ridhk oHdj

jdhqj, yeisu flfrys

n,mdk idOl

fuu mdvu yeoEfuka miq j Tng"

>k" j" jdhqj, wxY= ieleiau"

jdhj
q l yei
s u flfrys WIK
a ;j
a h" mv
S kh" mudj yd jH mu
% dKh
hk idOlj, n,mEu"

ksh; jdhq ialkaOhl WIaK;ajh ksh; g jdhqf mSvkhg t

j mudj p,kh jk wdldrh m%udKd;aul j ksKh lsf rgd
yd tAjd Nd; jk wjia:d"

ksh; jdhq ialkaOhl mSvkh ksh; g jdhqf WIaK;ajhg t j

mudj p,kh jk wdldrh
ms<sn| j wkafIKh lsug
wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd.ekSug yels jkq we;'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

99

1'1 jdhj
q , yei
s u flfrys n,mdk idOl
wjldYh ;=< bvla w;a lr.kakd ialkaOhla iys; foa mod:h k f.
mod: >k" j yd jdhq hk ;%sO wjia:dj, mj;shs. f ieu mod:hla u
wxY=j,ska iuka; nj Tn oekgu;a okakd lreKls'
>k mod:j,g iar yevhla we;. iar mudjla o we;. >k jH
lsysmhla kslaIKh lsfuka f nj Tng wjfndaO lr.; yels h.
c,h fyda fjk;a jhla fyda O yeve;s nka ;=<g oud kslaIKh l<
g jh tajd ork nfka yevh w;a lr.kakd nj Tng meye,s jkq we;.
f wkqj jj,g iar yevhla ke;s w;r" .,d hEug we;s yelshdj ksid wvx.="
Ndckfha yevh .kS' kuq;a jhlg ksYa; f,i ksh yels mudjla we;'
l%shdldrlu 1'1
.=re;=udf.a $ .=re;=hf.a ufmkau wkqj ;U iqreKavqj,g (Copper
turnings) idka khsla w,h tlalr msgjk Uqre meye;s khsrcka
vfhdlaihs jdhqj O yeve;s Ndck ;=klg tl;= lr .kak ^mlaId k<,
m%;sldrl fnda;,, jg w ma,dial=&. jdhqj tl;= lr.;a miq Ndckj, lg
jid ;nd kslaIK jd;d lrkak.
O n`ka ;=< tl;= lr.;a jdhqj nka mqrd me;s f.dia uq nfka
s s tA
u mudj w;m
a ;a lr .kh
s s tfia
u tu jdhq tla tla Ndckfha yevh o ..kh
.
wkj
q jdhj
q ,g i
a r yevhla fyda i
a r mudjla fyda fkdue;s nj meye,s f'
>k" j yd jdhqj, wxY=uh ieleiau
>k" j yd jdhq mod: ms<sn| j wxY=uh ugka i,ld ne,Sf tajd ms<sn| my;
ia;r flfrk wdldrfha ;%hla f.dv kexh yels h. >khl wxY= l%uj;a j
;ka weis ia:djr ia:dkj, mj;shs. jhl wxY= >khl wxY=j,g idfmalaI j
,sys,a j ne mj;S. tneka j wxY= tlsfkl w;r wdlIKj,ska imQKfhka u
fkd h ksoyilska hq;= j j mudj ;=< Tn fudn p,s;fha fhfohs' jdhqjl
wxY= b;d u ,sys,a j ne mj;sk w;r tajd tlsfkl w;r wdlIKj,ska
imQKfhka u jdf.a wjldYfha O f.j,ska hq;= j wyUq p,s;fha fhfohs'
jdhq wxY=j, m%udKh yd jdhq wxY=
folla w;r r ii|k g tajd tlsfklg
fndfyda wE;ska mj;sk nj ie,lsh yels
h. tneka >k yd jj,g idfmalaI j
jdhq, myif
q jka imv
S khg (compression)
Ndck l< yels h .
wyUq p,s;fha fhfok jdhq wxY= tajd
wvx.= Ndckfha ;a;s u; .ef ta u;
mSvkhla we;s lrhs. f mSvkh Ndckh
;=< ieu Ydjlg u l%shd lrhs. ^1'1 rEmh&
100
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

1'1 rEmh

jdhq wKq nfka we;= ;a;sj, .efgk YS>%;dj je jk g" jdhqf mSvkh
je jk w;r jdhq wKq ;a;sj, .efgk YS>%;dj wvq jQ g we;s jk mSvkh o wvq
h.
jdhqjl yeisu flfrys WIaK;ajh, mSvkh, mudj yd jH m%udKh hk
idOl n,mdhs. fuu idOl fjkia l
s f jdhq yeif
s rk wkoau m<
s n
s | j f
flgfia i,ld nef,hs' wOHhkfha myiqj i|yd idOl hq.,h ne.ska i,lkq
,nk w;r tys wfkla idOl ksh; j ;nd .efka'
kh
s ; mudjl wvx.= kh
s ; jdhq mu
% dKhl WIK
a ;j
a hg t j mv
S kfha p,kh

l%shdldrlu 1' 2

lsr, wenh

msis h<s lelEre k<hla lsr, wenhla fhd

;rula ;o jk fia o jd;h msg fkdjk fia o
jikak' miqj nkaika odylhlska r;a lrkak'
kslaIK ,nd.kak'
ie'hq' (- lsr, wenh Yrfhka bj;g isk fia
;ndf.k r;a lrkak'

jd;h
lelEre k<h
;dmh

1'2 rEmh'

lsr, wenh .e, bj;g is hkq kslaIKh l< yels h' tfia jkafka r;a
lsf jdhqf mSvkh je u ksid h. jdhqjl WIaK;ajh je lrk g jdhq
wxY=j, p,k f.h je f. tneka jdhq wxY= tall ld,hla ;=< tall fCIa;%
M,hla u; we;s lrk .egq ixLHdj je f' tys m%;sM,h jkafka jdhq wvx.=
nfka wNHka;r mSvkh by< hEuhs ^1'3 rEmh&'
'

wvq WIaK;ajh - wvq mSvkh

1'3 rEmh

je WIaK;ajh - je mSvkh

ksh; jdhq m%udKhl mSvkh ksh; j ;sh WIaK;ajhg t j mudj

p,kh u
kh
s ; mv
S kfha we;s kh
s ; jdhq mu
% dKhl WIK
a ;j
a h je l
s f tu jdhq
m%udKfha mudj jejk nj;a jdhq ialkaOhl WIaK;ajh wvq lsf tu jdhq
m%udKfha mudj wvqjk nj;a my; we;s 1'3 l%shdldrlka
. fmkah yels h'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

101

l%shdldrlu 1' 3
1.4 rEmfha oelafjk m iudk
mu
% dKfha fnd;
a ,a follg tl yd iudk
l=vd nek folla i lrkak . tu
fnd;
a ,a foflka tlla ii
s ,
s a c,h iy;
s
lrhla ;=< o wfkl WKq c,h iys;
lrhla ;=< o ;nkak . is jk oE
kslaIKh lrkak.

isis,a c,h

WKq c,h

1'4 rEmh

fuys isis,a c,h ;=< nyd ;sfnk fnda;,hg jvd WKq c,h ;=< nyd
we;s fnda;,h r;a jk neka tys wvx.= jdhqf mudj je f . tA nj tu
fnda;,hg i l< nekh Yd, jk wdldrfhka jgyd.; yels .h
ksh; WIaK;ajhl ksh; jdhq m%udKhl mSvkhg tfrysj mudf p,kh
nhsisl,a fmdmhl my< fl<jr we;s iq<x jrh wes,af,ka ;ka jidf.k tys
msiagkh l%ufhka fmdmfha k<h ;=<g ;,a lrkak. fmdmfha k<h ;=< isr
we;s iar jdhq ialkaOfha mSvkh je jk nj tu wes,a,g fydka oefka ^1'5
rEmh&.

wvq mSvkh - je mudj

je mSvkh - wvq mudj

1'5 rEmh

ksh; WIaK;ajhl mj;sk iar jdhq m%udKhl mudj wvq lsf jdhq wxY=
mj;sk wjldYh wvq u ksid tu jdhq m%udKfha mSvkh je fjhs. tfiaA u ksh;
WIaK;ajhl mj;sk iar jdhq m%udKhl mudj je ug bv ie,iqj fyd;a
jdhq wxY= wE;a u ksid tu jdhq m%udKh we;s lrk mSvkh wvq fjhs.
jdhj
q l WIK
a ;j
a h yd mudj kh
s ;j we;
s g jH mu
% dKh yd mv
S kh w;r
inkO
a ;dj
fuh wOHhkh lsu i|yd my; oelafjk l%shdldrl is l< yels h'
.
102

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

l%shdldrlu 1' 4
jd;h bj;a l< ghrhlg fmdmhlk
s a
jd;h we;= lrka ghrfha oe njg
is jka f ka l= u la oehs ks la I Kh
lrkak.

1'6 rEmh

jd;h we;= lsu;a iu ghrfha oe nj je fuka meye,s jkafka ta ;=<

mSvkh je jk nj h. fuys mSvkh je we;af;a ksYa; WIaK;ajhl ksh;
mudjl wvx.= jdhq m%udKh je u ki
s d nj fuhk
s a meye,s f' jdhq wxY= we;
=
f ghrh we;=<;
; we;s jk .egq ixLHdj je f
f wkqj WIaK;ajh yd mudj ksh; j we;sg jH m%udKh ^wxY= m%udKh&
jejk g jdhqjl mSvkh je f'
jdhqjl mSvkh yd WIaK;ajh ksh;j we;sg jH m%udKh yd mudj w;r
inkaO;djh

l%shdldrlu 1' 6
1. 6 rEmfha oelafjk m jdhq fmdmhlska nekhlg jd;h we;= lr
.
nekfha mudj fjkiajk whqre ksCIKh lrkak'

1'7 rEmh

fmdmh ;<
= jd; mudj lu
% fhka wvq jk w;r nekh ;<
= jd; mudj lu
% fhka je
jk nj fuys oelh
s yels h. nekh ;<
= jdhq wxY= .Kk je u ki
s d tys mudj
je jk nj f wkj
q Tng meye,s jkq we;.

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

103

jdhqj, yeisu flfrys WIaK;ajh (T), mSvkh (P), mudj (V) yd jH

m%udKh (n) hk idOl n,mdk nj by; l%shdldrlj,ska meye,s f.

q , yei
s rgd
1'2 jdhj
jdhqjl yeisu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl jkafka WIaK;ajh, mSvkh,
mudj yd jH m%udKh nj Tn oeka bf.kf.k we;' tA wkqj fuu idOl
w;r m%udKd;aul inkaO;djla we;a oehs fidhd n,uq.
ksh; jdhq m%udKhl WIaK;ajh
ksh; g tu jdhq m%udKfha mudj
(a)
mSvkh iu p,kh jk wdldrh
. 100 cm muK jk isyska re k<hla ueog
jkakg 10 cm muK . rih l|la r|jd tu
k<fha tla fl<jrla uqd ;nd.kak' tu k<h 1'8 a
rEmfha lafjk m m<uq j ;sria j ;ndf.k isr
jQ jd; lf|a . uek.kak ^tys jQ jdhq ialkaOfha
mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg iudk fjhs&'
oeka 1'8 b rEmfha lafjk m k<fha ixjD;
fl<jr my<g yrjd k<h isria j ;ndf.k tys isr
we;s jd; lf|a . uek.kak ^tg isr jQ jdhq
ialkaOh u; n,mdk mSvkh jkafka, jdhqf.da,Sh
mSvkfha;a rih l| u`.ska we;s lrk mSvkfha;a
(b)
tl;=j hs&'

1'8 rEmh

(c)

bkamiq 1'8 c rEmfha lafjk m k<fha jD; fl<jr isria j hl=re j yrjd
jdhq lf|a . uek .kak ^tg jdhq l| u; n,mdk mSvkh jkafka,
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfhka, rih l| u`.ska we;s lrk mSvkh wvq l< g ,efnk
w.h hs&' oeka rih lf|ys . je lr by; i|yka l%shdldrl ;=k kej;
lrkak' rih lf|ys . je u fya;= fldgf.k isr we;s jd; ialkaOfha
mSvkh p,kh f' ta wkqj mudj o kej; jrla p,kh fjhs' .

O mSvkj, isr l< jd; ialkaOfha

mudjg (V) tj w< mSvkh (P) m%ia;dr.;
lsfuka 1'9 rEmfha lafjk wkaof p,khla
olakg ,ef' ksYa; jdhq m%udKfha mSvkh je jk
g mudj wvq jk w;r mSvkh wvq jk g mudj
je fjhs'

1'9 rEmh

104

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

by; inkaO;djh 1'10 rEmh wdldfha m%ia;drhlska o

ksrEmKh l< yels h' tk mudf mriamrh ^ V1 & g t j
mSvkh (p) m%ia;dr .; l< g uQ, ,laIHh yryd hk ir,
fLdjla ,ef'

iar jdhq ialkaOhl" WIaK;ajh ksh; g tu jdhq ialkaOfha

mSvkh" mudjg m%;sf,dau j iudkqmd;sl jk nj uq,ska u
fidhd.kakd ,oafoa 1661 zfrdn fndhs,aZ k oHd{hl=
isks' tu ksid tu inkaOh zfndhs,a kshuh f,i yekaf&'

(1/V)
1'10 rEmh

1
V
1
P = k
V

PV= k
fndhs,a kshuh
ksh; jdhq m%udKhl WIaK;ajh ksh; g tu jdhq m%udKfha mSvkh
mudjg m%;sf,dau j iudkqmd;sl h' tA wkqj ksh; WIaK;ajhl ksh; jdhq
m%udKhl mSvkh yd mudf .= ;h ieu g u ksh;hls'
i ksoiqk
3
a ;j
a h
kh
s ; jdhq mu
% dKhl mv
S kh 76 cm Hg jk g mudj 600 cm f. WIK
ksh; j ;ndf.k mSvkh 152 cm Hg olajd je l< fyd;a mudj fldmuK f o@
mSvkh fo.=Khlska je l< g (76cm Hg isg 152cm Hg olajd& fndhs,a
kshuh wkqj mudj y wvla f. tk mudj 300cm3 f.

PV = k
m<uq wjia:dj i|yd
P1V1 = k
1
fojk wjia:dj i|yd
P2V 2 = k
2
1

= 2

P1 V1
76600
V2

= P2 V 2
= 152 V2
= 1 76 600
152 2
= 300cm3

P1V 1 = P2V2
kh
s ; jdhq mu
% dKhl " mv
S kh kh
s ; g tu jdhq il
a kO
a fha
mudj" WIaK;ajh iu p,kh jk wdldrh

1'11 rEmh - frdn

fndhs,a k oHd{hd

l%shdldrlu 1' 7
k<fha
jD; fl<jr
rih kaj
isyska re k<h
isr jQ jdhq idm,h
ixjD; fl<jr
WKq c,h

1'12 rEmh

tla fl<jrla ixjD; jQ mgq re k<hla ,nd

.kak. idka i,a*shqla w, kajla fyda rih
kajla k<h ;=<g we;= lrkak' th rEmfha
oelf
a jk m k<fha ixjD; fl<jr my<g i
s k
fia fika gr j,ska l%udxls; fldajla u; i
lr f.k c, lrhla ;=< ;nd r;a lrka
.
k

WIaK;ajh by< kexf isr jQ jdhq lf|a . je fjka rih kaj

fyda w, kaj fyda by< k.skq kslaIKh l< yels h' O WIaK;ajj,
isria jdhq lf`oa . uek f.k th WIaK;ajhg t j m%ia;dr .; lrkak'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

105

fuys 1'14 rEmfha wdldr inkaO;djla kslaIKh l< yels h'

1'14 - rEmh

T/K

fuys jdhq il
a kO
a h mj;k
s f
a ka kh
s ; mv
S khl h'
tu mSvkh iudk jkafka jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha;a"
j ^rih& lf|a nr uska we;s lrk mSvkfha;a
tl;=jg h'
ksh; jdhq m%udKhl mSvkh ksh; j
mj;sk g WIaK;ajh yd jdhq m%udKfha mudj
w;r fh inkaOhla mj;sk nj kslaIKh
l< yels h. fuu inkaO;dj m%:u jrg
wkdjrKh lr.kakd ,oafoa 1787 m%xY cd;sl
pd,aia k oHd{hd isks.
tneka fuu
inkaO;dj pd,aia kshuh f,i yekaf.

pd,aia kshufhka oelafjkafka ksh; mSvkfha iar jdhq m%udKhl

mudj (v), ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajhg ^fl,akaj,ska m%ldYs;& (T) wkqf,dau j
iudkqmd;sl jk njhs'
V T
tk, V/T = ksh;hla njhs'
V = k

T
i ksoiqk
3
300 K ys jdhq ialkaOhl mudj 600 cm f'
a kO
a fha WIK
a ;j
a h
mv
S kh kh
s ; j ;
s h jdhq il
400 K olajd kexjQ g mudj fldf;la f o@
m<uq wjia:dj i|yd
V1
= k
T1

1'13 rEmh - pd,aia k oHd{hd

1

fojk wjia:dj i|yd

V
2 = k
T2
1

= 2 neka

V
V
1 = 2
T1
T2

V2
600 cm3
=
300 K
400 K
3
V2
= 600 cm x 400 K
300 K
V2 = 800 cm3
3
WIaK;ajh 400 k ys mudj = 800 cm
106

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

wNHdi
^1&

&

>k yd jj,g fmd tla ,laIKhla i|yka lr Bg fya;=j

myokk
a '

& >k yd jj,g jvd jdhqj, we;s fYaI ,laIK follaa i|yka lrkak'
& iqj| ,jqka iaj,amhla .e,ajQ mq ka lene,a,la ldurhl ;enQ g
blaukska tys .kaOh uq ldurh mqrd me;s hhs' Bg fya;=j meye,s
lrkk
a '
& jj,g jvd jdhqj, irK f.h je ug fya;=j myokak'
^2& &

jdhqjl yeisu flfrys n,mdk idOl k lrkak'

& jdhq ialkaOhl we;s wKq ixLHdj tu jdhqf mSvkh" mudj yd

WIaK;ajh flfrys flfia n,mdkafka oehs i|yka lrkak'
& jdhqjl mSvkh" tys mudj flfrys flfia n,mdkafka oehs i|yka
lrkk
a '
^3&

&

c,h ;=<ska jdhq nqnq,la by< k.sk g tu nqnq, l%ufhka Yd,

f' fuh myokak'
3

& nhsisl,a fmdmhla ;=< mSvkh 1 x 105 Pa hgf;a jd;h 60 cm l

mudjla we;' WIaK;ajh ksh; j ;sh jd;fha mSvkh 1'5 x 105
Pa olajd je l< fyd;a jdhq ialkaOfha mudj fldmuK f o@
& jdhq ialkaOhl WIaK;ajh je lrk g tys mSvkh je jk nj
fmkajd ug ir, l%shdldrlula ,shkak'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

107