Chapter 7 Design of Piled Foundations 7.0 NOTATION a Deflection due to slenderness ofa circular pile a, Distance of shear plane from nearest support a Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about x-axis a Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about y-axis A Net area of concrete in a pile cross-section A Cross-sectional area of pile (m?) a Surface area of pile in contact with soil a Total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars Aw Total area of steel reinforcement ina pile an ‘Area of tensile reinforcement in pile cap Ay Area of steel effective in resisting shear in a ple an ‘Arca of tensile ster! in ple section resisting moment about b axis Ay Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about f-axis > Width of reinforced concrete section b Overall dimension of rectangular pile section o Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in b direction B Width or diameter of pile B Overall width of a group of piles « Soil cohesion for a stratum (kN/m?) Cu Horizontal load-carrying capacity of a single pile &y Vertical load-carrying capacity of a single pile 4 Effective depth to tensile reinforcement in a concrete section D Depth of a group of piles below ground D, Relative density e Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in x-direction 6 Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on ple cap in y-crection eu Eccentricity in x-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load H, en Eccentricity in y-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load #1, E Stress-strain modulus of pile material (kN/m?) E Stress—strain modulus of soil (kN/m?) fe Stress in concrete due to prestress alone h Skin resistance at soil/pile interface h stress in concrete h Yield strength of steel reinforcement a Cube strength of concrete at transfer of prestress 293294 Reinforced Concrete Average conerete stress in a prestressed concrete section after losses Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days Average tensile stress in stee! tendons after all losses Characteristic ultimate strength of steel tendons Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement Overall depth of pile cap Overall dimension of a rectangular pile Overall diameter of a circular pile Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in a rectangular pile in h-ditection Unfactored horizontal load on a single circular pile Unfactored combined horizontal foads on pile cap in x-direction Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in y-direction Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in x-direction Uitimate horizontal oad on pile cap in y-direction Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction Moment of inertia of pile (m*) Polar moment of inertia of a group of piles about z-axis through CG Moment of inertia of a group of piles about xx axis through CG of group Moment of inertia of a group of piles about yy axis through CG of group Modulus of subgrade reaction of soil (kN/mm") Coefficient of friction Factor used to determine transmission length of prestressis strand Effective length of pile or calculation of slenderness ratio Unsupported length of pile Transmission length of prestressing wires or strands Depth of penetration of pile Overall length of a group of piles ‘Average depth of pile in ground Modular ratio E/E. Coctficient of volume compressibility (m/kN) Factored bending moment in a circular pile section Moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre of a prestressed section with O.8f (average uniform prestress) Unfactored bending moment in a single circular pile Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about x-axis Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about y-axis Modified bending moment about x-axis 10 account for biaxial bending Modified bending moment about y-axis to account for biaxial bending Unfactored moment about x-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pil Unfactored moment about y-axis due to eccentric surcharge on Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about x-axis due to Hpy Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about y-axis due to Hye Unfactored combined moment on pile group about 4-axis Unfactored combined moment on pile group about y-axisDesign of Piled Foundations 295 Ultimate bending moment in pile about x-axis Ultimate bending moment in pile about y-axis Additional bending moment in pile about x-axis due to slenderness Additional bending moment in pile about y-axis due to slenderness Slenderness ratio in a prestressed pile tical average of SPT number for a soil stratum Combined vertical load on pile cap ~ unfactored Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Ultimate vertical load on a circular pi Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion ‘Adjusted bearing capacity factor for L/B> 1 Design ultimate capacity of a concrete section subjected to axial load only Design axial load capacity of a balanced section (=0.25f-sbd) Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a circular pile Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending, about x-axis Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending about y-axis ‘Total vertical load on a group of piles Allowable unfactored vertical load on pile Uimate axial compressive load on pile End-bearing resistance of pile Skin friction resistance of pile Effective vertical stress at pile point Statistical average of cone resistance of soil in a stratum (kN/m2) Unconfined compressive strength (KN/m*) Side friction resistance in a cone penetrometer Number of piles in @ group Initial estimate of number of piles based on total horizontal load Initial estimate of number of piles based on total vertical load Spacing of nodes in pile for finite clement analysis Spacing of links used as shear reinforcement Unfactored torsion on a group of piles Allowable unfactored tension load on pile Ultimate axial tensile load on pile Perimeter at punching shear plane in a pile cap Shear stress in conerete in pile cap Design concrete shear stress in concrete Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis Modified design shear stress to take into account axial compression Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis Ultimate shear force in a circular Shear resistance of a concrete sect Shear resistance of uncracked prestressed section Shear resistance of cracked prestressed section296 Reinforced Concrete w ‘Weight of pile (KN) z Depth of lever arm Coefficient for calculation of skin resistance of a pile Factor for computation of effective length of a pile Factor for conversion of biaxial bending moment into ur Unit weight of soil (kN/m*) Angle of fiction between soil and concrete Poisson's ratio ‘Angle of internal friction Nominal diameter of tendon in prestressed conerete section eororeme 7.1 VERTICAL LOAD — INGLE PILE CAPACITY SK 7/1 Single pile capacity Poy + EP — W EPy + W ultimate compressive load on pile = ultimate tensile load on pile skin friction resistance cend-bearing resistance weight of pile First method Jor point resistance P, Atasny (42) <= 380 (4,) ee Reference 6. pase 602) where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile (m*) statistical average ofthe SPT number in a zone of about 88 above to 38 below the pile pointDesign of Piled Foundations 297 Note: B = width or diameter of pile Ly = average depth of pile in the ground Second method for point resistance Pyy = Aye (See Reference 6, page 602) where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile (m2) 4c = statistical average of cone point resistance in a zone of about ‘8B above to 38 below pile point (kN/m*) Third method for point resistance Pou = AQNic + Na) (Gee Reference 6, page 598) ross-sectional area of ple (m*) = cohesion or undrained shear strength S, = q/2kN/m= du = unconfined compressive strength 4 = effective vertical stress at pile point Nz = adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion (see Fig, 7.2) Ni, = bearing capacity factor adjusted for L/b>1 dependent on initial angle of shearing resistance (see Fig. 7.2). (See Reference 8, page 600.) L = depth of penetration B = width or diameter of pile LIB should be greater than L,/B as obtained from Fig. 7.2 for the value of 6, where Ay, Find point resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and take the lowest for a conservative estimate. Determination of skin resistance pile perimeter x pile length over which f, acts (m*) skin resistance (kN/m?) First method of skin resistance {.=2NKNim? for large volume displacement piles f= NkNim? for small volume displacement piles where N’ statistical average blow count in stratum for SPT. ‘Second method of skin resisiance f.= 0.005q.kNim? where q. = cone penetration resistance (kN/m). Third method of skin resistance h jakN/m? for small volume displacement piles298 Reinforced Concrete J.= 15qq,10 2.040, for large volume displacement piles, where ga = side fr ion resistance in cone penetrometer. Fourth method of skin resistance f.= 0c +054 Ktand (see Reference 8, page 603) where ¢ = average cohesion or S, of stratum (kN/m?) 4 = effective vertical stress (Ki) 2 = angle of friction between soil and pile coefficient of friction relative density of sand. Table 7.1 Values of K, (Reference 8, page 603). Pile ype 8 K,forlow D, _ K, for high D, Steel 20° os 10 Concrete 0.759. 10 20 Wood 0.676 15 40 (Gee Reference 7, page 136.) ‘Table 7.2 Values of « (Reference 7, page 126). Soil condition DIB Sands or sandy gravel <10 10-10 overlying stiff tovvery —20«L.0 0978.78.75 stiff cohesive soi >40 09 063 Od tt Soft clays or sits 0 035 030 025 02 © 02 overlying stiff to very >20 0.75 «0700630585 ‘tiff cohesive soil Stitt to very stft 1 09 07 03 02 02 cohesive soils without >40 10 09 «©0303 03 overiying strata The units of ¢ are KNim? ‘Note: Find skin resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and take an average. Pe Pmas Tn 35 where P, = allowable pile load in compre T, = allowable pile load in tensionDesign of Piled Foundations 299 7.2. HORIZONTAL LOAD ~ SINGLE PILE CAPACITY Method I Cohesive soils soon) EQ) as per Vesic, 1961 (see Reference 6). where k, = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m?) width or diameter of pile (i) stress-strain modulus of soil (kN/m?) tress~strain modulus of pile material (kN/m?) ‘moment of inertia of pile (m‘) Poisson's ratio of soil E, may be obtained by the following methods: (1) Triaxial tests. ) Borehole pressuremeter tests. @) Ey = 650 (kN/m?) SPT number of blows. 3 (1—2p)/m, where m,=coefficient of volume compress- ity (m*/KN). Method 2. Cohesive soils ke = 240qykNim? where 4, = unconfined compression strength (kN/m) Cohesionless sols k, = 80 [CN, + C, (05 y BN,)] KN/m* as per Vesie (see Reference 8, page 631 and page 323, equation 9-8) where C= C= 1.0 — for square piles 3 to 1.7 for cirenar piles “0 t0 414 for circular piles ‘ffective stress (KN/m?) it weight of soil B = width or diameter of pile and Ny may be obtained from the following table (Hansen equations) see Reference 8, page 137, Table 4—4: Finite element model of vertical pile Spring stiffness ~ Sk, kN/m where $= node spacing not greater than B width or diameter of pile (m) modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m")300 Reinforced Concrete ‘Table 7.3 Valucs of N and N, (Reference 8, page 137) 4 (degrees) Ny 0 5 0 Is SesRens —Varslations vo ‘SK 1/2 Two-dimensional model of pile in soil (degrees of freedom = ‘Rotation about 3 top and bottom of pil) Note: For horizontal loads which are not constant and are reversible or repetitive, the top 1.58 of pile may be assumed unsupported by soil. Boundary conditions (1) Free head pile Translations x, y Free at top Rotation z Free at top ‘Translations y Restrained at bottom Rotation z Free at bottom 2) Fixed head pile ‘Translations x, y Free at top Rotation z Rigid at top Translations y Restrained at bottom Rotation z Free at bottom ‘Material type For sustained horizontal load due to dead load, water pressure, earthDesign of Piled Foundations 301 pressure, etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending ‘moment computations but long-term Young's modulus of concrete for pile head deformation For short-term horizontal loads due to wind, earthquake, crane surge, etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending moment and deflection computations. Software Use any fully validated software which has a suite for analysis of 2-D plane frame with sprung boundaries. Member pe For rectangular pile use minimum width B in all computations involving B. A cracked section moment of inertia may be used for reinforced conerete piles based on Section 2.1. 7.3 PILE GROUP EFFECTS 7.3.1 Spacing of piles 5 = 2B for end-bearing piles 3B for frietion piles where § = spacing of piles, B = least width or diameter of pile. Note: Piles carrying horizontal load should not be spaced at less than 3B. 7.3.2 Pile group capacity Ultimate group capacity = group friction capacity + group end-bearing capacity Ultimate group fi =2D(B+Lyew SK 1/3 Group of piles — plan of ‘overall dimensions of group.302 Reinforced Concrete Friafon r h Pe ) ‘SK 7/4 Elevation of group of piles showing group capacity. average cohesion of clay average Sy= average qy/2 coefficient (from Section 7.1, Table 7.2) depth of pile group below ground ‘overall width of group overall length of group. " Ultimate group end-bearing capacity = BL (Nic-+ Ns) where c= cohesion or undrained shear strength S,=4./2.at bottom of pile group qu = unconfined compressive strength q = effective stress at bottom of pile group N;, = bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2) Ni = bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2) Note: Total vertical load on a group of piles should not exceed the group capacity. Individual pile loads inside the group willbe limited by the single pile capacity. Piles carrying horizontal load and spaced at 38 or more need not be checked for group effects due to hrizntal load. ultimate group capacity + ultimate group ‘end-bearing capacity Allowable group capacity Te 7.4 ANALYSIS OF PILE LOADS AND PILE CAPS 744 sd vertical load on pile cap — unfactored ‘combined moment about x~x ~ unfactored M, = combined moment about y~y — unfactoredDesign of Piled Foundations 303 SK 7/5 Loads and eocentrcity on pile cap. ae rer Bs SK 7/6 Plan view of loads and T T eccentricity on pile cap. lv »mbined horizontal load on pile cap ~ unfactored in x—x direction -ombined horizontal load on pile cap — unfactored in y~y direction = eceentticity of NV from CG of pile group in x—x direction ccentricity of IV from CG of pile group in yy direction ccentricity of H, from CG of pile group in xx direction ey = eccentricity of H, from CG of pile group in y~y direction ‘= depth of pile cap, Loads on pile group P= vertical load on pile group N+ weight of pile cap + weight of backfill on pile cap + surcharge (on backfill ‘moment about x—x on pile group M, + Ney + Hyh+ ME ‘M,y = moment about y~y on pile group My + Ney + Hh + MS304 Reinforced Concrete iM CG of pile group = Re Total rumber of piles ss Be" ® a aa : 2y x a Ba Wy are orttegenal " Gistancts of each pile om corner pie ‘SK 7/7 Typical pile foundation showing CG of group and co-ordinates of piles Pelee se ' 4 418 a bo ¥ att t | Te 4 T SK 7/8 Group of piles subject to ca rote oucnay on A PLE horizontal loads ad torn where ME and Mf are moments with respect to CG of pile group due to eccentric surcharge on backfil or pile cap. T= torsion on pile group Haery + Hate Zy? about x—x axis passing through CG of pile group Ex about y~y axis passing through CG of pile group Jas hy R= number of piles in group, Vert oto pe = (2) = ( (Design of Piled Foundations 305 un + We Tat + yh Horizontal load on any pile ~ resultant of (#2 * HAY gay Ho + 9°) k ‘Sign convention Vertical loads: downwards positive Torsion on pile group: clockwise positive ‘Moments on pile group: clockwise positive -+¥e My, produces compression in piles which have +ve y ordinates. ++¥¢ Myy produces compression in piles which have +e X ordinates. 1, is positive in dicection of inereasing x in positive direction. 11, i positive in direction of increasing y in postive direction. Eccentricites are +ve for +ve x and +e for +ve y Bending moments in pile cap SK 1/9 Critical sections for bending moment in a pile cap u k Take sections XX or YY through pile cap at faces of columns or base plates. Find pile reactions due to combined and load factored basic load cases. Consider all upward and downward loadings across sections XX and Y—Y. Find bending moments across section. Find horizontal load on each pile by using the following expressions: H, R Heyy RR where R is number of piles in pile cap. Find bending moments in pile Mpxy corresponding 10 Hy, and Mpyy corresponding t0 Hy. assuming an end fixity to pile cap following the method in Section 7.2. Hzy and Hyy are combined factored ultimate horizontal loads. Hors306 Reinforced Concrete SK 7/10 Additional bending ‘moment in pile cap due to pile fxity Algebraically add the bending moments in pile cap due to vertical load and pile fixity moments due to horizontal load to find design bending ‘moments in pile cap. 7.4.2 Flexible pile cap Large pile caps including piled raft foundations should be modelled as flexible. The modelling will normally be carried out using either a grllage suite of a computer program or a general-purpose finite element program, The piles should be modelled as springs in the vertical direction. The vertical spring stiffness should be obtained from test results on site. A parametric study can be carried out using minimum and maximum stiffness of the pile if there is a large variation. Gritlage model le cap into an orthogonal grillage network of beams. Ensure that piles are located at crossing of orthogonal beams. Each grillage ‘beam represents a certain width of pile cap. (@) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties. G) Fall section concrete stiffness properties may be used for hypothetical srillage beams (hypothetical width x depth of pile cap). (4) Piles will be modelled as sprung supports vertically (5) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45° up to central depth of ple cap. (6) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following formulae: Hy R ‘about x-axi M,Design of Piled Foundations 307 lealises gil alse gage 44 ft th tpt bt wrath of raft egiiee'ae! rllage element Wath ot att ‘deahzed geal oritlage Width of raft ‘Beals ‘SK 7/11 Plan of raft on piles showing idealised grillage elements ~ fleible analysis iene _ Pie Cap/Ratt na] a se tes ota SK 7/12 Part section through raft showing details of grillage iealisation, tou pis (1) Find horizontal load on cach pile by using the following expressions: Hy R where R is total number of piles in group. Hy and Hyy Hoe = =308 Reinforced Concrete (8) Find bending moments in pile, Mpy corresponding t0 Hpy and Mpy corresponding to Hye, assuming an end fixity to pile cap following ‘method in Section 7.2. Apply these moments to pile cap grillage ‘model as nodal loads. The pile head to pile cap connection may be assumed as hinged and then Mp, and Mry will be zero. (®) Find bending moments in pile cap by grillage analysis. Divide bending moments by width of hypothetical strips of pile cap representing grillage beams and obtain M,, My and M,y in pile cap per metre width. Apply load factors and combine basic load cases. Modify these combined moments by Wood—Armer method to find design bending moments. 0-2) (10) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with pile capacity Finite-clement model ‘SK 7/13 Typical finite element modelling of a circular rat on piles (2) Create a finite clement model of pile cap using either 4-noded or S-noded plate bending elements. The elements may only have three degrees of freedom at each node viz z, 8x and Ay. The piles will be represented by vertical springs. Piles will come at nodes in finite clement model. Between two piles nodes there should be @ minimum of one plate node without pile. (2) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material propertics (@) Full section concrete section properties may be used in the analysis, (4) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45° up to central depth of pile cap. These loads may be applied as nodal loads or uniformly distributed loads on plate elements depending on software used. (5) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following formulae. Hah I= “R*about x-axis Hah about y-axisDesign of Pied Foundations 309 (©) Find horizontal load on ch pile by using the following expressions: A, and Hyp = where R is total number of piles in group. (7) Find bending moments in pile, Mp, Corresponding 10 Hyy and Mpy corresponding 10 Hy.. assuming an end fixity to pile cap following ‘method in Section 7.2. Apply these moments as nodal loads in finite clement model at nodes with piles. These moments will be zero in the case of a hinged connection of pile to pile cap. (8) Carry out analysis using a validated general-purpose finite clement software. Apply load factors to combine basic load cases. Modify the combined M,, M, and M,, using the Wood—Armer method to find design bending moments." (9) Combine basic loud cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with rated pile capacity 7.8 LOAD COMBINATIONS Applied toads on pile cap will be combined using the following principles. 7.5.1 Pile load calculations LC; 1LODL + 101L + OEP + 10CLV + 1.0CLH LCz 10DL + 1.0EP + 10CLV + LOCLH + L.0WL (or LOEL) LCx ODL + LIL + LOEP + L.OWL (or LOEL) LCs LOL + LOWL (or 1.0EL) where DL = dead load IL = imposed load EP = earth pressure and water pressure CLV = crane vertical loads CLH = crane horizontal loads WL = wind load EL = earthquake load 7.8.2 Bending moment and shear calculations in pile cap or piles LCs LADL + L6IL + 14EP 1.2DL + 1.2L + L.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL) LADL + 1.4WL (or LAEL) + 14EP LODL + 14WL (or L4EL) + L4EP (if adverse) L4DL + LACLV + 14CLH + L4EP LADL + L6CLV + L4EP LADL + 1.6CLH + L4EP 1.2DL + 12CLV + 1L.2CLH + 1.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL)BO Reinforced Concrete 7.6 STEP-BY-STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR PILED FOUNDATIONS Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 ‘Note: ‘sup 4 Select ype of pile The type of pile will depend on the following principal factors: Environmental issues like noise. vibration Location of structure. Type of structure round conditions. Durability requirements. Programme duration, Cost ‘The commonly available types of piles can be broadly classified as below, Large-displacement ples (driven) Precast concrete. Prestressed concrete, Steel tube with closed end. Stee! tube filled with concrete. ‘Small-displacement piles (driven) Precast concrete tube with open end. Prestressed conerete tube with open end, Steel H.section, © Screw Nonedisplacement piles ‘© Bored and cast-in-stu concrete pile. © Steel tube in bored hole filled with concrete. ‘© ‘Steel or precast section in drilled hole. Determine vertical capacity of single pile Follow Section 7.1 Determine horizontal capacity of single pile Follow Section 7.2. Horizontal capacity of a single pile is limited by maximum deflection of pile cap that structure can accommodate and also by pile structural capacity. Determine approximate number of piles and spacingDesign of Piled Foundations 311 iv oF Riy, whichever is greater proximate number of piles P= total vertical load on pile cap — nfactored Gy = sated working load capacity of pile ~ vertical load Gy = rated working load eapacity of pile — horizontal load 1H = total horizontal load on pile cap — unfactored HE + BE ‘Spacing of piles should be according to Section 7.3. To minimise the cost of pile cap, the spacing should be kept close to minimum allowed. Larger spacing increases the pile group capacity and pile group moment capacity seuss agiaee HESS eastnee SK 7/14 Determination of approximate number of piles. (1) Selecta group of piles with approximate number of piles= R 2) Find CG of pile group and locate orthogonal axes =x and y—y through the CG. (3) Find CG of group of piles on left of axis y~y and right of axis yy, (4) Find the a-anis distance Uelween these two COs and call i Se (6) Similarly, find S, about y-axis (6) Find M,/P =e, and M,/P=e,, where M, and M, are total combined applied moments on pile cap about #—x and y~y respectively © Find e./5, and eS, (@) Find E, and E, from Fig. 7.1. Li Ry O R= "Ep, = Rn where R= number of piles in group for checking pile load. ‘Note: The factor 1.1 is introduced to cater for additional vertical loads from self- weight of pile cap, surcharge on pile caps, backfilling, etc. Revise the number of piles in group from Rj to R.312 Reinforced Concrete Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Note: Step 10 Determine size of pile cap Allow 1.5B from centre of pile to edge of pile cap. Depth of pile cap is governed by the following: © Shrinking and swelling of clay. ‘© Frost attacks. ‘© Holding down bolt assemblies for columns ‘© Water table and soluble sulphates. «© Pile anchorage. Punching shear capacity of pile cap. Carry out load combination Follow Section 7.5. Check pile group effects Follow Section 7.3. Carry out analysis of pile cap Follow Section 7.4 Determine cover to reinforcement From the soils investigations report, find the concentration of sulphates expressed as SOs, Find, from Table 17 of BS 8004: 1986!1, the appropriate type of concrete. ‘Table 7.4 Minimum cover to reinforcement for class of exposure. Class of Total SO Minimum cover Minimum cover exposure percentage on blinding (mm) _ elsewhere (mm) ' <02 3s 5 2 0.21005 40 80 3 051010 50 %0 4 101020 o 100 5 220 o 100 Concrete in “class of exposure 5° needs protective membrane, or coating. The uneven heads of piles normally necessitate a minimum 75mm cover cover blinding for pile eaps. The concrete piles will have minimum cover as specified elsewhere Caleutate area of reinforcement in pile cap 'M = bending moment as found in Step 8 at ultimate limit state K = = 0.156 where fay = concrete characteristic cube strength at 28 daysDesign of Piled Foundations 313 ‘6 = width of section over which moment acts 4 = effective depth to tension reinforcement. 11 Kis greater than 0.156, increase depth of ple cap. M 4a Gangs sfoss Joa A)] oss 09) Dist ute this area of reinforcement uniformly across the section. Note: The effective depth to tension reinforcement will be different in the two orthogonal directions, ‘Step 11 Check shear stress in pile eap pos , , 1 ba Gates ‘MY fae pie | cm a | Tec tc es SK 7/15 Critical section for checking shear stress in pile cap. Enhancement of Shear tress is allowed if ay 15d ‘The critical section for checking shear stress in a pile cap is 4/5 into the pile. AMI piles with centres outside this line should be considered for calculating shear across this section in pile cap. For shear enhancement, a, is from face of column to this critical section, No enhancement of shear stress is allowed if a, is greater than 1.5d. Where pile spacing is more than 36 then enhancement of shear should be applied only on strips of width 36. The rest of the section will be limited to unenhanced shear stress. Vm ij SY oF enhanced va if applicable where EP = sum of all pile reactions at ultimate loading on left of section ‘width of pile cap at critical section314 Reinforced Concrete d= average effective depth at critical section vane) 08a 0 SN? For reciangular piles the critical section may be considered at face of pile. ile with equivalent ameter Ye esr Sk 7/16 Diagram showing zones of enhanced shear stress on riical ‘The value of ver can be found from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 depending on percentage of tensile reinforcement and fu Shear capacity of section should be greater than or equal to applied shear. Ultimate limit state analysis results should be used for checking shear capacity. ‘Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap cape ls L-Funching shea a >t +5 | \puncning sr permete 4 eee he Sasrenny ‘SK 7/17 Perimeters for punching shear checks‘Step 13 Design of Piled Foundations 315 When the spacing of piles is greater than 3 times the diameter of a pile then the punching shear plane for column should be considered. For rectangular piles the plane can be considered at face of pile. The stress on this punching shear plane should not exceed ve depending on the percentage Of tensile reinforcement in pile cap. Check of punching shear stress is also required at perimeter at face of column or pile. This shear stress should not exceed 0.8V/fa, or 5 Nimm?, inching rear pera [ae a ES cate (es Colurgn or loaded area alot sep th 7S a armas Pear“). ett s ty 4 pene ie cap a ving shear ney eee oh ‘SK 7/18 Further perimeters for punching shear checks ina pile cap, ‘The punching shear planes for piles will depend on location of pile with respect to edge of pile cap. Find the perimeter U at punching shear plane, Pe wa~ where P timate vertical column load or ultimate vertical pile reaction lesign concrete shear stress obtained from Figs 11.2 to 11.5. Percentage area of tensile reinforcement for computation of design concrete shear stress will be average percentage across punching shear planes. Check area of reinforcement in pile Effective length of pile, f. = Bly where /, = unsupported length of ple (piles which are not subjected to horizontal foad may be assumed fully supported by ground from ground level; piles subjected to horizontal load may be assumed supported by ground at a depth of 1.56 below ‘ground level where b is width of pile or diameter of pile)316 Reinforced Conerete B= 1.2 for piles with head fixed to pile cap 1.6 for piles with head free to rotate. Rectangular piles Note: t SK 7/19 Typical section through a ectangula pil (A) If (16 =10, then treat piles as a short column. (i) Pide with no moment = OAfybh + 0.7SAS, ‘Check N= applied direct load on pile. (ii) Pile subjected to uniaxial moment Find = MIN and then ell Find N/bh and select appropriate table from Tables 11.8 to 11.17 depending fon fy and k= dih. From appropriate table find p which satisfies value of N/bh for given e/h. nd A= pbhi/100. Put A,:/2 on each face of pile equidistant from axis of moment. The mom M in pile is due to horizontal toad as obtained in Step 3 following Section 7.2. il) Pile subjected to biaxial moment Assuming diameter of reinforcement and finding cover from Step 9, find and b Find MyJh’ and Mylb’. IE Muh’ > M,f6', then =m, +m, (©) r It Mb’ > Mth’, thenDesign of Piled Foundations 317 Find Nifoybh. The values of f are given in the table below, ‘Table 7.5 Values of f for biaxial bending of pile Nifbh 0 0.1 02 03-04-0526 B 1.00088 0.77065 053 042 020 ‘Design as uniaxial bending with N and M; or M; whichever is more promi- nent. Find A,. in manner described in (ii) for pile subjected to uniaxial moment (8) If {16> 10, then teat pile a a slender column, Lt, a (j) 1 (ky, = ao (3) ** Select Aye. 125 fosbh bh ~ Ag Masi Massy = Nay Combine these additional moments with moments obtained from analysis as in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile subjected to biaxial bending a described previously. Circular pites SK 7/20 Typical section through a b Seal pie Use minimum six bars318 Reinforced Concrete (A) If LJh=10, then treat pile as a short column. (Pile with no moment Assume size of reinforcement and at least six bars Ac = 025i? — Ag N= OAfeAe + O.75Ahy Check N= applied vertical load on pile (ii) Pile with moment Find e= MIN and the e/R, where 28 = h. Find N/A? and select appropriate table from ‘Tables 11.18 to 11.27 corresponding t0 fy and k= ih. Find p from appropriate table which satisfies N/A? for given value of e/R. Find 4. = pxit?/100. Use at least six bars. (B) If 4/h> 10, then treat pile as a slender column, a 20008 Maas = Na Combine this additional moment with moment obtained by analysis in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile with moment as described in (i) above, -K (assume K = 1 conservatively) Step 14 Check stresses in prestressed concrete ples Sk 7/21 Typical section of a pretensioned prestressed pile ‘Stresses may be checked at the serviceability limit state only as per BSSLI0: Part 1, Section 4." Permissible maximum compressive fibre stress in concrete 1A few ‘Assume pile as Class 3 member with a limiting crack width of 0.1mm.Design of Piled Foundations 319 Hypothetical flexural tensile stress in conerete = 4,1 N/mm? for Grade 40 = 4.8Nimm? for Grade 50 and above Depth factors to modify tensile stress are shown in the following table Depth (mm) Factor Up t0 400 10 500 0195 600 09 N rect service toad on pile ‘Mex = bending moment as ybtained from Step 3 about axis xx My, = bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis yy. Assume the pile section is uncracked. Find A, = area of concrete ‘moment of inertia about x—x axis, moment of inertia about y~y axis residual prestress after all losses. Mximun compre tes nccanee = (P28) , (M2) I Maximum tensile stress in concrete he fe ‘modular ratio strand stress prior to release stress in concrete due to prestress alone, €) ts deo dashing = (22 2) Loss due to relaxation of steel ~ refer to strand manufacturer's brochure. ) Loss due to creep of concrete ~ follow clause 4.8.5 of BS8110: Part ri} (4) Loss due to shrinkage of concrete — follow clause 4.8.4 of BS8110: Part 1.0) ‘Note: Prestressed piles designed as fixed to pile cap must extend into pile cap byReinforced Conerete minimum equation: istance equal to transmission length given by the following (mm) where f.. = concrete cube strength at 28 days 600. for plain or indented wire = 400 for crimped wire 240 for T-wire standard or super strand = 360 for 7-wire drawn strand 4 = nominal diameter of tendon. ‘Step 15 Check shear capacity of RC pile Riel APS | mm, rectangular pile subject to biaxial bending and shear. i) Be. $4 722 yp ston ou Ultimate limit state shear forces in pile are Mpeg and Hpyy. Corresponding bending moments in pile are Mpyy and Mpyry. The ultimate coexistent direct load on pile is Ny, Rectangular piles [No shear check is necessary if: MprJN = 0.6% and” MyyJNy = 0.66 and Hyyy/bh’ = 0.8V fo. = SN/mm? and Hyy/hb! = O8V fo, = N/mm? Shear check is necessary if MyeNu > 0.6 andlor Mn/Na > 0.8% Find vy = Hpya/bK! and ty = Hyg!" Find py = 100Aq/bh" and p, = 100A, /hb Find vc, and vey corresponding to p, and p, from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.Design of Piled Foundations 321 tw Inu 5 My Acs bh Enhancement of design VV Shaner Si - yment of design, ma y 16 NuHxyb/Myy Ac FE Ra SE ki Myke A “EE Ray HyaP! Mau 10 presence of axil load Note: va. and vz. may be enhanced by using the following formulae duc to presence of an axial load Ny: OSS O.8V fay = SNImm? o Vey = vey © = O8V fy = SN/mm? AMors Hy Mpey aid Hlyagb/Mpyy Should be less than of equal to 1.0. ‘Shear reinforcement total area of legs in direction of shear width of section perpendicular to detion of shear spacing of links Joe = 46ON im? for links. ‘Mgy = moment in pile due 10 Hpy322 Reinforced Concrete evi ove 2 DASH Weed = OAT Aary 2 Sy Sul Wy Ney) ‘SK 1/28 Shear reinforcement in a O87 Sw rectangular pile ee Nu ‘gy (area o link) Yu area of alt A iergitcinal bars |v | > sv ‘SK 7/26 Shear reinforcement in a circular pile No shear check is necessary if: MyulN=0.60h and Hyyl0.75A where Ac=0.25ah?, SY fou = 5N/mm? Shear check is necessary if Mya Nu > 0.60 Shear stress, v= Hyyl0.754¢ P= 1OVA/I.SAe assuming 50% of bars effectively in tension where A,= total area of stce! in pileDesign of Piled Foundations 323 Find v, corresponding to p from Figs 11.2 to 1.5. ‘The shear stress v. may be enhanced by using the following formula due to presence of an axial load N: ve Ma j= Nin Hyg! My should be less than or equal to 1.0. If »> vi, then use shear reinforcement. Ye ostfwa,(2) Ve = O.7582Ae where Ay = total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars, ie. the two legs of hoop reinforcement characteristic yield strength of link reinforcement Sy 'S = spacing of links. Find 2/R from appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27 corresponding 10 fous hash, p, NIR? and eR, Check Hye = V+ Ve The total shear resistance for inclined links = V,=[0.87f,As, (cosa + sinecotB) (2/5)] where Ay, = total area of ink barsi.. the two legs of hoop reinforcement. B may be taken as 45° when ais angle of inclination of fink Step 16 Check shear capacity of prestressed pile ad Soka ne Cag ttn Ye secrioN SK 1/27 Typical section and Slevton ols presresed concrete pile. ELEVATION 6TH FE + O58 fh 055, Mv Va= (1= “) ved + MNS o.tbdV fu Ve= Veo or Ver as the case may be (KN) — design ultimate shear resistance324 Reinforced Concrete shear resistance of section uneracked (KN) shear resistance of section eracked (KN) maximum design principal stress at the controidal axis 28V fox design compressive stress at centroidal axis of concrete section due to prestress alone design effective prestress in tendons after all losses $0.6, characteristic ultimate strength of tendons design conerete shear strength from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 where percent age of steel reinforcement should include tendons plus any ordinary tuntensioned longitudinal steel reinforcement in tensile zone of effective depth to centraid of reinforcing steel in tension zane ‘where reinforcing steel should include tendons and any untensioned reinforcement characteristic cube concrete strength at 28 days moment 10 produce 2er0 stress at tension fibre section. 08fop on > Prestesaing strands 5, “Te 8 orig prestressed Uritorm Prestress ‘Stress due to Mo Bite section ne ety Mos Ze=0-82iep ‘SK 7/28 Suess diagram for symmetical rectangular prestressed pile duc 10 Ma. If Hye <0.5Vc, no shear reinforcement is required. If Hy, =0.5Ve, then provide shear reinforcement as follows. ‘Shear reinforcement If horizontal shear on pile, Hyu, is less than or equal to (V+ 0.4bd) then, Ay 0b SOT hy Af horizontal shear on pile, Hya, is more than (V+ 0.4bd) then,Step 17 Step 18 ‘Step 19 ‘Step 20 Step 21 Step 22 Step 23 ‘Step 24 Design of Piled Foundations 325 A S O8T ind For biaxial bending and shear, check requirement for shear reinforcement for each direction of bending separately, but allow for contribution of ‘concrete shear resistance V. in one direstion of loading only for calculatios of shear reinforcement, (See Step 7 of Section 4.3.1.) Check minimum reinforcement in RC pile For rectangular and circular piles, 1004./A,= 0.4, Check minimum prestress in prestressed pile Find slenderness ratio of pile L . where = minimum width of pile {= total length of prestressed pile at commencement of driving, Minimum prestress after losses = 60n psi or An Nima If diese! hammer used, ‘minimum prestress in concrete = 5 N/mm? Maximum reinforcement in pile IAA, = 6 Containment of reinforcement in pile Minimum dia. of links 0.25 x largest bar = 6mm Maximum spacing of links= 12 x smallest dia. of bar Links in prestressed piles At top and bottom 3B length of pile, provide 0.6% of volume of pile in ‘volume of link, Minimum tensi A,=0.0013bh inforcement in pile cap both direetions Curtaitment of bars in pte cap ‘A minimum anchorage of 12 times diameter of bar should be provided at ends by bending bar up vertically. Additionally check that full tension anchorage bond length is provided from critical section for bending in a Pile cap where design for flexure and requirement for flexural stee! in tension is determined. In finding anchorage bond length beyond that section, actual area of steel provided may be taken into account. Spacing of bars in pile cap Clear spacing of bars should not exceed 3d or 750mm.326 Reinforced Concrete : ih ie ; t | T T I | | UJ oO scum 6% 1891p sn fh eta sm ee wane sere Less than 0.3 Sd oF 190 Note: ‘This will deem to satisfy a crack width limitation of 0.3mm. ‘Step 25 Early thermal cracking See Chapter 3. ‘Step 26 Assessment of crack width in flexure See Chapter 3. ‘Step 27 Connections ‘See Chapter 10 for connection of pile to pile cap and column to pile cap. 7.7. WORKED EXAMPLE Example 7.1. Pile cap for an internal column af a building Size of column = 800 mm x 800 mm Spacing of column =8m x8m on platDesign of Piled Foundations 327 Unfactored column loads Dead Imposed Wind Vertical load, N (kN) 1610 1480 Horizontal ehesr, (kN) 28 ie 186 Horizontal shear, H, (kN) = uz Moment, Mf, (kNm} 488 Moment, M, (kNm) m2 n os Geotechnical information (see SK 7/30) Stratum 1 Average thickness of layer= 1.5m Classification: very loose yellow brown to brownish grey sandy silt. 3(SPT) LL3KN/mm? oe 26kNim? ‘Average Stratum 2 ‘Average thickness of layer = 9m Classification: soft to medium bluish-grey clayey silt. 3 (srry 20.2kNim* S 24kN/m? 27KNim* Average Ya Stratum 3 Average thickness of layer: 2m Classification: stiff to very stiff bluish-grey silty clay. Average N= 14 (SPT) 6OKNim? one Yar = 26KN/m? Stratum 4 ‘Average thickness of layer Tm Classification: dense to very dense mottled brown sandy silt. Average N = 24 (SPT) ¢= 13.8kN/m? o=3r 27KNim*3°8 Reinforced Concrete Ivcrace errs i == sae i 2505 SES a SOFT 70 MEDIUM BLUISH-GREY 3 TLAVEY SILT NSS AVERAGE 3 Ecos auncy # BUS NN Ba q gnome Fl sult cou ea) Avene 3 z 3 ‘8K 1/30. Average ground condition soil strata,Step 1 Step 2 Design of Piled Foundations 329 Stratum 5 Average thickness of layer Classification: very stiff to hard silty clay. Sm Water table at 3.0m below ground level. Select type of pile Considering all the factors as described in Step 1 of Section 7.6 it is decided to use a non-displacement pile. Choose 600mm diameter bored and cast itu concrete pile. Determine vertical capacity of ple Follow Section 7.1. Po = Pyy + EPy— W Fit mtd of pi rane rw = aun!) Assume pile to go into Stramim 5 and stop at 80m within Stestum 5. Ly werage length of pile = (1.5 +9 +2474 8)m=275m ross-sectional area of pile B= 0.60m N = statistical average of SPT in a zone of about 8B above to 3B below pile point = 31 ns 0.283 x 38 x 31 x 725 = 15; 283 x 38 x 31 x TE = 15260kN S 380N(A,) = 380 x 31.0 X 0.283 = 3334kN Second method of point resistance Pou = Ap(Nec + GNg) Ap = 0.283" 6 = TLSkNim? Yo = LOKN/m? cffective vertical stress at pile point 15 X26 4 15 x 24475 X27 42% 26-47% 748% 27 - @15 -3) x10 489.5kN/? qa330. Reinforced Concrete stagrun| BL ccc “at Noten Tobte B] wzacnrt srmarun :l srearom 3 Lovet " 8 toot zou = teat zrenvet rear Fl 5 3 SK 7/91 The pile penetrating different strata L=25m B= 060m UB=4 9-8 From Fig. 7.2, Nj=3 No=IS and LJB=35 bike BOB Poy = 0.283 [(15 x TLS) + (3 x 489.5)]Design of Piled Foundations 331 ‘SK 7/32 Condition at bottom of pile Determination of skin resistance BPy = EAS, Used non-displacement pile of 600mm diameter. First method of skin resistance fo= NRNim? Stratum 1 ‘Ay: = perimeter x depth of stratum xX 0.60 x LS 283m" fa = SKN Ia Pay = 3 2.83 = 8.5KN Stratum 2 Ag = * x 0.60 x9 = 17m? fa = SkNImx? Pup = 5 x 17 = 85KN Stratum 3 Ag = © X 0.60 x 2 = 3.8m? fin = 1AKNIm? Pos = 14 x 3.8382. Reinforced Concrete Stratum 4 Ay 8 0.60 7 = 13.22 fou = 28KNim? Pg = 13.2 X 24 = 316.8KN Stratum As = 8X 0.60 x 8 = 15.1? fos = UKNIn? Pag = 1S.A 31% 468.1 EN Py = 931.6KN Fourth method of skin resistance f= ac + 0.59K,tand Ignore the second term because 3 is very small Stratum 1 a= 0.75 6 = 1.3kNim? Pau = Ast % fat Pay = O75 % LB X 2.83 = 24kN Ag = 283m? Stranum 2 0.75 20.2kNim? Pay = 0.95 X 20.2 x 17 = 257.2KN Ag = 7m? Siranun 3 @= 0.75 © = 6OKNim? Pys = 0.75 60 X 3.8 = ITLKN Ag = 3.8m? Stratum 4 Au = 132m? = 2.0 say with high D, © = B8kNim?— g = 31° 0 from chart 8 = 0.756 = 23.258" 0.3 tand‘Step 3 Design of Piled Foundations 333 4 = effective vertical stress at middle of layer 1S X26 + LS x 24+ 7.5 x 27 42x 26+ 3.5 x 27 — (16-3) x 10 204kN/m? f= 0c + 0.59 Ktand Pag = 192 [9 198) + (OS 204 02 0.43)) = 203A ‘The fourth method of skin resistance is giving much higher values than the first method and may be ignored from the point of view of conservatism, Py = Pou + Poo Titi Aloe wring oat on pe = = Designed pile is 600mm diameter bored and cast in-situ concrete pile with an average length of 27.5m to carry a working load of 66OKN. This is a conservative theoretical estimate of single pile vertical load capacity and must be verified by actual pile tests on site Determine horizontal capacity of single pile See Section 7.2. Assume cohesive soil Method 1 E,=60N where N E, of Stratum 1 = 650 x 3 = 1980 kN/m? E, of Stratum 2 = 650 x 5 = 3250kN/m? E, of Stratum 3 = 650 x 14 = 9100kN/m? E, of Stratum 4 = 650 x 24 = 15600kN/m? £, of Stratum 5 = 650 x 31 = 20150kN/m? (Er) GS) y= 28 x 10°KN/m? for ple conerete = (3) « oa! = 6:36 x 10m PT No. AB I672KN/m? ky = -2787KN/m? 2009KN/m? — jy = 4848 N/m? B87SKN/m? — kys = 14792kN/m? ISOLAKN/m? fay = 26523kN/m? kB = 20999kNim? kas = 34998 kNim?334 Reinforced Concrete Method 2 = 240g, kN/m? ‘8c N/m? S#24KN/m? 9696? = 28800kN/m? 6624KN/m? 34320kN/o* The values given by Method 1 are smaller or softer which will produce larger deflection and bending moments in pile. For the sake of conservatism use values given by Method 1. ‘= node spacing for finite clement analysis = 0,60m B= 060m spring stiffness = SBx,kN/m E| 3 g 3 5 SK 7/33 Finite element model of = — pileStep 4 Design of Piled Foundations 335 Ignore top 1.5B of pile for lateral support from soil. ‘The whole length of pile need not be modelled. Stratum 1 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 2787 = 1003kN/m Stratum 2 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 4848 YAS KN/mn Stratum 3 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 14792 5325kN/m Stratum 4 Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.6 x 26523 = 9548kN/m. ‘Assume full fixity of pile with pile cap. Apply unit load at top of pile and find pile stiffness and bending moment and shear in pile using a two-dimensional computer program. A= 028m? I= 6.36 x 10m Results of computer ran 2.48kN/kN 12mm/kN Maximum moment Pile top deflection it 1000 Single pile horizontal stiffness = J = #333 kN/m Determine approximate number of piles and spacing Maximum vertical load on pile cap = 1610 + 1480 = 3090kN = P. P_ 3090 Rv on cad Assume maximum allowable horizontal displacement of pile cap is 10mm. Maximum horizontal load = 28 + 18 + 156 = 202kN = Maximum horizontal Joa on ple omit defection to 10mm 59 0010 BEN per ple Hm ans ayeater of Ry an Rag = 4.7 Lik =47 x11 = 517 Ru Use 6 no. piles.336 Reinforced Concrete » a * 0.00 ‘SK 7/34 Bending moment (kNm) s due to LEN horizontal load a top ° of pile Step 5 Determine size of pile cap B = diameter of pile LSB = 15 x 0. Allow 0.9m from centre of ‘Assume 0.9m depth of pile cap. 6m 0.9m to edge of pile cap.Design of Piled Foundations 337 .200,| 200! s00_| s00_| SK 7/35 Layout of ples under pile cap. Spacing of piles =38=3%0,6= 1.8m Size of pile cap assumed is 4m x 3.6m x (1.9m. ‘Step 6 Carry out load combination Estimation of load on pile LC, = LODL + Lon. N= 1610 + 1480 = 3000KN 46kN IstkNm LG, = LODL + LO1L + LOWE N= 3000kN Wind in xx directian M, = OkNm LC, = LODL + LOWL338 Reinforced Concrete N= 1610kN Wind in xx direction 28 + 156 = 184kN OKN OKNm M, = 112 4 624 = 7396kNm. Wind in yoy direction Hy = 28kN Hy = 112k My = 448kNm M, = 112kNm Estimation of loads on piles for bending moment and shear calculations in pile cap LCs = 14DL + L6IL, 1A x 1610 + 1480 x 1.6 = 4622kN 14X28 + 1.6 x 18 = 68kN ON My = OkNm My = 1A 2 | 6 72 = 272kNm LG, = 1201 #121 + 1L2WL N= 1.2 x 1610 + 1.2 x 1480 = 3708kN Wind in x=x direction Hy = 12x 284 18 + 156) = 424RN H, = OkN M, = OkNm My = 1.2 x (112 + 72 + 624) = 969,6kNm Wind in yy direction H, = 1.2 x (28 + 18) = 55.2kN Hy = 12 x 112 = 134.4 kN My M, 1.2 x 448 = 537.6kNm 1.2 x (112 + 72) = 200.8kNm LC, = 1ADL + LAWL N= 14 x 1610 = 2254kN Wind in xx direction Hy = 1.4 (28 + 156) = 257.6kN ONSK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile cap, Step 6 mm 1031985 OOLL425 GTT mm Design of Piled Foundations 337 | a 900,,, 1800 =, 1900900, 300,], 20 Spacing of piles = 38 =3x0.6= 1.8m Size of pile cap assumed is $.4m x 3.6m x 0.9m, Carry out load combination Estimation of load on pile LC. = 1L0DL + 1.01L N= 1610 + 1480 = 3090kN Hy = 28+ 18 = 46KN H, = OkN M, = OkNm M, = 112 +72 = 184kNm LC, = LODL + LIL + 1.0WL N = 3000kN Wind in xx direction Wind in y—y direction Hy = 46KN 12kN M, = 448kNm M, = 184kNm LODL + LOWL340 Reinforced Concrete Step 8 TLSKN/m? at bottom of group = effective stress at bottom of group = 489.5kN/m? (see Step 2) es Group end-bearing capacity = 1.8 x 3.6 x (1S x TLS + 489.5 x 3) 16465 kN Ultimate group capacity = 7996 + 16465 = 24461 kN. Atowate group capsciy = 24 «sian Allowable group capacity based on single pile capacity = 6 x 660 = 3960 kN Design basis is single pile capacity Carry out analysis of pile cap ‘Assume that pile cap is rigid. Assume SOX) mm backfill on top of pile cap. Assume a surcharge of SkN/m? on backfill with no eccentricity Iris always advisable to use the table as presented. W = weight of ple cap + weight of backfill on pile cap + weight of surcharge on backfill Am x 3.6m x 0.9m x 24kN/m? 4 Sd x 3.6 x 05m x 20kNim? +54 x 3.6 x SKN/m? 12KN Maximum service load on pile without win 665 KN Maximum service load on pile with wind = 771 kN Sk 1/37 Calculations of ple group, stiffness.MoN=a ty 4 OT = WH ON EW : a oer eee ° ° zoe 89st we OT 0 ret 0 ° 0 suse roeol we OT © S02 9869 ° oo zs sue wor 37 0 oun 0 ° oo vee 966 sue DT o ree 0 ° oo 8 we wy OT 0 Teel wes ° 0 0 salt D1 0 9106 0 ° oo ist 9 1 0 ws ers ° oo Fr owe 197 0 868 0 ° 0 0 woe 8 oe 7 0 Fs 0 ° oo Fal owe 197 a ~ au W N99 PHOT 800 mm Dead load of pile cap + surcharge + backfill = 0.9 x 24-+0.5 x 20+5 36.6kNim? Applying load factors for different load cases: 1.4 x 36.6 = S1.2kN/m* 12 x 36.6 = 43.9 N/m? Mi, = bending moment due to dead load of pile cap ete. on section 1=1 36 X 51.2 x 2.7) = RSI 3.6 x 43.9 x 2.3? or = © = 418.0KNm 2 487.5kNm Bending moment due to dead load of pile cap etc. on section 2~2 54 x S12 x1 = 271.0kNm SSK 7/40 Critical sections for shear ‘Step 9. Determine cover to reinforcement From soil test reports, the total SOs is 0.75%. This means it is Class 3 exposure (see table in Step 9 of Section 7.6). Minimum cover on blinding conerete = 50mm Minimum cover elsewhere = 90mm Assume 90mm cover for pile cap everywhere. ‘Step 10 Calculate area of reinforcement in pile cap 'M = bending moment in pile cap as found in Step 8, My, = 2264.9kNm from table in Step 8.Design of Piled Foundations 345 aud yo scrowep => ug = si —_MuEQDG = & deo aid u sivays pu syuswous Suspuaq pouguiod ase 4 pue SA “yy wwonse2s afd of anp deo oqid ut sieays pur swwoui Zuypuag axe 44 pur Sa “yy inyouns + deo and jo peo, peop ot anp deo apd ur sipoys pu siuawow Buipuog axe M4 pu Ma “py +MABNA OHOLIO="A 104'O= 8A (+0410) s0=4N (0+) FI=" suonseas qd a1e *% pu "Os ESL G86 TOC EIT FRE TOHI~ OSL LOT SOT TEKS OE Su Ler IIL 9 L897 FLEE OP OT FePT 'REZ~ osI~ OTS TORT eI Guo OM Su- LL LL ws ue 97 OSE CSeH FEL 6ST O'S LOLI- COBOL eel ye CTE ORI 19 OH TR HR OT Oren COLTT ONE SRL OST LOLI~ L405 OZLIZ OT OHS ETE OMY §e6 SeE OM SS DT FIISE 699LI OLE 9961 'R6Z-_T66I~ OYE GFT SUF PILZ OL SLy— ER ERE Le6 O68 — OT wA MA MA MA MA SA BWW GW DDD 1 980 peoq deo od ut seays pue swowoe Suypusg,36 Reinforced Concrete "eh * " SK 7/41 Moments in pile and pile * ad cap due to pile tsi For this load case, pile fixity moment=19.0kNm_per pile. Pile fixity moment on pile cap is opposite be ignored, Assume 20mm diameter reinforcement. sign to moment M, and may 4, = 900 ~ 90 (cover) ~ 10 (half bar dia.) om 6 = 3.6m fox = 30Nimm® for concrete in pile cap 2264.9 x 10° 30 x 3600 x 800° fea) en dfos+ (oar m 2264.9 x 10° OT ~ 0.87 x 460 x 700 Assume f, = 460N/mm? for HT reinforcement Area of 20mm dia. bar = 314mm? 24 x 314 = 7536mm? = 7447 mm? Aw Use 24 no. 20mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 150mm) in the x~x direction. Mz, = U134kNm from table in Step 8. Ignore the effect of pile fxity moments. Assume 12mm diameter reinforcement. 4, = 900 ~ 90(cover ~ 20(bar dia.) ~ 64half bar) 784mm36 Reinforced Concrete "eh * " SK 7/41 Moments in pile and pile * ad cap due to pile tsi For this load case, pile fixity moment=19.0kNm_per pile. Pile fixity moment on pile cap is opposite be ignored, Assume 20mm diameter reinforcement. sign to moment M, and may 4, = 900 ~ 90 (cover) ~ 10 (half bar dia.) om 6 = 3.6m fox = 30Nimm® for concrete in pile cap 2264.9 x 10° 30 x 3600 x 800° fea) en dfos+ (oar m 2264.9 x 10° OT ~ 0.87 x 460 x 700 Assume f, = 460N/mm? for HT reinforcement Area of 20mm dia. bar = 314mm? 24 x 314 = 7536mm? = 7447 mm? Aw Use 24 no. 20mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 150mm) in the x~x direction. Mz, = U134kNm from table in Step 8. Ignore the effect of pile fxity moments. Assume 12mm diameter reinforcement. 4, = 900 ~ 90(cover ~ 20(bar dia.) ~ 64half bar) 784mmSB_ Reinforced Concrete 15d, = 1.5 x 800 = 1200mm a, > 15d, hence no enhancement of shear stress is allowed VY _ 176639 x 10° bd 3600 x 800 100A, _ 100 x 7536 bd 3600 x 800 Ye = 0.425N/mm? <0,61N/mm? from Fig. 11.3 0.61 N/mm? > 0.26% 400, 1200 1109 av ey} ye 920, 700 |, 1780 | 520 ‘SK 1/43 Critical shear plane in pile oop. The cheapest alternative isto bring the outer piles in towards the centre of pile cap by 20:mm in the x= direction only. This has very little effect on pile reactions. 1200 mm 2d _ 2 800 a, 1200 Increase grade of concrete from fo, = 30N/mm? (0 fog = 40N/mm? in ple cap. vo = 047i? — from Figs 11.2 to 1S - (2) Vea 1.333 1A X 1.333 63Nimm? > 0.61Nimm? OK hear on critical section 4—4 ARN (Gee table in Step 8). 44, = 1800 ~ 1200 + 120 — 400 (half column) = 320mm_ LSd, = 1.5 x 784 176mm > ayDesign of Piled Foundations 349 100 x 3482 5400 x 734 7 08% (See Step 22 for minimum percentage of reinforcement.) O40N/mm? for fay = 40N/mm? 0.40 x 4.9 = 1.96N/mm? Vv _ 2511 x 10 ba ~ 5400 784 = 0.59N/mm? < 1.96N/mm? OK ‘Step 12 Check punching shear siress in pile eap Sk 7/44 Critical planes for ‘i CAUTICNL plane punching shea of piles in ple cap. rot BNE INe SMEAR 4 perimeter of column = 2 (800 + 800) = 3200mm Since pile spacing is not greater than 3 times diameter of pile, then Punching shear stress at critical perimeter for column need not be checked. U; perimeter on punching shear critical plane for pile load 2300 + 2256 = 4556mm ‘Ultimate maximum column load, N = 4622kN from table in Step 8. ‘Ultimate maximum pile load, Q = 983kN380. Reinforced Concrete Seep 13 = 1 ~ SMO 05 x (00 + TH = 1.82Nimm? <0.8V for ‘Column punching shear stress = SNimm? OK 93 10 Punching shear stress at perimeter of pile = — 2. = res at perimeter of pile = Ginx 800 = 0.65N/mm* < 0.8Vf., OK 0 93 10° Fle punching shee sess = 70 = S55 ay Fh 0.27 N/mm? O.40N/mm? OK Minimum v, for Grade 40N/mm? concrete Check area of reinforcement tn ple Unsupported length of pile, [,, is assumed negligible. Assume L/h <10. ‘The pile is treated as a short columa. From tables in Step 8, Qnax = 983KN with M = 28.1kNm Onin = 367KN with M = 106.5kNm Max. shear, Via = 42.93KN Assume minimum cover is 75mm. ® SK 7/45 Pile reinforcement. Allowing for links and bar diameter, assume fh = 420mm. fy 20 Et = 000=k M_ 2. fn = 30mm? = MB L920 fe NT ony 7 0029 omy R03 ous 83% 10° 9 73mm?Design of Piled Foundations 351 Step 14 ‘Step 15 Step 16 Step 17 Step 18 Step 19 From Table 11.19, it is observed that minimum reinforcement may be used, Use minimum reinforcement, For the second load case, asa _ 367 10° Again use minimum reinforcement. Check stresses in prestressed concrete piles Not required. Check shear capacity of RC pile No shear check is necessary if Mpy/Ny =0.60h. My _ 106.5 X 106 Ne 367 x10 = 290mm [No shear check is necesary 1, 42.93 10° 0.754, 0.75 x x x OOPI4 = 0.20N/mm?<0.8Vfy OK Check shear capacity of prestressed pile Not required. ‘Check minimum reinforcement in RC pile 1004, Re Od fe = 4X08 100 2X 3007 x 0.4 100 131mm? Use 6 no. 16mm dia, HT bars (1206mn?).. Chock minimum prestress in prestressed pile Not required. ‘Maximum reinforcement in pile Not required.352. Reinforced Concrete Step 20 Containment of reinforcement in pile ‘Minimum dia. of Tinks = 0.25 x bar dia. 4mm = 6mm ‘Maximum spacing of links = 12 x smallest dia. of bar = 12 x 16 192mm Use 6mm dia, links at 175mm centres. ‘Step 21. Links in prestressed ples Not required. Step 22 Minimum tension reinforcement in pile cap Ay = 0.001354 in both directions Minimum reinforcement in the x—x direction = 0.0013 x 3600 x 900 = 4212mm? Provided 7536mm? (see Step 10). Minimum reinforcement 618mm? the yy direction = 0.0013 x 5400 x 900 ‘Area of 16mm dia, bar = 201 mm? Area required = 3842mm? from S Use 32 no. 16mm dia, bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 170 mm) in the y-y direction. SK 7/46 Pile eap reinforcement | revised to suit minimum 24-970 [32 - 916 reinforcement, Step 23 Curtailment of bars in pile cap ‘Minimum anchorage at ends of bars is 12 x dia, of bar. 12 «20 — 240mm 12 x 16 = 192mm Provide # minimum 250mm bent up length of pile bottom reinforcement. Check full anchorage bond length of the main tension barsStep 24 Step 26 ‘Step 27 Design of Piled Foundations 353 fou = 40N/enm? Reinforcement used is Type 2 deformed bars. From Table 3.29 of BSS110: Part 1: 1985,l! 32 = 32 20 = 640mm, More than 640mm length of bar is available beyond section 1—1 in Step 8. tension anchorage lengt Spacing of bars in pile cap 100, Maximum percentage of reinforcement = p ~ 1% percentage of reinforcement = p= 100 x 7536 340 x snp ~ 026% Maximum allowed clear spacing for p less 0.3% is 3d or 750mm, whichever is less. ‘Spacing of bars adopted is 150mm. Barly thermal eracking Fit is felt necessary to limit early thermal cracking of concrete in pile cap then minimum reinforcement on sides and top of pile cap should be provided based on method of calculation shown in Chapter 2. ‘Assessment of erack width in flesure Normally the calculations ia Step 21 will deem to satisfy the crack width limitations of BS8110: Part 1: 1985.1 If calculations are necessary to prove the limitations of erack width due to flexure in pile cap then methods shown in Chapter 3 should be followed. Connection of pile to pile cap From Step 17, 16mm HT Type 2 deformed bars are used. From Table 3.29 of BSB110, full anchorage bond length 2g: 32 x 16 = 512mm ‘The bars from the pile will project 600mm into pile cap. (See general recommendations for design of connections in Chapter 10.)384 Reinforced Concrete 7.8 FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 7 10 , os feet | 07 os 0s, - G1 02 09 04 05 06 07 08 Go +0 : 74 Detrinon ile £ Bee sg - 4 2 s 4 Fhe 2 4 7) 2100) “ft 2 = z 4G / 2 4 _ ~ s, . of ne } c | 10 ° } ¢ z Th & Kg & f Fig. 7.2 Bearing capacity factors for deep foundations