq, (Ultra Violet) lsrK mD mDIaGh lrd
<.d u j<lk wdrlaIl hkhla f,iska fuu ia;rh l%h
s d;aul f'
by< jdhqf.da,fha O2 jdhqj mdrcnq, (UV) lsrK wjfYdaIKh lr
mrudKql Tlaiscka idohs'
O2 (g) 2O (g)
fuu mrudKql Tlaiscka w;sYhska m%;sl%shdYs,S f' tajd Tlaiscka wKq
iu tla j fidaka jdhqj idohs'
O (g) + O2 (g) O3 (g)
fuf,i iEfok O3 h<s;a O2 njg m;afjka iu;=,s;;djhlg t<ef'
2O (g)
3O2 (g)
3
by< jdhqf.da,fha CFC jeks ye,ckSlD; yhsfv%dldnk wkq iQh Yla;sh
,nd.kska mrudKql laf,daka we;s f' fuu mrudKql laf,daaka" O3 iu`.
my; m m%;sl%shd lrka fidaka wKq | ouhs'
Cl (g) + O3 (g) ClO (g) + O2 (g)
khs%la Tlaihs o f whqka u fidaka ia:rhg ydks muqKqjhs'
NO (g) + O3 (g) NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
f wdldrhg fidaka hk laIh fuka tys isre we;s
f' tys m%;sM,hla f,i w Yla;s mdrcnq, lsrK
mDhg <d f' tu`.ska we;s lrk wys;lr ;;a;aj
lsysmhla my; i|yka f'
wefia iqo we;s u" yf ms<sld nyq, u
5'6 rEmh - wekagdlaldjg by<
jdhqf.da,fha fidaka ia;rh laIh
Yrfha m%;sYla;sh wvq u"
we;s wdldrh oelafjk m.Kl
fnda.j, m%NdixYaf,aIKh wvd, u"
;%hla
kaf.a lD;s ;;a;aj we;s u'

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

27

jdhqf.da,Sh ixhq;sh fjkia f n,mE wju lr .ekSu

ydkslr mdil ;;a;j
a hka we;s lsug uQ,l
s jQ jdhquh ix>gl mirhg
uq yeu md,kh lsu i|yd f,dj mqrd O rgj,a ;ks ;ks j fuka u iduQysl
jYfhka o lghq;= lrhs' iuyr wjia:dj, wka;cd;sl ugfuka O m%;sm;a;s
yd kS;s ;s meku o is flfrhs' tjeks l%shdud. lsysmhla my; oelaf'

mQK oykhg bv ie,fik wkaoka r:jdyk tkaka iqir lsu'

jdykj,g jdIsl j ;;a;aj mlaIK iy;slhla ,nd .ekSu wksjdh lsu'
jdykj,ska wys;lr jdhq msg u W;afm%arl mj;l fhdod md,kh lsu'
fmd m%jdyk fiajd je hqKq lsu u`.ska mqoa.,sl r:jdyk Nd;h iSud
lsu yd tu`.ska bkaOk oykh wju lsu'
Nd;hg .ekSug fmr .,a w=rej, wvx.= i,a* bj;a lsu'
;dm n,d.dr yd ludka;Yd,d wdfhka ksl=;a flfrk jdhquh wmjH
msh lr jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia lsu' le,aish yhsfv%dlaihs m,amhla
;=<ska nqnq<kh lsfuka i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj le,aish i,a*hs f,i
wjlafIam lsu f i|yd ksoiqkla f'
CFC jeks iuyr wys;lr jdhq Nd;h ;yk lr tA fjkqjg mir ys;ld
jdhq (HCFC) Nd; lsu'
iuyr rgj, f, wvx.= fmg%,a Nd;h ;yk lsu'
fmdis, bkaOk Nd;h fjkqjg iQh Yla;sh" c, ,sh" Wo n,h wd
l,am Yla;s m%Nj Nd;hg .ekSu m%p,s; lsu'

5'2 c,fha ixhq;sh kg ys;lr wkaoka mj;ajd.ekSu c,h

djlhla f,i
ffoksl jk w;aoelS wkqj O oE c,fha h jk nj Tn okakd lreKls'
tneka mDh u; ixY=oO
a c, |la fidhd .ekSu b;d u wiSre h' jdhq f.da,h
yryd m;s; f " mD mDIaGh ;=<k
s a ldka f yd u;=m
s ka .,d hEf
O jH iqYd, ixLHdjla c,fha h f' fYaIfhka wd,sl jeis c,h m;s;
fuka miaj, yd mdIdKj, wka;.; djH ix>gl tys h f' tfia u mi
IKhg ,la j we;ak mq,a O;ajhlska hq;a ix>gl c,hg tl;= f'
mdkSh c,h
wm iska mfNdackh lrkq ,nk c,h wm th ,nd.kakd m%Njh wkqj my;
i|yka wdldrj,g j. l< yels h'
.x`.d yd c,dYj,ska ,nd.efkk my;a wdY%s; u;=msg c,h
lje yd llr hdj;a jeks Wia wdY%s; c, fmdaIl m%foaYj, msys c,h
fmdf<dj hg msys c, m%jdy" W,am;a wdh u`.ska ,nd.efkk N+.; c,h
,nd.kakd m%Njh wkqj c,h wm;% we;s m%udKh fjkia f' mdkSh
c,h f,i Nd;hg .ekSug fmr fndfyda g tu c,h O msh lsf l%u
u`.ska msis lrkq ,ef'
28

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk idOl yd tajdfha n,mEu

c,h h ldhhla i|yd fhdod.ekSf tys .=Kd;aulNdjh i,ld ne,Su
w;sYhska jeo.;a f' f,dal fi!LH ixOdkh iska mdkSh c,h i|yd m%;Ska
ykajd we;' fuu m%;Skag wkqj c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk
ridhksl idOl jYfhka tys wvx.= uQ,jHuh ix>gl" whk ldKav f,i
mj;sk ix>gl m%udK yd pH w.h lah yels h' g wu;r j h we;s
ldnksl jH m%udKh" jdhq m%udK yd frda. ldrl laIq ka mej;Su wdh o
c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdkq ,ef' tu ridhksl idOl w;ka
iuyr whk ms<sn| f,dal fi!LH ixOdkh iska olajd we;s m%;Ska lsysmhla
5'2 j.=f oelaf' tys i|yka iu; m%udK blaujd tu whk mj;sk" c,h
mdkh i|yd kqiqiq hehs ie,fla' mdkSh c,fha pH w.h 6 - 9 mrdifha mej;sh
hq;= nj f,dal fi!LH ixOdkh je rg;a fmkajd we;'
ix>glh
laf,darhs whk
ue.akSish whk
khsf% whk
iskala whk
fldm whk
*afjdrhs whk
hlv whk
lafrdah whk

iu; m%udKh
$mg dm-3 (ppm)
600
50
45
15
1'5
0'5 - 1'5
0'3
0'05

5'2 j.=j - mdkSh c,fha whk

ms<n
s | m%;s

Tn okakjd o@
tlai;a cd;Ska iska 1980 90 oYlh c, oYlh f,i k lrk
,' ish,a,kag u msis ;;a;ajfha
c,h yd fi!LHdrlaIdj ,nd u
fuys wruqK h' kuq;a c,h u`.ska
fnda jk w;S i drh" fld,rdj"
WKikakm
s d;h yd wfkl=;a jix.;
frda. f,dalfha iuyr m%foaYj,
;ju;a yg.kS' w;Sidrfhka muKla
jdIsl j h hk <uqka ixLHdj
,shk myla muK f'

,jK;dj (salinity)
c,fha h we;s ,jK fya;=fjka tys ,jK;dj we;s f' h uiqkag
lrfha;a" lrh uiqkag fha;a j;a h fkd yels nj Tn okakd lreKls'
j;a ug yev.eiS we;s ,jK;djg jvd fjkia ,jK;djlska hq;a udOHhl
iSug tu uiqka wiu;a f' tu ksid c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh ie,lSf th
ksKh flfrk w;sYh jeo.;a idOlhla f,i ,jK;dj yekah yels h'
N+.; c,h wl f,i Nd;hg .ekSu" ks; jd ud. moaO;Ska iy
lDIs ksIamdok" inka" lAId,l wdh nyq, jyfhka c,hg tl;= u c,fha
,jK;dj by< hEug fya;= we;' fjr<dY%;
s iuyr fmfoiaj, mj;sk N+f.da,h
S
,laIK fya;f
= jka h iu lrh Y% u iy iqkd jeks ixiso
a ka ,jK;dj
by< kexug ;=vq fok iajdNdl idOl f'

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

29

 pH w.h
kgu;a Tn okakd m c, kshehl pH w.h u`.ska tys wd,sl fyda
Ndial iajNdjh lafjhs' c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh inkaOfhka pH w.h o
jeo.;a ridhksl idOlhla f' c,fha O ix>gl mej;Su yd tajd mj;sk
,nk m%udK pH w.h wkqj ;SrKh f' fYaIfhka u mdkh lsug yd lDIsldl
lghq;= i|yd Nd;hg fhda.H nj ;SrKh lsf c,fha pH w.h ie,ls,a,g
.efkhs'
ner f,day
O ner f,dayj, whk idkaK o c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh ;SrKh lfrk
m%n, idOlhla f' ksoiqka f,i leh (Cd)" f, (Pb)" uzl (Hg)" fldm
(Cu) yd iskala (Zn) jeks ner f,day lah yels h'
leh
uQ,sl jYfhka ldl wmjH yd iskala m;,aj,ska msg flfrk wmjH
u`.ska leh c,hg tl;= f' f,daydf,amkfha yd ;e,s meye;s jKl
ksmof o leh mq,a jYfhka Nd; flf' mdkSh c,h fldgia ,shkhl
wvx.= leh fldgia .Kk (Parts per billion - ppb) i|yd ksfoaYs; by<
iSudj jk 10 ppb (10 g dm-3) blaujd leh mej;Su w;sYh IodhS f' w
rer mSvkhg" jl=.vqj,g ydks meKug yd r;= rerdKq kdY lsug leh
fya;= f' tfia u iuyr tkaihsuj, wvx.= iskala m%;sia:dmkh lr tkaihsu
l%shdld;ajh wvd, lsug o leh hl f'
f, ^Bh&
c, moaO;sj, tla/ia jk f, imhkq ,nk m%Odk m%Njh jkqfha f,
tl;= lrk ,o fmg%,a h' f,dal fi!LH ixOdkh iska fmkajd we;s m
mdkSh c,fha f, ixhq;sh 50 ppb fkd blauh hq;= h'
Tn okakjd o@
w;S;fha f, wdf,ams; ue yd re nka Nd;h f, I ug
;=vq ka lreKla h' tjeks nka Nd;h .%Sl YsIagdpdrfha | jeug
fya;=jla jQ nj Yajdi flf'
<uqkaf.a udkisl l%shdld;ajhg ndOd meKug f, I u fya;= f
hehs Yajdi flf' iq f, I u`.ska rla;ySk;dj" uiamsvq fokdj" wl
fjfyilr nj jeks frda.S ;;a;aj we;s h yels h'
uzl ^rih&
.,a w=rej, 1 ppb muK jk b;d u w,am idkaKhlska u'l wka;.;
f' tfia jqj o .,a w=re - Yd, jYfhka Nd;hg .efkk neka u'l
mirhg tl;= lsug tuska Yd, odhl;ajhla iemfha' ridhkd.drj, yd
ksfjiaj, Nd;hg .efkk WIaK;ajudk" mSvkudk jeks WmlrK le
hEf o u'l mirhg tl;= f' ke u; wdf,am lrk ;Ska;" ldl wmjH
wdh c, m%Njhkays u'l idkaKh by< kexug fYaIfhka fya;= f'
30

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

tA wkqj wdydr odu Tiafia foay ;=< u'l tla/ia f' wkaO Ndjh"
mlaId>d;h jeks iakdhq wdndO yd Wmf;a we;s jk lD;s;djkag fuf,i
foay ;=< u'l tla /ia u fya;= we;'
Tn okakjd o@
kudgd hkq cmdkfha kudgd fndlal wdY%s; jr .udkhls'
jI 1953 - 60 ld,h ;=< fuu m%foaYfha u'l I 111la o tksid is jQ
urK 43la o" jd;d h' wdydr odu Tiafia rih tla/iau ksid we;s jQ
I u fuu fojdplhg fya;= h'
c,fha lk;ajh (hardness of water)
l%shdldrlu 5'2
h .eiQ yqkq Ca(OH)2 iaj,amhla c,fha h lrkak'
ilia l< yqkq hr 100cm3 muK cE fnda;,hlg tl;= lrkak'
fjk;a cE fnda;,hlg c,h 100cm3 muK .kak'
tla tla nkg inka l=vq f;a ye Nd.h ne.ska oud h lrkak'
nka foflys fmK we;s u ms<sn| Tf kslaIK jd;d lrkak'
le,aih
s yd ue.aki
S h
s whk hfuka c,fha lk;ajh we;s flf' Tn
by; l%h
s dldrlf kslaIKh l< wkaoug lk c,fha inka u.ska mdfjk
Wvq uKahla we;s lrhs' tuska inkaj, l%shdld;ajh wvd, f'
le,aish yhsv%ckaldnfka ,jK u`.ska lk;ajh we;s jQ c,h r;a
lsf le,aish whk" le,aish ldnfka f,i wjlafIam f'
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
tu`.ska c,fha lk;ajh bj;a f' ta wkqj le,aish fyda ue.akSish
yhsv%ckaldnfka u`.ska we;s lrkq ,nk lk;ajh ;djld,sl lk;ajh f,i
yekaf' c,fha h jQ le,aish i,af*a fyda ue.akSish i,af*a ,jK u`.ska
iar lk;ajhla we;s lrhs' th r;a lsf bj;a fkdf' iar lk;ajh
fuka u ;djld,sl lk;ajh o my; i|yka l%u u`.ska bj;a l< yels h' fuh
lk c,h (hard water) uD c,h (soft water) njg m;a lsu f,i yekaf'
fia fidavd (Na2CO3.10 H2O) c,hg tl;= lsu u.ska le,aih
s yd ue.aki
S h
s
whk tajdfha ldnfkag f,i wjlafIam lsu'
Na2CO3(aq) + Ca2+(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq)
whk yqjudre l=kq ;=<ska .uka lrjd Mg2+ yd Ca2+ whk bj;a lsu'
*afjdrhs
oHd{hska iska fmkajd we;s m c,fha *afjdrhs whk idkaKh
1ppm muK ugul meje;Su ksidg yd mirhg ydkslr fkd f' f ksid
*afjdrhs whk idkaKh 1ppm olajd f.k tau i|yd iuyr rgj, c,
iemhq i|yd fidah *afjdrhs tl;= lrkq ,ef' tu`.ska o;a rd hEu
md,kh jk nj wkdjrKh we;' flfia jqjo wl *afjdrhs whk idkaKhla
31
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

iys; c,h mdkh lsu o;aj,g ydkslr jk w;r th jl=.vq wdndO we;s lsug
o fya;= f'
Tn okakjd o@
YS% ,xldf iuyr fmfoiaj, N+.; c,fha by< idkaKhlska hq;=
j *afjdrhs whk wvx.= f' tu c,h >ld,Sk j Nd; lsfuka
o;aj, bj;a l< fkd yels lyUqre meye;s me,a, we;s f'
khsf% yd fmdaiaf*a
j.d j,g tl;= lrk ridhksl
fmdfydrj,ska fldgila fidaod hEu u`.ska
c,dYj,g tla/ia f' iuyr g u, uQ;%
yd laId,l iys; .DydY%s; wm;% c,h
c,dYj,g tl;= ls u flf' tu`.s k a
c,dYj, khs f % yd fmdia f *a whk
idkaKh by< hhs'
c,dYhl khs f % g yd fmdia f *a
by< idka Khls k a mj;s k g Yd,
jYfhka we,a.S jOkh c,h u; mdfjk
fld< meye;s fmK ia;rhla idohs' wl
5'7 rEmh - iqfmdaIKh jQ c,dYhla
f,i jOkh jQ we,a.S h h;a u ta u;
nelahd l%h
s d lsu fya;f
= jka tajd wm%ikak
.kaOhlska hq;= rK jH njg m;a f' c, m%Njhla f wkaoka wys;lr
fjkiaj,g ,la u iqfmdaIKh (eutrophication) hkqfjka yekaf'

ldnksl ixfhda.
jdIsl j f,dj mqrd ldnksl ixfhda. fgdka ,shk .Kkla ksmof'
bka fndfyduhla ldl wmjH f,i mirhg tl;= f' j,a me<E" lDka
yd fjk;a wys;lr ka kdY lr f wruqKska ridhksl j ixYaf,aIKh
l< ldnksl ixfhda. mirhg tl;= flf' tajdhska fndfyduhla wjidkfha
c,hg tl;= f' uqyq c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh my; fy<Sug ldnksl ixfhda.
Yd, ixLHdjlska iuka; Lksc f;,a bys fya;= f' fYaIfhka u
wNsfhda.d;aul ldnksl ridhksl jH iuQyhla f,i .=l,a mj;akd ldnksl
IlZ (Persistent Organic Pollutants - POPs) ykdf.k we;' b;d .= ld,hla
mirfha fkdkeiS mej;Su" IodhS nj" b;d Yd, m%foaYhla mqrd me;s hdu yd
wdydr odu Tiafia foay ;=< tla/ia u POPs ixfhda.j, ,dlaIKsl lsysmhls'
POPs u`.ska Wmf;a we;s jk lD;s;d" ms<sld" nqoah ySk u" m%;sYla;s yd
m%ckl moaO;sj, l%shdld;ajfha n, u jeks frda.dndO we;s lrkq ,ef'

32

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

Tn okakjd o@
.=l,a mj;akd ldnksl ridhk jH w;ka mDhg Yd,
;ckhla h yels ixfhda. fod<yla li, isu (Dirty Dozen) jYfhka
ykajd we;'
m,sfndaOkdYl
ludka; wdY%s; ridhk jH
- we,a%ka (Aldrin)
- fylaidlaf,dafrda fnkaiSka
- laf,dafka (Chlordane)
(Hexachloro benzene)
- DDT
^m,sfndaOkdYlhla o f'&
- ,a%ka (Deildrin)
- nyq laf,dakSlD; nhs*Skhs,a
- tka%ka (Endrin)
(Polychlorinated Biphenyls -PCBs) fymagdlaf,da (Heptachlor)
ldl w;=reM, yd oyk M,
- frlaia (Mirex)
- vfhdlaiSka (Dioxin)
- fgdlaid*Ska (Toxaphene)
- *shq?ka (Furan)
c,fha djH jdhq
c,c kag c,fha h mj;sk jdhq w;sYhska jeo.;a f' ffcj
l%shdld;ajh u`.ska c,fha wvx.= ldnksl jH rKh lsf Wmfhda.S lr
.kq ,nk c,fha h we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh ffcj ridhksl Tlaiscka b,au
^Biochemical Oxygen Demand - BOD) f,i yekaf' fuu w.h c,fha Is;
ugu fmkakq lrk jeo.;a oYlhls' m;% c,fha BOD w.h 1ppm fyda Bg
wvq w.hls' c,fha ldnksl wmjH m%udKh by< h;a u BOD w.h o by< hhs'
Tn okakjd o@
25oC c,h 1dm3 l Tlaiscka jdhq 8'826mg la muK h f' c,fha
wvx.= ldnksl jH 8 mg la uqukska u rKh lsug 25oC ys mj;sk c,h
1dm3 l h we;s uq Tlaiscka m%udKh u jeh f'
c,fha h mj;sk ldnkavfhdlaihs c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd lr n,
w,hla jk ldfndksla w,h idohs' tu`.ska c,hg yhsv%ckaldnfka whk
(HCO3-) yd ldnfka whk (CO32-) ksoyia flf' tu whk c,fha pH w.h fkd
fjkia j mj;ajd .ekSug odhl f'
c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh mj;ajd .ekSu
YS% ,xldj we;= fndfyda rgj, u, uQ;% yd wfkl=;a .DydY%s; wmjH
iys; c,h fndfyda g msh fkd lr uqyq" c,dY fyda .x.dj,g tl;= lrkq
,ef' by; lS wmjH iys; c,h" c, m%Njj,g uqod yeug fmr ms<sfj<ska
m%d:l" oa;shsl yd ;D;Shsl jYfhka msh lsj,g ,la l< hq;= h'

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

33

5'8 rEmh - wmjH iys; c,h msh lrk ia:dkhla

fmu" ;ekam;a u" u;=msg mdfjk fldgia fjka lsu jeks l%u uska
Yd, yd l=vd >k wmjH" je,s yd .%Sia jeks jH bj;a lsu m%d:l msh
uska is flf'
jd;h imhka iajdhq nelahd uska u, jH Kh lsf l%shdj,shg
myiql iemhSu oa;shsl msh uska is flf' t u.ska c,fha ffcj
ridhksl Tlaiscka b,au - BOD my; fy<hs'
;D;Shsl msh ls u`.ska khsf%g" fmdiaf*ag wd whk iy iuyr ldnksl
jH bj;a flf'
ldl wmjH iys; c,fha O Il wvx.= neka ta tl tlla i|yd
O fYaIs; msh l%u fhdod.efka' tA i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelaf'
c,fha wdjH yhsfv%dlaihsv f,i nerf,day whk wjlafIam lsu'
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Cr(OH)3(s)

whk yqjudre frisk Nd;h u`.ska nerf,day whk bj;a lsu

2H+^frisk& + Cu2+(aq)

Cu2+^frisk& + 2H+(aq)

il%Sh ldnka ;=<ska fmug ie,eiau u`.ska c,fha h we;s ldnksl wmjH
bj;a lsu ^fuys is jkafka il%Sh ldnka mDIaGh u;g ldnksl wmjH
wfYdaIKh u hs&'
Tlaiscka" yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihs" fidaka fyda laf,daka u`.ska ldnksl wmjH
fjk;a ydkslr fkd jk jH njg m;a lsu'
le,aish yhsfv%dlaihs u`.ska fmdiafma whk wjlafIam f,i bj;a lsu'
3Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2PO43-(aq)

34

Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6OH-(aq)

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

5'3

mfiys ixhq;sh kg ys;lr wkaoka mj;ajd .ekSu

mD lfndf,ys kg w;sYhska u jeo.;a fldgi jkqfha mihs' mdIdK

Kh fuka mi ksudKh we;' mfiys O m%udKj,ska Y% jQ ldnksl
jH" jd;h yd c,h we;= fjk;a wldnksl jH yd mdxY= ka wvx.= f'
mD mDIaGfha isg .eUqrg h;a u mfiys meye,s j ykd.; yels ia:r
olakg ,ef' mfiys me;slvla 5'9 rEmfha oelaf'

j.djka
ia:rh A : u;=mg
s mi
^ffcj ls%hdj,s Wmrsu jYfhka
is jk mdxY= ia:rh fuhhs'&
ia:rh B : mdxY= ia:rh
^u;=msg mfika ldkajk
fmdaIl fuys /f|a'&

ia:rh C : rKh jQ
ujq mdIdKfha fldgia
^mi ksudKh jkafka
fuusks'&
ujq mdIdKh

5'9 rEmh - mfiys me;slvla

mejreu 1
wjg mirfhka ,nd.; yels iajdNdl jH Wmfhda.S lr .kska
mfiys me;slvla ksrEmKh lsug mqjrejla ilia lrkak'
mdxY= jhkh (soil texture)
mfiys O m%udKj, >k wxY= wvx.= f' wxY=j, Yd,;ajh wkqj tajd
m%Odk wdldr y;rla hgf;a j. flf'

fndr yd o,je,s 2 - 0'2 mm

ishq je,s
0'2 - 0'02 mm
frdkauv
0'02 - 0'002 mm
ue wxY=
0'002 mm g wvq

O ia:dkhkays we;s miaj, wka;.; O m%udKfha wxY= m%;sY;

tlsfklg fjkia neka mfiys jhkh O f' fuu ixhq;Ska weiqre lr
.kska ue" je,s yd f,da jYfhka uQ,sl wdldr ;=kla hgf;a mia j. lrkq
,ef'
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

35

mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk idOl

mdxY= c,h" mdxY= jd;h" ue we;= wfkl=;a wldnksl jH" yshquia yd
wfkl=;a ldnksl jH iy mdxY= ka mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh ;SrKh jk m%Odk
idOl f,i yekaf'
mdxY= c,h
mdxY= c,h c,dlIl" flaYdlIl yd .=re;ajdlIl hkqfjka wdldr
;=klska mj;S' c,dlIl c,h hkq >k mia wxY=j,g ;ka ne mj;sk c,h
hs' Wiia Ydlj,g tu c,h wjfYdaIKh lr.; fkd yel' flaYdlIl c,h
hkq mfiys flaYsl m%udKfha isre ;=< r|jd ;nd .kakd ,nk c,h hs' mfiys
jefvk Ydl je jYfhka wjfYdaIKh lr.kafka fuu c,h hs' .=re;ajdlYl
c,h hkq c,fhka ix;Dma; mil .=re;ajc n,h hgf;a my<g ldka bj;a
jk c,h hs' mfiys fl ld,hla r\ mj;sk .=re;ajdlIl c,h Ydl u`.ska
m%fhdackhg .efkkafka w,am jYfhks'
mdxY= c,h O whk j. h we;s djKhla f,i ie,lsh yels h' t
neka fuu c,Sh djKh mdxY= djKh f,i yekaf' Ydlj,g wjYH fmdaIl
fndfyduhla wjfYdaIKh lr .kafka fuu mdxY= djKfhks'
Tn okakjd o@
Ydlj, jOkh i|yd tajdg ufyalaI fmdaIl yd laIq fmdaIl
wjYH f' Ydlj,g Yd, m%udKj,ska wjYH jk fmdaIl fyj;a ufyalaI
fmdaIl jkqfha ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaiscka" khsg%cka" ue.akSish" f*diamria"
fmdgEish" le,aih
s yd i,a* h' fjd w;ka ldnka" yhsvc
% ka yd Tlaic
s ka
iemfhkafka jd;fhks' wfkla ish,a, mfika ,nd .efka' laIq fmdaIl
wjYH jkqfha b;d iq m%udKj,sks' fndafrdaka" laf,daka" fldm" whka"
uex.kSia" fud,sk yd iuyr Ydlj,g muKla wjYH fidah" is,slka
yd fldfnda,a laIq fmdaIl f'
mdxY= jd;h
mia wxY= w;r mj;akd ysia wjldY ;=< mdxY= jd;h wka;.; f' jdhq
f.da,Sh ixhq;shg jvd mdxY= jd;fha ixhq;sh fjkia f' mia wxY=j, m%udKh yd
tajd weys ;sfnk wdldrh wkqj O ia:dkj,ska ,nd.;a mia kshej, wka;.;
mdxY= jd;fha m%udKh O h' mdxY= cSkaf.a yd Ydl uq,a ksu we;s ffi,j,
Yajikh i|yd wjYH jd;h iemfhkafka mdxY= jd;fhks' tneka mfia
.=Kd;aulNdjh /lSfuys ,d mdxY= jd;h uska wk.s lD;Hhla bgq flf'
ue
mfiys wka;.; il%Sh wldnksl ix>glh ue h' ish u uej,
is,sflag (SiO44-) wvx.= jk w;r fndfyduhla ue j.j, fidah" fmdgEish"
ue.akSish" le,aish" weksh yd whka o wka;.; f'
36

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

Tlaic
s ka
is,l
s ka

is,sfla (SiO44-) whkhl uOH mrudKqj

is,l
s ka h' th uelr.;a p;=i;
a ,hl YSIj,
ms y s g k O mrudKq y;r Si yd iy- i xhq c
nkaOkj,ska ne mj;S'

5'10 rEmh - is,sfla (SiO44-) whkfha

ieleiau

p;=ia;,Sh SiO44- tall tlsfkl iu nkaOkh fjka .= odu jHqyhla

idohs' tg tla tla SiO44- tallh u; mj;sk iDK wdfrdamK" Okdfrdams;
whk yd inkaO fjka mfiys wdfrdamK ;=,s;dj mj;ajd .kshs' Na+ , K+ , Ca2+
, Mg2+ yd NH4+ wd legdhk mfiys r|jd .ekSug uej, fuu RK wdfrdamK
fya;= f' tu`.ska legdhk c,fha jKh mfika bj;g hEu j<lk w;r
Ydl fmdaIl f,i iemhSu i|yd iqiq wdldrhg mj;ajd .kshs'
legdhk yqjudre Od;dj
Tn kgu;a okakd m uej, mj;sk .= odu is,sflag u`.ska legdhk
r|jdf.k ishs' fuu legdhkj,ska iuyrla mdxY= djKfha we;s legdhk
iu`. yqjudre lr.; yels h' fuf,i mdxY= djKfha we;s whk iu yqjudre
lr.; yels whqka mfiys wka;.; legdhk m%udKh" legdhk yqjudre Od;dj
f,i ykajhs' mfika Ydlj,g iemfhk fmdaIl m%udKh ksKh flfrk
idOl w;ka jeo.;a u idOlh jkqfha legdhk yqjudre Od;dj hs'
ldnksl jH yd yshquia
mfiys mj;sk ldnksl jH m%;sY;h 5]la muK jqj o th mfiys
M,odhS;dj fnfyka u ;SrKh lrk idOlh f' mdxY= kag wdydr iemhSu"
whk yqjudrejg iyNd.S u yd mfiys jHqyh jehqKq lsug odhl u"
ldnksl jHj, uQ,sl lD;Hhka h' c,fha wdjH u iy ffcj l%shdj,s u`.ska
b;d fifuka Khg m;au hk ,laIKj,ska hq;a mfiys wvx.= ldnksl jH
ysHquia f,i yekaf' nelahd yd ,Sr u`.ska Ydl jH Khg ,la lsfuka
miq j b;s jkqfha fuu fldgihs' yshquiaj, wka;.; jH u`.ska mfiys
.=Kd;aulNdjh wdrlaId lsu i|yd bgq flfrk lD;H lsysmhla my; laf'
mfiys c,h r|jd .ekSf yelshdj by< kxjhs'
f,day legdhk Yd, jYfhka r|jd .kska Ydl i|yd wjYH CIq
fmdaIl m%udKh by< kxjhs'
mfiys pH w.h m%Yia; w.hl mj;ajdf.k hEug odhl f'
wvq djH;djlska hq;a lDkdYl yd iuyr j,akdYl wfYdaIKh lrhs'
mfiys pH w.h
fuh mfia wd,sl yd Ndial iajNdjh fmkakq flfrk oYlh f'
pH w.h u`.ska mfiys h whkhla mej;Su" tu whkh mj;sk m%udKh yd tajd
fmdaIl f,i Ydlj,g ,nd.; yels nj ;SrKh f' jId c,fhka yd laIq
kaf.a O l%shdldrl u`.ska mig yhsv%cka whk tl;= f' Ydl jOkh
i|yd wjYH fmdaIl mfika bj;a u yd c,h u`.ska mfiys wvx.= legdhk
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

37

bj;au o mfiys wd,sl nj by< hdug fya;= f' fufia yhsv%cka whk
idkaKh fjkia u fya;=fjka mdxY= pH w.h fjkia f'
mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh fjkia u yd tu`.ska we;s lrk n,mE
ndysr n,mE wju gl mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh mj;ajd .ekSu iajdNdl j
md,kh f' tfia jqj o ksia ls%hdldrl yd iuyr iajdNdl ixisoa fya;=fjka
mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh | jef' tA i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelaf'
O ixjOk jHdmD;s yd wl%uj;a bls fya;=fjka mfiyss iajdNdl
meje;au flfrys n,mE we;s flf'
jk kdYh fya;=fjka mdxY= jd;h" ue wxY=" fmdaIl yd yshquia fldgia mig
tl;= u wju f'
wLKav j fnda. j.d lsu fya;=fjka mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh | jefgk w;r
ridhksl fmdfydr" lDkdYl yd m,sfndaOkdYl Yd, jYfhka mfiys
tla/ia u u`.ska fuu ;;a;ajh ;j;a W.% f'
cjd.drj, ksj,ska" m;,aj,ska" mdIdK l=vq lsf " mdrj,a ;ekSf
iy r:jdykj,ska >k wxY=uh jH mig tl;= f'
w, jeis u`.ska i,a*shqla" khs%la wd w, mig tla f'
f.dv lrk ,o bvj,ska fia ldka jk wmjH iys; c,h o mig tl;=f'
bj;,k ma,diala yd wfkl=;a le,s li," u,uQ;% wdh Yd, jYfhka
mfiys ;ekam;a f'
O ixjOk jHdmD;s yd wl%uj;a b ls" jk kdYh yd N+h wLKav
j fnda. j.dj i|yd fhdod .ekSu jeks l%shdldrlj, m%;sM,hla f,i u;=msg
mi Yd, jYfhka Ldokhg ,la f' tu`.ska mfia ishq je,s fldgia fia bj;a
fuka mdxY= jhkh (soil texture) wys;lr wkaoka fjkia f' tneka mdY= jd;
yd c, m%udK o fjkiaj,g nka f' ldnksl jH mig tl;=jk m%udKh
my; jeu o fuu ;;a;ajhg fya;= f' fYaIfhka u lDIsldl lghq;=j,
tla lrk ridhksl jH mdxY= kag wys;lr wkaoka n,mdk w;r tu`.ska o
mfia .=Kd;aulNdjh | jef' ludka;" .Dyia: yd m%jdyk lghq;=j, mig
tl;= jk >k wxY=uh wmjHj, wka;.; ner f,day wxY=" wdiksla wdh mdxY=
djKfha ixhq;sh wys;lr wkaoka fjkia lsug odhl f' fYaIfhka w,
jeis fya;=fjka o ridhksl fmdfydr Nd;fhka yd by; i|yka wfkl=;a ish
l%shdldrl o mdxY= pH w.h fjkia lsug fya;= f' my< pH w.hkays iuyr
f,day whk c,h u`.ska bj;g /f.k hkq ,nk w;r ;j;a iuyrla c,fha
wdjH ixfhda. f,i wjlafIam f'
mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh mj;ajd .ekSu
j.d wdY%s; j mfiys jHqyh yd ijr nj /l.ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a
;r fnda.j, wjfYaI jH j.dj, b;s lsug f.dka .ekah hq;= h'
fldfmdaia fmdfydr Nd;h .ekau u`.ska fnda. muKla fkd j mi o
fmdaIKh l< yels h' lDkdYl yd j,akdYl Nd;h fjkqjg l,am l%u
ykajd h yels h' tjeks l%u lsysmhla my; laf'
38

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

 ffcj md,kh ( m,sfndaOlhska u; hefmk" j.djg ydkshl fkdjk

fYaI ykajd u" lDka keiSug iqiq ffjri wdh
Nd; lsu'
nyq fnda. j.dj (
tl u lvl O fnda. tljr j.d lsu
lDkag Tfrd;a;= fok j.fha fnda. wNsckkh lsu
le,s li< mqrjd bv f.dv lrk ia:dk mj;ajd f.k hdf tajdfhka
ldka jk Is; c,h m;% lr mig tl;= ug ie,eiah hq;= h'
wmjH mig tl;= lsu fjkqjg tajd fYaIfhka ilia l< Wka ;=<
mqiaikq ,ef' tys wmjH mQK oykhg ,la ug m%udKj;a by< WIaK;ajhla
,nd foa'
ma,diala" re" f,dayuh wmjH jeks foa mig tl;= lsu fjkqjg
m%;splS%lrKh l< yels h' bj;,k oE m%;spl%Sh lrKh lsfuka iajdNdl
im;a yd n,Yla;s ixrlaIKhg;a" .DydY%s; wmjH m%udKh wju lsug;a bv
ie,fia'
ridhk oHd{hka iska rKhg ,la jk ma,diala j. ksmou u`.ska
ta yd inkaO j mek keS we;s wnqoj,g i fiug W;aidy ord we;' ta
wkqj ffch rKhg nka jk (biodegradable) ma,diala j." m%ldY rKhg
nka jk (photodegradable) ma,diala j. yd c,fha djH (water soluble)
ma,diala j. ksmou wrUd we;'

5'11 rEmh - m%ldY rKhg nka

jk ma,diala

5'12 rEmh - c,fha h jk ma,diala

5.4 .Dyia: lghq;=j, Nd; jk ridhk jH

wmf.a ffoksl wjYH;d jk wdydr" we" jdiia:dk" mdkSh c,h"
inka$CId,l ^fialdrl&" yd T!IO hkdh tla wdldrhlska fyda wdldr
lsysmhlska fyda ridhk jH iu inkaO;d olajhs' .Dyia: lghq;=j, Nd;
jk ridhk jH f.dkq lsysmhla ms<sn| my; ia;r flf'
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

39

wdydrj,g tl;= lrk jH (food additives)

wdydr msiSf rih" iqj|" fmkqu je hqKq lsug" ilia lsug yd l,a
;nd.ekSug ^mrlaIKhg& O jH wdydrhg tl;= lsu w;S;fha isg mej;
tkakls' tjeks oE wdydrhg tl;= lrk jH jYfhka ykajhs'
mejreu 2
O wdydr jH weiqrej, wvx.= f,an,a tl;= lr tAjdfha i|yka
m wdydrhg tl;= lrk ,o jH ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak' tla tla
jHh wdydrhg tla lsf wruqK mok lr .kska tAjd j. lsug
W;aidy .kak'
tl;= lrkq
,nk jH
fmdaIl

wruqK

msmqldrl

wdydrfha ijr nj
we;s lsu'

fmdaIK w.h
jehqKq lsu'
rih we;s lsu fyda
rildrl
Woamkh lsu'
krla u
mrlaIl
j<lajd.ekSu
m%;sTlaisldrl wdydr u; Tlaiscka j, l%shdld;ajh
wvd, lsu'
fmkqu jehqKq lsu
jKl

meKs rildrl meKs ri jehqKq

lsu'
meyeh fjkia lsu'
rxcl

ksoiqk
gka yd Lksc ,jK" whkSlD;
Kqj, wvx.= whka
l=nvq" Kq" fudfkdafidah
.agf (MSG)
Kq" NaNO2 u`.ska uiaj,
nelahd jOkh j<lhs'
ng uqvq u je<elaug
hqf,ag yhsfv%dlaisfgdhska
(BHT) tl;= flf'
lefrdka k jKlh u`.ska ng
yd udckaj,g iajdNdl ly
meyehla ,nd fohs'
flska mjqv (NaHCO3) uska
CO2 ksmojka flala jeks
wdydrj, ieye,a nj we;s lrhs'
iSks" ielka
SO2 u`.s k a h<s wdydr rxckh
flf

5'3 j.=j - wdydrj,g tl;= lrk jH j.SlrKh

fYdaOkldrl (Detergents)
iu yd ysiflia msis lsug inka yd Iemq j. o fr fiaug inka
fyda CId,l o f.u yd ;a;s msis lsug O fYdaOkldrl o Nd; flf'
inka idok uQ,l
s wuqjH jkqfha Ydl fyda i;a;j
a fo yd fidah yhsfv%dlaihs
fyda fmdgEish yhsfv%dlaihs jeks m%n, Niauhls' fo .= u iys; ldnksl
w,j,ska iuka; f' f i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla 5'4 j.=f oelaf'
40

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

fo j.h

wka;.; fo w,h
O
||

i;a;aj fo

CH3-(CH2)16-C-OH
^iahla w,h&
O
||

fmd,a f;,a

CH3-(CH2)10-C-OH
^f,dala w,h&

5'4 j.=j - fo w," tajdfha .=K yd Nd;

inka hkq fo w,j, fidah fyda fmdgEish ,jK f' f,dala w,fha
fidah ,jKh i,luq'
O

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-C-ONa+
j,s.h

ysi

j,s.h

ysi

f,dala w,fha fidah ,jKfha jHqyh ie,lSf th whksl ysilska

(head) o .= yhsfv%dldnksl j,s.hlska o (tail) iuka; jk nj meye,s f'
f;,a fo yd wfkl=;a c,fha wdjH ldnksl ix>gl ^Wod'( .%Sia& wm;% oE f,i
we;s g w, whkfha whksl ysi c,fha mj;sk m j,s.h tu ldnksl jH
;=< h f' inka u`.ska f wdldrhg wm;% oE b;d l=vd fi,a,d wxY= f,iska
c,fha wj,nkh lrka bj;,kq ,ef'
lk c,fha Ca2+ yd Mg2+ inka wKqj
f;,a kaj
whk iu m%;sl%shd lr c,fha
c,h
wdjH fo w, ,jK iEu
inkaj, m%Odk wjdishls' fuhg
iu jYfhka lD;s % u CId,l
ks m ojk ,' tA j d inka j ,
wka;.; fo w,j, ,jKj,g
fndfyda rg iudk jk uq ; a
5'13 rEmh - inkaj, fYdaOk l%shdj,sh
ksmojkq ,nkafka ridhksl j
ixIa f ,a I Kh l< jHj,s k s '
tAjdfha fYdaOk l%shdj,shg lk c,fha mjd ndOd fkd mefKa' lD;%su
laId,lj, fYdaOk ls%hdj,sh jehqKq lsug tAjdg fmd,sfmdiaf*a ixfhda.
o tla lr ;sf'
T!IO" m%;smQ;sl yd IckdYl (medicines, anticeptics & disinfectants)
ffjoHjrhl=f.a ksfoaYhlska f;dr j tfk ;fha wm iq,n j
Nd; lrk T!IO j. ;sf'
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

41

fokd kdYl (pain killers)

weiam%Ska yd merisgfuda,a b;d iq,n j Nd; lrk fokd kdYl f' tu
T!IOj,g isref WIAK;ajh my< fy<Sf yelshdjla o we;' weiam%ska ys rerh
le .eiSu j<ld,Sf yelshdjla o mj;sk neka j;udkfha yDohdndO ue~
meje;aug o th fhd.efka' weiam%Ska fuf,i T!IOhla f,i b;d ckms%h jqj
o th wdudYhg ydkshl nj ykdf.k we;' iuyr wjia:dj, wdudY ;a;j
s ,ska
rerh jykh lrug;a tu`.ska wdudYfha ,a, we;s lsug;a weiam%ska fya;=
f' nd hkq ndyska wdf,am lrk fokdkdYl T!IO f' fndfyda g ndj,
m%Odk ls%hdld ixfhda.h f,i fu;s,a ie,sisf,a wvx.= f' wdf,am lsu myiq
lrkq msi jeia,Ska tl;= lr ;sf'
m%;Hd, (antacids)
wdudYfha nelahd jOkh md,kh lsu yd iuyr wdydr fldgia
rKh lsu i|yd wdudY ;a;sfha ;sfnk ffi,j,ska yhsfv%dlaf,dala w,h
Y%djh f' wdudYfha idudkH pH w.h 1'2 isg 1'3 olajd mrdihl mj;S' je
m%udKhla wdydr.;a fgl wdudYfhka Bg m%;spdr olajkqfha w,h Y%djh lsu
by< fuks' tys m%;sM,hla f,i wdudYfha pH w.h my< jefgk w;r th
wmyiqhl ;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs'
fujeks wd,sl wmyiq;djhl m%;slu f,i m%;Hd, fm;s Nd;
lrhs' m%;Hd, T!IOhl idudkHfhka n, f,i djH Niauhla fyda Ndial
,jKhla fyda wvx.= f' ue.akSish ldnfka" weksh yhsfv%dlaihs fc,s
yd ,ala T*a ue.akSishd ^c,Sh ue.akSish yhsfv%dlaihs& iuyr m%;Hd,j,
l%shdld ix>gl f,i wka;.; f'
Tn okakjd o@
Yaf,aIau, ia;rh kka yekafjk wdudYfha we;=<; ;a;shg
yhsfv%dlaf,dala w,h u`.ska idudkHfhka ydks is fkd f' Bg fya;=j
jkafka ks;a;=jlg ffi, ,shk Nd.hla muK YS>%;djlska ys jk kj
ffi, uska tys ffi, m%;sia:dmk lsuhs'
m%;smQ;sl (anticeptics) iy Ic kdYl (disinfectants)
CIq ka kdY lrk fyda jOkh j<ld,k ridhksl jH m%;smQ;sl
k f' m%;smQ;sl wdf,am lrkq ,nkafka mgl u; h' ;=jd," lemq" jK yd
frda.S iu u; m%;smQ;sl wdf,am lrhs' Ic kdYl u`.ska o CIq ka kdY
lrk uq;a tAjd mgl u; ;eju wdrlaIs; fkd f' f.u" jeisls<s" kdk
ldur yd WmlrK wdfha mj;sk Ic keiSug tAjd Nd; flf'
m%;smQ;sl
(
whka" il,a iam%S;a;=" fndala w,h
Ic kdYl
(
*Sfkda,a" laf,daka
mejreu 3
fjf<|fmdf<a iq,n m%;smQ;slj, yd Ic kdYlj, f,an,a mlaId
lrkak' tAjdfha wvx.= l%shdld ix>gl ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
42

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

rEm,djKH jH (cosmetics)
msis Ndjhg " w,xldrhg " fi!LH imkak njg yd wkHhkg m%ikak
f,i j;a ug udkj b;sydifha jir oyia .Kkla mqrd rEm,djKH jH
Nd; lr we;' fuys tAjdhska lsysmhla ms<sn| ia;r flf'
iqj| ,jqka (perfumes)
iqj| we;s flfrk rEm,djKH jH jkqfha iqj| ,jqka h' tajdfha djlh
(solvent) fyj;a jdylh (vehicle), ;srldrlh (fixative) yd iqj|j;a jHh (odourous
substance) hkqfjka wka;.; m%Odk ix>gl ;=kls' djlh iqj| we;slrk
jH jKh lsug fhdohs' we,afldfyd, yd c,Sh Y%K iq,n j Nd; flf'
;srldrlh iqj| ,jqkaj, wvx.= iqj|j;a ix>glfha jdIamYS,;dj iqiq m
ilihs' ika f;,a f i|yd ksoiqkls' iqj|j;a jHh f,i iajdNdl fuka u
lD;s%u jH o fhdohs' tiag kue;s ixfhda.h f i|yd iq,n j Nd; f'
mqhr (powder)
ge,ala - Mg3(OH)2 Si4O10 " fpdala ^yqKq - CaCO3&" iskala Tlaihs " yd
iqj|j;a jHhla m%Odk ix>gl f,i wvx.= f' ge,ala" mdol ixfhda.h f,i
yd iu iquq lrk jHhla f,i l%shd lrhs' fpdala u`.ska oyh Wrd.kSs' iskala
Tlaihsv u`.ska l=vd isre" me,a, jeiSu is lrhs'
ysiflia jKl yd rxcl (hair dyes and bleaches)
ysifliaj, Uqre l fu,kska jKlhl o hlv wka;.; r;= meye;s
jKlhl o wvx.= f' ;o l meye;s fliaj, fu,kska jKlh m%uqL j
mj;sk w;r Uqre fyda <d meye;s fliaj, hlv jKlh m%uL
q j mj;S' j;udkfha
ysifla jKl yd jKl b;d ckm%sh mj;S' tAjdfhka iuyrla ;djld,sl
^Iemq u`.k
s a bj;a l< yels& jKl o iuyrla ysifla ;=<g ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla
ldjk wO iar jKl o ;j;a iurla ysifla iu`. ridhksl nkaOk idoka
iar f,i inkaO jk jKl o f' ysifla rxcl i|yd WyrK f,i
yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihs lah yels h' iuyr jKl wdid;al;d we;s lrhs'
.| kdYl (deodrants)
oyfha wka;.; iuyr ridhk jH fya;=fjka .kaOhla we;s f'
isref jOkh jk nelahd o Bg hl f' fuu ;;a;ajh iukh lsug .|
kdYl Nd; lrhs' tAjd oyh h<d oeug fyda oyh .| ijkq ,nk
.kaOhla we;s lsug fyda .| we;s lrk jH iu`. inkaO tAjd bj;a lsug
fyda odhl f' fnfyda .| kdYlj, l%h
s dld ixfhda. f,i weksh i,af*a"
ic, weksh laf,darhs jeks weksh ,jK wvx.= f' wdf,am lsu myiq
lrk jH yd iqj|j;a jH o jerg;a fjdfha wka;.; lr we;'
f;d,a wdf,amk (lipstics)
iq< yd jd;h u`.ska f;d,a h<Su j<lajd .ekSug yd w,xldrhg f;d,a
wdf,amk .,ajkq ,nhs' by< wKql ialkaOhla iys; yhsfv%dldnkj, wj,;
jKl iys; djKhla f,i f;d,a wdf,amk ksmojd we;'
43
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

wdf,amk ;Ska; (paints)

mDIaG wdrlaId lrkq ,nk" wdjrK mg,hla f,i l%shd lrk yd mDIaGh
u;g wNsu; jKhla f.k fok jHhla f,i wdf,amk jH yekah yels h'
wdf,amk jHhl wvx.= m%Odk ix>gl ;=kls' tajd jKlh (pigment)" n|kh
(binder) fyj;a jdIamYS,S fkd jk jHh yd jdylh (vehicle or solvent) fyj;a
jdIamYS,S jHh f,i yekaf' ;Ska; jKl fndfyda g ksmojkq ,nkafka
f,day Tlaihsv fyda f,day ,jKj,sks' O jKl O jK wjfYdaIKh
lsu fya;=fjka ;Ska;j,g mq,a jK mrdihla ,e ;sf' UV lsrK u`.ska
;Ska;j,g ydks meKu o jKl u`.ska j<lkq ,nhs' iq,nj Nd; jk ;Ska;
jKl lsysmhla yd tajdfha jK 5'5 j.=f oelaf'
jKh
jKlh
iq
ghsfksh Tlaihs - TiO2
ly
f, fl%daf - PbCrO4
fld<
fl%dah Tlaihs - Cr2O3
ldnka ,ela ^ishq ldnka l=vq& l
5'5 j.=j - O jKl yd tajdfha jK

5'14 rEmh - O jKl fh ;Ska;

f,day o jKl f,i fhd .efka' ishq l=vq f,i ilia l< f,dalv" r;arka"
iskala yd weksh jeks f,day f i|yd ksoiqka f'
jdhqf.da,hg fyda ;dmhg ksrdjrKh jQ g m%;l
s h
s% d lrka h<s wdf,am;
s
mg,h njg m;a jk ix>glh n|kh fyj;a jdIamYS,S fkd jk jHh f,i
yekaf' ,SkaiS f;,a f i|yd fhd.kq ,nk iajdNdl wuqjHhlg lu
ksoiqkls' tAjd jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu m%;sl%shd lr ixlSK nyq wjhl
mg,hla idohs' jdylh fyj;a jdIamYS,S jHh uska fndfyda g wdf,amkfha
Wl= nj wvq lr wdf,am lsu myiq lrjkq ,ef' ldnksl djlj, h jk
n|khka i|yd jdIamYS,S yhsfv%dldnk jdyl f,iska fhd .efka' gmkaghska
tjeks jdylhla i|yd ksoiqkls' c,fha djH n|khka i|yd jdylh f,i c,h
Nd; flf'
.DydY%s; ridhk jHj, n,mEu yd tu n,mE wju lsu
O j.fha ridhksl mrlaIl oYl .Kkdjla ;siafia Nd; lr ;snqK
o tAjdfha n,mEu fy<sor we;af;a u| jYfhks' h yels n,mE f;jeoEre
f' tA ffi, mg,fha yd ffi, ;a;sfha mdr.uH;djg ndOd meK u" cdk
l%h
s dlrkq ,nk ms<f
s j<g ndOd meK u yd ffi, ;=< tkaihsu l%h
s dld;ajhg
ndOd meK u jYfhks' wdydrj,g tl;= lrk jKl Yd, ixLHdjla f,dal
fi!LH ixOdkh iska mlaId lr we;s w;r bka ie,lsh hq;= ixLHdjla
wkdrlaIs; nj m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' h<k ,o m,;=re yd t<jj, jKh
/l ug yd jhska jeks meiu u`.ska ilia lrk wdydr u; CIq ka jOkh
u j<lajd,Sug i,a*hsg ^SO32-& ldrl tl;= lrkq ,ef' ck.ykfhka iq
m%udKhlg fuu mrlaIlh tla l< wdydr .ekSfuka miq laIl j Yajik
wmyiq;d o we;e g udrdka;sl ;;a;aj jqj o we;s h yels h'
44

fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

weu frda.Skag tu`.ska oreKq weu ;;a;ajhla we;s h yels h' tneka i,a*hsg
tl;= lrk ,o weiqre l< fyda ilia l< fyda wdydr jH f,an, u; tA nj
i|yka lr ;su wksjdh f'
fuf;la bf.k.;a ish lreKq uid ne,Sf c,fha djH inka"
ue.akSish fyda le,aish fyda ,jK f,i wjlafIam bj;a jk w;r iEfok
wjlafIam ffcj K l%shdj,s uska Khg ,la f' kuq;a lD;%su CId,l
tf,i wjlafIam f,i bj;a fkd jk w;r bka iuyrla ffcj rK l%shdj,shg
o ,la fkd f' laId,lj, wvx.= fmd,sfmdiaf*a whk c,fha we,a.S jOkhg
wk.s fmdaIlhla f' iqfmdaIKh k wys;lr ;;a;ajh we;s lsug th fya;= jk
nj Tn kgu;a okakd lreKls' tfia u inka yd laId,l c,fha h mej;Su
fmK we;s lsug yd mDIal wd;;sh wvq lsug o fya;= f'
ffjoH WmfoaYhlska f;dr j Tn iq,n fokd kdYlhla fyda m%;Hd,hla
fyda Nd; lrkafka k T!IO nydfuys i|yka Wmfoia ksje/ j ms<smeu
b;d jeo.;a f' kE u T!IOhla >ld,Sk j Nd; lsu wys;lr m%;sM, we;s
lrhs' tu ksid ksfjfia iq,n j Nd; jk T!IOhla mjd b;d ie,ls,af,ka
hq;= j Nd; lsu w;sYhska jeo.;a f'
Tn msis nj yd ikSmdrlaIdj ms<n
s | idudkH ms<f
s j;a wkq.ukh lrkafka
k Ic kdYl Nd; lsu w;HdjYH fkd f' Ic kdYl muK blaujd
fhfuka u, jH ffcj l%shdj,s uska rKh u wvd, flf'
rEm,djKH lghq;= ksid is jk n,mEu" tAjd Nd; lrk j.h" m%udKh"
jdr .Kk yd wvx.= lr we;s foa jeks idOl u; ;SrKh f' irl m%jdyl
^aerosol& j.fha iqj| ,jqka yd ysifla wdf,amk i|yd fhd.efkk iuyr
ixfhda. ydkslr f' ksoiqkla f,i iqj| ,jqkaj, irl m%jdyl jYfhka
fhd .efkk laf,dafrd *af,dafrd ldnkaj,ska ^CFC& f;dr ksmhq Nd;h
j;udkfha f,dj fndfyda rgj, u;a flf'
;Ska; yd fmd,sIa Nd;h fohdldrhlska mirhg n,mE we;s lrhs'
tla wdldrhla jkqfha mirhg ydkslr h yels ldnksl djl mirhg uq
yeu hs' jd;dY%h wvq ia:dkhl isg ldnksl djl wdi%dyKh lsu ydkslr f'
wfkla wdldrh jkqfha mirhg ydkslr h yels ffch rKhg ,la fkd
jk nyq wjhl mg,hla wdf,am;
s ;Sk;
a uska ksmou hs' g wu;r j ksjeishkg
IhS h yels f, jeks ner f,day whk iys; jKl o iuyr ;Ska;j, yd
fmd,sIaj, wvx.= lr we;' tneka tjeks foa , .ekSf I jH wvx.= fkd
jk nj i|yka jH , .ekSu jvd;a W; f'
mfNdackh fkdlr b;s jQ ksfjiska bj;,k .DydY%s; ridhk jH
tAjdfha weiqre yd nyd mirhg wys;lr wm jH m%udKh by< kxjk
m%Odk idOlhls' tneka yels iEu fgl u .DydY%s; ridhksl jH Nd;h
wju lsu" tA i|yd mir ys;ld l,am jH Nd;h" ksis m%;slrKhlg ,la
l< foa f;dard .ekSu" Nd;h i|yd fokq ,nk Wmfoia wkq.ukh lsu jeks
lrekq iEu ksjeishl= iska u mirfha ;sridr meje;au ;yjqre lrkq msi
wkq.ukh l< hq;= Wmdh ud. f,i fmkajd h yels h' .DydY%s; ridhksl jH
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'

45

fkd ie,ls,su;a f,i .nvd lr ;efuka l=vd orejka w;g m;a u" wdydrj,g
tl;= u" .sks .ekSu wdh fya;=fjka ydks is ug fndfyda bvlv we;' tneka
tajd ksis m .nvd lr ;eu ms<sn| j o iqfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= f'
wefudakh
s
ixfhda. khsf%g

m%udKh

wNHdi

1' .x.djlg wmjH neyer

flfrk ia:dkhl isg my<g O
ia:dkj, Tlaiscka" wefudaksh
ixfhda." khsf%g yd CIq
ug fjkia jk wkaou my; .,d hk
Ydj
m%ia;drfhka oela f'

Tlaic
s ka

CIq ka
.,d hk Ydj
Tiafia r
wmjH tl;= jk ia:dkh

wmjH tla lsfuka wk;=re j c,fha ys;lr ixhq;sh | jeu ms<sn|

idCIs folla m%ia;drh weiqka fmkajd fokak'
(ii) wmjH tla lsfuka wk;=re j .xd c,fha Tlaiscka ixhq;sh Yd,
jYfhka my; je we;' fuhg fya;=j l=ula o@
(iii) .xdf C ia:dkh wjg c,c mdis Yd, jYfhka jOkh jk nj
kslaIKh lr we;' fuu kslaIKh i|yd fya;= myokak'
(iv) .x.djg tla lrk ,o wmjHj, u'l k ner f,dayh 0'000002 ppm
muK o" B yd C m%foaY wdY%s; j j;a jk hldjqkaf.a isrefrys u'l 124
ppm muK o wvx.= jk nj wkdjrKh we;' fuu c,c mlaISkaf.a
isrere ;=< u'l tla/ia jQ wdldrh oHd;aul j meye,s lrkak'
2 .no m%foaYhla wdY%s; l=vd k.rhla my; is;shf oelaf'
(i)

iq<x fuda,a

jkdka;rh
f.dm,
ludka;Yd,d

ksjdi

;dm n,d.drh

le,s li,

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

46

jdhq IKhg ;=vq fok is;shf oelafjk m%Nj ;=kla k lrkak' bka tla
idOlhla uska we;s lrk mdil wnqohla ieflka ia;r lrkak'
k.rhg wjYH n,Yla;sh ksmojk m%Nj folla k lr bka jvd;a mir
ys;ld jkafka l=uk m%Njh oehs fya;= ;=kla weiqka fmkajd fokak'
is;shf oelafjk f.dm, mir ys;ld wkaoka mj;ajd.ekSug nyq
fnda. j.dj" fldfmdaia fmdfydr Nd;h yd m,sfndaO ffcj md,kh
hk l%shdud. .kq ,ef' tu tla tla l%shdud.h mfiys ixhq;sh ys;lr
ugulska mj;ajd .ekSug odhl jk wkaou ia;r lrkak'
fkdf,a fnod u i|yd h'