Linh Kiện Điện Tử - Klaus Beuth

Elektronik 2
Klaus Beuth
Bauelemente
18., berarbeitete Auflage
unter Mitarbeit von O laf Beuth

V ogel Buchverlag
Der Lizenzgeber (Vogel Industrie Medien) bertrgt dem Lizenznehmer (Higher Educational
and Vocational Book JSC Hanoi) das ausshliesstiche Recht zur Verffentlichung in Buch
form dis Verkes in Vietnam.
Cun sch c xut bn theo hp ng chuyn nhng bn quyn gia Cng ty c phn
Sch i hc - Dy ngh, Nh xut bn Gio dc v Nh xut bn Voge Bucheverlag
Wrzburg.
Bn quyn ting Vit thuc HEVOBCO - Nh xut bn Gio dc

183-2008/CXB/l5-363/GD
M s: 7K755Y 8 - DAI
LI G l l THIU
Cng vi cu"n *'Mch in t, cun "Linh kin in t" hp thnh hai
trong b sch quan trng nht phc v cho lnh vc o to ngnh in t
tin hc - in t vin thng c NXB Vogel Buchverlag" - Cng ho
Lin bang c xut bn.
CuVi "Linh kin in t c chng ti la chn mua bn quyn v
dch sang ting Vit v y l cu"n sch c ni dung tt, c xut bn "n
ln th 18 v c nhiu nc nh: Trung Quc, n ... mua bn quyn.
Cun Linh kin in t" gm 14 chng, ni dung xuyn su"t ca 14
chng l nhng vn r't c bn v cc linh kin in t, t cu to, c
dim cng ngh ch to, nguyn l lm vic, phm vi ng dng c
cc tc gi trnh by mt cch ngn gn, d hiu v sc tch. Kt thc mi
chng u c cu hi, bi tp gip ngi hc n tp v kim tra nhng
ni dung hc. Sch s l gio trnh, ti liu tham kho b ch cho nhiu
i tng v trnh khc nhau trong lnh vc in t vin thng, o
lng iu khin, t ng ho...
Vic chuyn i ngn ng t ting c sang ting Vit cng nh la
chn mt h thng k hiu c chun ho sao cho ph hp v truyn
ti trung thnh nhng ni dng ca bn gc sang ting Vit mt cch n
gin, d hiu gp khng t kh khn, nhng ngi dch l nh gio c
nhiu kinh nghim ging dy mn "Linh kin in t v c o to
Cng ho Lin bang c nn nhi vn phc tp gp phi trong qu
trnh dch c khc phc.
Mc d ngi dch c nhiu c" gng, nhng chc chn khng trnh
khi cn nhng sai st, mong bn c thng cm v mi kin ng gp
xin gi v Cng ty Sch i hc - Dy ngh, Nh xut bn Gio dc 25,
Hn Thuyn, H Ni.
Chng ti hy vng cun "Linh kin in t s l ti liu b ch vi
ihng ai hc tp v quan tm "n lnh vc k thut in t.
Chng ti s ti"p tc tim kim cc gio trnh, sch tham kho c ni
dung t"t c xut bn cc quc gia c nn gio dc truyn thng, tin
tin khc nhau chuyn sang ting Vit gip cho ngun ti liu phc v
Dy v Hc thm phong ph, tip cn trnh Dy v Hc tin tin, p
ng cc y cu ngy cng nng cao ca s nghip i mi gio dc.
Nhn dp xut bn ln u cuh Linh kin in t" c dch t ting
c sang ting Vit, chng ti xin gi li cm n n Nh xut bn Vogel
Buchverlag Cng ho Lin bang c, ti cc dch gi v s chia s trong qu
trnh hp tc cng nh li cm n chn thnh ti s quan tm, n nhn v
nhng ng gp ca bn c gn xa. Mong rng s hp tc s c tip tc.
NH XUT BN GIO DC
LI M U
Cun "Linh kin in t c ti bn ln th 18 vo nm 2006 nm

trong b sch ca Nh xut bn "Vogel uchverlag do nhiu tc gi bin
son. B sch gm 8 cun:
in t 1 : C s k thut in - Heinz Meister.
in t 2 : Linh kin in l - Klaus Beuth.
in t 3: Mch in t - Klaus Beulh v Wolfgang Schinusch.

in t 4: K thut s"- Klaus Beuth.
in t 5: K thut vi x Iv - Helmut Miller v Lothar Wolz.
in tu G: K Ihut o lng - Wolfgang Schmusch.

in t 7: K thut thng tin vin thng - Klaus Beuth v Gnther Kurz.
in t 8 : K thl Sensor Wolfgang Schmusch,
Cun Linh kin in t" cng cun "Mch in t" cung cp cho bn dc
cc kin Ihc c s lm nn tng trong ngnh k thut in t vin thng.
Trong qu trnh bin son, cc tc gi c" gng th hin ni dung r
rng, h thng ho kin thc v kt hp vi cc thi,hnh vvi nhiu chi
tiet c tnh s phm cao, cp hp kin thc mi th hin di dng ngn
ng k thut n gin, d tip cn v d nh khng i hi ngi c phi
c kin thc ton cao cp. Ni dung c cha nhiu v d v bi tp c lnh
thc tin ngi c cng c" kic"n thc v c hng th vn dng trong
thc t k thut.
I tng bn c m cc tc gi mun hng ti cung cp ti liu
hc tp hoc tham kho b ch thit thc l tng i rng ri: Sinh vin,
k s, k thut vin hay cng nhn k thut. Cc i tng mun t hc
nng cao kin thc c s ca chuyn ngnh cng s tm c b sch ny
nhng thng tin hu ch.
KLAUS BEUTH
Chng 1
K THlT O DNG MY HIN SNG (OXYLO)

1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
My hin sng (oxylo) l mt thit b thng dng v a nng

dng quan st v tin hnh o lng dng tn hiu, c th lu kt
qu nh c cu nh. Tn gi Oszillograph bt ngun t gc La tinh
Oscillare - dao ng v t gc Hy Lp grafein - ghi. Nh vy
Oxylogiaf t; ti dch ngha l b ghi li dac ng gm chc nng
chnh: gi li dao ng, hin th v ghi li n. Ngoi ra tn gi
Oxyloscop c ngha ch gm chc nng quan st dao ng.
Nh Oxy/oscop c th quan st mt dao ng in p bin thin theo
thi gian thng qua th thi gian ca n trn mn nh: u = f(t).
%>
r
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=:/llf)
/
{
V
\
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/
y
U2
Hnh 1.2. th quan h ph thuc
ca
vo Uj.
Hnh 1.1. th th gian

ca mt in p.
\
r - i / f V
i
\\ / = t)
i'/"
/
*'
/
\
N
/
f
VV
f
t
~Ti'~
/
\
t
_ i
--</
V
Hinh 1.3. Bin oi dng in I thnh mt in p tdng ng,

th thi gian ca dng din.
Tip theo c th hin th ml quan h hm s" gia hai in p

Ui = f(U) (hnh 1 .2 ). Vi cc dng in I(t), khng th biu din trc
tip m cho I chy qua mt in tr II nhn c in p Ur
tng ng (t l) c cng quy lut vi I(t) v vic hin th I(t) c
thc hin gin tip qua R(t) (hnh 1.3).
Tng t vi vic biu din cc i lng khc nh ng sc t
B(t), cng t trng H(t) hay tn s f(t), trc tin cn bin i
chng v mt din p tng ng c cng quy lut bin thin, sau

hin th in p tng dng ny. Mi php quan st hoc o lng
dc thc hin mt cch gin tip qua in p tng ng,
1.2. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY HIN SNG
Nh mt chm tia in t c to ra t mt sng in t ca Vig

tia in t (xem chng 14), cc dng din p u = f(t) hay Ui = f(U 2)
c hin th trn mn nh ca "ng tia (hnh 1.4). Cc tia in t c
gia tc chuyn ng nhanh dc theo trc "ng tia v c li lch qu o
to thnh cc ng qut pht sng trn mn hnh t trn xung di
v t phi qua tri nh mt h thng li tia t trong lng ng tia (loai
diu khin li tia bng in trng - hnh 1.5 v hnh 1.6).
fVi
------------im sng
Sng in t
^ 2
Hnh 1.4. Cu to c bn ca
mt ng tia in t.
Hnh 1.5. Nguyn l lm lch

(li) tia in t theo chiu dc.
Mt cp phin in cc iu khin tia lch theo phng thng ng nh

in p t vo chng gi l cp phin Y.
Tng t, mt cp phin lm lch tia theo phng nm ngang gi l cp
phin X.
Nh h thng li tia ny, mt tia in t c th qut n mi

im trn mn hin th. Trong oxylo loi 2 tia, ng tia in t c 2
sng in t to ra hai tia v do c hai h thhg hi t v lm lch
tia c lp nhau, thng thng do nhu cu s dng loi 2 tia, cp
phin lch ng c lp cn cp phin lch ngang c s dng chung
v do d hai tn hiu c hin th ng thi trn mn v c th c
so snh vi nhau nh vic qut ngang chung.
lch tia trn mn (hiu qu ca vic li tia bng in p trn

cc phin lch) e nh gi nh h s li tia hay nhy li tia
tnh theo v/cm . n v v/cm c nh ngha l cn bao nhiu volt
lm lch tia i c 1 cm theo chiu ngang hoc theo chiu ng.
Khi in p tc ng vo phin c gi tr nh (hn IV) cn dng
cc mch khuch i in p trc khi a ti cc cp phin lm lch
(hnh 1.7 v 1.8) - c gi tng ng l b khuch i X (cho in p
lm lch ngang) v b khuch i Y (cho in p lm lch ng).
Cc b khuch i X v khuch i Y c th thay i h s
khuch i, theo tng thang (tng bc) v thay i lin tc trong 1
thang chn. Khi din p vo kh ln, thng c b suy gim (lm
yu tn hiu cn quan st) c s dng ti l vo nh hnh 1.9.
Hnh 1.10 th hin s khi tng qut ca mt my hin sng, bao
gm cc khi c bn nht. Cc l vo X v li vo Y l khng l
xng lun c mt cc tip t (OV) v c in tr vo khong vi MQ.
Tn hiu Y t ti li vo Y, qua b suy gim Y, qua b khuch i Y, t
ti cp phin lch Y.
Hnh 1.7. B khuch i Y c th iu

chnh h s khuch i lin tc hay
tng nc.
Hnh 1.8. B khuch i X, c th iu

chnh h s khuch i lin tc hay
tng nc.
B khuch i Y thng l b khuch i mt chiu (xem chng

4), n khuch i c thnh phn mt chiu ca tn hiu Y. Khi khng
mucm biu din thnh phn mt chiu ny, c th ni mt t in
pha trc nh mt chuyn mch c ghi r chuyn mch AC/DC.
AC; dng in hoc in p xoay
chiu (bin thin theo thi gian).
DC: dng in hoc in p
mt chiu (khng i theo thi
gian), khi v tr AC th t c c
nl vo.
Tn hiu X t ti li vo X, qua
b suy gim X, qua b khuch
i X t ti phin lm lch X.
u vo
-o
~o
-o
u ra
r*
Hnh 1.9. Cu to b suy gim

u vo X hoc u vo Y.
Tn hiu trn mn nh c th c dch chuyn theo hai chiu:

thng ng v dch ngang theo mun ca ngi s dng (ang quan
st tn hiu). Khi cn b sung vo tn hiu Y (cho dch chiu ng
ti phin lm lch Y) hoc vo tn hiu X (cho dch chi ngang, ti
phin lm lch X) cc gi tr in p mt chiu thch hp. Cc chc
nng trn do tng dch T hay tng 'dch X thc hin. Khi tia
in t c dch tnh tin theo chiu tng ng ty gi tr v cc
tnh ca cc in p mt chiu ny.
Chuyn mch AC-DC
Hnh 1.10. Cu trc khi ca mt Oxylo.
N
/ \
\
c:'-
V
Hnh 1.11. th in p
khi dch ng (ln).
Hnh 1.12. th in p
khi dch ngang (phi).
Khi mun th hin s ph thuc hm s" ca in p theo thi

gian, cn duy tr tc qut ca tia in t (t tri qua phi) khng
i. Ngha l thi gian lm lch tia c nh theo mt dng qut (v d

thi gian qut (chu k qut) mt dng t triqua phi l 1/50 giy).
in p thc hin vic li tia c gi l din p qut, cdng rng
ca (hnh 1.13) c to ra t mt b pht xung rng ca:
Tn s ca in p rng ca c th
thay i theo nhiu thang v thay i
lin tc trong mi thang. Tn s" nv
cng ln th tc qut ca tia in t
cng nhanh.
Khi mun hin th mt chu k in
.Chu k
p hnh sin, tn hiu ny cn a ti li
lp
Hnh 1,13. in p qut dng
vo Y; in p rng ca c a ti li
rng ca.
vo X. Chu k ca hai in p ny phi
bng nhau (hnh 1.14, Tx = Tv).
Hinh 1.14. Quan h gia chu k ca tn hiu Y v chu k ca in p rng ca.
Nu
Ty hnh trn mn s khng ng vng (b tri i)
Nu Tx = 2 Ty trn mn s xut hin hai chu k tn hiu hnh sin.

Ta ch nhn c hnh vng trn mn khi
bng bi s nguyn ca Ty.
Ta ni tn hiu cn quan st Uy v tn hiu qut ngang Ux c

ng b nhau v tn s". C th thc hin vic ng b bng iu
chnh tay nhng kh kh khn, cc oxylo ngy nay c t ch
t ng bm ng b nh khi ng b trong cu trc hnh 1 . 1 0 .
Tng ng b c th hot ng cc ch khc nhau nh;
ng b theo li in 50Hz.
ng b theo cc in p ngoi t vo iu khin.

Ch t ng b khi tn hiu Y trc tip c s dng (bng
cch trch ra) iu khin ng b tn hiu X.
ch t ng b, chuyn mch chn ch ng b v tr +

l chn phn dng ca tn hiu Y; cn v tr l chn phn m
ca tn hiu Y.
Khi ngun nui cung cp cc mc in p khc nhau cho oxylo.
Khi ngun cao p iu khin cng dng tia in t v do vy
iu khin d sng ca hnh nh trn mn. Ngoi ra vic iu chnh
cc gi tr in p mt chiu vo cc in cc ca ng tia in t c
th thay i hi t ( nt) ca tia in t. Cc chit p iu chnh
sng hay nt u c t pha ngoi mt trc oxylo cho
ngi s dng thao tc khi cn hnh nh r nt theo muVi.
1.3. S DNG MY HIN SNG
C rt nhiu chuyn mch v cc nm iu chnh trn mt trc

oxylo. Thng chng c ghi k hiu v thng tin cn thit cho
ngi s dng, do ngun g"c sn xut rt a dng nn khng c quy
tc chung cho vic k hiu ny. Do s dng "ng tia in t, vic khi
ng oxylo cn c thi gian vi chc giy ti vi pht to tia cho
ti khi c tia qut ngang trn mn nh. iu chnh sng ca tia
Ihch hp; iu chnh cc nm dch X v dch Y cho tia nm chnh
gia mn hnh. Chn thi gian lm lch (thi gian qut) thch hp.
Chn nt tia ph hp.
r
>
\
......
Oms
Hnh 1.15. Chun thang

cho lch Y.
Hnh 1.16. Biu din ng hnh sin

c bin 20mV v tn s 6,67kHz.
Ty theo tn hiu Y cn quan st (v tn s" v v bin ) cn

chn cc ch ca oxylo cho ph hp, c gi l chun thang chia
chiu ng (V/cm) v chiu ngang (ms/1 thang chia). V d trn hnh 1.15
c chun thang chiu ng l 0 ,lV/cm (khi in p t ti phin lch
Y thay i 0 , 1V th tia dch i Icm theo chiu ng).
10
Gi tr chun theo trc ngang l lOms/1 thang chia (tia qut ngang
c 1 n v thang chia cn 1 thi gian l lOms).
Vic chun thang chia l quan trng nht trong vic o c cc
tham s"ca tn hiu Y ang quan st.
V i du: B lm lch Y ca mt oxylo c t lOmV/1 n v
thang chia v lch thi gian t l 25m s/l n v thang chia.

Nh trn hnh 1.16 xut hin in p hnh sin trn mn nh.
Hy tnh gi tr bin nh v tn s ca dao ng ang quan st.
Thoo trc thi gian: 1 chu k hnh nh chim khong 6 (6 n v
cl' . ngar g) v y chu k T = 6 25|L,S = loCfis.
Theo trc thng ng bin hnh nh t nh ti nh chim 4
(4 n v chia dc), vy bin nh - nh ca hnh nh l:
4.10mV = 40mV
Bin nh;
= 20mV
Tn s"ca tn hiu f = ^ = 6,67 kHz

T
1 5 0 .IS
C loi oxylo khng c chun thang chia bn trong, khi cn

chun t cc in p Uy v
bit trc t vo u votng ng
chun t ngoi, sau mi a tn hiu cn o vo so snh vi
cc mu dn v chia va c, nu cha ph hp cn chun li. Tuy
nhin cc th h oxylo sau ny c chun thang mt cch t ng v
a dng.
CU HI N TP
1.
Vic iu khin tia in t lch ngang v lch ng xy ra trong

ng tia din t nh th no?
2.
Nhim v ca b khuch i Y.
3.
B to in p rng ca dng vo vic g?
4.
Cn hiu s ng b trong oxylo nh th no?
5.
Chuyn mch AC - DC trong mi oxylo c ngha g?
6.
Trc thi gian trn mn hnh oxylo c to ra nh th no?
7.
Vic chun lch ngang c ngha g?
8.
Nhim v ca tng Trig trong cu trc khi ca oxylo hnh 1 . 1 0 .
11
Chng 2
IN TR TUYN TNH V IN TR PHI TaYN

2.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG
in p v dng in l hai thng s xc nh trng thi v in ca

mt phn t trong mch in. Quan h gia 2 i lng ny l khng
c lp, ph thuc ln nhau. Nu coi in p tc ng ln phn t l
bin s th dng i qua phn t l hm s", ta c quan h hm 1 = f(u).
y quan h hm f c nh ngha l tr khng hay in tr ca phn
t ang xt.
in tr tuyn tnh l cc phn t in tr c c tuyn i = f(u) l mt
ng thng (hnh 2.1).
Trng hp in hnh
l tn li mi quan h
tuyn tnh I = u vi h s
R
u
R =
c nh ngha l
I
in tr thun ca mt
phn t v quan h hm s
ny l nh lut m cho
mt in tr thun.
Hnh 2.1. in tuyn I - u tuyn tnh

ca mt din tr thun.
c tuyn I - u i vi
mt s in tr c cho
trn hnh 2.2. Mc dc
hay tga c nh ngha l
din dn ca phn t.
AI
1
tga = - = = G
AU R
in tr tuyn tnh cn
c gi l in tr Omc,
n tun theo nh lut Om.
Hnh 2.2. in tuyn tuyn tnh

vi cc gi tr din tr khc nhau.
in tr phi tuyn l cc in tr c c tuyn I -
12
u dng phi tuyn.
Hnh 2.3 l c tnh I - u ca mt in tr phi tuyn, y quan

h dng in v in p trn phn t khng l t l, khng p dng
c nh lut m cho phn t loi ny. Nu ta ch ch ti mt
on nh trn c tuyn hnh 2-4, c th coi trong phm vi hp ny
(t P) ti Pv) phn t c tuyn tnh ha, quan h dng in v in
p trong vng hp gn nh ng thng. in tr vi phn ca phn
t theo nh ngha l t s" cc vi phn in p v dng in:
r=
AU
AI
Hnh 2.3. c tuyn I - U ca mt

in tr phi tuyn tnh.
Hinh 2.4. Tuyn tnh ho trong on p, - P2

ca mt c tuyn phi tuyn tnh.
in tr vi phn r, th hin s bin thin nh ca I v

hp ca c tuyn ang quan tm.
trong mt vng
Cc phn t c din tr phi tuyn chim s lng v chng loi a

s" nh diot bn dn, transito, thyristo, Vig tia din t, cc loi nhit
din tr, p in tr,...
Cc din tr c phn thnh 2 nhm: nhm c gi tr in tr c
nh v nhm c gi tr thay di dc, chng du c tham s" nh gi
kh nng chu ti l lng cng sutt din bin i thnh cng sut
nhit ta trn din tr. Kh nng chu ti ph thuc dng in tr,
nhit mi trng v nhit t a cho php trn in tr c
nh gi qua tham s" din tr nhit Ru,uR niU
y
p l kh nng chu ti ca in tr tnh bng Watt (W)

l nhit tl a cho php trn in tr.
l nhit mi trng khng kh.
Gia gi tr in tr thc v gi tr in tr do nh sn xut

13
mun c lun c s khc bit gi l dung sai (sai s) ca in tr.

Thng dung sai c tnh theo phn trm t s" gia lch v gi
tr mun c; 0 , 1% vi loi c chnh xc cao hoc 2 0 % vi loi km
chnh xc.
2.2. iN TR C GI TR
c NH
2,2.1. Cc tnh cht
Phi ch to, chng l cc in tr c gi tr c" nh sn xc nh

qua gi tr danh nh, cng sut (kh nng chu ti_, sai s tng i,
thi hn s dng hay mc gi ha.
Cc gi tr d an h n h ca in tr c s n x u t th e o seri cc s"
liu chun th hin trn bng hnh 2.5.
E 12
; | | a |;
'";.!!
(iio*/.) m 'i
E 2-4
( 5V.)
6,8
1,8
1.2
1,1 1.2 1.3
1.5
1.6 1.8 2.0
2.2
2,7
3,3
2A 2,7 3.0 3,3
5.6
3,9
3,6 3.9
,3
6:8
8,2
5.1 5.6 6.2 6fi 7,5 0.2 9,1
Hnh 2.5. Gi tr tiu chun IBC ca in tr Seri E6, E12 v E24
Khi mun mt gi tr c th no , cn chn gi tr in tr c

gi tr chun gn gi tr mun c nht hoc phi dng loi in tr c
th thay di c gi tr (bin tr).
Cc loi mu k hiu seri E 6 E 12 E24 c dng ph bin. Gi tr
in tr c k h i u theo m m u qu"c t l cc v n g m u k h c
nhau b" tr trn thn in tr. Gi tr sai s" cng c th hin bng
vng mu hoc ch ci k hiu cul cng trn thn in tr (xem
bng mu quy c).
Cc lot in tr m k hiu E6 c sai s 2 0 % vi cc gi tr
danh inh l:
1Q
1.5Q
2.2Q
3 ,3f
4,7Q
6.81
8.1Q
10Q
15Q
220
33Q
47Q
6 8 f
81Q
100Q
150Q
220Q
330Q
470Q
680Q
810Q
1kQ
1,5kQ
2,2kQ
3,3kQ
4,7kQ
6,8kQ
8,1kQ
10kQ
15kQ
22kQ
33kQ
47kQ
68kQ
81kr2...v.v...
14
Lai E 12 c sai s 10%, E24: 5%; E48: 2 %; E96; 1% v E192: 0,5%.

Di thng ging gi tr xung quanh tr danh nh cho loi E 6 cho
trn hnh 2 .6 vi cc gi tr in tr t l f n 6 , 8 ^-
Cng sut cho trong di anh nh: 0,05W; 0,1W; 0,25W; 0,5W;
1 W; 2W; 3W; 6 W; 10W; 20W xt nhit mi trng, v d 50c,
khi nhit mi trng cao hn, gi tr cng sut danh nh cho
ca din tr b gim.
BNG M MU QUY NH QUC T CHO LOI 4 VNG MU
(E6, E12, E24)
Mu
Khng mu
Bc nh
Vng ng
Vng 1
gi tr s
th nht
Vng 2
gi tr s
th hai
Vng 3
gi tr h s
thp phn
Vng 4
sai s'
20%
10%
5%
10-^Q
10- Q
en
10 Q
Nu
1
2
3
1
2
10^ Q
1%
2%
10^Q
10^Q
lO-'Q
5
6
10Q
Xanh da tri
5
6
Tm
10^Q
Xm
10Q
Trng
10Q
Da cam
Vng
Xanh l
0,5%
10Q
15
V d:
Vng
4
Xanh da tri
6
Nu
1
Tm
7
Xm
8
Xanh l
5
10^Q
Xanh da tri
10 Q
Da cam
lO^Q
Vng ng
5%
= 68MQ 20%
20%
Bc
+ 10%
= 15kQ 10%
BNG M MU QUC T CHO LOI IN TR

(E48, E96, E142)
Mu
Vng 1
gi tr s
th nht
Khng mu
Bc
Vng ng
en
Nu
Da cam
Vng
Xanh l
Xanh da tri
Tm
Xm
1
Trng
Vng 2
gi tr s
th hai
= 4700Q 5%
Vng 3
gi tr s
th ba
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5 VCH MU
Vng 4
h s
ly tha
Vng 5
sai s
1 + 20%
10%
5%
10-^ Q
1 0 -'Q
10Q
10 Q
10^Q
1%
2%
lO^Q
0,5%
10 Q
10'
10Q
10Q
V d:
Nu
1
Cam
3
Trng
9
Xm
8
Xm
8
Tm
7
Tm
7
Xanh l
5
Xanh da tri
6
H S thp phn
S gi tr 2^
\
/ Sai s
S gi tr 1'
Da cam
10^Q
Vng ng
1 0 -'Q
Bac
10-^ Q
2%
Nu
1%
Xanh l
5%
= 187KQ 2%
= 38,5 n 1%
= 9,76 Q 0,5%
S gi tr 3
H s thp phn
S gi tr 2
/ Sai s
r
------- \
<\J)
CTJ roO cn
c
cc c c
'O 'O'O 'O 'P
> >> > >
'I -
'T- C\J co
CTJCJ) ) OD
cccc
> > > 'O
>
-o -o
Hnh 2.6a. Phn b vng mu

quc t (loi 4 vng).
16
Hnh 2.6b. Phn b vng mu loi 5 vng

theo quy nh quc t.
BNG CC GI TR CHUN
c a i n t r n h m
E48 (2%) V E96 (1%)
E48 E96 E48 E96 E48 E96 E48 E96 E48 E96 E48 E96 E48 E96 E48 E96
100
105
11Q
115
121
127
100 133
133 178
178 237
237 316
316 422
422 562 562 750
750
102
137
182
243
324
432
768
105 140
140 187
187 249
249 332
332 442
442 590 590 787
787
107
143
191
255
340
453
806
110 147
147 196
196 261
261 348
348 464
464 619 619 825
825
113
150
200
267
357
475
845
'|15 154
154 205
205 274
274 365
365 487
487 649 649 866
866
118
158
210
280
374
499
887
121 162
162 215
215 287
287 383
383 511
511 681 681 909
909
124
165
221
294
392
523
931
127 169
169 226
226 301
301 402
402 536
536 715 715 953
953
130
174
232
309
412
549
976
576
604
634
665
698
732
2.2.2. Cc dng cu to ca in tr
2.2.2.1. in tr lp
Trn thn li "ng bng g"m s hay thy tinh, trong chn khng,
mt lp mng (t 0 ,0 0 1 p,m n 2 0 |.im) vt liu dn in c ph ln
nh phng php cng ngh nhng hay khuch tn hdi. Cc loi vt
liu lm lp in tr thng dng l than, kim loi (k c kim loi
him) hay oxyt kim loi. Gi tr in tr ph thuc vo vt liu c
chn, vo thi gian bm ph (hay dy lp bm ph). Cc hnh dng
lp ph kiu bc bay trong chn khng c cho trn hnh 2.7 hoc 2.8.
Cu hnh lp in tr cho trn hnh 2.9. Bn ngoi phn a chn ra
thng dng ni kim loi chp hai u, ph cc hp cht chng chy,
chng xm thc ca mi trng v n nh v c hc. Gn y cc
in tr c ch to cu hnh a chn ra v mt pha (hnh 2.11).
Thn tr gm c thay bng mt b mt gm trn cho lp vt
liu b"c bay bm trn b mt. Hin nay cng ngh ch to in tr
thc hin lp rp ngay vi cc phn t lin quan theo mt mt phng
xc nh (gi l cng ngh lp rp b mt SMD - Surface Mounted
Device). Hnh 2 . 1 2 d ch ra cu to in hnh ca mt in tr SMD
trn b mt mt phin dn in.
2-LKINT
17
C B H H
in tr khng c ni np v mt ct ca n
Hnh 2.7. in tr vi cc Idp un ln
i[ifin]n
" t cc ng dc dc
\in tr ni np kim io
Hnh 2.8. in tr vi cc lp gp khc
Hnh 2.9. Cc dng c'u to in tr lp
Hnh 2.10. Mt dng in tr
Hnh 2.11. in tr lp ch to v mt pha
Hnh 2.12. in tr lp ch to theo cng ngh SMD
2.2.2.2. in tr trong cng ngh vimodun (vi in t)
Trong cng ngh vi in t, in tr cng mi linh kin khc c

ch to ng thi theo mt quy trnh cng ngh chun v c
ghp n sn thnh mt hoc nhiu mch hon chnh (gi l mt hoc
nhiu modun). c n phn bit hai loi cng ngh: Cng ngh lp dy
v cng ngh mng mng. Thn in tr trong hai loi cng ngh ny
c v trn cc hnh 2.13a (vi cng ngh lp dy) v hnh 2.13b (vi
cng ngh mng mng), cng ngh lp, trn (l 1 tm oxyde
nhm) nh phng php nng chy c nn, mt lp bt kim loi (kim
18
loi qu, oxyde h a y m t hp c h t dn in) c g n l n (). Cn
l'ong cng ngh mng mng in tr cng nh cc linh kin khc

dc ch to theo phng php b"c bay pha hi kim loi cho bm
ln mt g"m s trong mi trng chn khng qua mt mt n vi
cc ca s khc nhau. Theo cc linh kin trong c in tr c
lo ra vi kch thc hnh hc chnh xc nh cc tia laze ct, gi tr
in tr c sai s c th t ti 0 , 1 %.
Oti
in tr
ng d?n
y
Hnh 2.13a. Thn in tr
trong k thut lp dy
Hnh 2.13b. Thn in tr

trong k thut mng mng
2.2.2.3. Cc in tr loi dy qun
Cc d y in tr c q u n trn mt th n loi g"m s ch u

n h i t to th n h n h m i n tr dy qun.
Cc in tr dy qun c in cm ring kh ln v cc vng dy

ca n t to ra in cm k sinh. e gim nh in cm khng
mong mun ny, cn d n g cng ngh qun dy i, kiu l ngu
(hnh 2.14). Si dy in tr c ly im gia v to ra mt cp dy
song song qun. Nh vy mt cp vng dy lun c chiu dng
din l ngc nhau (hnh 2.14) v t trng b trit tiu. Tuy nhin
do Lnh k h n g i x n g l tng, vn cn in cm nh v do h n
ch tn s" lm vic ca loi in tr ny di 2 0 kHz. Cc vng dy
q u n c cch i n (th n g d n g sn cch in p h l n hoc nh lp
din mi oxyde b m t).
Hinh 2.14. in tr dy cun, nguyn l cun kp.
19
Khi di hi cng
suTt rt lc)n (hng
chc vv hay ln na),
cc in ir dy qun
dng ch nht c s
dng. Cc ng din
tr dy qun thng
dng dc cho trn
hinh 2.15, dc bo v
chng m. clng chy,
chng xm thc ca
mi trng hay bn v
c hc.
- -.............................
<>
Ni kiu kp
It
Ni kiu hn
Ni k'm loi ohp ni
Hnh 2.15. Cc dng cu to in tr y cun.
2.3. IN TR THAY l GI TR (BIN TR)

Cc din tr thuc nhm
ny c gi tr thay i c
trong mt di nlit dnh v
c c"u to c v Ir dng
chn mc gi Ir cn c nh
mt c cu dch chuyn quay
hay tnh tin (hnh 2.16 v
hnh 2.17).
Hnh 2.16. in trd iu chnh c

nh con chy.
Trn hnh 2.16, gi tr in tr thay i c nh mt tip im

trt trn mt ng ray, qua chu on lm vic cho in tr.
ng ray in tr c th l hnh trn hay on thng. c tnh

bin i ca in tr tnh theo di lm vic c th l tuyn tnh
(t"t nh't theo mong mun) liay phi tuyn tnh c biu din trn
hnh 2.18, hnh 2.19 hay hnh 2.20. cc c tnh tuyn tnh, vi
gia s ml gc quay c" dinh hay gia s ml di ng ray c" dnh
lun nhn dc mt gi tr din tr khng i. Cc dng bin i
phi Luvn tnh (hm exp, logarit, ch s...) c cho trn cc hnh
2.19 v 2.20.
20
K hiu
Hnh 2.17. Cc dng in tr bin i.
Îmax' ^2max
Îmin ^2min
ng rnh in tr
Con chy
-Ro
R=
Hnh 2.18. ng cong gi tr in tr ph thuc vo v tr con chy.
21
2.3.1. Bin tr loi lp
Hnh 2.20. ng cong gi tri in tr

theo v tr con chy.
Cc ng ray din tr loi ny c c h to g i n g n h loi in

tr lp c" nh.
im khc bit l tip im tip xc vi ng raj' cn c cng b

mt tip xc t"t, trnh nhiu in p xut hin khi dch v tr.
Do c im cu to, loi in tr lp c cng sut nh (t 0,25W
n 2 W) v c din dung ring ln cn c bit ch khi dng tn
s cao. Khi s dng cn quay gc ca ng ray din tr, loi ny
cn c gi l c h i t p khi ng ray i n tr c c h to t loi
cht, do dn in, chit p loi ny lm vic bn vng trong thi

gian di.
2.3.2. Bin tr dy qun
Loi bin tr dy qun dng cho cc mch in cng sut trung

bnh hoc cng sut ln (n lkW), c qun trn li s (hnh 2.21),
thng khng dng lp- bo v hoc mt lp chu nhit tr phn
ng ray di chuyn im tip xc ca con chy. Quan h bin thin
in tr vi on lm vic ca bin tr l tuyn tnh nhng thc cht
l nhy bc (khng lin Lc).
22
Hnh 2.21. Bin tr dy qun trn li s.
2.4. S PH THUC NHIT CA IN TR
Cc gi Lr in tr c nh hay gi tr cho (ca loi bin di c)

xc nh thng 20"c. Khi nhit thay i, gi tr ca in tr thay
di theo. Mc bin thin c xc nh qua h s nhit a.
AR. R20. a . Au
AR l s bin thin gi tr din tr v nhit
Rô l gi^ tr in tr tnh ti 20 c.
\v l lng bin thin nhiL tc dng ln in tr.
a l h s" nhit.
R ^
1
tnh
theo
n
v
a
'c
0 /
Khi tng nhit . i tr in tr ang xt c th tng hay gim
Lng ng. Khi ti nhit ang xt, in tr c gi tr:
dy:
~
+ AR
R],; = R2I) AR
Rvv
hoc
Rvv
gi li in tr nng, R - din tr lnh
Thay gi tr AR c vo biu thc ca
R \v
R k,
c:
Rvv = R 2 (1 + aA u )
hoc
Rk= r^2() (1 - OtAu)
23
2.5. NHIT IN TR NNG V NHIT IN TR LNH

2.5.1. Nhit in tr nng
2.5.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Nu in tr c ch to
t cc loi vt liu c h s" a
ln. khi ch n g c gi l
cc nhit in tr. Khi Au > 0

(nhit Lng), AR < 0 (in
tr gim) th n h it in tr
c gi l loi nng (nhit
din tr nng NTC). Cn khi

Au > 0 th
> 0 gi l nhit
in tr lnh PTC.
Nh vy loi in tr
NTC (Negative Temperature
Coefficitent) c h s a < 0
(hnh 2 .2 2 ).
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Hnh 2.22. Quan h in trci nhit

ca loi NTC in tr.
Gi tr ca nhit in tr nng (NTC) gim khi nhit tng, h s a c

ln (modun) ph thuc vo loi vt liu s dng v vo nhit .
Vi cc loi NTC, a thng c gi tr - 2 %/C n -10%/c cc vt liu

s dng c h Lo in tr NTC thng l hp cht bn dn a tinh th
nh oxyde sL, oxyde niken, oxyde cacbon h ay cc hp ch t c titan.
2.5.1.2. G tr nh mc v gi tr gii hn
Cc tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn do nh sn xut a

I'a h tr ngi s d n g n h n g th n g tin q u a n tr n g c h lm vic
v ch' ti h n (sc ch u ng) c a lin h k i n tr o n g iu k i n k h t
khe nht. i vi in tr NTC c cc tham s" sau:

R20 in tr trng thi lnh ( 2 0 C);
c khi cho cc nhit lnh khc nh:
R25 in tr trng thi lnh ( 25C).
hoc R.,0 din tr trng thi lnh

( O^^C).
t thi gian ngui: tn h t lc t ti
/ k
Hnh 2.23. K hiu

nhit in tr nng.
(sa u k h i n g n g t c ng
n h it) n khi gi tr in tr t n g gp i k h i n h i t gim .
24
Tol: Dung sai ca R 20 (hay R25, R40)

Pôx: Cng sut cho php ln nht.
'j|nax0- Nhit lm vic cc i cho

php khi khng ti.
'->maxP^ N h i t l m
v i c
cc i
cho php khi p =
Hnh 2.24. Dng nhit in tr nng

lm cm bin nhit.
Hnh 2.23 l k hiu quy c in tr NTC trong mch in, k

hiu 2 mi tn ngc chiu nhau th hin quan h nhit tng th
in tr g i m v ngc lai
2.5.1.3. ng dng
Phn ln ng dng ca in tr NTC l n nh nhit cho cc

mch bn dn (xem mc 7.11). Khi cung cp cho nhit in tr NTC
mt dng in n nh, c th dng n nh mt cm bin nhit
(sensor nhit) o hay iu chnh nhit trong mt h thng o
lng iu khin.
2.5.2. Nhit in tr lnh
2.5.2.1. Cu to v hot ng
Nhit in tr lnh (in tr PTC: Positive Temperature Coefficient)

c gi tr i n tr n h n h t tr n g thi lnh v t n g gi tr khi n h i t
tng ln ( th hnh 2.25).

Gi tr in tr ca loi in tr PTC tng ln khi tng nhit .
Trn th hnh 2.25. Bt u

t nhit Ua (nhit khi ng)
gi tr in tr tng khi nhit
tng, on Ua < u < Un c tn h c h t
phi tuyn mnh; on Ujvj < u < U
quan h tuyn tnh v l vng lm
vic ch yu ca nhit in tr PTC,
gi tr R ca in tr tng mnh
(nhiu cp thp phn) theo nhit
tng do hnh thnh cc lp kha c
in tr ln trong tinh th vt liu.
H s" a trong khong t 20c n u,\
c gi tr m. Khi o > U;V, a c du
dng v rt ln trong on Ujvj n Ug.
10'
10*
10^
10-
10^
10 '
20
100
200
Hnh 2.25. Quan h in tri nhit

ca loi PTC.
25
ln ca a do loi vt liu s dng v do nhit quyt nh.

Gi tr thng thng ca a t 7%/'^C n O^/C.
K hiu quy c loi nhit
in tr lnh (PTC) cho trn hnh
2.26. Loi din tr nhit PTC
c lm t loi g"m Titanat a
tinh th cho pha tp vi cht l c
chn lc.
- i> -
^31^. f
2.5.2.2. Thng s ca nhit in tr PTC
Ya nhit khi ng
Ra = R (iâ)
Ron = R (25"C)
U.NJ nhit danh nh
R
ttu
('->n )
h s nhit ( dc c tnh R
V))
Ur nhit cu ca di lm vic
R,.: = R (u,.;)
u,, in p lm vic ti a cho php.

2.5.2.3. ng dng
NhiL in tr lnh PTC c th lm vic ch d lm nng t

ngoi hay ch t lm nng.
c h lm n n g t n goi, i n tr c cp m t in p th'p
c IV v do n khng thay i tr s". N hit ca in tr lc

ny do nhit mi trng quyt nh. Khi in tr c dng
lm cm bin o nhit mi trng (v d nhit ca cc cun
dy mt). Nu nhit trong thit b qu cao, cu ch bo v s
hot ng.
ch t lm nng in p cp cho in tr ln (lOV n 60V),
nh d dng in chy qua din tr lm nng n ln, gi tr in tr
tng v lm dng qua n gim. Trng thi n nh c thit lp khi
vic lm mt h thng xc lp n nh.
Nhit ca in tr PTC xc nh qua in p lm vic t ln
n v qua s lm mt n quyt nh.
26
Hnh 2.27. Nhit in tr lnh !m phn t

b^ mc ch"t lng khi y.
Hnh 2.23. c luyn lnh

ca mt in tr lnh.
Hnh 2.27 nu mt ng dng ca in tr nhit PTC thng bo

trng thai dy mc cht lng trong bnh: khi mc cht lng trong
bnh dy lm ngp in tr, n c lm ngui nhanh v do gi tr
in tr gim mnh, dng in qua rle tng (mch ni tip vi in
Ir) ht nch t ng ct qu trnh lm
y bnh. c tuyn Von-Am pe I-U
ch t:nh ca in tr cho trn hnh
2.28, vr.g nh lng ng vi ch
lm nnr nôi, cn vng u ln ng vi
ch* t lm nng, ch" lm nng
ngoi, c tuyn c dng gn tuyn tnli
(hnh 2.29), tc l in tr c gi tr gn
nh k h r g di. ch t lm nng, c
tuyn c dng phi tu y en tnh m n h do qu
Hnh 2.29. c tuyn Von Ampe
vng u thp cua hnh 2.28.
trnh t to nhit (dng ln) v lm mt din tr quyt nh, khi

gi tr din tr thay di theo tng im lm vic.
2.6. CC IN TR c GI TR PH THUC IN P
2.6.1. Cu to v hot ng
Khi gi tr ca in tr ph thuc vo in p t trn n, in tr

c gi l VDR (Voltage Dependent Resistor) vt liu thng dng l
si Cacbua Silic c thiu k"t mt nhit nht nh trong mt thi
gian xc nh. Si Ccbua Silic l loi vt liu bn dn in a tinh th
c cu tao t nhiu tinh th bn dn nh hn c tnh dn in khc
27
nhau. Gia cc vng bn dn ny xut hin cc lp chn ging nh

trong diot bn dn. Vic phn cc cc lp chn l hon ton khng u
nhau. Di tc ng ca in ting ngoi, cc lp chn c phn cc
khc nhau to ra cc vng c in tr sut khc nhau. Khi cng
in trng c n g ln cng nhiu lp chn c p h n cc.
Gi tr in tr ca phn t VDR lun gim khi in p t vo tng

ln. Cc tnh ca in p khng c vai tr quyt nh. c tuyn cho
th hin s thay i ca in tr ca VDR theo in p t trn n cho
hnh 2.30a. Cn c tuyn Von-Ampe I-U ca VDR cho hnh 2.30b.
Hnh 2.30a. c tuyn ca mt p tr.
Hnh 2.30b. c tuyn Von-Am pe

ca mt p tr.
2.6.2. Cc tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn ca VDR
Cc tnh cht quan trng nht ca VDR c th hin qua c

tnh Von-Am pe hnh 2.30b. Quan h I(U) l phng trnh dng:
hay
I=
p; H s' iu chnh
C: Hng sph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca VDR.
Hng s c c g i tr t 15 n 5000 c xc n h khi cho dng
in bng lA chy qua VDR.
H s' hiu chnh p quyt nh dc ca c tuyn (nm trong
di t 0,15 n 0,40).
28
Tham s gii hn c
1mix- Cng sut tl a cho php.
Umax-: N hit ti a cho php.
Cc tham s' nh mc dc xc nh khi tc ng
in p mt chiu ln VDR v c tnh Von-Ampe
W/H
-c z l-
cng xc dnh vi in p mt chiu, ch xoay

Hnh 2.31.
chiu ng c tnh c lch mt cht. K hiu quy
K hiu p tr.
c ca VDR c cho trn hnh 2.31. Cc mi tn ngc
chiu nhau th hin khi tng in p tc ng ln VDR th in tr
ca n gi.in hoc ngc li.
c = 1 0 0 ; = 0 ,2 .
V d: Cho VDR c
Hy tnh gi tr in tr ca VDR ti cc in p:
a) lOV; b) 25V; c) 50V; d) 75V: e) lOOV?
/
Ap dng h thc cho: I =

vC y
a)
1=
1=
R=
c)
1=
lOV
lOiA
25
100,
= IMQ
. A = 0,25'l A = 0,977mA.
25V
0,977mA
50
= 25,59kQ
A = 0,5^ A = 31,25mA.
-
, 100,
R=
d)
A = 0 , 1'' . A
.100
R=
b)
10 V
1=
R=
50V
31,25mA
Ic ;
= l,6 k Q
lio o j
75V
237,5mA
I.2
. A = 0,75" . A = 237,5mA.
= 316Q
29
100
c)
0,2
100^
R=
A = l l A = lA.
lOOV
= lOOQ
lA
Khi s dng VDK ch cng sut trn VDR lun ph thuc vo

in p tc dng nn cn xc nh vi mi gi tr in p trong di
lm vic, t h thc p - U.I hy tnh p nu yu cu khi p < p,tn a x
2.6.3. ng dng ca VDR
Mt, ng dng ph bin v quan trng ca VDR l hn ch din

p khi VDR dc coi l mt in tr bo v Ii"i song song vi phn t
cn c bo v chVig qu p (h n h 2.32). Vi m t i n p h n h sin
tc ng ln VDR, p ng dng in khng cn dng sin v c th
hin trn hnh 2,33. Trng hp ngc li cng tng t nu dng tc
ng qua VDR l hnh sin th in p trn n khng cn dng sin.
Vic sa (lm mo dng) din p hay dng in nh trn c s
dng trong k thut xung, k thut truyn hnh v k thut iu
khin hoc iu chnh.
Ub
II
u
Hnh 2.32. Dng p tr

bo v chng qu p
cho coect - emt.
30
Hnh 2.33. Bin i dng trn mt VDR

kh tc ng in p hnh sn.
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hy nh ngha in tr tuyn
tnh v in tr phi tuyn.
in tr vi phn r ca mt linh kin
cho bit thng tin g v linh kin?
Lot in tr chun theo quy c
quc t l g?
Hy lit k cc gi tr in tr
chun theo lot mu E 12 nm
gia 2 gi ti' 400Q v lOki}.
Trong lot mu E96, vi di gi tr
t 100f n lOOOQ c bao nhiu
gi tr chun? Sai s ca lot E96?
Hnh 2.34. c tuyn ca mt
I vi cng sut t a cho php, hy
nhit in tr lnh.
lit k cc gi tr chun cho ti 20 W.
Vi quy c m vch mu qu"c t, chailoi c sdng l 4
vch v 5 vch. Hy nu ngha cc vng mu trong
miloi
chun ang s dng.
Hy xc nh tr s" cc din tr v sai s tng ng ca n vi cc
m m u c c n h sau:
Vng 1
Vng 2
Vng 3
a)
Nu
en
Cam
Vng
b)
Xm
Nu
Bc
c)
Vng
Vng
d)
Vng
Tm
Da tri
Khng mu
e)
Nu
L cy
Bc
Bc
Vng 1
9.
Vng 4
Vng 2
Vng 3
Vng 4
Vng 5
f)
L cy
Cam
Da tri
Bc
g)
Xm
Xm
Tm
Da tri
Nu
h)
Tm
Vng
en
i)
Nu
Cam
Xm
Vng
Nu
k)
Vng
Cam
Nu
Nu
Hy nu m mu tng ng ca cc in tr sau:
a) 3,740 1%:
b) 681kQ 2%;
c) 114kQ 0,5%
d) 2,46MQ 0,5%;
e) 46,4kQ 1 %;
) 7150Q 2%
31
1 0 . Vt liu c s dng ch to in tr lp?
11. Phn bit hai dng c'u to in tr lp?

1 2 - Gii thch khi nim cng ngh SMD? in trSMD c cu to
nh th no?
13. Hy m t cng ngh ch to in tr trong k thut lp dy v
k th u t m n g mng.
14. c dim cu to ca in tr dy qun?

15. Hy nu bin php k thut lm gim nh in cm ring
ca
in tr dy qun?
16. Chit p c c tnh bin i logarit dng. Hy phc ha quan h

gia s bin thin din tr vi ng ray dch chuyn hay gc
dch c h u y n ca con chy ca ch it p.
17. Nhiu khi quay vi loi chit p c hiu nh th no?

18. u nhc im ca in tr dy qun i vi in tr p.
19. Hy nh ngha h s" nhit a ca in tr nhit hay ca mt vt
liu lm in tr.
20 . Mt in tr dy qun lm t dy in tr Niken c R20 = 400Q. Nung
nng n ti nhit 110c. Hy tnh in tr ca n ti nhit lm

vc, bit rng h s a ca Niken l a = +0,15.10^.
2 1 . Quan h gia nhit v gi tr in tr ca loi in tr NTC?

2 2 . Hy phn bit thi gian lm mt ca mt in tr nng c xc
nh nh t h no?
23. Hy v s lc c tnh in hnh ca in tr PTC (quan h R-u).

24. Hy gii thch ch t lm nng v ch lm nng t ngoi
ca n h i t in tr lnh.
25. Gi tr in tr ca VDR thay i nh th no khi tng in p

tc ng ln n.
26. Hy v phc tho c tnh I-U ca mt VDR.

27. Mt VDR c c =120 v = 0,3.
Hy tnh gi tr ca VDR ti cc in p lm vic,
a) 2 0 V
b) lOOV.
28. t mt in p dng hnh sin vo VDR. Hy v dng in chy
qua VDR v gii thch dng VC.
29. Vi mt in tr nhit PTC c c tnh Ru cho hnh 3.34. Hy
n u cc th n g tin quan trng v th a m
th n g qua d n g c tn h c.
32
s" v c h d ca p h n
Chng 3
T IN V CGN D
3.1. IN DUNG
Mt vt th c nhiu in t hn proton s tch in m. Lng

in tch m chnh l tng cc in tch nguyn t" ca s lng cc
in t d ra. Ngc li vt th s tch in dngkhi s" lng
electron t hn s' proton v lng intch dng ca
n c xc
nh bng lng cc in tch nguyn to ca l pr&ton d tha.
Khng gian xung quanh vt
in trng
th tch in l mt trng thi c
Vng ngho
Vng tha
bit gi l trng in. Trng
in t
in t
in c to t cc ng sc
dc sp xp c trt t bt u
xut pht t in tch dng v
k"t thc ndi in tch m. Nu hai
vt th dn in dc b" tr cch
ly nhau v c t vo mt in
Hnh 3.1. in trng phn b gia
p, khi hai vt th ny c
cc vt tch in.
np in (hnh 3.1).
Vt th c n ti cc m ca ngun p s nhn c mt lng
in t d tha v pha l din vt th th hai s thiu ht mt
lng electron tng ing khi n n"i ti cc dng ca ngun p.
Gia hai vt th xut hin mt trng in.
S lng in tch Q hai vt th ang xt nhn c ph thuc vo
k't cu hai vt th, hnh dng ca chng v ln ca trng in.
Trng din xut hin ph thuc gi tr in p t vo, vo kch
thc vt th v khong cch gia chng. in dung ca h thng hai
vt th ang xt l i lng c trng cho s kt hp cc yu t"
nu trn (kch thc vt th, cng , in p t vo...). Theo nh
ngha in dung c l t s gia in tch Q v in p u.
Q = c .u
Q: in tch ca h hai vt th ang xt
C: in dung ca h
U: in p t vo chng
3-LK OINT
33
Do n v o lng ca Q l Ampe giy (As) = Culn, ca in p

u l Volt (V), nn n v o ca in dung l;
= Ss = Siemens
Sekunde c gi l Fara (F) 1F = iS s.

Theo ;
lm F = 10 "^F ;
l(aF = 10F
ln F = 10 'F v
lp F = 10 ''"F
L cc n v nh hn ca Fara.
Mt phn t c in dung 1 Fara khi vi mt in p IV t ln,
vt th s nhn c mt in tch 1 Culon.
in dung ch hnh thnh gia 2 vt th dn in nm cch ly
nhau v in. Hai vt th c th rt ln nh 1 v tinh v qu t hay
rt nh nh hai si dy dn song song cnh nhau.
in dung l mt thuc tinh di tc ng ca mt in p, cc in tch
s c np.
Mt t in gm 2 bn kim loi (hnh 3.2) c in dung:

,, .e .A
c = - ) r
a
y
C: in dung ca t
e: hng s in mi Eo = 8,85. 10'^F/m
8,.: h s" in mi
A: din tch hai bn kim loi song song i din,
a: khong cch gia hai bn kim loi.
c c ln thng dng hai l kim loi cch ly nhau bng mt
lp cch in mng v c qun li song song nhau.
MtphngA
Lap in mi
Hnh 3.2. T in phng.
3.2. T IN
3.2.1. Vn chung
T in l loi lin h k in c in d u n g c xc n h trc, gi l

gi tr d an h nh, c sa i s" ( lch gi a g i tr thc v gi tr m u n
c) v c p h thuc n h i t .
34
Do lp in mi c in tr khng phi v cng ln (c gi tr hu

h n) n n k h i c np in tch (t n gu n p ngoi) t s t
phng in qua in tr ca lp in mi. Ngoi ra khi lm vic lp

in mi b lm nng v gy ra tn hao (nhit) cho t in, tn hao
ch mt chiu khi chu ti v ch xoay chiu.
Cn phn bit hai dng t in: T mt chiu v t xoay chiu.
T mt chiu c ch to ch lm vic vi in p mt chiu
khi vt liu in mi c tnh cht tn hao rt ln ch xoay
chiu. T mt chiu lun c in p danh nh v khng th lm vic
vi in p xoay chiu c tr bin ong gi tr danh nh ny.
Trong mt s trng hp c bit chng c th lm vic vi cc in
p xoay chiu vi bin rt nh (trn nn gi tr mt chiu ln - t
lc trong ngun chnh lu) t xoay chiu ch lm vic vi tn hiu
xoay chiu. Cc t in c kch thc hnh dng v chng loi rt
khc nhau.
Tham s" danh nh v tham s" gii hn th hin cc tnh cht
ca t in:
Tham s' danh nh:
* in dung danh nh
* lch (dung sai)
* S ph thuc nhit ca in dung
* S ph thuc p m ca din dung
* Di nhit lm vic
* Thi gian s dng
* tin cy khi lm vic
* H s tn hao
* Hng s" thi gian t phng in

Tham s gii hn:
* in p gii hn (danh nh)
* in p gii hn tc dng lu
* in p gii hn hay nh (tc ng nhanh)
* in p xoay chiu t a
Cc gi tr ca t in (gi tr in dung ca t) c quy nh biu
din theo m m u vi cc mu c bn ging nh quy nh quc t vi
in tr. Dng loi m mu 5 vng, quy nh tun theo bng sau;

Ch t in c in dung danh nh theo tiu chun lEC - lot
chun tng t cho lot E6 , E 12 , E24, sai s tun theo lot E48 E96
v E192. Ngoi ra vi cc t in bc kim ch chn ni o v v phn
bit n vi cc chn n ra mch ngoi.
35
Chn ni ra mch ngoi
\
S gi tr th 1
S gi tr th 2
\ \
\ \
\ in p danh nh
= (
Sai s
-4
I)
il
Chn ni ra mch ngoi
H s thp phn
Hnh 3.4. Cc loi t SMD
Hnh 3.3. K hu quy c vch

mu ca t in.
S ph thuc ca in dung vo nhit c xc nh qua h s

nhit ttcAC = C . c . Av
Mu
Vng 1
Vng 2
S th 1
S th 2
Vng 3
S th 3 h
s nhn
in p
danh nh
5000V
10*^
10%
2000V
10*^
5%
1000V
1%
100V
200V
300V
400V
Bc
Vng
en
Nu
Cam
Vng
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
10"pF
10' pF
10'pF
10"pF
10"pF
Xanh l
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
10"pF
10"pF
10'pF
10pF
10"pF
Vi
Sai s
20%
Khng mu
Xanh da tri
Tm
Xm
Trng
Vng 5
V n g 4
2%
0.5%
500V
600V
700V
800V
900V
AC s thay i in dung do nhit gy ra.
c gi tr in dung ca t in ti 20c (hay ti 40C)

(tr danh nh)
ttc h s nhit ca t o bng l/c
Av S bin thin ca nhit tc ng trc tip ln t c.
36
Thi gian phng in s l tch s ca in tr cch in Rs v in

dung c ca t = R/s-C
T in c Ts cng ln th cht lng cng t^t, gi tr ca ts

thng trong khong lOOOs n lO.OOOs (s: giy)
Di nhit lm vic, thi gian s dng (v d t 8 n 15 nm).
tin cy khi lm vic (v d lOO.OOOgi/3%), h s" tn hao l cc
tham s khc nh sn xut cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng.
Ch h s" tn hao 5 tng theo s tng ca tn s. Khi nhit tng
cao in p danh nh gim (v d 40c in p danh nh l lOOV
th 80'C gi tr ny ch cn li 60V). Khi lm vic ch xung, cn
quan tm ti gi tr in p nh danh nh cho bit kh nng chu
in p trong mt thi gian ngn ca t.
3.2.2. Cu to t in
3.2.2.1. T giy v t mica
T giy (hnh 3.5) gm 2 t

kim loi m ng th n g l giy
nhm c cch ly n h mt tm
Lp mng kim loi
giy mng. H thVig trn c

cun trn c h t l i s a u c
to 2 cc ra t h a i t giy kim
loi v c bc k n bng vL
liu ch n g m, c cng bo
Lp in mi
v, chng chy.
Ngy nay lp cch in
Hinh 3.5. Cu to t giy hoc t mica.
thng c dng l lp vt liu
nhn lo (mica, polyme) c nhiu u diin hdn giy: kch thc gn
hn, gi tr in dung c v din p chu ng n nh hn. c bit
vt liu polystyrol c nhiu u dim v tn hao in mi thp, h s
n h it ttc m gi tr n h thch hp cho vic s d n g t n s cao v d
trong mch to dao ng tn s cao.

3.2.2.2. T kim loi - giy (t MP)
B dy ca phin kim loi khng nh hng ti gi tr in dung
ca t. Khi mun c mt gii tr in dung ln (trn mt n v th
tch vi mt in p np xc nh), cn gim b dy phin kim loi ti
mc ti thiu. T kim loi - giy c ch to t c mc ch
37
trn. Kim loi c bc bay di dng mt lp mng trn b mt giy

cch in. B dy lp kim loi c 0,05 -im. B dy lp giy c chn
tu in p danh nh cn c, cc lp kim loi mng c in tr tng
i ln l nhc im c a loi
t MP. Cc chn t (cc cc)

c ly ra trn 2 mt
c mi nhn u cun v 2
pha ca lp kim loi. Vic c'u
to ny lm gim in cm
ring ca cun.
Nu thc hin c mt l
thng (hnh 3.6), ti vng
xung quanh l s xut hin
trong thi gian ngn rnt mt
dng in kh ln. y l
im c bit ca cc lp kim
loi c b"c bay ph thnh
mng mng. Lp in mi nh
khng b ph hu. im
thng l l cch ly v in. L
thng c tnh cht t lnh li
(t hi phc).
V tr nh thng
Lp klm loi
1"
Lp in mi
Vng c mt
dng in ln
'r Lp kim loi
b bc l
Hnh 3.6, T hi phc ca t MP v t MK.
Hi
Cht in mi
Lp kim ioi
(in cc th
nht ca t)
(in cc th
hai ca t)
Lp in mi
Hnh 3.7. Cu to t in ho (theo mt ct).
Hnh 3.8. cu to mt t in ho.
Tnh cht t hi phc l mt u im quan trng ca t MP.
Qu trnh t hi phc xy ra trong thi gian lO^s n 50|.IS.

Trong thi gian ny, in p ca t gim dn ti kh nng gy nhiu
dng xung cho cc mch in t. Sau mi qu trnh t hi phc,
in dung ca t b gim mt cht (v d sau lOOOln, gi tr in
dung s gim i 1 %).
3.2.2.3. T kim loi - hp cht nhn to (t MK)
Cu to ca t MK v nguyn tc ging t MP, lp in mi y
khng dng giy m l loi vt liu nhn to di dng mng mng
38
c ph 2 lp kim loi mng (0 ,0 2 |.im n 0,05^rr^ trn 2 mt ca

lp in mi. Vic ch to cn m bo in cm ring nh v in tr
ring ca cc tm kim loi lm in cc thp. T loi MK cng c kh
nng t hi phc nh loi t MP.
T MK c chia nh thnh cc nhm.
T MKT vt liu in mi l polyetylen (loi k hiu ph bin MKH).
T MKC vt liu in mi l polycacbonat Goi k hiu ph bin MKM).
T MKU vt liu s dng l xenluloasetat (loi ph bin MKL).
T MKS vt liu in mi l polystyrol (loi k hiu MKY).
3.2.2.4. T gm
T g"m s dng gm lm lp in mi, gm 2 nhm:

Nhm 1 : s dng cc loi g"m c h s" in mi thp (e,. t 6 n
450) c tn hao in mi nh, t ph thuc vo nhit .
Nhm 2 : s dng cc loi g"m c bit c h s" in mi ln (e,. t
700 n 50.000), tuy nhin
ph thuc mnh vo nhit , tn hao
din mi tng i ln.
Vt liu g"m s thuc nhm 1 s dng tt trong cc mch cn tn
s" n nh, thng l cc mch to dao ng. Khi cn gia cng kch
thc t in tng chnh xc, gi tr in dung chnh xc v t
ph thuc nhit . Tn hao in mi tn s rt cao vn nh. Vt
liu thuc nhm 2 c th ch to c cc t kch thc rt nh
nhng c gi tr in dung ln (v d c = 10 |J.F, u =: 30V) cc t thuc
nhm 2 c h s nhit ln, tn hao in mi cng kh ln ch dng
n h n g v i c y u cu ch n h xc khng cao.
3.2.2.5. T in ho
Cc t in ho dng dung dch in ho lm 1 trong hai in cc
ca t, in cc kia l kim loi cu to dng mng (hnh 3.7 v 3.8),
ngn cch 2 in cc ny vi lp in mi. Dung dch in ho l mt
loi c h t ln g dn in, m t s" trng hp dng v t liu bn dn in
lm cc in ho, in cc kia l nhm. Bn cc nhm lun tn ti 1

lp oxyde nhm c s dng lm mi trng in mi cch ly bn
cc nhm vi cc in ho. Vi t ho chu in p lOOV, lp oxyde
nhm ch dy c 0,15(.im, khong cch gia 2 in cc nh vy l rt
hp trong khi din tch hai bn cc li rt ln nn loi t in ho
39
thng c gi tr in dung ln (hnh 3.8) khi cng mt gi tr tn hao,

in dung c th tng gp 8 ln. H s in mi ca xyt nhm khong
7 "n 8 . Cu to ca t ho lun phn bit in cc kim loi (nhm) l
cc dng, cc in ho cn li lun l cc m (hnh 3.8). Vi in p
t vo c 2 V, t in ho c phn cc v hnh thnh lp oxyt.
Cht in ho c nung nng nhanh to kh c kh nng gy n. Vic
phn cc nhanh cho t ch thc hin vi in p thp c 2 V. trnh
lm n t cn ch ngn mch dng in cho t trc khi a t vo
mch bng cch ni tt 2 cc ca t.
K hiu quy c ca t in ho c cho trn hnh 3.9. Mt vi
dng t in ho c hai l nhm khng c lp oxyt, loi ny c in tr
thp, 1 l nhm lm cc m (gi l l katot), cn l kia m nhim vai
tr lp oxyt gi l anot. Gia 2 l katol v anot dung dch in ho
v v t liu gi ch n g (giy hay si dt). Nu ti l k a to t to th m 1 lp
oxyt s nhn c hai t in ho ni l nhau kiu ni tip - y l
loi t in ho khng c cc tnh (hnh 3.10) v k hiu cho trii hnh
3.11. in dung loi t hnh 3.10 cn gi tr mt na v lm vic c
mch in xoay chiu. Nu cng gi tr in dung v in p danh
nh th kch thc ca t khng phn cc gp i t c phn cc.
Hnh 3.9. K hiu t in c

phn cc.
Hnh 3.10. Ni hai ty phn Hnh 3.11. K hiu

cc i nhau d to ra t t in ho khng
in ho khng phn cc.
phn cc.
T in loi in ho - Tantal c lp in mi l oxyttantal c bit

bn vng chng nh thng. H s in mi ca Tantal 8,. 27 cho php
sn xut t Tantal c in dung ln, tuy nhin loi ny c gi thnh
cao khi thay th lp mng nhm bng lp mng Tantal v lp oxyt
nhm s l lp oxyt Tantal c cu to tng t. T Tantal cng c hai
loi phn cc v khng phn cc.
Hnh 3.12 trnh by cu to ca mt t Tantal - in ho (loi S)
v hnh 3.13 l cu to loi SF. Vi t in ho Tantal loi SF, cht
in ho l mangandioxt (Mn0 2 ) c cu trc c bit mang tnh cht
ca cht bn dn tp cht loi n dng lm cc katot v anot l khi
Tantal thiu kt. y l loi t c cu to c bit chc chn.
40
\
Lp in ml
Lp in mi rn
Hnh 3,12, Cu to mt loi t in

ho Tatal (loi S).
Hnh 3.13. Cu to mt loi t in

ho Tantal (loi SF).
3.2.2.6, Cc loi t thay i c tr s in dung
thay i c gi tr in dung, cc t xoay c cu to gm

nhiu phin in cc song song di din nhau tng cp v ch 1 nhm
phin in cc c th di chuyn (qay) cng 1 trc (v d nhm phin
sc> l). Cn nhm s" chn gi c" nh (hnh 3.14). v nguyn tc, cu
to t xoay nh th hin hnh 3.l gm 2 nhm phin phng song
song i din nhau, nh vy din tch cc bn cc ca t l rt ln.
Li in mi tro n g trng hp ny th ng l k h n g kh. Gi tr in
dung c th thay i t vi pF (lc phn roto v phn stato khng
din nhau) n khong vi trm pF (lc hai phn tnh v ng i
din nhau ton b).
Phn ng
Phn ng
Phn tnh
Hnh 3.14. Cu to t xoay 2 ngn.
Roto
Phin stato
Hnh 3.15. T xoay gm 2 nhm

phin song song vi nhau.
Phn tnh
(khng nhinthy)
Roto
SQtO
thay i in dung
ca t trong 1 gii hn
nh (vi iu chnh) nhm
t xoay dng Trim hnh
3.16 c s dng.
Phn ng
Hnh 3.16. Mt dng ca t bn chun (Trlm).
41
3.3. T IN
IN
TRONG MCH
1 CHIU
3.3.1. Np in cho t
Rv
T in c trong mch hnh

3.17 cha c np in. Thot
tin, ngay sau khi nl mch
kho s, dng in ch tc ng
ti R v R;.
Uh-*-
T cha np in c tr khng bng 0
Nh vy cha c in p trn t (U^ = 0) hay khng c in tch

trn cc bn cc ca t. Dng in trong mch c gi tr;
R^+R.
(R = Rv Ri l in tr chung ca mach)
R '
T c bt u c np, Uc tng, tr khng ca t tng theo UcRc - , dng in trong mch b gim dn. Hnh 3.18 th hin
quan h dng I v p c theo thi gian t sau lc s ni mch (t = 0).
Thi gian cn thit cho vic np in ca t ph thuc vo dng
in, tc l ph thuc vo R v c. Tch s" R .c quyt nh ti t"c
np in ca t v c gi l h n g s" thi g ia n T.
t=
R.c
63
(chnh xc 63,2*/,) 60 /
37 .xov.
(chnh xc 36,8*/.)
20V.
5r
Hnh 3.18. th Uc(t) lc(t) khi 1 t np in.
Theo th hnh 3.18, sau thi gian t = X in p trn tu t ti

63% gi tr ln nht v sau t = 5t th Uc = Ucmax- Nh vy t np y
sau 5x. Lc U c (5t) = Uo; 1 = 0.
42
Kt c na y, tr khng ca t l v cng ln. T c tinh cht chn

dng 1 chiu.
V du: Khi cho
c = 1 0 0 f4.F v R = 2kQ (mch hnh 3.18)
Tnh hng s" thi gian
v thi gian np cho t.
= RC = 2.10f . 100 . 10-"F = 200ms

Thi gian np 5t: = 5.200ms = Is
T
3.3.2. Nng lng ca t
Khi c np y, t tch tr n n g lng in w c xc nh bi

w = - c .
W: in nng tr trong t
C: in dung ca t
U: in p trn t
3.3.3. S phng in ca t
Khi c np y, t nh mt ngun in p c in tr trong rt

nh. Nu khi c np y, n n gn m ch hai cc c a t, t phng
in vi dng in phng rt ln v d ph hng t nn thc hin
qu trnh phng in cho t cn s dng in tr phng mch ngoi
hn ch dng in phng (hnh 3.19).
__0^-o--------
c HUc
i
Hnh 3.19. ng phng ca t c.
Khi kho s n mch, t (ngun in p) cp dng cho R (cp

nng lng cho mch ngoi), t phng in v in p trn t gim
dn (hnh 3.19). Ti mi thi im, do I =
dng in gim theo
cng quy lut vi in p Uc;.

43
Sau mt khong T = RC in p trn t v dng trong mch gim

cn 37% so vi gi tr dnh v sau khong t = 5x,
in ptrn t
U(> (t > 5 t) = 0; I = 0: T phng ht nng lng.
3.4. T IN TRONG MCH XOAY CHIU
3.4.1. Dn dng xoay chiu
u
Ne dt in p xoay
chi ln t. n s c
np v phng in lin
tie"p. V d in p xoav
chiu l hnh sin, trong
1/4 chu k u, t c
np, phn t tip sau
n phng in. Sang bn
k m, ti phn t th 3
t
li
np
c4=
V
Q_
03-
C)
'Q
.c
CL
vy
QQ.
TO-
Hnh 3.20. Np phng cho t c

VI mt in p xoay chiu.
theo
chiu ngc li v phng

in phn t cu"i cng
trong mt chu k in p
tc ng (hnh 3.20).
Hnh 3.21. Dao ng ca in t trong hp dn

khi c dng xoay chiu.
Nh vy trong mch xoay chiu cc in t chuyn dng kiu dao ng

gia hai in cc ca t din (hnh 3.21) v t in c tnh cht dn in
d vi dng xoay chiu (nh in trng ghp gia hai bn cc ca t).
3.4.2. in khng ca t (dung khng)
Trong mch xoay chiu, in tr ca t cng nh khi tn s" cng

cao v in dung ca t cng ln. in khng ca l c tnh bi:
1
Xc =
27i.f . c
1
Xc =
t .c
X(: dung khng (in khng ca t)

C: din dung
f; tn s tn hiu
03: t n s gc (o) = 27tf)
44
Ch trong in khng X(. khng c tn hao cng sut nhit khi l

tng. Hnh
quan h
Xc theo 1,f, V
d: Vi
liii 3.22 th
Lut: hin
IIIVU quUi
lit: yvc
VI u.
vu, t c = 2 , 2 nF;
[Hz in khng ca t l:
ti f = lMHz
1
_________________________ _________________________
271.f . c
6 , 2 8 . 10 ( - ) . 2 , 2 . 1 0 (Ss)
x .=
1000
Q = 72,3Q
6 >2 8 . 2,2
Hnh 3.22. Quan h ph thuc in khng Xc vo tn s.
3.4.3. S dch pha v th vect
Khi dc np n trng thi Uc ln nht, dng 1 = 0 . Khi phng

in ht J(. = 0 dng I ln nht. Ngha l gia dng in v in p
trn t c s dch pha 90'X khi t khng c tn hao).
Khi khng c tn hao dng in trn t nhanh pha hn in p 1 gc Q.
th, thi gian Uc(t) v I{t) cho trn hnh 3.23, th vect Uc, I
cho trn lnh 3.24.
U
/1 >
X y *
HnP 3.23. th Uc (t) lc(t) ca

1 t khng tn hao.
Uc
Hnh 3.24. Quan h vectd dng v

p trn 1 t in khng c tn hao.
3.4.4. H s tn hao v gc tn hao
Cc ti in thc t lun c tn hao. Nu biu th qua in tr tn

hao R troag mch (hnh 3.25), t khng tn hao (l tng) c ni tip vi
R. T m;h hnh 3.25 nhn c th vct hnh 3.26. Gc dch pha
45
gia dng v p thc t nh hn 90, so vi t l tng b dch i 1 lng s

c nh ngha l gc tn hao. H s" tn hao theo nh ngha l tang
ca 5.
/
-------p
R
^
c= =
Uc
Uc'
^ V'
Hnh 3.25. Mch tng ddng

thay th' 1 t in c tn hao.
Hnh 3.26. th vc t dng v

p trn 1 t din c tn hao.
tg 5: h s tn hao.
. _
Uc
I.R
I.x ^
T cng t"t khi tn hao cng nh hay tgS cng nh, R

s" phm ch t ca t in Q dc nh ngha:
Xc. H
hay
3.5. MC NI TIP V MC SONG SONG CC T IN

3.5.1. Mch ni tip
Mch in hnh 3.27 c 3 t Ci, C2 v C3 mc nl tip nhau. Tr

khng tng cng:
^Ctd ~ ^C1
Hay:
^C2
1
^C3
Ci = :.,
- = l _ + - _ l _ + _ l _
coC,J
coC,
(0
c Id
coCt
coC,
J_r 1 + -----h
1 1
co
Hnh 3.27. Mc ni tip 3 t in.
Tng qut khi n tip n t in Ci, C2 Cn.

in dung tng ng c xc nh bi:
46
C2-h)Cc2
C3=hxc3
p dng cho trng hp c 2 tu Ci v C2 nl tip; - ^ = +

'Id c , C,
Hay
C,=47nF
V d; Hy tnh C(,a khi n tip c , = 47nF

vi C2 = lOnF (hnh 3.28).
c, .c ,
47nF.10nF
470
c ,+ c ,
47nF + 10nF
57
C2=10nF
nF - 8,25nF
2 8
. Mc ni
tip 2; t in.
3.5.2. Mch song song
Mch in hnh 3.29 c 3 t Ci, C v

C.3 mc song song nhau. Khi :
1
X C,J
Hay
Cj
Cj
X,
Hnh 3.29. Mc song song
3 t in.
co.C! - co.(Ci + c <2 + C3)

Ctd ~ C1+C2 + C3
Trng hp c n t Ci, C2,
c mc song song:
C,u = C, + C2 + ... + C=
i=l
V d; Mc song song 2 t Ci v C2, bit
Ci = lOOf^F (hnh 3.30) va:
Ctd = 430 |.iF hy tnh C2
U
JL
4 Cg=
, ..
C2--7
lOOpF
c l i - c . + c^hay C, = C a - C ,
C2 = 430 |i F - IOO1.1F = 330 |.iF
Hnh 3.30. Mc song

song 2 t din.
3.6. CUN DY
3.6.1. in cm
Khi trong cun dy hnh 3.31 c mt dng

in xoay chiu chy qua, xung quanh n s xut
hin mt t trng bin thin theo thi gian. T
trng ny cm ng ln cun dy mt in p
theo nh lut t cm.
Hnh 3.31. K hiu

cun dy.
47
U q! in p cm ng
N: s" vng dy ca cun dy
A: S bin thin ca t thng
At: thi gian xy ra bin thin A()
n
Uo
a) th dng in v in p cm ng
trn cun dy khi ni mch dng in
b) th dng in v in p cm ng
trn cun dy khi ngt mch dng in
Hinh 3.32.
Du
trong h thc th hin in p cm ng c chiu ngc vi
tc ng l nguyn nhn sinh ra n (l bin thin dng din trong cun
dy) (hnh 3.32a v hnh 3.32b). Khi dng I tng th Uo ngc chiu I,
cn khi I gim th Uo cng chiu vi I. in p t cm c gi tr ph
thuc cu to ca cun dy (vt liu lm li, s vng, chiu di qun
dy) v ph Ihuc tc bin ihin ca dng in trn cun dy.
U l: in p t cm
AI: s bin thin ca dng in
At: thi gian bin thin ca dng in
L: in cm ca cun dy
Vs
n v in cm o bng Henry [L] =
=as =H
48
Cun dy c in cm l 1 Henry khi vi dng in bin thin 1A trong

1s s sinh ra sc in ng (in p) t cm trn n l 1V.
Cc n v nh hn ca H l;
ImH (milihenry) = 10 '^H; InH (nano Henry) = 10 ~H
1 |aH (microHenry) =
IpH (picoHenry) =
Cc n v ln hn l IkH (kiloHenry) =
t dng.
in cm ca cun dy xc nh bi;
L: in cm.
N: s" vng dy
-Iq: hng s" t trng
h s t thm.
A; thit din vng dy.
1,: di ng sc trung bnh
a : dn t .
in cm ca mt cun dy lun t l vi s vng dy bnh
phng (vic xc nh h s" t thm )LI,, thng kh khn vi cc vt
liu li st t v ch tnh gn ng, gi tr 1, thng phn b" khng
r rt tnh chnh xc c).
3.6.2. Cu to cun dy
3.6.2.1. Cun dy li khng kh
iOi cun d v li khng kh thng c dng
tr (hnh 3.33) hay dng thit din ch nht

(hnh 3.34) dng xuyn (hnh 3.35) hay dng xon
c (hnh 3.36).
Hnh 3.33. Cun

dy dng hnh tr.
P
Hnh 3.34. Cun dy
dng ch nht.
4-LK IN
Hnh 3.35. Cun dy

dng li xuyn.
Hnh 3.36. Cun dy

dng xon c.
49
3,6,2,2, Cun dy li st
Cun dy c li st lm t vt liu st t mm (hnh 3.37) hay

vt liu Ferit t (hnh 3.38).
Cc vt liu st t (hnh 3.37) lm li c cch ly vi dy qun
nh vt liu cch in v loi cun dy ny ch lm vic vi cc tn s"
thp (ti 2 0 kHz) do tn hao tng nhanh khi tng tn s".
Nhm li Ferit t hnh 3.38 c tnh cht tt hn tn s" cao do
tn hao thp; cu n d y loi n y c d n g vi t n so cao ti vi
chc MHz. Cc dng li st hay li Ferit khc nhau c cho trn

hnh 3.39.
Hnh 3.38. LI cun dy Ferit t.
Hnh 3.37. Li cun dy xon t.
Li ch
LI ch M
Li ch E
Li ch I
Li trn
Li tr xoay
Hnh 3.39. Cc li st hay st t Ferit.
3.7. CUN DY TRONG MCH IN 1 CHIU
II
3.7.1. Qu trnh ni mch - to t trng
Mch hnh 3.40 cho mt cun dy

chu tc ng ca mt ngun 1 chiu.
in tr R trong mch c tnh tng
qut bao gm c in tr ring ca
cun dy, tc l khi coi cun dy
thun khng (khng tn hao).
Khi cho kho s ni mch, dng trong
mch tng dn. Ngay lc ni mch, in p
50
II
Hnh 3.40. Cun dy trong mch

in 1 chiu (khi ni mch).
t cm U l trn cun dy ln ti gi tr u tc ng. Sc in ng t cm

chag li s tng trng ca dng (hm dng) lm dng trong mch tng
chm. th hnh 3.41 minh ho s bin thin ca U l v I theo thi gian.
Qu trnh thit lp to t trng cng chm khi gi tr L cng ln v R
cng nh. Hng s thi gian X c nh ngha
Sau khong thi gian nl mch l T in p trn cun dy gim

cn 37% gi tr u v dng tng ti 63% tr
= (hnh 3.41) n
R
thi gian
5t
th
U l (5 x )
0 v I(5t) =
\\.
-------I--- V-
Hnh 3.41. th U(t) l(t) trn cun dy

khi to t trng (ni mch).
IK
'I
3 ^2. Cun dy trong mch

in 1 chiu (khi ngt mch).
T trng ca cun dy sau khi ni mch mt thi gian 5 r = 5 . s

c thit lp hon ton.
Vi du: Mt cun dv c in cm L = 0 , 2 H, t vo n in p
mt chiu lOOV vi in tr ca mch R = 50Q.

a) Tnh thi gian thit lp t trng ca cun dy.
b) Tnh dng cc i I,,,,,, khi t trng c thit lp hon ton.
_ L
0 , 2 H0 , 2 Q s_ ^
a) X = = -r- = ; = 4m s
R
50 Q
50 Q
Nh vy thi gian thit lp t trng l 5x = 5.4m s = 20m s (tc l

sau 2 0 ms t trng c thit lp hon ton).
,
b) I,naK =
lOOV
^ ,
= ----- - = 2 A
50 Q
51
3.7.2. Nng lng ca cun dy
Nng lng t trng cha trong cun dy khi c np xc nh bi;
W: nng lng t trng trong cun dy

L: in cm ca cun dy
I; dng in chy qua n
V du: Cun d 3' c L = 0.5H c dng I = 3A chy qua. Tnh nng
lng ca cun dy tr n g th i ny.
w = - L P = -0,(H).3(A)"= 2,25Ws (Watt giy).
3.7.3. Qu trnh ngt mch - gii phng nng lng t trng
Mch hnh 3.42 th hin qu trnh ngt mch khi kho s h

mch. Do dt nhin m t dng cp ti lc s ngt, nng lng t
trng tron g cun d y c t do, x u t h i n in p t c m r t ln c
cc tnh ngc vi chiu u hay cng chiu vi hng gim ca dng

in trn cun dy.
ln ca in p t cm ph thuc vo nng lng tch lu v vo
tc bin thin ca vic ngt mch (ca dng in).
Gi tr in p t cm c th t ti
vi kV (y cng l nguyn l khi ng
mi cho ng c t ch dng bnh c
quy) khi ngun cp dng cho cun dy
(gi l cun mi) b ngng t ngt.
th hnh 3.43 th hin dng v
p trn cun dy khi c tc ng dy
xung vung gc vo mch. Tronf khi
dng I(t) ch thay di trong phn trn
trc 0 th U l thng xuyn b o cc
sau mi nhp ni (cc tnh dng) v
ngt (cc tnh m). th hnh 3.43
cng tun theo quy lut nh vi mt
xung t bin n trc y, ngha l
Hnh 3.43. Qu trnh ni v ngt
mch cun dy kh tc ng
sau: X = L/R in p U l gim 37% tr
1 xung in p dng ch nht.
L,X v I tng 63%
= U/R).
Sau x = 5I7R n ng lng trong cun dy c gii phng hon ton.
52
3.8. CUN DY TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHlU

3.8.1. Stkh lu v gii phng nng lng t trng trn cun dy
Khi t din p xoay chiu ln cun dy, dng xoay chiu chy
qua cun dy to nn qu trnh lin tc to v gii phng nng lng
t Irng (hnh 3.44). th hnh 3.45 m t qu trnh np v phng
nng ln cho cun dy trong mt chu k ca dng in hnh sin vi
4 nhp lir. vic khc nhau trong mi phn t chu k.
R I
II
Hnh 3.44. Cun dy trong

mch xoay chiu.
Hnh 3.45. Qu trnh thit lp v gii phng

(nng lng) ttrng trong cun dy.
3.8.2. S dch pha v th vect
in p trn cun dy dt gi tr ln nht khi dng in I trn

n qua gi tr 0 v ngc li U, =0 lc dng I t cc i. Nh vy U l
v l dch pha nhau 90 v in p nhanh pha hn dng in 90^ i
vi cun dy l tng.
cun dy khng c tn hao, in p sm pha hn dng in 90.
Hnh 3.46 l th thi gian ca |, v I minh ho kt lun trn
v th vect tng ng th hin trn hnh 3.47.
Ui
Hnh 3.46. th U(t) v l(t) khi tc

ng in p xoay chiu hinh sin ln
cun dy khng c tn hao.
Hnh 3.47. Quan h vc t cun

dy khng tn hao.
53
3.8.3. in khng thun (cm khng) ca cun dy
Thnh phn in khng thun ca cun dy l thnh phn khng

lm tn h ao n n g lng in k h i kh n g bin i n n g lng th n h
cng s u t n h i t trn cun dy v c xc nh bi t s" l /I.
Xl; Cm khng
f: Tn s"
X l = 2nfL = coL
L: in cm.
co: 2nf tn s gc.
th hnh 3.48 biu din

quan h X lv tn s" f,
V d: Hy tnh cm khng ca
cun dy c in cm L = 10 mH tn
sf=2MHz.
27ifL = 6,28.2.10"l/s.10.10-'Qs
Hnh 3.48. S ph thuc ca in
khng thun ca cun dy vo tn s.
125600 Q = 125,6kQ
3.8.4. H s tn hao v phm cht
Thng cun dy thc t

c tn hao v khng th b
qua c. C th c trng
cho tn hao trn cun dy
bng in tr R trong mch
hnh 3.49 c mc ni tip
vi cun dy l tng khng
tn hao, Vi mch hnh 3.49
Hnh 3.50. th vc
Hnh 3.49. Mch
c th vectd hnh 3.50. Khi
t ca 1 cun dy c
thay th cun dy
c tn hao in p u trn cun
c ton hao.
tn hao khi c dng
v p qua n.
dy sm pha hn dng in 1
gc (90*^-) nh hn 90*^.
5
c nh ngha l gc tn hao, cun dy khng tn hao c s ~ 0.
H s" tn hao c nh ngha l tg
Ig =
u,
IX,
H s"phm cht ca cun dy c nh ngha l nghch o ca tgS

54
Q: h s phm cht ca cun dy
Q=
tg
X! cm khng ca cun dy
R: in tr tn hao ca cun dy
3.8.5. Cch qun cun dy
Khi s dng cun dy, do yu cu rt khc nhau nn phn ln

chng c qun trn cc li khc nhau v khng c s chun ho
nh vi cc in tr hoc t in.
in hnh nht l cun dy qun trn li khng kh nh mt cun
Tg h.ih tr hiy xuyn hnh trn (hr.h 3.50a v. l.ih 3.Cb. in
cm ca cun dy qun trn cc li ny c xc nh theo cng thc
gn ng vi li tr hnh 3.50a.
-X
a) Cun dy dng hnh tr
b) Cun dy dngvng xuyn
c) Li terit t m m
Hnh 3.50a, b, c.
y:
L; in cm (nH)
D: ng knh li (cm)
hay
N=
L(3D + 9 + 10W)
78 D-
L: chiu di li (cm)
W: b dy cun (cm)
N; a vng dy
Vi li hnh 3.50b
hay
N=
Ld
y:
L: in cm (nH)
D: ng knh ln (cm)
d: ng knh nh (cm)
N; s vng dy
7i D
Vi d:
Vi li hnh 3.Oa c chiu di 1 = 2 cm, ng knh D = l , 5 cm v

b dy cun dy w = 4mm c qun 100 vng. Tnh in cm L.
55
78D-
L = N \-
100-
78(1,5)-
nH
3D + 9.L + 10W
31,5 + 9.2 + 10.0,4
= 66226nH = 66,226nH
Vi loi li st t ch yu l li Ferit c sn xut cng nghip
vi nhiu loi mu m hnh dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin vt liu lm
li ch yu l loi Ferit t mm c h s in cm Al xc nh.
Gi tr A _ca mt li cun dy l gi tr dn t ca li.
Khi s dng li st t, in cm ca cun dy c tnh theo:

L=
hay
A l: h s in cm (nH)
L: in cm (nH)
A,
L
NV
V d: Li dng hnh 3.50c c dng ph bin ti tn s 50MHz
dng qun mt cun dy c L = 360)aH; bit A l = 60nH. Khi d cn

s" vng dy qun trn li l:
N=
VAl
60(nH)
, V655
N = 77,5 vng dy.

3.9. MC NI TIP V MC SONG SONG CC CUN DY
3.9.1. Mch ni tip
Trn hnh 3.51 thc hin mc n"i tip 3

cun dy Lj, L2 v L3. Khi in cm tng
ng:
^Ltci Xli + Xl 2
H ay
coLtj = co (Lj + L 2 +L3)
T vi n cun dy c in cm Li, L2... L

mc n tip nhau, in cm tng ng ca
chng l:
Li I Xli
u
I- xl
L3I Xl
Hnh 3.51. Ni tip

3 cun dy.
(Ch h thc trn ch ng khi cc cun dy khng ghp t

vi nhau).
56
3.9.2. Mch song song
Trn hnh 3.52, 3 cun dy Li, Lj v L, mc song song vi nhau.

Khi cc cun dy ny khng ghp t trng vi nhau (khng ghp h
cm) th:
1
Xud
x ,3
1 1
: =
oL,j
L|
x ,3
1
coLj
ha
Lj
(oL,
J_
Lt
L,
'II x^jr ii
1
C0L 3
Hnh 3 52. Ni song soni

3 cun dy.
Khi c n cun n song song nhau, khng ghp t vi nhau th:
Trng hp r i n g khi ch c 2 cun dy Lj v
"
m c so n g so n g
(/
LL
L,| 1
L, + L,
Hnh 3.53. Ni song song
2 cun y.
V i d: Cho mch hnh 3.54 vi 3 cun
dy c in cm LIJ Lo v L3 tng ng l
Lj = SOOmH; L2 = lOmH; L3 = lOOmH.
Tnh din cm tng ng.
| L2 =
lllOmH
300
MI
^ 300.150 (mH)^ 45.000mH

L, +Lj 300+150 (mH)
450
lOOnH
Lu - Lj 2 + L3 = lOOmH + lOOMH = 2 0 0 mH
L3=100mH
Hnh 3.54. Mc hn hp
3 cun dy.
CU H N TP V BI TP
1. Hy gii thch khi nim in dung. Nu r in dung ca dy dn

in, in dung ca cp hay in dung ca mt hp thit b l g?
2 . Hy nu mi lin h gia in tch Q, in p u v in dung c?
57
3.
Gi tr cc t in c th hin qua m mu 5 vch nh th

no? ngha ca cc vch mu quy c?
4.
6.
Mi t in c mt thi gian hng s t phng Tg, gi tr Ts ph

thuc vo nhng i lng no?
Mt t in c gi tr danh nh l 2 ,2 nF 20c v c h s nhit
ttc = - 2 ,.10 ^1/^K. Hy tnh gi tr in dung ca t nhit 95"c?
in p gii hn lu di ca t c ngha g?
7.
Hy gii thch c im cu to ca t mica v t giy.
8.
Phn bit t MP v t mica. Kh nng hi phc ca t MP l g?
9.
Cu to ca t MK?
5.
1 0 . T in ho c im c bit g? Cc in cc 1 , in cc
2 v lp
in mi ca t lm t loi vt liu no?

1 1 . Ti sao t in ho c phn cc?
12. Ti sao s dng cc in cc th nhm vi t in ho?
13. Cc t in ho khng phn cc c cu to nh th no?
14. T in ho T a n ta l d n g ch t in p h n ln g v c h t in phn
rn. Hy trnh by cu to ca hai loi t ny.

15. T xoay v Trim c c im g ging v khc nhau?
16. Hng s" thi gian np cho t in (trong mt mch in mt chiu)
l g? ngha?
17. Mt t din c in dung c = 2200).iF c np bi din p mt
chiu 450V. Tnh nng lng np cho t.
18. T c c = 6800)J,F lm ngun in p cho in tr ti R = lOMQ.
Tnh thi gian phng in ca t (lc bt u phng t c
np y).
19. T c = 4 7 nF ti tn s f = 1 0 kHz c h s tn hao l 0 , 0 2 . Tnh
in tr tn hao ni tip vi c? Tnh phm cht Q ca t.
20. 3 t in c , = lOOnF; C2 = 22nF v C3 = 47nF c mc ni tip
nhau. Tnh Ctj.
21. Mt t c Ci = l|.iF c n tip vi t C2 to ra Cia = 359nF.
Tnh C2.
2 2 . Gii thch ngha in cm ca 1 cun dy? Khi no 1 cun dy
c gi tr in cm l 1 Henry.
23. Hng s thi gian ca cun dy trong mch in 1 chiu l g?
58
24. Mt cun dy khng tn hao c dng xoay chiu chy qua. Gc

dch pha gia din p trn cun dy L v dng I qua n bng
bao nhiu? V th vc t minh ho?
25. S ph thuc ca cm khng X|^ ca mt cun dy vo tn s" nh
th no? V th minh ho.
26. H s tn hao v phm cht ca 1 cun dy thc l g? ngha.
27. 3 cun dy Lj = 20mH; Lg^lOOmH v Lj = IH c ni song song
nhau (khng c ghp t trng vi nhau). Tnh Li,).
28. Hy xc nh gi tr ca t Ct,i trong mch hnh 3.55.
C ,= 2nF
Ca^lOOnF
C 3 = 2 |.iF
C ,= 4 îF
C5=6mF.
2 pF
C3
2F'
100 nF
Ct
= jF
ci
6 pF
Hnh 3.55. Mc hn hp 5 t in.
59
Chdng 4
M6NC Mfl cc VA M6NQ 4 cc

PH THUC TN S
4.1. TNH CHT CHUNG
4.1.1. Mng hai cc
Mt mch in c hai u ni ra ngoi c

m t l 1 mng 2 cc, c th biu din nh mt
ci hp hnh 4.1. Cu to bn trong hp c
th rt khc nhau, ta ch ch n mt s
trng hp l cc linh kin cp ti nh
in tr, t in hay cun dy v chng c
ngha c bit trong k thut in t.
4.1.2. Mng 4 cc
ZP
Hnh 4.1. Mch in c

hai u ni ra ngoi
(mch 2 cc).
Mch in c 2 u ni li vo v hai u
n li ra c nh ngha l 1 m ng 4 cc v
c th m t chng nh mt hp dng hnh 4.2.

C nhiu dng mng 4 cc rt khc nhau v cu
to v tnh cht. Trong phn ny ch cp ti
mt vi dng c bn nht c cu to t cc phn
t R, L, c thng gp v quan trng nht trong
k thut in t.
Li ra
Hnh 4.2. Mch 4 cc.
4.2. MCH RC Nl TIP
Tc ng mt in p xoay chiu vo mch RC ni tip th hin

hnh 4.3 (c dng 1 mng 2 cc). th vct cc in p R, U(J v
dng in I trn mch c cho trn hnh 4.4; th vc t cc thnh
phn tr khng ca mch cho trn hnh 4.5.
Mng hai cc
Hnh 4.3. Mch 2 cc ni tip R v c.
60
Hnh 4.4. th vc t dng

v p trn mch RC ni tip.
Do Uk cng oha I v I nhanh pha

trn t C). Ta c:
Hnh 4.5. th vc t tr
khng ca mch ni tip RC.
hD
Uc 1 gc 90^(khnp tn hao
^ - Xc Vy z =
u
I
Z=y]V+X
l gc dch pha gia u v I
4.3. MCH RL NI TIP
Tc ng in p xoay chiu u vo mch gm R v L n tip hnh

4.6, U kcng pha vi dng in I, U l nhanh pha 90 so vi I (cun dy
khng c tn hao). th vect cc in p cho trn hnh 4.6 v quan
h din khng cho trn hnh 4.7. T cc d th ny, ta c;
Z = ^R'+x
_ ^1, _
tg(p =
o y (p l gc dch pha gia dng in I v in p u
trong mch.
61
Mng
hai cc
L||
II
Hnh 4.6. Mch ni tip R v L

(mng 2 cc).
Hnh 4.7. th vc t in p
v tr khng mch RL ni tip.
4.4. KHU RC
Chuyn mch n tip RC hai cc hnh 4.3 theo cch biu din ca
mt mch 4 cc hnh 4.8 vi U l in p l vo, 2 l in p l ra.
Hy xt tnh cht ca khu RC hnh 4.8 khi Ui l in p c dng hnh
sin v tn s" ca Ui thay i.
vng tn s" thp, t c c tr khng rt ln, khi 2 - Uj.
vDg tn s" cao, tr khng ca t c nh, khi Uo 0 .
Trn hnh 4.8 cho s ph thuc ca in p ra 2 vo tn s" li vo.
Tnh cht cho qua tn thp v nn tn s"cao gi l tnh lc tn thp.
Mch lc tn thp ch cho cc tn hiu vo c tn s thp i qua.
Tn s ti U 2 gim cn 0,707Ui (gim y[2 ln) c nh ngha

l tn s' gii hn trn ca di tn cho qua v k hiu fg.
' '
2 Li ra
Li vo U]
i-
4 cc
Hnh 4.8. Mt RC nh mt mng 4 cc th ph thuc in p ra U 2 vo tn s f.
T th vect ca mch in cho trn hnh 4.9, c 2 =

ra khi Uk=
62
U c = 22
hay^
= Î
xy
R = Xe, t iu kin ny
R=
2n.c
U
hay
27tRC
2 tit
Tch s" X = RC c nh ngha l hng s" thi gian ca khu RC,

ti tn s gii hn fg, U 2 dch pha so vi Ui 1 gc 45.
V d: Khu RC c R = lOkQ;
Tnh
c = lOOnF.
ca b lc th"p?
1
, = ^ = ------------- r --------- ^--- 2rtRC

6 .2 8 . 10 . 1 0 \ 100 . 10 '".s,
= 159Hz
Hnh 4.9. th vc td in p v in trd ca mt RC tn s' gii hn.
4.5. KHU CR
Mch CR (hnh 4.10

vi m hnh mt mng 4
cc) c c nh o v
Lr gia 2 phn t R v
c trong mch ni tip
hnh 4.3 hay hnh 4.8
Cc tnh cht ca khu
CR ngc li rt khc
so vi khu RC xt:
<>
LI vo u^
' <
>
-U c -^
4 cc
Hnh 4.10. Mt CR nh mt mng 4 cc.
cc tn s' thp, do tr khng ca c rt ln nn 2 0.
cc tn s cao, do tr khng ca c rt nh nn 2 U).

th 2 (f) c cho trn hnh 4.11 v quan h vect gia in p
v dng in trong mch cho trn hnh 4.12.
Khu mch CR ch cho qua cc tn hiu tn s cao v nn cc tn hiu
tn s thp, y l tnh cht ca mt b lc tn s cao.
63
B lc tn s cao l mt mch ch cho qua cc tn s cao.
Hnh 4.11. th ph thuc in p ra U2

vo tn s f ca mt CR.
Hnh 4.12. th vc td ti tn s
gii hn ca mt CR.
Tng t, tn s ti u., gim gi tr cn
c tnh ngha l
V2
tn m ct (tn s" gii han di fg) ca di tn cho qua.
Ti g
U| = Uo v do ;
(C=72.3nF)
R=2^kn
Ti fg u., dch pha 45 so vi U].

V i du: Mt b lc cao CR hnh 4.13
c
= 1kHz. Bit R = 2,2kQ hy chn
t c thch hp.
c = -------------------- ^
6 ,2 8 .2 ,2 (k Q ).1 0 -(H z )
Hnh 4.13. B lc cao vi tn s

gii hti l 1KHz.
- nF
6 ,2 8 .2 ,2
c = 72,3 nF.
4.6. KHU RL
Mt mch in gm in tr R mc ni tip vi 1 cun dy L (hnh

4.14) c m t di dng mt mng 4 cc v c gi l mt khu
RL. Cun dy c in cm L c coi l l tng (khng c tn hao).
Xt quan h 2 (f) ti l ra (hnh 4.15), khu RL ang xt c tnh
64
cht ca b lc tn s cao: vng tn s cao, in khng Xl gi tr ln

nn U l Ur hay U ~ u ,. vng tn s thp, do Xl nh nn U l Ur
hay U a 0. Tn s ti 2 gim V2 ln so vi tr ln nht (bng Uj)
c nh ngha l tn s" gii hn di hay tn s" ct fg!
u , (L) =
U,
Kbi : 2 = U l = Ur hay Xl = R
Ta c 27tf,.L = R.
Hay
R
1
Hnh 4.14. MtRL.
Hinh 4.15, th quan h Uj li ra ca mt

mt RL vi tn s vo f.
th quan h vect gia dng in

v cc in p trong mch cho trn hnh
4.16. Ti tn s" gii hn, U dch pha 45
so vi ,.
H g s" thi gian ca mch T =
L
R
V du: mL khu RL c hng s thi
gian T = 0,5ms, bit R = lOOQ (hnh 4.17)

hy tnh tn s gii hn ca b lc v xc
nh gii tr in cm L ca khu RL.
f =_L =
1
_ 1000
' " 2 tit " 6,28.0,5.10-\s ~ 6,28.0,5 ^
fg=318Hz.
L
T=
-> L = t .R
R
= 0,5.10-'s.l00Q = 50mH.
S-tKlnr
Hnh 4.16. th vc t
in p ti tn s gii hn
ca mt RL.
0
Uy
L 50mH .......... 0
-----
L^
JR
U2
100Q
wm
Hnh 4.17. B lc cao RL

vi tn s gii tin 318Hz.
65
4.7. KHU LR
i v tr gia in tr R v cun dy L trn hnh 4.14 s c khu

LR hnh 4.18. Mch c tnh cht ca mt b lc tn s thp.
vng tn s thp, do Xj, rt nh nn U]L hay 2 Uj vng
tn s" cao, do Xl rt ln, jÛ r hay c 0.
Hnh 4.19 a ra c tnh U 2(f) th hin tnh cht lc tn thp ca
khu LR. tn s gii hn trn ca di tn s cho qua, U| - U hay t
vi u, (fg) =
suy ra
ti fg, 2 dch pha 45 so vi Uj.

V2
4.8. MCH CNG HNG

4.8.1. Mch RLC ni tip
Xt mch hnh 4.20 gm 3 phn t R, L v c mc ni tip nhau.

Khi t ln mch 1 in p u , xut hin dng in I trong mch. in
p trn R l Ur cng pha vi I (Ur = IR). in p trn cun dy L
nhanh pha hn dng in 1 gc 90 (Uj, = I . Xl). in p trn t c
chm pha hn dng in 1 gc 90 (Uc = I. Xc). Cc quan h v pha
trn c th hin trn d th vect hnh 4.21.
R1
r
1
-I 1
c=
*
Hnh 4.20. Mch ni tip R, L, c.
66
Hnh 4.21. th vc t mch ni tip

R, L v c mt tn s xc nh.
Ti mt tn s nht nh, c th tnh ton theo quan h vect cc

in p trong mch nh hnh 4.22 v quan h vect cc in khng
trong mch nh hnh 4.23. T hnh 4.22 suy ra:
T th hnh 4.23 suy ra:
Hinh 4.22. th in p ca
mch ni tip RLC mt
tn s xc dinh.
Hnh 4.23. th tnh tr

khng mch RLC ni tip ti
mt tn s xc nh.
tn s' cao, do Xl ln nn z kh ln.

tn s tha"p z cng kh ln do Xc ln. Tr
khng nh nht xy ra lc Xl = Xc v c tnh
thun tr z = R (hnh 4.24). Tn s" f,, ti
cc in khng bng nhau v ngc du gi l
tn s' cng hng ca mch. Ta c Xj = X.
(oL =
co =
1
0)C
1
= 2nf
Hnh 4.24. Quan h tr

khng theo tn s z(f) ca
mch ni tip R, L v c.
VEc
H thc trn cho xc nh tn s" cng hng fr gi l cng thc

Thomson.
67
4.8.2. Mch cng hng ni tip
Mch nl tip RLC hnh 4.20 khi chn R nh c gi l mch

cng hng nl tip, y R c coi l in tr tng cng ca mch
n tip, ngha l tnh c cc in tr tn hao ca cun dy v t in
trong thc t (trng hp thng gp R ch l cc in tr tn hao ca
L v C). Ti cng hng z = R, hnh 4.25 ch ra th tnh in tr ti
cng hng ca mch.
Mch cng hng ni tip c in tr nh nht ti tn s cng hng.
Do X^ = Xc nn Ui^ = Uc- th vect tnh cc in p ti tn s f,,

c cho trn hnh 4.26. Cc in p trn cun dy L v trn t in
Uc l bng nhau v bin v ngc pha nhau (hnh 4.27). S trao i
nng lng t trng ca cun dy v nng lng in trng ca t
in l cn bng nhau kiu con lc v khi ta ni rng c s cng
hng cng nhau. Ti c cng hng in p khi U l v U(- c gi
tr ln hn in p u tc ng vo mch.
Ui
>c
R
Hl
Hnh 4.25. th tr
khng mch ni tip RLC
ti tn s cng hng.
c
Ur
Hnh 4.26. Tnh in
p trn mch RLC ni
tip ti cng hng.
Hnh 4.27. th
(t), Uc(t)
trn mch cng hng ni
tip (lc cng hng).
(Xem dng U l v U(; hnh 4.27 v gi

tr tng ng hnh 4.28) c trng
hin tng cng hng, s dng h s"
phm cht Q.
H s phm cht Q ca mt mch cng
hng ni tip l t s vt tri ca Ui
hay U c so vi in p t vo mch ti tn
s cng hng.
/ ^
,
Rf
Liv
1
R=1V
1
I*10V
c = C=10V
t
Hnh 4.28. Cc in p
phn b trn cc phn t
ca mch R, L v c ni tip.
68
Nu thay U l = IXl ; U c = IXc v u = IR (ti Q th
H s tn hao (h s' nn) c nh ngha l nghch o gi tr

ca Q.
<>
Khi gi cho in p vo u khng i,
quan st dng I trong mch khi thay i
tn s" ca u s nhn c c tnh cng
hng (hnh 4.29) ca mch cng hng
n tip. Hnh 4.30 th hin 3 ng c
tnh cng hng ng vi 3 gi tr d (hay R)
khc nhau.
Mch cng hng n
tip c bn cht l mt
mch chn lc tn s
(mch lc) tn s" v
ln cn hp xung
quanh f, Di tn s" b lc
cho qua (di tn lm vic)
c gi l rng bng
tn k hiu l b. Hnh
4.31 th hin cch xc
nh rng bng tn
nh xc nh 2 tn s"
bin fgi v fg2 sao cho:
I(f) = I ( y
R
=hng s
f c th bin iN-^
Î
c=|=
Hnh 4.29. Mch o c tuyn

cng hng ca RLC n tip.
Hnh 4.30. c tuyn cng hng ca mch RLC

ni tip VI cc tn hao khc nhau.
I max
b = fg2 - fgi = d .
rng bng tn cng ln khi d cng ln
69
Hnh 4.31. Xc dnh rng bng tn ca mch cng hng RLC.
Vi d: Cn chn 1 mch cng hng n tip c tn s f,. = lMHz
khi c t c = 20pF. Hy tnh gi tr L

X, = Xc
coL =
1
cC
I
( \c
1
(27.10'' i ) ' . 20 . 10 " Ss
3 9 ,4 .1 0 " .2 0 .1 0\-12
1000
mH = l,27mH
39,4.20
4.8.3. Mch song song R, L, c
t mt in p u vo mch hnh 4.32 gm 3 phn t R, L, c mc

song song nhau. Dng do u gy ra gm 3 thnh phn 1l, Ir v Ic c
biu din trn th vect hnh 4.33. Dng Ir cng pha u , Ic nhanh
pha hn 90 v II chm pha hn 90'* so vi u (gi thit cun dy v t
in l cc phn t khng c tn hao). Thc hin tnh trn th vct
hnh 4.34 c;
= Y
70
i Jc
u
II
Hiih 4.32. Mch cng hng RLC

mc song song.
Hinli 4.33. th c l cc dng difri

trn mch cng hng song song.
Ta c th vc t cc thnh phn in dn hnh 4.35

Y = : dn in ca mch
z
R
= G : dn thun
X,
1
= Bl : dn cm khng
= Bp : dn dung khng
Xc
Khi B
th Y c gi tr nh nht Y = G.
th biu din Y(f) cho trn hnh 4.36.
Hnh 4.34. Biu din th

vc t dng in trn
mch RLC song song.
Hnh 4.35. th vc t
dn n ca mt
mch RLC song song.
Hnh 4.36. Quan h dn

theo tn s Y(f) ca mch
RLC song song.
71
Tn s" ti
gi l tn s" cng hng fr c tnh theo:
B l Bc
1
toL
2 _=
CO
1
LC
(2 0 ^
(cng thc Thomson)
4.8.4. Mch cng hng song song
Mch hnh 4.32 vi ba phn t R, L,
mc song song khi c R
ln c gi l mch cng hng song song, y R l in ti tng

cng ca mch song song k c cc in tr tn hao ca cun dy v t
in, in tr lp rp mch... tn s" cng hng, mch cng hng
song song c in dn nh nht hay tr khng l ln nht v thun tr.
Hnh 4.37 th hin c tnh Z (f) ca mch cng hng song song.
Mch cng hng song song c in tr ln nht ti cng hng
Hnh 4.37. Tr khng ca mch song song

ph thuc tn s.
Hnh 4.38. th vc td cc
dng in khi cng hng.
Ti do B l = Bc nn Ij = Ic v c gi tr ln nht. th tnh ton

vct cc quan h dng ti f,, c cho trn hnh 4.38. Dng II v Ic l
i pha nhau v c bin vt tri hn dng I. Khi cng hng ta
nhn c s trao i kiu con lc dng in trn cun dy II v dng
trn t Ic vi ln vt tri hn nhiu so vi dng I cung cp cho
72
mch. xy ra cng hng kiu dng in trong mch dao ng song

song (hnh 4.39 v hnh 4.40). Mc vt tri ca II v Ic so vi I
c nh ngha l h s" phm cht Q ca mch.
Rv
<z>
khng i
f c th thay i
L||
r(
Hnh 4.39. Qu trnh trao i nng lng gia cun dy

v t in trong mch cng hng song song.
Phm cht Q ca mt mch dao ng cng hng song song l s ln

vt tri ca dng c hay L so vi dng I cung cp cho mch khi xy ra
cng hng.
Thay th bng cc dn tng ng:

U.B, _U B c
U.G U.G
Q =
Bl
G
Bc
H s tn hao
Mch dao ng song song
c biu th tnh cht qua
ng cong cng hng cho
quan h in p u trn mch v
tn s f: U(f) hnh 4.40. Cc
dng ng cong cng hng vi
3 gi tr tn hao khc nhau c
cho trn hnh 4.41. Khi d cng
ln th ng cong cng rng ra.
rng bng tn b c xc
nh theo th hnh 4.42.
Hnh 4.4. in p trn mch song song

theo tn s' f ca tn hiu vo.
73
Hnh 4.41. c tnh cng hng song song vi cc mc tn hao d khc nhau.
Hnh 4.42. th xc nh b rng bng tn ca mch cng hng.
b = f,2 - fgi = d..
vi u (f,0 = U ( U =
u .max
V
B rng bng tn cng ln khi h s tn hao cng ln hay Q cng nh

V du: Mch cng hng song
song hnh 4.43 ch gm 2 phn t

cun dy L v t in c c tn s" cng
hng l f,. = 10MHz. Hy tnh in
tr tn hao R ca khung dao ng ny
bi"t rng bng b = 100kHz.
b = d.L -> d = = ---- _ Q
f
10MHz
74
/, = 10 MHz
b =00 kHz
LÎOOpHl
Hnh 4.43. Mch cng hng

song song (R th hin c tn
hao ca L v c trong n).
= 100
0,01
R
Q=^
R = Q.X,=Q.co.L
= 100.6,28.10.1 O'' - . 1 0 0 . 1 = 628kQ

Hnh 4.44 mt dng mch cng hng song song, nu tch in tr
tn hao ca mch R,. = Rri + R,-2 (Rri = Rra). ta c:
R=
C.R^ ~ C(R,., +R^,)
y R,. R,.J v R ,2 l cc in trd nl tif) trong mch. Khi in

tr song song c tnh bi cc h thc trn theo cc gi tr R,. hoc R,,1
v R,2 bit.
I
R,|
1JR,1
i
jRr2
IK
'
JRr
L
=c
- 1
!-
JR4kc
Hnh 4.44. Mch cng hng song song c in tr mc ni tip.
4.9. KHU RC LM MCH TCH PHN

4.9.1, Vn chung
Tc ng ti l vo ca mt mt RC hnh 4.45 in p , c dng

dy xung vung gc c rng (t2 ~ t) = t
Ti lc t = tj, c cha c np in nn in p ra c gi tr U 2(ti) = 0.
Ngay sau t|, c c np in lm Uc = 2 tng dn.' Tc np ca c
(hay t"c tng ca U) ph thuc hng s thi gian X = RC. Sau
khong thi gian t = 5x,
c np y 2 w U). Cc hnh 4.45a ti
4.45c cho quan h 2(t) ng vi cc gi tr
khc nhau (so vi
t).
Lc
75
t = t,, Ui = 0, t
bt u phng in (hnh 4.46) tc phng do
t = RC quyt nh. Qu trnh phng in ca
cng chm khi
Xcng
ln. Sau khong 5 T th kt thc qu trnh phng in U2(5x) 0.
Hinh 4.45. Mch RC tc ng bi in p vung gc vi cc gi tr X khc nhau.
R
Uj
(a)
Hnh 4.46. Dng in khi c
phng in.
76
Hnh 4.47. p ng ra mch tch phn (b)

kh tc ng vo c dng vung gc (a).
4.9.2. Qu trnh tch phn
C th dng mch hnh 4.48 thc hin (m t) mt php tch phn

theo thi gian i lng vo. Quan h tch phn, th hin l U 2 t l
vi jU](t)dt, cng chnh xc khi chn T = RC cng ln so vi rng tj
ca xung vo.
,
Ri
Hnh 4.48. Ni t r ngun np c nh hng mnh ti X ca mch np cho c .
Khu RC thc hin tich phn theo thi gian in p vung gc tc ng

ti li vo khi hng s thi gian ca n T= RC kh ln hn rng t ca
xung vo.
4.9.3. nh hng ca ngun cp
Ngun cp cho mch tch phn c nh hng ti kh nng tch

phn ca mch RC do ngun c ni tr R tham gia vo in tr tch
phn v lm tng X, khi T = (R + Rv)C.
4.10. KHU CR LM MCH VI PHN
4,10.1.
Vn chung
Tc ng ti li vo mt mt CR hnh 4.49 in p U) c dng dy

xung vung gc c rng t = L, ^1- Ti lc t = tj, c cha np in,
ngay lc ny X(; = 0 v U = U u , (hnh 4.49a). Sau Xc tng dn do
t np lm K gim dn cho ti khi c np y (khong thi gian 5t = 5RC)
U]i 0 = 2 (hnh 4.50). Khi in p np c trn t bng in p
vo khong lOV (hnh 4.51). Lc t = 2, Uit) = 0, in p trn t np
c vai tr nh mt ngun in p, lc U.p(t9) = -lOV (hnh 4.51). Sau
t, t phng in n lc 20 t phng ht in tch lm 2(t2o) = 0.
Thi gian np v thi gian phng ca tj do hng s" thi gian
T = RC quyt nh, thng sau 5 t qu trnh np v phng kt thc. Cc
hnh 4.49a n 4.49d th hin quan h Uv(t) vi T khc nhau so vi t.
77
Hnh 4.49. Mch CR khi c tc ng xung vung gc,

th VI cc gi tr T = RC khc nhau.
Hnh 4.50. T in ca mt CR
phng in t gi tr c np i 10V.
78
Hnh 4.51. Khi

3P ra
ti lc ny bng -10V .
4.10.2. Qu trnh vi phn
Xt qu trnh thc
hin php tnh vi phn l
vi hm Z(t) hnh 4.52. khi
dz
kt qu Z' =
c
Hnh 4.52.
th Z(t).
cho trn hnh 4.53, Z' cng

ln khi t"c bin thin
ca z theo t cng nhanh,
nu z tng th Z' c gi tr
dng, cn khi z gim th
Z' c du m.
Hinh 4.53.
dz
Quan h Z' =
dt
Khu mch CR c th thc hin c chc nng mt php vi phn

(hnh 4.49c).
Khu CR thc hin vi phn theo thi gian in p vo vung gc
khi hng s thi gian ca mch T = RC nh so vi rng xung vo
T
t.
Mch CR ch thc hin c php gn ng v cng chnh xc khi

X
cng nh.
4.10.3. nh hng ca ngun cp
in tr trong R, cng nh in cm,

in dung ca ngun nui c nh hng ti
cc kt qu vi phn ca khu CR do c s
tham gia ca chng vo lm tng hng s X
ca mch. Khi tnh ton chi tit cn
ti cc tham s" ny.
>' .........
<
100 n
Uy
10V
c
.7nF
u.
<
Hnh 4.54. Mt RC.
CU HI N TP
- BI TP
1.
nh ngha mng 2 cc v mng 4 cc?
2.
Khu mch RC hnh 4.54 c tn s" gii hn l fg.Hy v

phc tho UaCO ca mch.
3.
Gii thch khi nim lc tn thp v lc tn cao.
4.
Cn thc hin 1 khu lc tn cao c tn s gii hn fg =8kHzv t

chn l c = 20nF. Hy xc nh R?
th
79
5.
6.
Mt loa tn thp (loa trm) c R = 8Q

ch lc thp n tn s gii hn 300Hz.
Hy chn cun dy c L thch hp
thc hin c nhim v (mch hnh 4.55)
b qua in cm ring ca loa.
Mch cng hng ni tip c cu to
nh th no? Hy v th cng hng
Z() ca mch.
_
R
8fl
Hnh 4.55. Mch lc tn thp.
7.
Hy gii thch hin tng cng hng ca mch cng hng n tip.
8.
Mt mch cng hng ni tip c f,. = 19kHz, dng cun dy c

L = 2mH, tnh gi tr c ph hp.
9.
G ii th ch n g h a h SQ Q v d ca m ch cng hng ni tip.
10. Hy v th (f) ca mch cng hng ni tip khi tc ng mt

in p c gi tr khng i v tn s" thay i ln mch.
11. B rng bng tn l g? cch xc nh b rng bng tn b ca mch
cng hng ni tip.
12. Cu to mch cng hng song song nh th no? Hy v mt
mch cng hng song song.
13. Hy vit h thc Thomson cho xc nh
tn s" cng hng f,..
hon
14. Cng hng dng in xy ra trong mch

dao ng song song nh th no?
15. Hy xc nh cc tham s": tn s cng
hng f,., h s phm cht Q, h s" suy
gim d v rng bng tn b ca mch
dao ng song song cho trn hnh 4.56.
16. S dng mt mt RC lm mch tch phn.
in p vo l mt xung vung gc. cn
chn t = RC ln hay nh? V sao?
J22n
M O pH
47 pF
Hnh 4.56. Vlch cng

hng scng song.
17. nh hng ca ni tr Rj ca ngun cp

ti T tch p h n .
18. Khu CR thc hin php vi phn nh th no?

19. Trn hnh 4.57, Ui c vi phn. Hy v
phc tho th in p ra ca mch vi
phn 2 theo thi gian ti li ra ca mch.
80
Hnh 4.57 in p
vuri gc.
Chng 5
DIOT BN DN
5.1. VT LIU BN DN IN
Cc vt liu bn dn in c tnh dn in nm trung gian gia

cht dn in (nhm kim loi) v cht cch in (nhm in mi). Thng
dng v quan trng nht l Silic, tic"p sau l Gemani, Selen, Asenit Gali,
phphorit Indi, Antimonit Indi. Chng u c cu trc dng tinh th,
trong khi Si va Ge v phn ln cc loi vt liu bn dn khc c cu trc
dn tinh th th c mt s vt liu c cu trc dng a tinh th nh
Selen, cc vt liu thuc nhm A 3 B 5 c cu trc n tinh hn hp.
Vt liu bn dn ban u c lm sch mc tinh khit (10*: 1)
tc l 10" nguyn t Si mi ln 1 nguyn t tp cht cha lm sch
c. Nu so snh vi 1 php o lng th o khong cch lO.OOOkm mi
phm phi sai s" l Imm. y l mt i hi rt cao vi cng ngh
lm sch. Nh vy vi cc vt liu bn dn in chun b cho vic ch
to cc linh kin bn dn, c hai yu cu c bit;
1. thun khit ( sch) l cao nht.
2. C cu trc n tinh th.
Tr lng Si v Ge trn tri t l kh ln cho yu cu cng ngh
bn dn.
5.2. CU TRC CHT BN DN t in h TH
Hnh 5.1. M hnh nguyn tsilic.
Hy phn tch cu trc tinh th ca Silic lm v d (tinh th

Gemani hay mt s" vt liu bn dn khc c cu trc tng t).
Nguyn t Silic c 14 in t c phn b 3 qu o (hnh 5.1) ti
81
6-LK IN T
lp ngoi cng (lp M) c 4 in t gi l cc in t ho tr (quyt

nh Si thuc nhm 4 bng tun hon Mendeleep). Chng c kh nng
thc hin cc lin kt ho tr ghp i in t vi 4 in t ho tr
khc ca 4 nguyn t nm k 4 pha. y l kiu cu trc mng tinh
th in hnh ca nhm vt liu bn dn quan trng nht (hnh 5.2).
i I
II
o
Hnh 5.2. Cu to tinh th Si
(trn mt mt phang).
i 1
i
II
II
:i:is ir :iz is
I
>11
:;:s
<I
1i
Hnh 5.3. Cu to mng tinh th Si

(1 ng nt t l 1 in t ho tr).
Hnh 5.4. Mng tinh th Si khi lp phdng.
Nh vy mi in t ho tr c dng cho 2 nguyn t k nhau trong

mng tinh th v mi nguyn t Silic c chung lin kt vi 4 nguyn t k
n nh c 4 in t chung ca chng.
Cc hnh 5.3 v 5.4 m t cu trc tinh th vi cc nguyn t Si

nt mng.
5.3. TNH CHT DN i n
S" in t (hay s ht dn) t do quyt nh tnh dn in ca vt

liu. Cc in t t do chnh l cc in t vnh ngoi sau khi thot
khi lin kt vi ht nhn ca n (gi l qu trnh ion ho nguyn t).
82
cht bn dn sch, c c in t t do (trong m hnh vng

nng lng) xut hin vng dn cn tc dng mt nng lng ln
in t t vng ho tr (in t lin kt) nhy mc nng lng n
vng dn tr thnh in t t do v li 1 ion dng (Si^). Nh vy
0K cc ch^t ny l khng dn in c.
Kh nng dn in ca vt liu bn dn thun khit do 3 yu t"
quyt nh:
1. Dn in nh tp cht cn li cha lm sch ht.
2. Dn in nh sai hng ca mng tinh th (v d do dao ng
nhit) khi nhit tng kh nng ny trig nhanh.
3. Dn in do cc hiu ng xy ra trn b mt tinh th (khuyt
tt ca mng ti b mt).
Cc vt liu bn dn thun khit c dn in ring (dn in loi I).
dn ring ca cht bn dn tinh khit ph thuc mnh vo nhit .
nhit phng (20C) dn in ring ca cc vt liu bn dn
in hnh l:
Silic l X;
= -------------2 .1 0 -Q.cm
1
Gemani l X, = - _ _
40.Q.cm
dn in ring ca tinh th Si ch bng
5000
dn in ring
ca tinh th Ge.
5.4. CHT BN DN SILIC l o i N
Pha tap cht loi tha in t vo mng

tinh th Si lm sch. V d nguyn t thuc
nhm 5 bng tun hon Mendeleep c 5 in
t vnh ngoi (Photpho, Arsen hay Antimoan)
4 din t ho tr tham gia lin kt ghp i cn
tha mt in t d c kh nng tr thnh
in t t do do lin kt yu vi ht nhn
nguyn t tp cht (gi l tp cht Donor - tp
cht cho). Qu trnh ion ho nguyn t tp
cht xy ra d dng, to ra mt ion dng tp
cht Donor v 1 in t t do (hnh 5.5).
Hnh 5.5. Mt nguyn t

phot pho (tha in t)
trong mng tinh th Si.
Mi nguyn t tp cht cho gii phng 1 in t t do khi b ion ho.
83
Khi pha cng nhiu tp cht cho, dn in ca vt liu ciig cao.

Cng pha nhiu tp cht, tinh th bn dn cng c in tr thp.
Tinh th Si khi pha tp cht cho tr thnh Silic loi n.

Si - n l vt liu bn dn n tnh th c cc ht dn in t do l in t
v khng tch in.
Tinh th Siiic-n
Nu t vo phin Si-n mt in
p, cc in t t do chuyn ng v
pha cc dng ca ngun tc ng
to nn dng in nh trong vt dn
kim loi - y l qu trnh dn in
bng in t (hnh 5.6).
5.5. CHT BN DN SILIC LOI p
Pha tp cht loi Axeptor (loi
nhn in t) vo mng tinh th Si
(v d nhm hay cc nguyn t" nhm
3 bng Mendeleep vi 3 in t vnh
ngoi). Xut hin 3 lin kt ghp i
ho tr v 1 lin kt b khuyt (hay
l 1 l trng). Mi nguyn t tp
cht Axeptor d dng nhn in t
to thnh mt ion m tp cht
nhn v 1 l trng t do trong vng
ho tr (hnh .7). Cc nguyn t"
thng dng lm tp cht l Galium
(Ga) Indium (In), Nhm (Al).
Hnh 5.6. Dng in t trong

tinh the Si-n.
Mt lin kt b
khuyt (l trng)
Hnh 5.7. Cu to m hnh

nguyn t AI trong mng tinh the Si.
Mi nguyn t tp cht nhn gii phng 1 l trng khi b in ho.
Tinh th Si khi pha tp cht nhn tr thnh Si-p.

Cc l trng c kh nng dch chuyn trong mng tinh th Si-p (hnh 5.8
v 5.9)
Tinh th Si-P
L trng
<rv
V o <f%
o l
<rv
<r%
u
Hnh 5.8. S dch chuyn ca l trng
(lin kt khuyt) trong mng tinh th.
84
Hnh 5.9. S dch chuyn c hng

ca l trng trong in trng ngoi.
Khi c in p ngoi, l trng

chuyn ng v pha cc m ngun
to thnh dng in - Bn dn Si-p
dn in bng l trng l chii yu
(hnh 5.10).
s/-p l loi vt liu bn dn n
tinh th c ht dn in t do l
l trng (in tch dng) v
khng tch in.
Tinh th Si-p
...... 'r
o
4
0
--o
--o
-*-o --o -O
Dng l trng
Hnh 5.10. Dng l trng trong

tinh th S-p.
5.6. CHUYN TIP PN
Vng ranh gii gia bn dn loi p v bn dn loi n trong 1 tinh

th gi l vng chuyn tip pn (hnh 5.11).
Ti vng bin gii pha bn n xut hin cc ion tp cht dng
(ca nguyn t tp chl cho), pha bn p xut hin cc ion tp ch't
m ca nguyn t (tp cht nhn) cc ht dn t do khuch tn (in
t t vng n sang vng p).
Nguyn t photpho X
Hinh 5.11. in t trong vng n do

nh hng ca dao ng nhit dch v
bin gii vi vng p.
Hai bn vng tip xc xut hin

mt vng in tch khng gian (hnh
5.13) h qu l xut hin mt in
trng tip xc hng l bn n sang
bn p (hnh 5.14). Khi tng nhit ,
vng in tch khng gian m rng ra.
Xut hin 1 in p do hin tng
khuch tn sinh ra gi l din p
khuch tn (hnh 5.15). in p khuch
tn 20c vi Silic c gi tr 0,6V
n 0,7V, vi Geinani c 0,3V.
Hnh 5.12. S lon ho nguyn t

photpho X v nguyn t nhm Y.
Vng in tch khng gian
Q = in tch
khng gian
I = khong cch ti
bin gii
Hnh 5.13. Vng in tch

khng gian hai bn bin gii-
85
I
I-
*Q6VVng p
trung ho
in trng
Vng n
trung ho
Hnh 5.14. in trng trong vng

n tch khng gian.
[
i i
i
1_ _
1
1
1
l
Hlnh 5.15. Khuch tn ht n

tm xut hin in p khuch tn.
in p khuch tn khng to dng in. Nu n 2 im A v

B trn hnh 5.16 vi nhau s to ra hai vng in tch khng gian mi.
C th th hin nh ming tinh th hnh vnh khn nh hnh 5.17
khng c dng chy qua vng chuyn tip khi trng thi cn bng.
^ u.' k h u c h
z~-1
-1
tn 1
4
p
::
u
1 :1
Hnh 5.16. Vng in tch khng gian ca

tinh th Si xu't hin 2 bn vng p v N.
Hinh 5.17. M hnh dng vng: 2 in

p khuch tn i nhau v cn bng.
5.6.2. Chuyn tip pn khi c in p ngoi tc ng

5.6.2.1. Trng hp th nht: in p ngoi c cc m t vo vng p
v cc dng t vo vng n (hnh 5.18) - trng hp phn cc ngc.

Khi kho s h mch, chuyn tip pn cha c in p ngoi. Nh
qu trnh khuch tn cc ht a s", xut hin vng in tnh khng
gian ti vng tip xc.
Khi s nl mch a cc m ca ngun ngoi vo vng p, vng in
tch kh m rng ra v hai pha (hnh 5.19) do in trng gy nh
hng trc tip ti vng chuyn tip, xp chng ln in trng ni b,
kt qu l:
86
1. in p ngoi t vo cng ln, vng in tch kh cng c

m rng.
2. Trong vng in tch khng gian khng c ht mang in, do
in tr vng ny rt ln,
3. Khi cc m t ti vng p, tip xc pn b kho.
4. Tn ti cc ht thiu s" (in t bn p v l trng bn n)
in trng n g o i gia t"c to th n h dng in ngc c gi tr nh

ch u y n qua tip xc pn: in t t p sa n g n v l trn g t n sa n g p.
Dng cc ht thiu s c chiu t n sang p v c gi tr nh (hnh 5.20).

5. Mi vng in tch khng gian (hay cn gi l mt ln chn)
hnh thnh 1 t in c in dung c (hnh 5.21).+
: -
*
li. *
_
-1
Hinh 5.18. Chuyn tip pn khi kho s h

xut hin vng in tch khi.
thiu s)
Hnh 5.19. Chuyn tip pn vi in p

ngoi phn cc ngc *'m vo vng P'

-Q Q
~o
in trng
Hnh 5.20. Ht dn thu s

chuyn ng gia tc qua lp chn.
Hinh 5.21. Hnh thnh t in

ca tip xc pn.
5.6.2.2. Trng hp th hai in p ngoi c cc

ti"p xc pn c phn cc thun (hnh 5.22).
dng
t ln vng p
87
Khi s h mch, chuyn tip pn
-------------------------------------
v li trng hp k h n g c in p
ngoi, x u t h in v n g in tch khi
do qu trn h khuch t n cc h t dn
Dng
Dng
a s". Khi s ni mch, ngun ngoi
l trng
in t
c cc m t ti v n g n.
1. Vng in tch khi thu hp

li, cc ht dn phun qua vng tip
xc pn vi mt cng ln.
2. in tr vng lp chn gim
nh lm dng in qua chuyn tip pn
rt ln hn trng hp phn p ngc
1
i ,
1 r i1
i
i
L- 1
ii /
______
.
/
Bin in p
khuch tn
xt, cn dng in tr R mch

Hinh 5.22. Tip xc pn vi in p
phn
cc thun "dng vo vng p*'.
ngoi hn ch dng ny (hnh 5.22).
3. in p ri trn vng lp chn nh.
5.7. NGUYN L HOT NG CA DIOT BN DN
5.7.1. Diot bn dn n tinh th
Bn cht c'u to ca mt diot

bn dn l mt chuyn tip pn vi
2 tip xc tuyn tnh c hai cc
ra c gi l an ot (k h iu A) v
katot (k hiu K) th hin trn
hnh 5.23.
n
/
K hiu quy c
Anot
Katot
Hinh 5.23. Cu to v k hiu ca

diot bn dn.
Nu c phn c: thun
(t in p dng vo anot)
diot dn in vi dong ln,
u/
in p trn diot nh v
^
..
..
Ngun cp
B
in tr ca diot tkp. Cn
thay i c
in p
khi phn cc n g c 't m
Hnh 5.24. Mch in o c tuyn
vo anot) diot chn dcng in,
Von Ampe ca diot.
in p trn diot ln v
in tr cao. Hin tmg trn
gi l hiu ng van ca diot vi dng in xoay chiu. Dcng in
thun hng t anot ti katot. Quan h chnh xc gia u - I ;a diot
c th hin qua c tnh Von Ampe thu c qua mch o h.nh 5.24
vi kt qu thu c hnh 5.25. Cc kt lun v nhn x', t c
tuyn Von Ampe hnh 5.25 (ch ch xt vi diot loi silic).
A
88
<>
mA^
80
70
60
Ge-Diode
50
- S i Diode
40
Vng dn
in
30
20
10
50
502 04 as 0.8 1.0 12

5
li
20
Vng kho
(khng dn
in
ai 06 0.8
V
1,0
03
25
fjA
Hnh 5.25. c tuyn Von Ampe

ca diot Ge v Si.
Hnh 5.26. Xc nh
in p ngng.
Trong vng dn in (t vo A in p dng), khi f cn nh

(c 0,1V) dng in nh, in tr ca diot cn ln, cha xy ra qu
trnh khuch tn ht a s,
Khi tng Up n khong 0,6V, dng l., tng mnh, diot c in tr
thp. Gi tr Up = 0,7V c gi l in p ngng (in p m) ca
diot.
vi diot Ge in p m xy ra sm hn gi tr 0,3V,
Khi lm vic vng trn in p ngng, diot bn dn c in tr thp.
1'rong vng khng
dn in (o cc in
p, cho cc m vo anot)
dng in qua diot c
chiu t K ti A v nh
(10A vi diot Silic v
10'Â vi diot Gemani).
Khi tng in p
ngc U k qu ln (vt
qua in p ngc cho
php ln nht) diot b
nh thng v nhit
hay c nh thng
89
v in theo hiu ng
Zener (hnh 5.27). Hin
tng nh thng v
nhit gy h hng cho
mA *
70
60
50
diot lm m t tn h ch t
van, h in tng nh
0
30
thng theo hiu ng

Zener khng lm diot
20
Din tch lp chn Imm
200
m t i tnh cht van m

cn c s dng lm
Si
10
CX2 OA O 0.8 1.0 12
10
Z-diot c tc dng n
20
nh in p 1 chiu.
30
h
lin tng nh
pA
thng v nhit xy ra
Hnh 5.28. c tuyn 1- u ca diot
khi nhit trn chuyn
ch to t cc loi vt liu khc nhau.
tip pn vt qu gi tr
cao nht cho php.
(Vi diot Silic l khong 180^c, vi diot Ge l khong 80^C)
Hnh 5.28 a ra
c tuyn Von Ampe
ca m t vi diot lm
t cc loi vt liu
khc nhau.
Trn c tuyn Von
Ampe, c th phn bit
in tr 1 chiu v in
tr xoay chiu (in tr
vi phn) ca diot,
Xt c tuyn hnh
0,1
0.2 , 0,3 2 0.4
0,5
0.6
p
5.29 i vi 1 diot
V
Gemani: Ti in p
Hnh 5.29. in tr thun mt chiu v in tr vi phn.
U c dng Ii qua diot.
in tr 1 chiu ca diot c dnh ngha (ti Pi)
R
u.
I,
Ti P.2 c
90
Hay tng qut

in tr 1 chiu ca diot ph thuc vo v tr im lm vic ca n.
in tr vi phn th hin dc vi phn ca c tuyn Von Ampe,

theo nh ngha:
Trn hnh 5.30, khi : Uf

= 0.2V c I].- = 2mA; khi tng
Up ln mt lng AUi? s nhn
c tng ng 1 gia s' Alp.
Vi d u: cho rp = lOQ vi
AUp = 0,02V hy tnh Alp?
=^
AI,
AIp
Hnh 5.30. Gii thch ngha

ca in tr vi phn.
>F
0,02V
0 ,0 0 2 A
->
AI,- = 2 m A .
lOQ
Bng hnh 5.31 a ra mt vi tham s"ca diot

Ge
Sj
0.3V
0,7V
5 Q -^ 100Q
2Q -> 5 0 a
Rr
0 ,1 [.t0 ^ 10^0
1i-iQ > 3000|.iQ
ug,max
ti 200V
ti 3000V
Tmax
90c
200c
Hiu sut van
98%
99,5%
in p ngng
R
Bng hnh 5.31. Mt s tham s gn ng ca diot.
5.7.2. Dot a tinh th
Khi dng Selen lm vt liu ch to diot s nhn c diot a tinh

th. Cu to mt diot Selen cho trn hnh 5.32 v diot Oxyt ng cho
trn hnh 5.33.
hnh 5.32, trn mt lm in cc anot bng st (Fe) hoc nhm
(Al), mt lp Solen (Se) dn in loi p pha tp mnh c ph ln bng
91
phng php bc bay trong chn khng sau gia cng nhiit to
dng tinh th cho Se. Tip tc to lp kadimi ~ km (Sn - Cd) :.)ha trn
hnh thnh cc katot. Lp chn hnh thnh gia Se v Sn - Cd. Diot
Sclen c kh nng chu qu dng trong thi gian ngn (ch xung) lt
hn loi diot Si ha}^ Ge. Chng c bit ph hp cho cc b nn in t
xoay chiu sang 1 chiu c cng sut ln, dng ln nhng p ra thp.
Trn hnh 5,33a: Diot oxyt ng c cu to gm 1 bng ng
lm cc anot, trn to lp Oxyt ng Cuô, tip sau l 1 lp
graphit, sau to in cc th hai katot- Diot Cu - CU2O c in p
chu ng thp (6V) v in p m nh (0,2\0 vi c tnh Von Ampc
gn nh tuyn tnh (hnh 5.33b). Loi diot ny rt ph hp vi cc b
chnh lu cho in p ra nh.
K
Lp katot
Graphit
Seen - p
Lp niken
- -CU2O
Cu
lm anot
(ming p8)
Hnh 5.32.
Lp katot
cu to dot Selen.
Cc lm anot
bng ng
Hnh 5.33a. cu to diot oxyde ng.
Bng hnh 5.33b da ra mt s tham s" ca diot a tinh th

Selen
ng - Oxyt
0,6V
0,2V
Rp (in tr thun)
5Q -> 100Q
10Q -> 50Q
R r (in tr ngc)
0.1MQ - 1MQ
50k -> 500kQ
Ti 40V
Khong 6V
85c
90%
50c
75%
in p m
in p ngc
Nhit cho php
Hiu sut
Hnh 5.33b. Mt s tham s' ca diot a tinh th.
5.8. TNH CHT KHO CHUYN m c h c a DIOT b n DN
Khi hot ng ch lt t trng thi in tr cao (khng dn ngt mch) sang trng thi in tr thp (dn ni mch) hoc n g c
li trong mt thi gian ngn, diot bn dn ch lm vic nh
mt kho in t.
tr n g th i in tr thp, v n g ch u y n tip pn b trn n gp cc
h t dn, khi ch u yn sa n g trng th i in tr cao, lp ch n tr v tr n g
th i ph n cc ngc c m rng v c np in tch.
92
R
Khi diol trn hnh 5.34 ngt mch (chuyn
mch s v tr bn phi),
hin dng .1^. Nu
Ri
chuyn mch lt sang v tr bn tri, dng Ip qua
V
R?
diot tng theo hnh 5.35, khong thi gian t|-, c
Ui
^2
nh ngha l thi gian ni mch. Khi chyn s v
li v tr bn phi, diot chuyn v trng thi ngt,
Hnh 5.34.
thi gian c nh ngha l thi gian ngt mch
(hnh 5.36). Cc gi tr t-,, v tj., ph thuc ln ca dng Ip, I vo in
p tc ng v vo cc in tr hn ch Ri R2Cc gi tr in hnh l:
= 0,5 ti Onis
2 n 200ms
xu
If
1
1
1
n
tfr
Hnh 5.35. Ni mch dlot

(t kho sang dn).
Hnh 5.36. Ngt mch diot

(t dn sang kho).
5.9. TNH CHT NHIT CA DIOT BN DN
Khi tng dn nhit , do s" lng ht dn tng, dn in ca

tinh th bn dn tng theo.
Dng in ngc ca diot tng (t 7% n 10%/^C) khi nhit lm vic
ca diot tng.
Hnh 5.37 cho gi tr dng ngc ca diot Si 25^c v 125^c. linh

dng ca hl dn cng ph thuc nhit d v tng khi nhit tng.
Hnh 5.37. S ph thuc dng ngc vo

nhit ca diot kh T = 25c v T = 125c.
Hnh 5.38. Quan h nhit tc ng

ti Up ca diot.
93
Khi nhit tng tinh th dn in t"t hdn. Hnh 5.38 ch ra hai

c tuyn ca diot Si vng m vi nhit 25c v 125c.
in tr thun ca diot gim (lm in p thun trn diot gim cd
2mV/C) khi nhit tng.
5.10. B CHNH LU DNG DIOT BN DN

5.10.1. Mch chnh lu mt na chu k (Mi)
S dng tnh cht van ca

diot bn dn vi dng in
xoay chiu, c th thc hin nn
in t xoay chiu sang in
1 chiu nh cc mch chnh lu.
Hnh 5.39 l mt mch chnh
lu n gin nht. in p xoay
chiu U = 220V (hiu dng) a
Hnh 5.39. Mch chnh lu 1/2 chu k
ti 2 im A v B c dng th
ti in tr.
hin trn hnh 5.40. Trong khong
tj < t < t,, Ua dng hn, diot dn
in cho dng I chy qua ti Rj^. Trn diot trong khong thi gian ny
c in p thun c 0,75V n 0,9V, nu coi l nh c th b qua trong
khong ny Ui = Ui)+ U 2 hay Ui 2.
Hnh 5.40. in p trong mch chnh lu.
94
Mch chnh lu dn na chu k dng ca in p xoay chiu ra ti.
Trong khong tg < t < tg in th A m hn B, diot b kho. in

tr diot rt ln mch thc t khng c dng.
u , = u
u, * 0
Mch chnh lu chn na chu k m ca in p xoay chiu.
Trong khong thi gian ny nu o in p trn diot ta c U ak = Ui

c gi tr m (hnh 5.40).
in p trn ti U[^ c dng sng 1 na hnh sin (ch cn na.dng)
y l dng hn hp, nu trin khai phn tch Ui n s cha ngoi
thnh phn 1 chiu (khng ph thuc thi gian) cn cc thnh phn tn
s 'i,
trong '( l tn s ca in p vo Ui, n l s nguyn.
Mun ch nhn thnh phn 1 chiu trn ti, phi dng cc mch lc tn
s" thp loi b cc thnh phn xoay chiu trong U l (hnh 5.41).
R=220n
Hnh 5.41. Mt lc hnh 7t v th din p.
Khi U[ > 0 Cl c np ti tr nh ca U lI khi kho s nl mch U l

c chia p qua khu R = 220Q v Cg = 100)aF (hnh 5.42). y l b
chia c h s" chia ph thuc tn s". vi phn xoay chiu trong U l,
X(S nh nn c coi l phn t ngn mch. i vi thnh phn
1 chiu ca U l, Xes ln v do vy Cs ehn dng 1 chiu (h mch).
in p ra ly trn t Cs ch cn li thnh phn mt chiu. Tuy nhin
do tnh cht khng l tng ca cc linh kin, cn 1 lng vi % xoay
chiu cn st li trong thnh phn in p ly trn Cs chng c gi
l in p gn sng (hay in p p mch) th hin cht l n g mch
lc (hnh 5.43). Vic xc nh in p p mch hay gn sng cho
php nh gi cht lng mch lc.
Khi chn cc gi tr Ci v Cs cng ln, dng in ti qua t lc cng nh
v do gn sng cng nh.
Hnh 5.44 cho mch chnh lu mt na chu k (Mi) hon chnh,

dng in p 1 chiu nn t in 220V/50Hz vi mch lc xt trn.
95
1
R =220a
Cs=100^F
Hnh 5.43. th thi gia n ca

in p ra.
Hnh 5.42. Mt lc tn thp RCs (nh mt

b chia p ph thuc tn s).
C----------------- N ----------
R=220n
l =220V^
U-,
Cs=OOpF
CL=100fjF
(>-------------------------------
> ..
<\
Hnh 5.44. Mch chnh lu 1/2 chu k c mt lc hnh 71.
5.10.2. Mch chnh lu hai na chu k (M2 )
=220V.
Hnh 5.45. Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k
v th m t nguyn l hot ng.
Hnh 5.45 l mt mch chnh lu 2 na chu k s dng 2 diot van

D), D 2. c im ca mch l bin p c hai cun th cp xng vi
im gia ov v nh vy in p Ui tc ng ln 2 diot c hai pha l
nhau (U| v -U i). Hai diot D) v D 9 lm vic nh hai mch chnh lu Ml
xt trn v lm vic ch lun phin nhau: Khi u,>0 th D] dn
lc Ui <0 D kho; khi U i <0 th Di kho, khi - U ,>0 v D, dn.
96
th in p v dng
in trong mch cho trn
hnh 5.45 th hin nguyn
l hot ng ca mch M2.
5.10.3. Mch
cu (B2 )
chnh
lu
Mch chnh lu cu
(hnh 5.46) dng 4 diot c
th nn trc tip t in
li 220V/50Hz ni khng
cn dng bin p nh
mch M2. Mch hnh 5.46
c nguyn l lm vic
ging nh mch M 2, y
trong mi na chu k ca
1 lun c 1 cp diot lm
vic v cho dng 1 chiu
qua
t i
R^:
khi
u ,> 0 .
Dj
v D 3 ng thi dn in,
Dy v D 4 b kho. Trn R|,
xut hin dng I, = I 3. Cn
khi
,< 0
dn
in, Dj v D3 kho; c
dng I 2 = I.| qua
(hnh
5.47). Hnh 5.48 a ra
mt mch chnh lu cu
c dng mch lc nng
cao cht lng in p 1
chiu trn ti.
7-LK IH
Hnh 5.47. th minh ho hot ng ca

mch chnh lu Bj.
97
5.11. KHO DIOT TRONG K THUT s

Hnh .49 l mt cng logic OR dng kho diot (cng ngh DTL)
cc li vo A v B c tc ng bi cc xung dng (trng thi 1) hay
khng c xung (trng thi 0). in p ra ti z cng ch c hai trng
thi tng t. z = 1 khi ch cn t nht mt trong hai l vo A = 1 hay
B = 1, z = 0 ch khi A = B = 0. Bng trng thi hot ng ca mch
5.49 cho trn bng 5.50 (gi l bng chn l).
*5 V
Ao1
A o-
Bo-------
Kv hiu
0
0
Trng hp
1
Ao------- 2:1
-O
------oZ
K hiu
chun ho
8 -------
Hnh 5.49. Mch OR dng diot lm phn t ho.
z
0
1
1
1
Hnh 5.50. Bng chn

l ca mch logic OR.
Hnh 5.51 ia ra mt cng logic x\ND dng cng ngh DTL vi bng
chn l m t hot ng ca rnch cho trn hnh 5.52. z in th thp
(Z = 0) khi c t nht 1 l vo in th thp (A, B = 0). Cn khi cc l
vo ng thi in th cao (A = B = 1) th z mc cao (Z = 1).
*sv
Ao-
44-
Qo-
----- o2
K hiu
&
------ oZ
K hlu
chun ho
Hinh 5.51. Mch AND dng diot (cng ngh DTL).
Trng hp
2
3
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
Hnh 5.52. Bng chn l

ca mch AND.
5.12. CC DNG CU TO CA DOT BN DN

Thc t phn bit 2 nhm diot van l; diot thng v diot nn
in. Diot nn in thng dng cp dng ln t in li, c in p
chu ng (in p ngc) ln, do c cng sut ln. Chng c gi
chung l loi diot cng sut ln.
Nhm diot th hai c cng sut nh thng dng trong cc mch in
gia cng bin i dng tn hiu trong k thut thng tin v x l tin.
98
5.12.1. Cc diot tip mt
Cc diot tip xc mt c
din tch chuyn tip pn ln
c ch to theo nhiu cng
ngh khc nhau, in hnh
l cng ngh khuch tn
nng chy hay cng ngh
khuch tn plana (hnh 5.53).
n
K
Dio tip mt
Diotplana
Hnh 5.53. cu to ca diot bn n.
Phn ln cc diot tip xc mt ch to t Si c

dng ln va p ngc ln. Diot thuc nhm n y c
in dung tip xc ln (cn gi l in dung lp
chn mc song song vi diot nh hnh 5.54) v
-'hngro
hon ton k h n g ph hp khi lm vic t n s"
cao. Khi hot ng ch chuyn mch, in

dung ny lm tng thi gian tr ca kho diot khi
lt trng thi.
Hnh 5.54. T hng

ro n song song
nh hng ti diot.
5.12.2. Cc diot tip im
Diot vi tip xc pn c din tch rt nh gi l cc diot tip im

(hnh 5.55). Trn lm t phin tinh th G e-n cy 1 git (bn knh c
50|j.m) loi bn dn tp cht p (thng dng l si vng). Diot loi ny
c t cu to ca lp kho c 0,2pF = 2.10'F c th lm vic rt tt
tn s^ cao hoc ch chuyn mch nhanh.
>
<
>
Vng p
Hnh 5.55. cu to diot tip im.
5.12.3. Cc diot cng sut
Cc diot cng sut ch yu lm t Silic, mt vi trng hp c

bit cn dng diot Selen. c tuyn Von Ampe ca diot Si ti vng
in p ngng rt dc, chng c in tr dn in rt nh (khong
30mf in p 220V). in p ngc cho php c th t ti 3000V
nhit lm vic cho php ln ti 200*^0. Cc diot Si cng sut c kh
nng cp dng 500A n lOOOA vi kch thc tng i nh (hnh
5.57) c ch to di dng vin Si.
99
Hnh 5.56. T hng ro ni

song song nh hng ti d io t
Hnh 5.57. cu o dlot Si cng su ln.
5.13. O TH KIM TRA DIOT
Vic kim tra diot cn tt hay khng lun

l cng vic cn thit ca k thut vin. n
gin nh^t l dng cu o in tr, c"p ngun
4,5V. N diot vo mt nhnh cu, coi in tr
ca diot l Rx cn o khi bit 3 in tr
khc ca cu o. Theo chiu thun Rx = Rf ca
diot c gi tr nh, theo chiu ngc (khi o
u diot) Rx = Rr ca diot nu c gi tr ln hn
nhiu ln th diot cn tt.
Vic xc nh in p ngng ca diot
(hnh 5.58) c th thc hin thng qua vic o
Hnh 5.58. in tuyn Ip

(Up) th diot.
in tr khi tng dn in p thun trn diot (trong khong gi tr vi

phn Volt) cho ti khi gi tr Rp thay i (gim rt nhanh).
Nu o in tr ca dot theo c hai chiu u c tr s nh th diot
b hng.
Nu o in tr ca iot theo c hai chiu u rt ln thi diot b t.
5.14. THAM S NH MC V THAM s GII HN

Tham s gii hn nh ra cc gi tr tl a cho php m ngi s
dng linh kin khng c dng vt qu, dn ti lm hng (ph hu)
linh kin v dng in, in p, cng sut, nhit hay tn s'
Thain s nh mc ch ra trng thi ang hot ng bnh thng
ca linh kin. Nhm tham s gii hn quan trng nht gm:
in p ngc nh: in p ngc ln nht cho php t trong
mt thi gian ngn ln diot. Dng 1 chiu lo; gi tr dng trung bnh s
hc qua diot.
100
Dng in thun qua diot Ip dng ln nht qua diot theo chiu
thun.
Cng sut cho php t a Piot
Nhit cho php ti a Tj
Nhm cc tham s" nh mc;
in p thun Up ( vi 1 dng thun xc nh)
Dng in ngc Ir (vi 1 iOn p ngc v nhit xc nh).
in dung ln chn c (vi mt in p ngc xc nh)
in tr nhit (gia
chn v mi trng khng kh) Rthu-
l D
n
10*
5
---- r*1---1
25
f *1 kHz
nA
IHTOO.inTT?
1*1I~n
rj=250C
f z
1.1
\ L_
s
? 10*
L
\
CtotlS
K)2
i 09
s
\
08
1.0
IHTOO
K)
5
N
0.7
/
L^=1SV
mA
mW
500
ITT 700
10
ii
!
-K
mox #2.7
'Ci
/
/,
\ B
25 c
PuA
^ K hiu
cc katot
K)
in700.ITT777
400
300
\
200c
KX)
200
V.
\
\
100
0 3
\
\
\
2V
100
200c
--ru
Hnh 5.59. Cc c tnh in hnh ca dot bn dn.
101
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
Hy nu mt s" vt liu bn dn dng ch to diot
2.
Cu trc n tinh th l g?
3.
sch (thun khit) ca tinh th bn dn dng ch to diot

mc no?
4.
Cu to n tinh th Silic, vai tr cc din t ho tr.
5.
dn in ring ca cht bn dn l g? Ngun gic dn in ring?
t.
Pha tp cht v mc pha tp cht c c im g?
7.
Lm th no to ra n tinh Si-n?
8.
Ht dn t do trong tinh th S i-n l loi no? C th np in cho

tinh th S i-n khng? nu c dng hay m?
9.
To tinh th S i-p nh th no?
10. Nguyn t tp cht cho, tp cht nhn l g?

11. Loi ht dn t do trong Si-p? Tinh th Si-p np in nh th no?
12. Hy gii thch sai hng in t hay sai hng l trng l g?
13. Phn bit dn in l trng v dn in in t.
14. Tip xc pn khi cha c in p ngoi c hin tng g?
15. Vng in tch khng gian l g?
16. Trong vng in tch khng gian c nhiu hay t ht dn?
17. Ti sao xut hin in trng trong min in tch khng gian?
18. S khuch tn ht dn l g? in p khuch tn xut hin nh
th no?
19. Tip xc pn s nh th no khi c in p ngoi (ddng t vo
vng n, m vo vng p).
20.
21.
22.
23.
Ht dn thiu s l g?
Tip xc pn c phn cc thun bng cch no?
Hin tng xy ra khi tip xc pn phn cc thun.
Ti sao xut hin in dung vng in tch khng gian?
24. c tuyn I-U ca Si-diot c dng nh th no?

25. in p m (ngng) ca diot l g? Gi tr in p m vi diot Si
v diot Ge?
26. V sao c dng in ngc ca diot
27. Xc nh gi tr Rp v rp ca diot c c tnh cho trn hnh 5.60.
Tnh ti im p.
102
Hnh 5.60. c tuyn Von Ampe ca diot.
28. M t cu to diot a tinh th?

29. Lt trng thi diot t ngt sang nl mch v ngc li. Gii thch
ngha ca cc tham s tfr v t,,,..
30. Tnh cht nhit ca diot bn dn khi m v khi kho?
31. Hnh 5.61 l mt mch chnh lu n gin dng diot. Hy v th
I(t) v Uo(t) khi Ui(t) c dng hnh sin.
32. Hnh 5.62 l mt mch chnh lu cu dng 4 diot. Gii thch hot ng
ca mch? Hy v th I(t) v 2(t) khi (t) c dng hnh sin.
220 V
02
Hnh 5.61. Mch chnh lu 1/2 chu k.
33. Hy nu 1 v d s dng diot nh mt kho in t.

34. S khc nhau gia diot cng sut (tip mt) v diot cao tn (tip im).
35. Lm th no xc nh mt dot cn tt hay b hng?
103
Chng 6
cc DOT C TNH CHT c BIT

6.1.Z -D I0T
6.1.1.
VV chung
z Diot l loi diot silic c pha tp c bit 1 in p Rgc

Uzo nht nh, in tr ca n rt thp v dn in tt nh nhnh
thun (hnh 6.1). Gi tr Uzo c gi l in p Zener.
b)
Hnh 6.1. c tuyn Von Ampe ca diot z v k hiu chun (a), k hiu thng dng (b).
Diot Zener t in tr thp ti 1 in p Zener trong vng ngc.
Trng thi in tr thp t c trong vng ngc do hai hiu

ng vt l; hiu ng Zener v hiu ng thc.
6.1.2. Hiu ng Zener
Khi in p ngc tng dn, cng d in trng ti lp kho

mnh gia tc cho in t (cng c5 20V/|im) ph v lin kt ghp i
in t v tr thnh ht dn t do tham gia vo dng in, do c mt s
lng ln ht dn c to ra nn lp chn c in tr gim thp v kh
nng dn in tr nn tt. Ta ch y cng trng c 20V/|jm
ngha l 200kV/cm ti gi tr Uzo- Gi tr Uzo ph thuc mc pha tp
ch't v tnh cht ca tp cht pha, thay i trong 1 khong rng t c 2V
n 600V. Hiu ng Zener l s pht x in t trong in trng mnh.
in t trong mng tinh th nh in trng tc ng mnh c gii
phng khi lin kt v tr thnh ht dn t do v tham gia vo dng in,
ng thi xut hin cc l trng t do.
104
6.1.3. Hiu ng thc
Nh hiu ng Zener, cc ht dn do pht x sinh ra c chuyn

ng gia tc mnh trong in trng ln gy va chm vi cc nguyn
t khc do vy tip tc sinh ht (hin tng ion ho do va chm). Cc
ht dn t do tng mnh theo hiu ng thc; ion ho do va chm c
tnh cht dy chuyn kiu hiu ng thc l.
Cc in t t do c sn trong mng tinh th c gia tc trong
in trng mnh va chm vi cc in t lin kt v gii phng chng
theo hiu ng thc l v ion ho do va chm.
6.1.4. Tnh cht dn in loi Zener
Do ti Uô in tr diot gim

t ngt, cn thit s dng mt
in tr hn ch dng in
mch ngoi chng qu dng
l m
h n g Z -d io t. M i z
d io t c 2
tham s" gii hn l cng sut tn

hao cc i cho php Pit v dng
cc i cho php Izn,ox (hnh 6.2).
CtlU y Ixmax ^tot^^ZO*
6.1.5. S ti sinh lp chn
mox
Hnh 6.2. Ti on nh thng z. Diot

cn c hn ch dng in.
Khi gim dn in p ngc n gi tr thp hn uô, qu trnh

sinh ht do hai hiu ng Zener v hiu ng thc kt thc. Sau mt thi
gian hi phc ngn, lp chn c phc hi v gii phng khi cc
ht dn t do, in tr tng cao v diot v trng thi khng dn in.
6.1.6. c tuyn v tham s ca Z-diot
c tuyn I - ca Zdiot cho

trn hnh 6.3 gm 3 vng khc nhau
(tnh vi chiu in p U ak ^ 0).
Trong vng chn t Pi ti P2
dng in ngc v cng b (vng
chn ngc). Trong vng qu P2
n P3 bt u xy ra hiu ng Zener,
sau xy ra tip hiu ng thc, diot
,
__ ' 1
__ Hnh 6.3. Cc vng
chuyn sang vng dn ngc.
Uz
Vng chn
Vng qu
c tuyn
zd t
105
vi Z-diot cho trn hnh 6.4,

vi in p Uzo cng cao, on
P2-P3 cng hp.
Trn c tuyn hnh 6.5a

c a ra in p Zener danh
nh UzK v dng danh nh IzK
(phn ln c 5mA) iTiang
ngha l in p Uzo nh nht
xy ra hiu ng Zener.
Dng ln nht cho php qua z
diot l
dng nh nht
vng dn ngc l lznn'
in tx' vi phn ca diot z trong vng lm vic c nh ngha
theo tng v tr ca im lm vic p trn c tuyn trong vng lm vic.
Di lm vic ca Z-diot l dng in lz c gi tr
*zmax
in tr vi phn rz xc nh dc vi phn ca c tuyn Von Ampe

trong di lm vic ca Zdiot ( dc cng ln th rz cng nh).
^
Uzo
5 (/7 k)
^2min
5
10
50
50
[mo
^Zma*
h
mA
a) c tuyn ca Z-diot vi U^K = 5V
(27)
b) Xc nh in tr vi phn
p trn c tuyn ca Z-diot
Hnh 6.5.
106
inA
ti im
V i d: Mt diot z c dng Izi = 20mA
trong vng lm vic v Uzi = 8,2V khi

dng qua diot tng ti
- 70mA nhn
c Uz2 - 8,3V, khi in tr vi phn
ca diot ti vng lm vic ny l:
AU U72 ~
= 0, IV
Alz = Iz2 Izi ~ 50mA

rz =
AU Z _ o ,iv
AL,
50mA
Trong vng U^K = 6V -- 8V c tuyn

I u ca Z-Diot c bit dc, in tr vi
phn Xz c gi tr trong di IQ n lOOQ.
Cc diot z c UzK trn 8V hay di 6V c I'z
ln hn. Hnh 6.6 ch ra quan h Vi (z).
Hinh 6.6. Quan h ph thuc

v UzK ng vi lj c nh.
Z-dot c tnh cht ph thuc nhit .
Hnh 6.7. S thay i c tnh ca z diot khi nhit tng t 25c n 125 c.
Hnh 6.7 a ra cc c tuyn I-U ca Z-diot khc nhau do nh

hng ca nhit (nhm tong ng 25c v nhm ng vi 125C). Gi
tr Uzo dch theo nhit khong 1 n 2%0 v / c. Ti vng UzK 6V ta c
U zk/t~o.
Khi
UzK > 6V
U zK < 6 V
I
T
UZK
T'
>0 v c gi tr khong 1 n 2%V/K
<0
107
T s
c gi l h s nhit Oz ca Z-diot (tnh
hay
Mc dch ca UzK khi c tnh:

= UzK .z-ATj
AUzk: lng dch ca ZK

Uzk: tnh ti 25C, Iz= 5mA
az-
h s nhit ca Uz
ATji
chnh lch nhit so vi 25c
H s z cho bit gi tr in p Zener dch i bao nhiu khi nhit thay
i 1c.
Vi d:
25c
m t d io t z
c U z = 30V . H
n h i t ca
d i o t l;
10 . m v ^ h . Tnh Uz ti Y'^c.
ÛzK UzK.az.ATj
= 30V. 10-YC. 50c
= 1,5V
Vy ti 75C in p Z-diot l UzK + AUzk = 31,5V
Cng sut tn hao trn Z-diot xc nh bi;
p tot U z . I z
Cc tham s quan trng ca Z-diot:

Tham s gii hn:
Dng lm vic ln nht cho php
Cng sut tn hao ln nht cho php
Nhit cc i ti Idp chn
Di nhit hot ng
Tham s" nh mc;
in tr vi phn
in p lm vic
H s' nhit
in tr n h i t
Izmax
Ptot
Tj
Ts
rz
Uz
az
Rthu
(lp kho - khng khO

6.1.7. Cc ng dng
n g dng quan trng nht ca Z-diot l dng n nh in p

mt chiu hay hn ch bin in p 1 mc ngng xc nh, to
108
in p chun cho cc mch in khc trong k thut o lng, iu

khin hay iu chnh.
Hnh 6.8 cho v d mch n p dng Z-diot.
v=K)V
3 .
/l =0
Rv=ioon
1^2max
J =1OmA
/
=18V
/z=8V 2h i
''l
Ru
1____________ j '
'
1v=10V-*-j
Rv*ioon
-oib.-.
sBOmA
=18V
/L=50m A
RL=160n
1------------------- !L
Hnh 6.8. Mch n p n gin dng
z diot.
in p vo u = 18V, mun in p trn ti n nh mc Uz = 8V

khi kho s h mach
18V_gV
= Irv =
= lOOmA
lOOQ
U - ^
Iz.n ax = ( ^)
dng
I2 =
Khi s nl mch:
u = Uv + Uz
1 = 1. + 1.,
U -U -,
Rv Nu ti
cng ln, dng
cng ln v
nht cn chn hiu ng n p cn xy ra:
lOOmA
ngc
li. Gi tr ti nh
= 80Q
V i du: vi mch hnh 6.8, cho Rl = 50Q. Tm Uv v Ul-
1=
u
Ry + R l
18V
= 120mA
100Q + 5 0 Q
Uv= I.Rv = 120mA.100Q =12V

ui, = I.Rl= 120mA. 50Q = 6V
Vy khi ti III = 50 <
= 80Q meh khng^cn tnh eht n p.
109
6.1.8. B nhit
H s" nhit
* 0 l nhc im ca Z-diot, tuy nhin nu kt hp
c vi mt phn t nh diot Si thng thng c ao ngc du th nh
hng ca n h it c b tr ng k. Hoc n h trng hp hnh
6.9. N tip 2 diot c U jg- 8V v Uz4 = 4V, do h s nhit ca chng c
du khc nhau, h s" nhit chung ca mch n p mc 12V
(z= Uzs + Uz4 = 12V) c b n mt gi tr v cng b.
Hnh 6.10 s dng cch b gia cc phn t c h s nhit ngc
du nhau l Z-diot c ttz > 0 v diot Si thng thng c aj) <0.
Z--diot c az>0
Z-diot c az>0
^728'
Z2
Dio Siic co ao<0
Z-diot c a^<0
\7
Hnh 6.9. On nhit nh mc

ni tip 2 diot z c h s
nhit i nhau.
Hnh 6.10. n nhit nh mc ni tip 2 dlot z

(vi h s nhit dng)
v diot (vi h s nhit m).
6.2. DIOT VARICAP (DIOT BIN DUNG)

Khi mt
thng thng
min phn cc
l 1 vng in
diot bn dn
lm vic trong
ngc, lp kho
tch khng gian
III
c in tr rt cao tng ng
nh mt t in c in dung
c, gi tr in dung ph thuc
vo in p ngc t ln Idp
kho (hnh 6.11).
: : :
**
K hiu
Hnh 6.11. Diot bin dung.
Diot bin dung l dng diot c cu to in dung lp kto thay i c

trong mt gii hn rng theo in p kho t vo.
Lp kho hnh thnh khng cha ht dn t do, ch gm cc ion

dng v m;
Cc ht nhn tp cht cho in t tch in dng
Cc ht nhn tp cht nhn in t tch in m.
110
&
-
- Hinh 6.12. Mch tong dng m t

in dung diot ti vng in tch kh'.
Hnh 6.13. M hnh t phng.
Gia 2 vng tch in trn xut hin in trng tip xc (hnh

6.12) gia 2 ion tch in tri du hnh thnh 1 t in v cng b. Khi
ton b lp kho (vng in tch khng gian) c th biu din tng
ng nh hnh 6.13 vi in dung c tnh bi;
c =
y
,.S ..A
am
e l hng s' in mi
8^; h s" in mi
A: din tch mt in cc phng
a,n: khong cch 2 mt in cc
C: in dung ca t.
Trong diot bin dung, ch xc nh c khong cch
l tr
trung bnh nu bit c phn b" in th v cng trng tc
ng. Theo cch tnh in dung trn, p dng cho hnh 6.14 vi 1 diot
phn cc ngc:
am
a l b dy lp chn ph thuc trc tip vo cng in p
ngc t ln lp chn. Trn hnh 6.15 khi t vo 2 mc Ui= 2V v
U 2= lOV ta nhn c 2 gi tr a,i v a,2- Do cc t v cng b (hnh
thnh gia 2 ion tri du) c coi l song song nhau nn c th tnh
t tng ng Cd bng tng cc t v cng b ny. Nh vy khi in
p phn cc tng ln, khong cch
rng ra v Cd gim i.
in p ngc cng ln, lp kho cng rng ra v khong cch
tng
ln lm gi tr Co gim.
111
t= 2V
2=10V
- - -
- - -
Vng p trung ho
Hnh 6.14. So snh t diot vi t phng.
m1
Om2
Vng n trung ho
Hinh 6.15. S ph thuc khong cch (b

rng lp kho) vo in p phn cc.
Cc vng trung ho in 2 bn vng p v n khng nh hng ti

qu trnh trn.
Diot bin dung c th iu khin c Cjj qua in p ngc t vo.
6.2.2. c tuyn v tham s ca diot bin dung
100
80
IR b
60
0
Uc
20
20
18
16 14
12
10
>c"_
i
a) c tuyn
bin dung
b) Mch thay th diot bin ung
c = f (U,) ca diot
v th v c t
Hnh 6.16.
c tuyn quan trng nht ca diot varicap l quan h
ph
Ihuc vo din p (hnh 6.16a). dy c tnh bng pF v U r tnh

bng Volt. Quan h c (U r) l mt quan h phi tuyn tnh. C th thay
th diot varicap bng mch tng ng hnh 6.16b vi in tr Ri,
(in tr tinh th) n tip vi c. T mch thay th, h s" tn hao ca
diot bin dung xc nh bi:
tg =
X,
v h s" phm cht Q =
112
tg
Q l h s phm cht
R in tr khi tinh th
c in dung lp chn
rtn s" ca tn hiu.
Do c ph thuc vo in p v nhit nn Q cng c tnh cht

ny v yu cu cht lng cng cao khi Q ca 'diot cng ln. H s Q
ca diot bin dung gim khi nhit tng v Q tng khi in p Ur
tng (hnh 6.17).
^7
Hnh 6.17. S ph thuc ca h s phm ch't Q v din tr ni tip ca khi tinh th
Rg vo nhit : Q(Tj) v vo in p kho Rb(U r).
Cc gi tr thng gp ca diot bin dung l:

R q a 0,5Q n 2Q
Iu= lOOmA (dng ngc)
Q =100 n 500
U bh = 50V (p ngc cho php)
Ut' = 0,8V n 0,9V (in p thun)
c 200pF n 50pF; 50pF n 20 pF v 10pF n 3pF (cc di gi
tr bin i ca C).
6.2.3. ng dng
Diot bin dung s dng lm t bin i theo in p tc ng trong

cc mch to dao ng do c th lm bin i tn s" ca dao ng
theo in p tc ng (gi l VFC-voltage to Frequency Converter).
Hnh 6.18 l mch in nguyn l b chn knh trong my thu truyn
h n h . Cc ch it p iu ch n h mc in p ph n cc ngc cho cc
diot Varicap, qua lm bin i in dung ca m ch cng hng LC
chn lc t n s vo ph hp vi sn g m un c.
/-
7-
/-
Phm chn knh
/-
21
Hnh 6,18. Mch chn knh u vo trong my thu hnh dng diot bin dung.
113
8-LK OINT
6.3. DIOT TUNEN (DIOT ESAKI)

Diot Tunen l loi diot Gemani pha

tp cht r t cao. Vng bn dn loi p v
loi n pha tp ti mc suy bin dng nh
2 mng tinh th Gcmani v tinh th tp
ch"! lng vo nhau. Lp chuyn tip
pn tron g trng hp n y c b it m ng.
c tuyn Von Ampe ca diot cho trn
hnh 6.20. Cu to ca diot Tunen v k
hiu quy c cho trn hnh 6.19.
Hnh 6.20, Dng Tunen v dng diot

ph thuc vo in p Up.
Vng n
Vng p
K hiu
Hnh 6.19. Cu to v k hit*

ca diot Tunen.
Hnh 6.21. c tuyn I - U

ca diot Tunen.
Khi c in trng ngoi tc ng, cc in t nhn c nng

lng cao vi mt gi tr in p Up nh (c lOmV) v lm xut
hin dng in c bn cht l dng xuyn hm (ht dn chui qua hng
ro in th). C ch xuyn hm t cc i khi xc su^t xuyn hm
ln nht (im p xy ra lc min nhiu ht bn n i din trc tip vi
min b trng (min dn) bn p. Sau dng Tunen gim dn cho n
gi tr Up= 300 n 400mV th kt thc hiu ng Tunen, bt u xut
hin dng in ca c ch diot thng thng. Tng hp 2 kt qu phn
tch s n h n c c tu y n Von Ampe dng h n h 6.21 vi cp im
cn ch l im nh p (Ip, Up) v im y V(Iy, Uv). Vi mi im
lm vic bt k, diot Tunen c mt in tr vi phn c trng v trong
114
min t im p ti im V diot Tunen c in tr vi phn m (in p

tng trong khi dng in gim).
Diot Tunen c vng lm vic vi in tr vi phn m (t p ti V)
Khi phn cc ngc diot Tunen, do hiu ng Tunen ngc, dng i

qua diot tng mnh (hng t K ti A) ngay khi in p ngc cn nh
(vi chc mV) hnh 6.22. Hnh 6.23 l mch tng ng thay th ca
diot Tunen.
Diot Tunen khng c trng thi chn (trng thi kho).
Hnh 6.22. c tuyn ca diot Tunen

theo hng phn cc ngc.
Hnh 6.23. Mch tng dng

thay th ca diot Tunen.
6.3.2. Cc tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn
Nhm tham s gii hn:

Dng cc i:
Cng sut: Pt^
N hit d max: Tj
Nhm cc tham s nh mc
Dng v p nh ]| Uj,
Dng v p y Iv, Uv
in dung c
in tr n tip Rs
in tr ti vng P-V:
Rm
Cc gi ti' Rh- Rn v c c mt trong mch tng ng hnh 6.23

(in cm Ls c th b qua).
il5
Mt s gi tr in hnh ca cc tham s:
u 65mV n llOmV
Rn
Ip = 0,9mA n 22mA
C|) l,5pF n 20pF
120Q n lOQ
Rs 4Q n 1,52
6.3.3. ng dng ca diot Tunen
Khi s dng diot Tunen vi vng in tr m, diot hot ng nh

mt phn t khuch i hay to dao ng. Mch c s dng tn s"
c 10Hz =lGHz. Hnh 6.24 l mt mch dao ng dng diot Tunen.
L v c to thnh mch cng hng song song LC; R] R chia p
chn im lm vic cho diot ng vng in tr m trn c tuyn.
Din p dao ng ly ra trn ti Rl, t Cp nn in p dao dng trn R,
n nh im lm vic 1 chiu cho diot. Diot Tunen cng c dng
lm mt phn t chuyn mch vi thi gian n v ngt mch rt
nhanh (c Ins n lOns).
Hnh 6.24. Mch dao ng

dng diot Tunen.
Hnh 6.25. c tuyn ca diot ngc

m t kiu diot Tunen.
6.4. DIOT NGC (BACKWARD)
Diot Backward thuc nhm diot Tunen-Gem ani c bit. Nh

bin php cng ngh c bit nh p ca c tuyn Von Ampe rt
thp ( th hnh 6.25). Dng in ti nh (im p) c gi tr ch
khong IOOm-A v ti y (im V) Iv khong 60|iA. on c tuyn
Von Ampe t p ti V kh phng, in tr vi phn phn ny c IkQ
khng oi v khng th dng on ny ch to dao ng nh mt
116
diot Tunen bnh thng khc. Vng c tuyn ny ko di ti gi tr

500mV s dng nh in p kho. Nu o cc in p v dng in
trn diot Tunen c, c tuyn ca diot Backward c dng hnh
6.26 v vng dn o c s dng nh ch lm vic thun ca
diot thng. K hiu diot o cho trn hnh 6.27.
Diot o c kh nng chnh lu cc in p xoay chiu c bin rt
nh tn s lm vic rt cao.
-------K -----Hnh 6.27. K hiu diot o.
6.5. DIOT PIN

Diot PIN c cu to cho trn hnh 6.28 bao gm 2 vng bn dn

n tinh th loi p (lm anot) v loi n (lm katot) pha tp cht mnh
v gia 2 vng ny l 1 vng dn in, loi I (dn in nh bn dn
cha pha tp gi l dn in ring). Thc t vng I khng hon ton
dn in loi I m c pha tp yu loi n nhng in tr vng I rt ln.
Vng I trong diot PIN khng c ht dn t do.
Khi hot ng, lp chn hnh thnh gia vng p v vng I (hnh
6.29) v c b rng ch yu bn vng I v in tch dng bn I cn
bng vi in tch m bn p, hnh thnh mt in dung. Khi lm vic
theo hng thun l trng t vng p v in t t vng n phun vo
vng I (hnh 6.30).
Vng I tr nn c in tr thp khi phn cc thun cho dot, s ht dn
phun vo cng nhiu th in tr vng I cng thp.
117
L trng
' in t

/(n)

IM
P-.
4-
oooooo
OQOCtOO
ÔOOO
OCiODO
BOOOOO
^*(r7
oo gn oo
K hiu
Hinh 6.28. C'u tao v

k hiu ca diot PIN.
Hnh 6.30. Vng I bi trn ngp

in tch khi phn cc thun.
Hnh 6.29. Diot PIN

khi kho.
Khi phn cc ngc diot khng dn dng v diot PIN hot dng
nh mt diot thng thng (vi tip xc pn) khi tn s lm vic di
10'Hz (10MHz).
tn s" cao hn 10MHz diot PIN dn dng xoay chiu. ln
dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo in tr lp I v do in tr vng I
rt Lhp v khi hot ng cc ht dndcphun lin tc vo vng .
Mun vy cn phn cc mt chiu chodiotbng cch t mt in p
mt chiu kt hp vi tn hiu tn s cao hn 10MHz ny.
in tr vng I ca diot PIN c th iu khin c nh in p mt
chiu phn cc thun cho diot.
in tr ca diot PIN ch
yu do in tr vng I quyt
nh, ioi ra cn b sung cc
gi tr nh in tr vng p v n
(pha tp mnh) v in tr tip
xc ly ra cc cc anot v katot
cng nh in tr dy dn cc
ra. th hnh 6.31 cho xc nh
quan h in tr cao tn R||ir ca
diot PIN cao tn ph thuc vo
dng in p hn cc th u n Ip.
Hnh 6.31. in tr tn s cao ca diot

PIN ph thuc dng in Ip.
6.5.2. Tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn
Cc tham s" gii hn quan trng:

in p ngc
Dng in thun
Cng sut tn hao
Nhit lp chn
Di nhit bo qun
118
R 30V n 150V
Ip 20mA n lOOmA
1W n 6W
T , 125c
Ts -55c n +125c
Cc tham s nVi mc quan trng:

Dng in ngc
in tr thun vi phn
|( * 200nA
~ i
(vi I f = lOmA, f = 100MHz)

in tr thun vi phn
(vi Ip= 1(jA, f = 100MHz)
T ~ 6k2
6.5.3. ng dng
Diot PIN c dng trong cc b suy f'iam tn hiu, iu khin

dc h s suy giin bng in p 1 chiu v khng lm mo tn hiu
cao tn, nh iu khin c bin ca in p tn s" cao. Trong
cc b chn knh ca my thu truyn hnh hay my thu UKW cht
lng cao, b iu chnh bin tn hiu cao tn dng diot PIN
c kh nng thay i mc tn hiu ( tn s 100MHz) t h s" 1 n
1/300.
6.6. DIOT IN T NNG (DIOT SCHOTTKY-DIOT S)
Diot s c cu to l tip xc kim loi-tinh th bn dn c m

t trn hnh 6.32. Vng kim loi (lm anot) c tip xc cng ngh
vi vng bn dn Si loi n (lm katot). Nu t c trng thi cc
din t bn bn dn Si-n c trng thi nng lng cao hn (cc in
t nng) so vi cc trng thi nng lng ca in t bn kim loi
th xut hin hng ro in th hay vng in tch khng gian (lp
kho) sau khi xy ra s khuch tn cc ht dn t vng bn dn
sang vng kim loi. Kt qu l xut hin 1 in trng nib hng
t bn vng S i-n sang bn kim loi ngn cn qu trnh khuch tn
tip tc cho ti khi cn bng. Ch c rnt lng nh in t c nng
lng ln bn kim loi c th sang bn vng n, pha bn kim loi
tch in m. Khi phn cc cho diot s theo hnh 6.33, vng in tch
khng gian m rng ra v diot b kho. Nu o ngc cc tnh
ngun phn cc ngoi (hnh 6.34) cc in t phun t vng S i-n
sang kim loi to ra dng in thun ca diot.
Dng in qua Dot s l dng cc ht a s (in t) ca Si-n.
119
Cc in t trong vng Si-n l cc in t nng c trng thi nng

lng cao fun vo vng kim loi khi diot s trng thi ni mch. Khi o
cc ngun ngoi, diot s v trng thi ngt rt nhanh do khng c cc ht
thiu s' cn tr.
Diot
s c thi gian
chuyn trng
thi rt nhanh hay thi gian
tr rt nh.
Gi tr thi gian tr khi chuyn mch ca diot s khong vi

chc n vi trm ps (Ips = 10 "^"s), khi lm vic c Ric tp m v
nhiu rt thp.
Si-n
Kim loi
...
in trng
---------------------------------------------
K hiu
Hnh 6.32. Cu to v
k hiu ca dot Shotky
(diot S).
Hnh 6.33. Phn cc

ngc cho diot s.
Hnh 6.34. Phn cc

thun cho diot s.
6.6.2. Cc tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn
Tham s gii hn quan trng

in p ngc
Ur t 5V n 20 V
Dng in thun
Ip lOmA n lOOmA
Cng sut tn hao
Ptt lOOmW n 2 0 0 mW
Tham s nh mc:
Thi gian ni mch
ttr 50ps
Thi gian ngt mch
ts lOOps
in dung ca diot
Cj 0 ,2 pF
Dng in ngc
Ir 25nA
6.6.3. ng dng
Diot s l loi diot chuyn mch tc nhanh, c s cng hu

ht trong cc mch kho tn s cao, c bit trong di sng cc ngn.
Dng trong b iu ch, b trn hay b nn di sng cc ngn.
120
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
M t hiu ng Zener xy ra trong diot z.
2.
Cng trng bt u xy ra nh thng Zener l bao nhiu?
3.
Phn bit 2 dng nh thng diot v nhit v v hiu ng Zener.
4.
V sao cc diot chnh lu nn in khng c hiu ng Zener?
5.
M t hiu ng thc gp trong Z-diot.
6.
Tnh cht ca diot z trong vng dn thun.
7.
V c tuyn I - u ca diot z vi 3 vng khc nhau: dn, chn v

nh thng.
8.
T i sa o tr o n g v n g n h th n g d io t z
i h i m t g i i h n
dng
in xc nh?
9.
Hy v c tnh ca diot z in hnh tro n g vng lm vic ch

Zener.
10. in tr vi phn r ca diot z xc nh nh th no?

1 1 . H s nhit
ca diot z cho bit iu g?
12 . Hy gii thch ti sao az > 0 vi z diot c UzK > 6 V v 2 < 0 vi
nhm z diot c UzK < 6 V.

13. Cch b nhit dng cc diot z? C th b nhit bng cch no?
14. Trn hnh 6.35, hy chn Ri,min v Rtniax khi in p vo thay i
10 % gi tr (20 V 10 %) bit Rv = 10 Q; Zg c UzK = 8 V; Ptot = 8 W v
Izmin = 5 mA.
Ry
10 a
2vnov,
$Z8
R,
Hnh 6.35. Mch n p dng diot z mc song song vi ti.
15. So snh in dung ca diot bin dung vi 1 t in phng. ln

ca in dung lp kho ph thuc vo yu t^ no?
16. V phc tho c tuyn c (Ur) ca diot bin dung.
121
17. H s" tn hao v phm cht ca diot varicap (diot bi"n dung)
l g?
18. Diot bin dung c dng lm g?
19. Hy m t hiu ng Tunen.
2 0 . Hy v c tuyn I - u in hnh ca diot Tunen.
2 1 . Diot Tunen lm vic trng thi kho nh th no?
22. Diot ngc l loi diot g? Nu cc c im phn bit diot Tunen

vi diot ngc.
23. M t hot ng ca diot PIN? iu g xv ra trong vng I ca diol
PIN.
24. in tr' cao tn ca diot PIN ph thuc dng phn cc thun Lnh th no?
25. Hy gii thch cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca diot s. u im
quan trng ca diot s.
122
Chng 7
TRfiNSITO iNQ cc (B)T)

7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Cu kin in t c 3 lp bn dn n tinh
th dng npn hay pnp ghp xcn k nhau to
Lhnh 2 tip xc pn r t gn nhau c gi l
transito lng cc (BJT) phn bit vi mt
lo transito ch c mt tip xc pn gi l. nhm
transito n cc hay transito hiu ng trng
(FET) s c xt ti chng 8 . Loi BJT lm
t n tinh th Gemani c nhiu nhc im nn
<
i
Hnh 7.1. cu to
c bn ca transito.
n gy n ay ch cn d n g nh ng trng hp c
bit, cn ch yu l loi transito lm t n tinh

th Silic. Loi transito a tinh th (v d t AsGa) cn ang giai
don nghin cu th nghim v c tng lai ha hn. Nh vy c 2
nhm transito lng cc l loi pnp v loi npn (hnh 7.1).
7.2. NGUYN L HOT NG CA TRANSITO LOI PNP
Transito loi pnp c cu to nh th

hin hnh 7.2 c th m t nh 2 diot
mc i u nhau, gm 3 in cc ra l
emit (E), baz (B) v colect (C) v c
k hiu quy c nh hnh 7.3. Tng
ng c 3 vng bn dn tinh th l vng
emit, vng baz v vng coleotri. v
nguyn tc 2 vng emit v colect c th
i ln cho nhau, nhng do mc pha
tp cht khc nhau (vng E thng rt
giu tp cht-pha tp mnh), cn vng c
pha tp yu nht nn c in tr ln nht,
tn hao nhit trn colect l ln nht v
thng cn lm ngui (lm mt) bng
bin php t nhin (din tch v kim loi
rng) hay bin php cng bc (phin to
nhit hay qut lm mt...).
<
p
n
o-
p
<>
ca transito pnp.
Colect
\ Qc
\
Baz
E
|E
K hiu quy c
/ E
Emitt
hnh 7.3. K hiu transito v

cc cc ca n.
123
ch hot ng bnh thng (cn gi l ch khuch i) cn

t cc in p phn cc 1 chiu;
U be = -0,7V (c th t - 0 ,6 V n -0,9V) cho loi tr a n sito Silic
UcE- -7 V (c th t -2V n -300V) tu loi transito

Baz v colecto lun c gi tr in p m so vi emit (hnh 7.4)
r0.7V
fcE*-7V
8 e -0 ,7 V
ov
p
7V
linh 7.4. in p mt chiu cp cho transito pnp.

Hnh
Nh vy Diot baz-emit dn
in thun (m) cn diot bazcolect kho.
n*
Tip xc pn gia baz v emit

c phn cc thun, tip xc
pn gia baz v colecta c
phn cc ngc.
Nh U be ni diot BE, dng

ht dn a s phun qua tip xc
pn (l trng phun t vng E sang
vng B) v tip tc khuch tn
su vo B ti vng pn th hai
gia B-C. Dng ht ny c in
trng y gia tc cu"n sang
vng colect (hnh 7.5). y
colect c vai tr nh mt by thu
gom cc ht dn t E ti. Nh vy
dng in trong transito pnp ch
yu l dng l trng xut pht t
vng E v tp kt v vng C; phn
hao ht trong vng baz khong t
vi % n vi %0 to nn dng Ib
(hnh 7.6). Cc thnh phn dng
in trong transito c minh ho
124
L
trng
th
in th
tng cng
Hnh 7.5. th in th trong

transito pnp.
trn hnh 7.7 ( y ImA = 6,24.10' ht dn chuyn ng qua mt

ct vung gc trong 1 giy). Trong transito c hiu ng khuch i
dng 1 chiu vi h s" khuch i dng in 1 chiu B c nh ngha
(hnh 7.7).
'
1 Dng
in
colecto 99%
IDng in
baz 1% B
'Dng
V 1mA
^gin
Ube
emit
I 99%
Vi d 100nr\A
Hnh 7.6. Dng in trong transito pnp.
B=
V d 99mA
Hnh 7.7. Dng in qua transito pnp.
dng in colect _ 99%

dng in baz
1%
=99
S thay i nh dng baz ti li vo to ra s thay i ln ca dng

colect ti li ra v qua 1 in tr ti mch colecta nhn c s bin i
in p tng ng.
Nh vy s thay i nh ca in p baz dn ti s thay i ln ca
in p colect.
Cc hiu ng ph lin quan ti cc ht dn thiu s" trong transito

c b qua phn va phn tch.
Tuy nhin ti vng diot baz-colect, in trng ngc to ra dng
cc ht thiu s (l trng t B sang c v in t t c sang B). Dng in
ny khng phi dng phun v sau khuch tn t cc E ti v c gi
l dng nhit ti colect c vai tr tng l quan trng gy mt n nh
(tri) do nhit vi dng colect tng th (khong +7%/C). Ti vng
baz (dn in loi n) cc h t dn t do l electrn c kh n n g ti hp
vi l trng t do t E phun sang v tng cp ti hp s mt i 1 cp ht

dn t do. Mun h i n tng t i hp yu cn pha tp v n g B yu v kch
thc vng B hp qung ng khuch tn ca l trng trong vng B
ngn li. Hin tng ti hp lm dng I|3 tn g cht t.
7.3. NGUYN L HOT NG CA TRANSITO NPN
Hnh 7.8 m t cu to ca mt transito npn v k hiu quy c ca

loi ny. y vng E (pha tp mnh) v vng c (pha tp yu) l cc
tinh th bn dn loi n v xen gia chng l vng baz dn in loi p.
125
transito hot ng bnh thng

yu cu diot B -E m v diot B-C kho
hay vi transito npn loi Silic (hnh 7.9),
cn c cc gi tr in p ngoi t vo
sao cho:
U je= +0,7V (c th t +0 ,6 V n 0,9V)
UcE ~ +7V (c th t + 2 V n +300V
do loi transito quyt nh).
<'
<
n
o p
n
(
Baz v colect c in th' phi dng

hn emit
K hiu quy c
V nguyn tc hot ng, transito loi

npn c nguyn l tng t nh transito
loi pnp v tm tt nh sau:
Hnh 7.8. Cc chuyn tip npn

ca transito v k hiu quy c.
B
0.7V
ovi
-- -
. . .
7V ^BE*^0.7V
-- - . . .
Hnh 7.9. Phn cc cho cc chuyn tip pn ca transito npn.
Dng in t t vng E c phun qua diot BE m v tip tc

khuch tn qua vng B c gia t"c ti diot BC kho v tuyt i a s"
ht ti c vng c to thnh cc dng din I|.;, Ih v Ic trong transito.
Do vng B c ch to sao cho mng (^rn) nn c th t c mt
hiu sut truyn t dng in t E ti dc c 99,9% hay transito c
h s khuch i dng in 1 chiu B l:
B=
= 999
Ib
1%
C ch dng cc ht thiu s" xy ra ti diot Bc kho tng t nh

transito loi pnp xt v cn ch nh hng ca nhit ti dng
in ny.
7.4. IN P V DNG IN TRN TRANSITO
Nu chn in th cc emit lm gc, gi Ucu l in th gia

colect v baz th
126
UcE - Upu
CB + u
Chiu dng in tnh theo hng chu 3^'n ng ca l trng (ht

tch in dng)
I e = I c + Io
7V
Ube
jL
Hnh 7.10. Cc dng in v
in p trn transito pnp.
Hnh 7.11. Cc dng in v

in p trn transito npn.
lOrnA?
J.OV
Hnh 7.12. Chiu dng

emit.
y ch n cch quv c chiu in p tnh t cc ny ti cc

kia (hay quy c chiu dng in) sao cho thng nht vi tr s" gi tr
dng hay m ca ^hng. V d khi Vc >Vk thi UcK - Vc " Vr > 0 hay
-V c = Uec < 0 . Nu UcK = -7V th U,:c ~ +7V. Nu chiu dng in
cng chiu in th th dng c gi tr dng hoc ngc nhau th dng
c gi tr m. V d hnh 7.11: I|,: lOmA nn pc=
- l OmA (xem v
d hnh 7,13).
-7 V
*7V
Jq
U b6 = - 0 .7 V
/ e
J-ov
Li ra
Li vo
Li ra
Li vo
Mch nguyn i EC
Mch nguyn l BC
Hnh 7.13. V d cho cc in p trn transito pnp v npn.
127
7.5. CC C TUYN V THAM
s CA TRANSITO MC EMiT CHUNG
C 3 cch mc transito theo cch phn tch ca 1 m n g 4 cc gm 1

ca vo v 1 ca ra (hnh 7.14). Cc cch mc tu thuc chn cc no
c a t r a n s i t o l m i m c c c h u n g c h o c l v o v l i r a : k i u m c e m i t
c h u n g (E C ), k i u m c b a z c h u n g (B C ) h a y k i u m c c o le c t c h u n g (C C ).
Tng ng c 4 h c tuyn Von Ampe c quan tm, trc tin

x t tro n g cch m c E C .
7.5.1. H c tuyn vo
--(7 )
C )
4 = hng s
_ i
Hinh 7.14. Mch mc
colectd chung.
Hnh 7.15. Mch ly c tuyn

vo ca transito.
Trong cch mc EC (hnh 7.15), cc i lng dng v p ti u vo

l Ijj v Uni. c tuyn vo theo nh ngha l ng biu din quan h
I v o - U v o v vi c c h m c E C l
I f - UfjE, p h p o n y c l y t r o n g i u
kin lun gi cho in p ra UcE = hng s. Vi cc gi tr hng s khc

nhau ca UcE s nhn c mt h ng c tuyn vo (hnh 7.17).
Mch o c tuyn vo ca cch mc EC cho trn hnh 7.15 v dng thu
c hnh 7.16. Dng c tuyn Ib - Ube thc ra l dng nhnh m ca
diot B-E vi loi Si c in p ngng khong 0,7V v vi loi Ge l 0,3V.
Hnh 7.16. Cch xc nh in tr

vo vi phn rgg ca mch EC
trn c tuyn vo I b- U be-
Hnh 7.17. H c tuyn vo

vi cc gi tr UcE khc nhau,
in tr vo vi phn BS l dc ng c tuyn vo xc nh ti im
(A) ang x t- im A gi l im lm vic tnh ca iransito.
128
Vic xc nh gi tr ca rijE ti A, thc hin trn hnh 7.16 bng

cch k tip tuyn vi ng c tuyn ti A dng tam gic vung c 2
c n h l AI|J v A U k , k h i theo n h ngha (c h dUcE= 0).
y AUbi v Al l s bin thin nh ca in p v dng in ti

baz. N"u xt tran sito nh 1 mng 4 cc khi chn hai i lng U v o v
I,,, lm hm s (vcii mch rrc EC l U uV Ic) v chn hai i lng cn
li l dng vo v p ra lm bin s" (vi EC l I[J v U c e ) , s nhn c
h 4 tham s"hn hp h,j ca transito gm
hj2e, hjie v h22e, khi :
=hc
7.5,2. H c tuyn ra
c tuyn ra theo nh ngha l ng biu din quan h

(trong cch mc EC l IcUci.:). c tu 3'n c ly khi gi cho dng vo
I[ gi tr khng i. Khi chn cc gi t r I[ khc n h a u s n h n c h
c tuyn ra gm nhiu ng, mi ng ng vi 1 gi tr c nh ca
I (hnh 7,18).
Hnh 7.18. H c tuyn ra ca transito.
in tr vi phn li ra CcE ti im lm vic A l dc vi phn ca ng

c tuyn ra xt ti im A vi mch EC l lc-UcE-
9-LKIN T
129
^CE
A U ,,
AIc
y A c e v A l c l lng bin thin ca

in p v dng in ti l ra.
Tng t nh xt vi mng 4 cc theo tham s hj, c:

Vi h 22e l in dn vi phn ti li ra.
7.5.3. H c tuyn truyn t (c tuyn iu khin dng in)
c tuyn truyn t dng in

theo nh ngha l ng biu din
quan h I,. - (trong mch Ec l I c - I b)Hnh 7.19 cho h 2 ng Ic - I[J ng
vi Uc:ei = 16V v UcE2 = 7V. Vi cc
transito theo cng ngh hin nay quan
h ng hnh 7.19 gn tuyn tnh. Ti
1 im A trn c tuyn, h s" khuch
i dng in B (1 chiu) c nh
ngha (hnh 7.20).
H s khuch i dng in 1 chiu ca transito cho bit ln ca

dng colect Ic so vi dng baz /g l bao nhiu ln (B ln).
Do thc t ng le In c hi
cong (hnh 7.20) nu nh ngha
dc vi phn ca ng c
tuyn gi l h s" khuch i
dng xoay chiu.
3: h s" khuch i dng in

xoay chiu
A lc , Aly: l ng bin
thin
tng ng ca dng in ra v
dng in vo (khi UcE = hng)
130
Hnh 7.20. Xc nh h s khuch di

dng in1 chiu B v h s khuch i
dng xoay chiu p ti im lm vic A.
Theo l thuyt mng 4 cc vi cc tham s" hj, c

2 le
7.5.4. H c tuyn hi tip (ghp ngc)
Vic tng UcE s lm tng UcB v U|JE (do U c E = UcB + Ube hnh
7.21). Vic nng cao in p UcE cng lm gim nh hng ca n ti UbeNhn chung vic lin h (ghp) ngc gia u ra
vi u vo l iu khng mong mun (khi ch
UCQ
xt nng transito) nn nh sn xut tm mi
JL^
UcE
cch hn ch nh hng ca UcE ti UuE- ng
UaE
biu din quan h Ure - UcE c gi l c
tuyn ghp (c tuyn hi tip) c cho trn
JL.
hnh 7.22.
Hnh 7.21.
vi cc transito c cht
lng tt, c tu y n ghp ngc
tng i b ng phng, nglia l
nh hng ca UpE ti R; rt
hn ch. Mc nh hng
1.2
,/B=120pA
ÔOi
êoi
1.0
c xc nh qua h s" ghp
as
ae
ngc vi phn D.
0.4
^ 20pA
/ b 0
a2
10
20
/ c e /
Vi h tham s" hj th
Hnh 7.22, c tuyn hi tp (ghp ngc).
D = hI2c
7.5.5. Bn nhm c tuyn ca transito
Khi xy dng c b"n h c tuyn xt trn trong mt h thng

th (mi th ch dng gc phn t th nht trong to cc),
s n h n c bc tra n h tng q ut v cc h c tu y n qu an trn g ca
transito nh th hin trn hnh 7.23 vi cc thng tin chi tit v y

v mt transito.
131
Hnh 7.23. H 4 c tuyn ca transito mc EC.
7.6. CHN IM LM VIC CHO TRANSITO
Ch lm vic 1 chiu ca transito c la chn thng qua vic

xc nh im lm vic nh 2 trong 4 tham s" U c E , UuE, It: hay
Thng chn cp gi tr UcE v Iu hay Ic- Cc bc tin hnh chn
im lm vic A trn hnh 7.24 nh sau:
I .
uv
Rt=2kn
0.72V
6V
-LOV
Hnh 7.24. Xc nh im lm vic 1 chiu A.
132
Chn ngun 1 chiu cp cho transito B (v d Ujj= + 12 V)
Chn in tr ti colect Rl
(v
d R]^= 2 kf)
Gi tr R]^ quyt nh nghing ( dc) tga ca ng ti 1 chiu

nl gia 2 im ct ca ng ti vi hai trc to ch ngn
mch UcE = 0 v ch h mch (Ic = 0) (Ico l dng ngn mch v
U |5 l p mch trn transito).
12V
Ico
R,
2kQ
= 6 mA
Chn
'4^
m
A
Hnh 7.25. Xc nh im A trn 4 c tuyn.
Trn nhm h thng 4 th im lm vic 1 chiu A c xc

d n h i m A (Ic = 3m A; Ijj = 30f.iA) trn c tu y n tru y n t Ic - Ib',
Nu lin kt vi c tu y n Uu(.;-UcE s tm c h s ghp ngc vi

phn D.
T gi tr Ijj = 30|aA, xc nh trn c tuyn vo Ib UjE s nhn
c gi tr tng ng U be= 0,72V v A c to Ib = 30|i A; U be= 0,72V.
133
Gi tr U[JK nhn c nh chn in

tr phn cc Rv (hnh 7.26).
BE
02
V
R(.
n,28V
C)
0.72V
- ------
1 2 V -0 ,7 2 V _11,28V
Rv = -----------------= - - = 376kQ
30|Â
30iA
-L
ov
Hnh 7.26.
Mun c c gi tr Ry ng nh tnh
ton, cn chn Rv gm 1 phn c nh v
1 phn tha} i: Rv = 330k2 + 6 8 kQ, trong
in tr 6 8 kf l bin tr.
Cch khc nhn c U e = 0,72V l
dng b chia p gm 2 in tr Rj v R2 Ohnh
7.27). cch ny cn chn dng Iq qua b
chia khong 2 n 3 ln Iij. Nu chn Iq ln
th Ri R.2 phi nh v lm gim in tr vo
ca mch, cn nu chn Iq < I|3 th in p Ube
khng n nh. Chn !(, 2 Ijj, t ;
Hnh 7.27. t in p cc B
nh b chia p R 1 R2 .
R. =
R22 =
^ BE
v d cho L = 2 ljj = 60|iA

R , l f - - = i i g X , i 2 5 k n
' 30|iA + 60nA
90Â
60|Â
Tu theo mc ch ngi s dng muh h s khuch i ln nht;
mo phi tuyn nh nht; cng sut tn hao nh, hay nhiu thp nht:
im lm vic c chn theo mt nhm mc tiu u tin v thng
phi dung ho v ti im lm vic tham s" ny c th s gy thit cho
tham s khc.
134
7.7. IU KHIN TRAblSITO
Sau khi xc nh im lm vic, cc gi tr dng v p 1 chiu trn

transito c xc nh k hiu l U ' c E , I'c) I'b v U'be.
I/hI
----- ^
^pA I70I 60I 50ioI30^20
10
,
------'-------1------ 1-------i----Itfccl
8 10
,-------- 1-------1-------1-------1------- -------V
/b=m
gp
40m
M
60 pA
-3mA
Hnh 7.28. C h xoay chiu xung quanh A trn 4 c tuyn.
Trn v d hnh 7.28 c U'cE 6 V

I'c = 3mA
=
0,72V
Ib = 30A
' n E =
c tuyn Ic - In v U [ E - In l cc c tuyn ng (c xy dng

t cc c tuyn tnh v ng ti trn h thhg 4 th hnh 7.25).
T sau khi xc nh im lm vic, c th iu khin transito nh mt
dng in xoay chiu hnh sin i| c bin v d b = IOiA
Nh vy, dng baz tng cng gm hai phn: dng 1 chiu /'e = 30/^ v
dng xoay chiu hnh Sn B c bin 10/.\.
I'c +
s thay i trong phm vi 2 0 )aA n 40|0,A (th hin trn
hnh 7.28) dn n s thay i dng coect I'c + ic t 2 mA n 4mA.
Dng colect gm 2 phn hp thnh: thnh phn 1 chiu (l'c = 3mA) v
thnh phn xoay chiu C (c bin 1 mA).
Dng colect to trn ti Rl mt in p tdng ng. in p tng

cng trn colecto ca transito thay t 8 V n 4V.
135
in p colect gm hai phn hp thnh: thnh phn 1 chiu

v thnh phn xoay chiu UcE (c bin 2V).
U'cE=
6V
in p baz gm hai phn: 1 chiu U'be~ 0,72V v phn xoay chiu i7g
(c bin gn ng bng 0,05V).
Cc h s" khuch i nhn c t c tuyn tng hp (4 c

tu y n k t hp)
H s khuch i in p
( y p|j,pp v L , l cc tr bin tng ng)
H s khuch i dng in
H s khuch i cng sut Vp = Vy. V

Nu k hiu cng sut xoay chiu ll ra l P,, ll vo l Pi th:
7 2 n/2
u BE.,
Vi mch v d tnh c:
A
2V
3,
0,05V
40
ImA
yi= T =
b lOÂ
= 100
Vp = Vu.V = 4 0 . 1 0 0 = 4 0 0 0
Ch quan h pha gia 2 in p xoay chiu UcE v UE l ngc

pha nhau v y l c im khc bit ca mch mc transito kiu EC.
Khi transito mc kiu mch EC, in p xoay chiu li ra dch pha 18QP
(ngc pha) vi in p xoay chiu li vo.
Qu trnh iu khin bng dng in hay iu khin bng in p

th hin trn hnh 7.29 v 7.30. Do c tuyn Ib-U}3e c cong nn:
136
Khi iu khin bng 1 dng in baz hnh sin, in p U be c dng

khng sin hoc nu iu khin bng 1 in p U b e hnh sin (hnh 7.30) th
dng baz c dng khng sin.
Iq
IIbI
/
. y
A,
__u
1 /be/
VUbeI
Hnh 7.29. iu khin kiu dng in
(bng dng in).
Hnh 7.30. iu khin bng in p.
iu ny tng t cho dng dng in colect. Nh vy:

Nu iu khin transito bng 1 dng baz dng hnh sin th dng
v p xoay chiu trn colect cng c drig hnh sin (xem th hnh
7.28). Trong khi nu iu khin transito bng 1 in p U|JK xoay chiu
hnh sin th dng baz xoay chiu, dng v p xoay chiu trn colect
c dng khng sin hay qu trnh iu khin b mo tn hiu.
in p v dng in xoay chiu trn colect c dng tng t nh qu
trnh bin thin theo thi gian ca dng in baz.
Qu trnh iu khin trong transito

do c gi l iu khin bng dng
in. Mun mo phi tuyn nh cn ch
quy lut bin thin ca dng in baz
ch khng phi quy lut bin thin ca
in p baz. Vic iu khin bng dng
in xy ra khi ngun p iu khin c
ni tr ln so vi in tr vo ca
transito, khi qu trnh bin thin ca
dng in vo hu nh khng b nh
hng bi in tr vo ca transito.
Rz
Hnh 7.31. iu khin transito

vi dng khng i
(iu khin bng dng).
iu khin bng dng in yu cu ni tr ca ngun in p iu khin

ln hn in tr vo ca transito (gi l kiu phi hp di hay phi
hp dng in).
137
Khi ni tr ca ngun tn hiu vo khng ln, c th b sung

thm Rz ti li vo nh hnh 7.31 tng ni tr ca ngun. Tuy nhin
Rz lm gim Vu v qua lm gim Vp ca mch.
Nu dng in p xoay chiu trn baz iu khi i dng in v
in p xoay chiu trn colect ca transito th y l qu trnh iu
khin bng in p.
iu khin bng in p xy ra khi ni tr ngun tn hiu vo nh hn
in tr vo ca transito (gi l kiu phi hp trn hay phi hp in p).
Phn ln cc b khuch i dng transito s dng cch iu khin

bng dng' in gim mo phi tuyn.
7.8. DNG IN D, IN P NGC V IN P NH THNG
7.8.1. Dng in d
Dng cc ht thiu s qua diot khi n phn cc ngc gi l dng

in d. Trng hp tng qut dng d l dng c trng ca transito
lc cc diot ca n b kho v chng c gi tr nh v l dng ca cc
ht thiu s". o dng din d gia 2 cc ca transito cn h in
cc th ba hay n n qua 1 in tr ti mt trong hai cc kia. Cc ch
s" k hiu ca cc dng in d gm 3 ch ci sau k hiu dng in I.
Ch ci u: in cc ca transito c n ti cc dng ca
ngun cp.
Ch ci sau:
in cc ca transito ni ti cc m ca ngun cp.
Ch ci th 3: Cch ni in cc th 3 (khng nu tn in cc ny)

O; in cc th 3 h (hnh 7.32 v hnh 7.34)
S; in cc th 3 ni ngn mch (hnh 7.33)
R: C in tr nl gia in cc th 3 v in cc th 2 (hnh 7.37)
V: c ngun phn cc ph gia in cc th 3 v in cc th 2
(hnh 7.35).
Cc dng in d quan trng nht v cch o c cho trn cc
hnh t 7.32 n hnh 7.37, l:
138
D n g d colectem it khi h m ch baz:
IcEo (h n h 7.32)
D n g d co lect -em it khi n g n m ch baz:
IcEs (h n h 7.33)
D n g d em it -b a z khi h m ch colect:
I ebo (h n h 7.34)
Dng d colectemit khi kho diot emit:
Ic E v
(hnh 7.35)
Dng d colectemit vi in tr gia P]B: IcER (hnh 7.36)

Dng d colectbaz khi h mch emit:
IcBo (hnh 7.37)
I ces
feo
H baz
H
colect
Uc0
UCES
Hnh 7.32. Xc nh
dng dlcEo-
Hnh 7.33. Xc nh
dng d Ices-
Hnh 7.34. Xc nh
dng d Iebo-
^CBO
-CEV
rS-
CEV
cBo
Rb
H emit
Hlnh 7.35. Xc nh
dng d IcEv
Hnh 7.36. Xc nh
dng dicER.
Hnh 7.37. Xc nh
dng d IcBo-
7.8.2. Cc in p ngc
o dng in d cn t cc in p ngc v chng c cng

k hiu 3 ch ci nh vi dng in d. V d khi o I c E v (hnh 7.35)
in p cn th it t vo o dng ny trong iu kin kho diot
emitd c k hiu l CEV- in p ngc gia colect -emit khi diot
emit kho. Mi in p kho u c gi tr gii hn cho php (xem
phn 7.12.2.1).
7.8.3. Cc in p nh thng
Khi in p ngc vt qu gi tr ln nht cho php, tip xc pn

trong transito b nh thng kiu ion ho v va chm (nh thng
thc), dng in ngc tng mnh. Nu khng hn ch c dng in
ny, transit s b ph hng. in p nh thng lun c cho vi
mt gi tr dng in nht nh.' l gi tr dng m ti transito
cha b hng.
139
C nhiu in p nh thng khc

nhau tng t nh nh ngha l vi
dng in d trn. Cch k hiu c b
sung thm ch ci BR c ngha l
nh thng trc 3 ch ci k hiu.
V d: in p nh thng colectemit khi h mch baz k hiu l
U(UH)ci;o- Hnh 7.38 a ra mch o gi
tr j 5R)ceo vi dng IcEo = 2mA.
z. B. /cE0 2rnA
H mch
baz
U[BR)CEo(m
Hnh 7.38. Xc nh p nh thng

colect-emit u,
'(B R )C E O *
7.9. TRNG THI IU KHIEN QU MC V CC IN P BO HO
Vîc tng in p UK lm dng baz tng v transito b iu khin

mnh hn, in tr on colect-emit thp xung lm dng colect
tng, in p UcE xuVig thp cho n 1 gii hn. in tr colectemit nh nht ng vi khi in p UcE nh nht c 0,2V (hnh 7.39)
gi l in p bo ho (gia colect v emit; UcE bo ho). Tng ng
lc in f:> baz-emit cng t bo ho. Trng thi bo ho ca
transit t c khi UcE = U|3E dn ti UcB = 0 (hnh 7.40). Diot
colecL-baz khng cn b kho. Khi tip tc tng dng lj (tng U5h),
UcK gim nh hn Ui3 lm Uen < 0 v diot B-C bt u dn in.
UcB~ 0
c e
= 0 ,8 V
be=0.8V
Hth 7.40. Chuyn tip pn bazcolccto khng c din p phn cc.

Hnh 7.39. Tng kho transito vi
trng thi ni mch.
Trng thi iu khin qu mc i vi transito

xy ra khi c hai diot colect-baz v emitbaz u dn in (m) (hnh 7.41).
trng thi ny, trong transito b trn

ngp ht dn v dng baz vt qu mt gi
tr ngng gi l
140
iB boho-
v
n
oy
0V
n
o
7V
â2v
Hnh 7.41. Transto trng

th bo ho (ni mch).
I,Cngin mch
Bbo lio
R, .B
vi Un: ngun cp 1 chiu

R i,: in tr ti trn colect (hnh 7.42)
B; h s" khuch i dng in (1 chiu)

Khi trng thi bo ho in tr on colectd-emit ca transito
c gi tr nh nht gi l in tr bo ho.
10
20
30
40
Hnh 7.42. Hyperbol tn hao cng sut.
7.10. CNG SUT TN HAO TRN TRANSITO

7.10.1. Cng sut tn hao v Hyperbol tn hao
Khi transito lm vic, nng lng in c bin i thnh nng

l n g nhit lm n nng ln. c n phn bit cng sut tn hao gia
co lect -em it PcE v gia b a z -em it P|J|.;:
PcK= UcE.Ic
P i!k U uk . Iij
Cng sut tn hao chung:
lot
Do Ic In v UcE > UtjE nn PcE PnE, hay:

p lo t ~ U c E - I c
Tham s gii hn i vi transito l cng sut tn hao cc i cho

php trong iu kin c lm mt. Vi mi gi tr UcE c th tnh c
mt gi tr dng colect ln nht: Icmox>
cp gi tr c xc nh
141
c 1 im trn c tuyn Ic - UcE v kt qu s thu c mt ng

cong dng Hyperbol gi l Hyperbol cng sut tn hao (hnh 7.42).
V d : Mt transito c cng sut tn hao cc i cho php l
Plot = 5W trong iu kin c to nhit. Vi mt s" gi tr UcK, c gi

tr Icmax tng ng trn bng sau:
^tot
^CiTiax
U ce(V)
Icmax(rnA)
'.ot
10
500
Ptot (W)
5
C B
20
250
30
167
40
125
^CE* ^Cmax
Khi Hyperbol tn bao c dng hnh 7.43.

im lm vic ca 1 transito trong sut thi gian lm vic lun phi
nm di Hyperbol tn hao. Nu nm trn transito s b qu nhit v
b ph hu.
//q l
rrA' t
500
500
400
300
200
100
10
20
30
(0
50 IUceI
V
Hnh 7.43. Xc nh Hyperbol cng sut tn hao.
7.10.2. Lm mt cho transito
Cng sut tn hao cc i cho php Ptot ph thuc vo nhit lp

kho, ngha l nhit lng (tnh trn 1 n v din tch) trong 1 n v
thi gian.
H s dn nhit G,h l nhit lng to ra trong 1 n v thi giai trong
iu kin c chnh lch nhit nht nh gia lp kho v mi trng
lm mt.
Nghch o ca h sdn nhit c nh ngha l in tr nhit RthGia s nhit gia lp chn v mi trng lm mt
R. =
142
Nhit lng to ra trong 1 n v thi gian
Khi nhit lng to ra trong 1 n v thi gian cn bng vi nhit

lng sinh ra trong thi gian y th nhit ca transito khng tng
na. Nhit lng sinh ra do Ptot quyt nh.
(n v o ca in tr nhit C/W)
Tj: nhit cao nh't cho php ca lp kho
T^: nhit ca mi trng lm mt
Mi trng lm mt c th l v ca transito, khng kh bao quanh
transito hay cc phin lm mt gn cng v transito. T c cc loi
in tr nhit khc nhau:
in tr nhit gia lp kho v v transito
RthGK^ in tr nhit gia v transito v cc phin lm mt.
Rihk: in tr nhit gia phin lm mt v khng kh bao quanh.
Trong iu kin c h thng to nhit y th in tr nhit
tng cng;
r^thg I^thG
R th G K + f ^ th K
Riho thng xc nh t d liu c sn ca transito s dng

RihK l gi tr nh mc ca cc phin lm mt.
KthciK ph thuc iu kin kt cu lp rp v thng dng loi vt
liu dn nhit t"t c gi tr RthGK hp l.
Transito cng c lm mt tt th cng sut P lol cng ln.
Vi du: Vi transito cng sut BD107 nhit cao nht ca lp

k h o l 1 7 5 c . i n t r n h i t R th G = 1 2 c / w .
Phin to nhit c s dng c Rti,K = 1,5CAV c cch in vi

v transito bng cc tm mica. R t h G K ~ 0,5c/w xc nh cng sut tn
hao ln nht khi nhit mi trng ti a l 35c.
RthG ~ RthC
RlhK RthGK
= 12C/W + 1 ,5 C/W + 0 ,5 C/W =
1 4 c/w
143
p _
lol
R.
175"
c - 3 5 "c
14'C /W
140
14
P,,= 10 W
Nu transito khng c lm mt nh lp cc phin to nhit, tc
l v transito tip xc trc tip vi khng kh, s dng in tr nhit
Rthu s tnh c Ptot c gi tr thp hn:
Rthu = in tr nhit p kho v mi trng khng kh
Vi BD107 c R,h = 40c/w
T .-T
_ _ J____1!
175"
toi
c - 3 5 'c
4 0 " c /w
R.^thu
Ptot=3,5W
140
40
7.11. NH HNG CA NHIT V N NH NHIT lEM LM VIC

Phn ln cc tham s ca transito b ph thuc nhit . Cc dng
c tuyn b dch theo nhit , c bit c tuj'n vo Ib-U be; (hnh 7.44).
Vi cng 1 gi tr in p
U be
khi nhit tng dng baz tng.
Ngha l khi b nng ln, dng colect tng v im lm vic A b

tri ln theo ng thang (ng ti 1 chiu - xem hnh 7.24). Nh s
dng in tr Re (hnh 7.45) im lm vic c n nh xung quanh A.
-<>12V
Hnh 7.44. th ca c tuyn vo

do nh hng ca nhit .
Hnh 7.45. n nh im lm vic

nh in tr Rg.
U ,= U, + U e
U,5K= 2 - Uk = 1,7V - IV = 0,7V
Do b nng Ie tng ti 10,5mA. Khi Ure = 1,05V
U r , ; = I k . R,.; = 10,5mA.100Q = 1,050V
144
Thc t 9 khng i khi UE cn li:

BE = 2 - U
= 1,7V - 1,05V = 0,65V
Vic nhit tng iu chnh li (lm gim) Ube nh c Rg, do

n nh c im lm vic ca transito. trnh gy tc ng ch
xoay chiu, cn nl Ce c gi tr ln song song Rg nn tn hiu
xoay chiu trn Re (hnh 7.46). Mt cch khc n nh nhit l dng
b chia p ph thuc nhit (hnh 7.47). Khi mt in tr nhit
loi NTC c ni song song vi R2. in tr nhit NTC phi c cng
nhit ca v transito tc l c gn trc tip vi colect ca transito.
Khi nhit tng ln, gi tr NTC gim lm in tr tng ng
Ro// Rntc gim , d n ti U|3E gim .
Ri
Ri
C)
)
5
Re 4 = C e
Hnh 7.46, Chng hi tip xoay chiu

trn Rg nh t thot Cg.
R2
,/b
Hnh 7.47. n nh im lm vic

dng nhit in tr nng (NTC).
7.12. TP M CA TRANSITO
7.12.1. Nguyn nhn pht sinh tp m
Chuyn ng ca ht dn in trong mng tinh th chu nh hng

ca dao ng nhit ca mng tinh th nn khng n nh. Ngha l
dng in lu n c m t th n g gi n g nh do n g u y n n h n n y v c
gi l d n g tp m ,
Mi dng in u c 1 phn l dng tp m.
Phn dng tp m chy qua 1 in tr R gy ra in p tp m. T

cn g s u t tp m c xc nh bi tch s" h a i gi tr h iu d ng c a
dng v p tp m:
145
10'LKINT
p, = u, .1,
p^; cng sut tp m.
Uri in p tp m hiu dng.
1^: dng in tp m hiu dng.
7.12.2. in tr tp m
Cng su"t tp m trn 1 in tr R lun c tnh trong 1 di tn

s b cn quan tm:
PrK - 4.k.T.b
P,.j: cng sut tp m ca 1 in tr.
k':
hng s' Boltzmann k = 1,38.10'^'
T;
b:
nhit tuyt i (Kelvin),

di tn s ang xt.____________
nhit phng w 20c
_Ws_ Ws
Kelvin K
4kT=l,6.10 -2 0
in p tap m (lc h- mch) c xc nh trn in tr R (ni

tr ca ngun tn hiu);
U , . = , / V ^ = V4kT.b.R,
7,12.3. H s tp m v mt: tp m
in p tp m xut hin trong ngun tn hiu c transito n

nhn v khuch i ln bn cnh cng sut tp m ca tinh th lm
transito.
Nu k hiu P ri l phn cng sut tp m ca ngun tn hiu.
Vp l h s khuch i cng sut ca transito
Prt l cng sut tp m do transito gy ra,
th cng su t tp m t i li ra ca tr a n sito c xc n h bi:
P rt2 P ri-Vp + P rx
Nu k hiu Pr2= Pri Vp (l cng sut tp m li ra khng phi do

transito gy ra) th h s" tp m F c nh ngha:
p _
^ RT2 _
R2
146
Vp ^-l-P
^ RT
H s tp m F l t s cng sut tp m tng cng li ra transito

vi cng su^t tp m c ngun gc khng phi ca transito
P,n-2 = F.Pr,
R2 = F. Pk,.V
Rl- '' 1>
RT
F= 1+
Nu 1 transito l tng khng c tp m Prx = 0 ; F = 1

Transito thc t lun c F >1 (thng F = 1,4 ti 10 ). F c th dng
trong thang logarit:
(dB)
F* c nh ngha l mc tp m tnh theo n v dexibel, gi tr
thng gp F* = l,5dB n lOdB.
Tp m ca mt transito cng nh khi h s tp m F v mc tp m F*
ca n cng b.
F v F* c gi tr ph thuc loi transito, vo im lm vic

chn ca transito. Vi dng c nh, F v F* nh v tng ln khi Ic tng.
Khi tn hiu tc ng vo transito c cng nh, tp m c vai tr
quan trng ti mc c th ln t tn hiu.
Gi tr ca in p tp m xc nh mc tn hiu c ngha nh nht (
nhy) ti u vo ca transito.
Gi tr ca in p tp m c th tnh c t cng sut tp m.

Thng gi thit transito l l tng khng c tp m, cng sut tp
m ca ngun tn hiu Pj{| bit (do ni tr ca ngun tn hiu to ra
t dng tp m ca ngun) c thay th thnh Perj.
R2
p
^ RT2
V.|)
_ p
pR2
'
v
[>
(P ru, l cng sut tp m l vo tng ng khi coi transito l l

tng tc l b qua P|T v thay P ki bng P eri)Cng sut tp m thay th bng tch s cng sut tp m ca ngun tn
hiu tc ng transito vi h s tp m.
147
V d: Vi transito BSY 52 c mc tp m 6 dB v h s tp m F = 4 in
tr trong (ni tr) ca ngun tn hiu l lOkQ. Transito lm vic di tn

s' OHz n 20 kHz vi h s khuch i cng sut Vp = 4000.
a) Tnh cng sut tp m v in p tp m h mch (ti nhit
phng) ca in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu.
b) Tnh cng sut tp m ll vo bit in tr vo rj3E= lOkQ.
c) Tnh cng sut tp m ti li ra?
G i i:
a) P,R = 4.kT.b = l , 6 . 10 -"(Ws).2 0 .1 0 '-
= 32.10-"W = 320.10"'w
U..K = VP,r .R; - -J320.10-'*.
U ,R
= 17,89. IO.7V = l,789|aV
' b) in p tp m t i l vo ca tran sito khi c phi hp tr k h n g
(Ri=
rtiE
=10kn) Uri = 1/2U,r.
u .rR
0,8445|aV
RI
Cng sut tap m tai li vo ca trangto P ri bng P,.R

4
^
Pr, = [ ^ J
K ^ J
1
1 _ 1,789.10'M
=
--^ w
Pri = 0 ,8 . 10"w = 80 . 10-'w

c) p RT2
F.Pni-Vp = 4.80.10-'w. 4000

= 1.280 .000 . 10-'w
= 1,28.10-"W
Prt2 ~ l,28pW.
7.13. CC THNG
CA TRANSITO
7.13.1. Cc tham s nh mc
Tham s nh mc th hin cc tnh cht khi lm vic ca transito.
7.13.1.1. Thams nh mc tn hiu (xoay chiu)

( y ch a ra cc tham s xoay chiu trong cch mc EC).
148
in tr vo vi phn
1
in tr ra vi phn
^CE
22c
H s' khuch i dng in vi phn:

p = hgie
H s ghp ngc (h s hi tip) vi sai: D = hi 2e.
Cc tham s xoay chiu ch xt ln cn 1 im lm vic xc nh
ca transito.
7.13.1.2. Quan h 1chiu

H s" khuch i dng in 1 chiu l t s" dng in 1 chu
'
I
colect v baz B - ---Ln
Gi tr ca B do im lm vic 1 chiu ca transito (tc l do UcE,

!() Quyt nh v thay i theo v tr im lm vic ca transito.
7.13.1.3. Cc dng in dv cc in p nh thng

Nhm tham s dng in d v in p nh thng c nh
n g h a chi ti t tron g p h n 7.8 v c cho trong cc d liu v tra n sito
do nh sn xut cung cp.
7.13.1.4. in dung lp kho

in dung lp kho c xc nh ti 1 in p kho nht nh. V
d: in dung colect-baz (khi E h mch, UcB= lOV).
CcBO
in dung emit -baz
(Colect h mch, EB= 0,5V)
Cebo~ 25pF
7.13.1.5. Cc tn s'gii hn
Cc in dung lp kho nh hng ti gii hn tn s cao. Khi
transito lm vic, tn s tn hiu vo tng lm cc h s (3 v a gim
AI,
)
AIp
'
Alg
Tn s khuch i n v l
t n
s" ti p = 1
f(p - 1)
Tn s" quy i fp l mt i lng dng cho vic tnh ton l tch

s ca h s p v tn s" ti o p (ti fx o c Px):
f.' = fx'. Px
149

ti
Tn s gii hn trn: Theo nh ngha cc gi tr a, p c o

= 1kHz
p(fo = 10-^Hz) =
a(fo = 10'^Hz) = p
Khi
'(, v fp l cc tn s gii hn cao nht khi lm vic vi tn hiu

xoay chiu i vi transito
Ch rng: |f = pf[.
7.13.1.6. Cc in tr nhit (xem phn 7.10.2)
Rthu: in tr nhit gia lp kho - mi trng khng kh

Rtr.: in tr n h i t gia lp kho - v tra n sito .
7.13.1.7. Mc tp m (xem phn 7.12)
Tp m ca 1 transito c nh gi qua mc tp m F* = lOlgF

v cng nh cng t"t.
7.13.1.8. Thi gian chuyn mch ca transito

Khi iu khin transito t trng thi ngt mch sang n: mch,
cn c mt thi gian
hon thnh (c xc nh t lc gi tr
tham s" ra - nh in p ra chng hn - thay i t 90% n 10% gi
tr t a). Tng t khi iu khin transito t trng thi nl mch n
trng thi ngt mch, thi gian cn thit hon thnh cng vic lt
l tngt (tnh t lc in p ra t 10% n lc t 90% gi tr cc i).
Thi gian chuyn mch ca transito chnh l thi gian tr lc c
iu khin thay i trng thi lun gm hai gi tr
v tngf Do
tnh cht vt l ca cht bn dn tinh th, thng tngt ln hn tng- vi
ln. Thi gian tr c xc nh l trung bnh cng ca hai gi tr trn:
150
7.13.2. Cc tham s gii hn ca transito
Cc tham s gii hn l cc gi tr ti a cho php v khng c vt

qu trong mi tnh hung lm vic ca transito.
i n p n g c c c i c h o p h p : U c B 0 > UcEO) Uebo> U c e s -
Dng cc i cho php:

Icmax- dng colect cc i cho php ch lm vic lu di.
Icm: dng nh cho php ch lm vic xung (thi gian
lm vic ngn < lOms).
dng baz ln nht cho php ch lm vic lu di.
Cng sut tn hao cc i cho php:

PcE (gia colect -em it )
P be (gia baz-emit)
P tot
p C E +
b e
pC F ,-
Ch P(', ph thuc vo iu kin lm mt (iu kin to nhit).
Nhit ln nht cho php
Vi loi transito c ngun gc Ge

Vi loi c ngun gc Si
(cn k hiu Tj) ~ 90c.
* 2 0 0 c.
D i n h i t b o q u n - 6 0 c - 2 0 0 c v i t r a n s i t o S i v - 3 0 c n
+75c vi transito Ge.

7.13.3. D liu ca transito
Cc thng s", c tnh ca transito thng c cho di dng cc

bng v th ngi s dng tra cu, tnh ton hoc truy cp thng
tin mt cch tng hp v y .
7.14. MT VI NG DNG CA TRANSITO
7.14.1. Tng kho chuyn mch
dng transito (hnh 7.48)
Transito trong hnh 7.48 ch

c th mt trong 2 trng thi;
Khi khng c tn hiu tc
ng ti l vo: Transito trng
thi ngt mch (trng thi 1):
Ijj = 0; U[JE = 0;
0
Rce lOOMQ; UcE= Uj3= +12V
12V
RL=2A0n
/* 0 .
/c *5 0 mA
R,
serOV
CE =
8E s 0.9 V
Hnh 7.48. Tng kho dng transito.
151
Khi c 1 xung in p dng khong vi V tc ng ti li vo transito

trng thi 2 l trng thi ni mch.
Vi
Uvlo - 3,9V ; Rv = 3kQ th:
ImA U|5E = 0,9V ; RcE 4Q UcE 0,2V
12V
I
= 50mA
R l 240Q
ch kho chuyn mch,
dim lm vic ca transito trn
th c tuyn Ic - UcE ch c
th v tr Pi (cho trng thi 1)
hoc v tr P (cho trng thi 2 )
th hin trn hnh 7.49. Thi
gian Pi -> ?2 l tng', v P2 -> Pi l
tngt t v i |.IS n v i p hn ns.
Cn chn Rl sao cho R, > RLm inKhi - =
R Lmin
< LLmax m
Hnh 7.49. c tuyn ra ca 1 transito kho.

Cc im lm vic c trng p, hoc p^.
bo an ton v dng in cho transito lc n mch.

Hnh 7.50 l mt mch hn ch nh sng dng mt kho transito.
in tr quang Rp= l O M Q lc khng c chiu sng (cn gi l gi tr
in tr lc t) v bng IkQ lc c chiu sng vi cng thch
hp. in tr n h n h tr n n h v y c 2 tr n g th i: l c t l c g i tr
Rj + Rf- = 47kQ + lOMQ rt ln lm in p baz-emit U be *= 0 ,
transito ngt mch (khng c dng in qua rle).
18V
Lc c chiu sng:
Rj + R, = 48kQ, in p cc baz18V
0,9V lm
emit U,^ =
(R,+Rp)+R, ^
transito ni mch, c dng in qua
rle iu khin cng tc chuyn mch.
7.14.2. B khuch i dng transito
Rt47kn
Rp
R2=4.7l<n
Hnh 7.50. Tng kho transito
iu khin nh nh sng.
B khuch i c nhim v lm tng tn hiu vo (in p, dng

in hay cng sut) c thc hin nh mt hoc vi transito mc lin
tip nhau (gi l b khuch i 1 tng hay khuch i nhiu tng).
152
7.14.2.1. Hnh 7.51 l mch nguyn l 1 b khuch i mc EC gm 1 tng.
Rj v Rl gip vic chn im lm vic 1 chiu cho transito, ch c tn

hiu (ch xoay chiu) Rj tham gia vo in tr vo xoay chiu v Rl
tham gia vo ti xoay chiu ca b khuch i. Mt s thay i nh
ca dng baz dn ti vic iu khin v to ra mt s thay i ln ca
dng colect to ra hiu ng khuch i dng in ca transito. Tng
ng l cc quan h in p xoay chiu baz v colect. Trong khi s
bin thin cc dng in l ng pha th s bin thin cc in p
colect v baz l ngc pha nhau (hnh 7.52). in tr vo vi phn
ca mch khuch i;
12V
Rl
R|
u ra U2
u vo)(J^
.ov
Hnh 7.51. Tng khuch i dng translto (mt EC).
y |V |l bin in p v
dng in ti li vo. 2 v ijl bin
in p v dng in xoay chiu ti li ra.
in tr ra vi phn ca mch
khuch i:
Coi tng khuch i nh 1 mng

4 cc hnh 7.53, cc thng s quan
trng ca mng l;
Hnh 7.52. th thi gian in

p ra ca tng khuch i EC.
153
H s khuch i dng in Vj
H s" khuch i in p Vu
in tr vo xoay chiu
in tr ra xoay chiu r,,
Hnh 7.53. Transito nh mt

mng 4 cc.
Gc dch pha (gia 2 v Ui) (p

7.14,2.2, B khuch i nhiu tng
Khi cn inc tn hiu ra ln, cn dng nhiu transito mc lin tip

nhau, khi ;
v = Vi.Vu2.V3..........
V - v . V . 2. V i3. . .......................
(Hnh 7,54 v 7.55)
100 hV
iJjV
lOmV
IV
Hnh 7.54. Mch khuch i transito dng 3 tng.
Tng 1
Tng 2
Tng 3
Hnh 7.55. B khuch i 3 tng dng transto.
Cc tng khuch i
c g h p vi n h a u q u a t
(hnh 7.55) hay ghp trc

tip (hnh 7.56). Khi ghp
theo hnh 7.56 b khuch
i c th lm vic vi tn
hiu vo c tn s" bng
OHz (gi l b khuch i 1
Hnh 7.56. 3 tng khuch i transito
chiu). Cn cch ghp dng
ghp c tuyn.
t hnh 7.55 hay dng bin
p, tn s" lm vic khng xung n OHz gi chung l cc b khuch
i xoay chiu.
154
7.14.3. Cc cch mc Tr trong b khuch i
Tn ti 3 kiu mc transito trong mch khuch i v do c 3

dng mch khuch i thng gp l:
^J
Mch khuch i mc emit
chung (mch EC) nh th hin
hnh 7.57. Khi cc E c dng
chung cho l vo v ll ra.
Mch khuch i mc baz
chung (mch BC) - hnh 7.58.
Mch khuch i mc colect
chung (mch CC) hnh 7.59.
Rl
R i
Ci
II1
1
r^
i
^
) r2
Hnh 7.57. u lch khuizh i mt EC.
i
c,
il
u ra
Re C3
^0
u ra
u vo
C2
u vo
(Y
C
iiii
Ic.
^2
u vo
^2
u ra
o
Hnh 7.58. Mch khuch i mt BC.
Hnh 7.59. Mch khuch i mt c c .
Ch rng cc quan h dng in vo, dng in ra, in p vo

v lin p ra vi mi kiu mc l khc nhau. V d trong kiu mc EC:
^v5o
UvAo -
I..a = I c
u ,.
U be
H UcE
Cn trong kiu mc J3C th:

Ivo =
^ra
Uvo -
eb
u.. ^ CB
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1 . V cu to transito pnp. Nu tn cc cc v vng bn dn tng ng.
2. V cu to transito npn - V chiu phn cc cho cc tip xc pn ca

transito.
3. Gii thch nhim v lp chn gia B v c trong transito npn?
155
4.
Nu tn cc dng in v in p trn transito loi npn v loi pnp,

v chiu cc dng in.
5.
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca transito npn. Vic khuch i

dng in v khuch i in p ca transito th hin nh th no?
6.
Cc m lin h gia 3 dng in v mi lin h gia 3 in p ca

transito.
7.
V dng c tuyn vo ca transito npn (mc EC), in tr vo vi

phn Tqe ti 1 im lm vic A c xc nh nh th no?
8.
c tu y n ra Ic U(JE ca 1 tra n sito npn? Cch xc n h in tr
ra vi phn rÊ ti mt im lm vic A trn c tuyn?

9.
H s khuch i dng in vi phn p l g?
10. Khi cho 1 transito c B = 120 ti 1 im lm vic no c ngha g?

11. H s hi tip (ghp ngc) vi sai D l g? ngha?
12. H thng 4 c tuyn in hnh ca 1 transito c dng nh th no?
13. Mng 4 cc theo cc tham s li l g? p tng thch vi tham s h no?
14. im lm vic ca 1 b khuch i transito c xc nh nh th no?
15. Cho mch hnh 7.60. Hy tnh Rj v R2 bit:
Ic = 6 mA;
6Ib; B = 20; Ube= 0 .72V
16. Vi mch hnh 7.61. Hy tm Rj, R2 v UcE khi bit:

U be~ 0,75V; Iq= 3I q; B = 60
Re = 200 Q; R c = I k Q ; C i = 2 = 10^ F ; C3 = lOOfiF.
17. Cc dng in d ca 1 transito xc nh nh th no?
Cc ch s" k hiu bng ch ci c ngha g?
b =18V
^ s 12V
|R
Jik n
R,
]R i
1^2
i C
11
'lO P
0
7 hF
JR
IR e
Ce
j2 2 0 n H
^70F
Hnh 7.60. Mch khuch i

dng transito.
156
J rj
J
Re
Ca
Hnh 7.61. Mch khuch i

dng transito.
18. Phn bit in p ngc v in p nh thng?

19. Trng thi qu ti ca transito xy ra t lc no?
2 0 . Mt transito khng c phin to nhit c in tr nhit Rthu = 80CAV.
Nhit lp kho cao nht l 170c. Nhit mi trng l 50c.

Hy tnh cng sut tn hao cho php Pti.
21. Hy nu nguyn nhn gy tp m ca transito ti u ra.
2 2 . Cc bin php n nh im lm vic theo nhit i vi
transito npn.
23. Hy v 3 mch mc transito c bn v nu tn cc dng in v
in p li vo, li ra ca mi mch.
24. Mch hnh 7.62 l kiu mc g ca transito?
Rc
R = rC j
Hnh 7.62. Mch khuch i dng transito.
25. Mt tng kho chuyn mch dng transito hot ng nh th no?

Hy v mt transito npn ch ca 1 tng kho chuyn mch v
ch ra im lm vic c th ca transito trn c tuyn Iq c e -
157
Chng 8
TRANSITO N
cc
Nhm transito n cc c c trng c bn l dn in ch bng mt

loi ht dn l in t t do (nhm knh dn in loi n) hay bng l
trVig (nhm knh dn in loi p). v cu to c im quan trng l
loi transito n cc ch c 1 chuyn tip pn v c chia thnh nhiu
nhm nh.
8.1. TRANSITO HIU NG TRNG c cc CA L 1 LP KHO (JFET)
8.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
V cu to JFET c hai dng l loi knh n

(JPÊTn) v loi knh p (JFETp). Do tnh i
xng v c nguyn l ging nhau nn ch xt
loi knh n c cu to c cho trn bnh 8.1
gm mt knh c tnh dn in loi n ni gia
2 cc m n g (Drain - D) v ngun (Source - S)
c cch ly vi cc th 3 l cc ca (Gate - G)
nh mt chuyn tip pn. Nu t gia cc D
v s mt in p u v d +12V, s xut hin
dng in t chuyn ng trn knh dn t s
ti D (chiu dng in t D ti S) vi ln do
gi tr ca in p u v in tr, kch thc
ca knh quyt nh. Vic phn b" in p
12 V trn knh v m phng hnh 8 .2 . Nu
cc G (hnh 8.3) dc ni ngn mch ti cc s
(U gs
Hnh 8.1. Cu to ca
JFET knh n.
--------------D >
1
n
P]
= 0). tip xc pn gia GS v GD du b
kho (vng knh dn n nhn chung u c

in th dng so vi vng p). hnh thnh
2 vng tip xc pn (lin thng nhau) hay hai
vng in tch khng gian theo chiu t s ti
D cng rng dn ra do nh hng khc nhau
ca in p u . Vng p lun c in th ov v
do khng c dng in chy trong .
y
i
s -------------- ov
Hnh 8.2. Phn b in
p trn knh n dc theo
hng t D ti s.
Gia vng tinh th loi n v hai pha loi p hnh thnh hai lp kho.
158
Trn hnh 8 . 3 , ti vng A in th. phn cc ngc l lOV nhng

ti B in th ny cn 6 V. Khi ly 1 on nh ca vng tip xc pn
phng to ln ta c hnh 8.4 m t c che" dn in ca knh dn loi
n. Do in trng ni b ca lp in tch khng gian hng t vng n
sang vng p nn lc ca in trng tc ng ngc chiu vi in t
v y cc electron tch ra khi vng lp chn.
Chiu in trng
ni b ca lp kho
Hnh 8.3. Lp chn ca JFET,
Hnh 8.4. Tit din lp chn

thay i theo trc S-D .
Lp chn l vng b cm vi cc in t trn knh dn vng n
Cc in t ch chuyn ng dc theo hng t s ti D trn 1 vng n

trng ho in c gi l knh dn bng in t - knh dn n (hnh 8.5).
o^12V
<^0V
Hnh 8.5. Phn b (kch thc)
knh ph thuc lp chn.
Hnh 8.6. Phn cc ca in p

iu khin U gs-
159
Nu phn cc sao cho Uo < s hay U qs < 0 (tip xc pn phn cc

ngc mnh hn, thit din ca knh dn s hp li. Khi knh dn hp
nht, in tr knh s ln nht. Nu vi cng 1 in p t ti gia D
v s , in tr ca knh tng khi Ucs m hn lm dng cc mng Id
gim. S bin thin in p trn cc G dn ti s thay i dng in
trn knh (hnh 8 .6 ).
Khi in p Ucs cng m, vng lp chn cng m rng v thit din knh
dn cng hp li, in tr ca knh cng tng ln v do dng Ip cng
gim nh.
Dng cc mng lo c iu khin "khng dy dn" nh Uas-
Tip tc cho in th cc G m, n mt
gi tr no , hai min lp chn gp nhau
(hnh 8.7), thit din knh lc ny bng 0.
Dng in khng cn trn knh (Id = 0 ).
Transito b kho.
K hiu v tn cc in cc ca JFET
cho trn hnh 8 .8 . y cc ca (G) cc
iu khin tng ng vi cc baz (B) ca
BJT. Nh vy iu kin lm vic thng
thng ca JFETn l U|5S> 0 v Ugs ^ 0 cn
Hnh 8.7. Lp chn trng

thi transito kho
(kh Uds = 0).
vi JF E T p l Uns < 0 v U gs ^ 0 (k h iu cho

trn hnh 8 . 10 ).
12V-
9 0 : Drain
02V
U dg
Q
s
G=Gate
o
-GS
OV'
ov
S = S ource
Hnh 8.8. Cu to, k hiu ca JFETn.

90
Hnh 8.9. in p phn b cho JFETn.

-12V
-12V-|--------------------------G -------
-do
.2 V - ----------
os
Uos
ov>
Hnh 8.10. Cu to, k hiu ca JFETp
(knh p).
160
Lov
Hnh 8.11. in p phn b cho JFETp
8.1.2. c tuyn v tham s ca JFETn
H c tuyn ra In-U|xs
(hnh 8.12) c ly trong iu
kin gi U(;s cc gi tr khc
m i
10 /
0,
knh dn l rng nht v I])

t gi tr ln nht, ng
lo - Uds cao nht. Ch ti im
p ti c Uos (P) gi l in p
nhau (QS
0) khi U qs
bo ho, khi Uos > Ut)s(P) th

v ic
t n g
U os
khng
p
----- ---------------------- Q
12
M=OV
__________ __ ________ _____ IV

r
,
2r
^
3V
/w
" 1
K)
tÔS(P)
Hnh 8.12. c tuyn
20 |
Id
U ds
ca JFETn.
lm
tng dng Ii3 na. Ti gi tr

Ui).s = Da(P), vng pn hai pha gp nhau,
knh dn b tht li, c tuyn bng phng
trong on p - Q ti Q do Uus quln, lp
chn b nh thng vng st cc D (cng
d trng ngic ln nht) v JFFT b ph
hu vng sau Q. Khi cho Ucs < 0 c tuyn
Ii) - U|XS thp xung, im p xy ra sm hn
Oinh 8.14).
Hnh 8.14. c tuyn y

ca \q - U qs vi JFETn.
Hnh 8.13. Cu to
ca JFET knh n.
Hnh 8.15. c tuyn

ca JFETn.
D * U p s
c tuyn Ij) - U g s xt vi cc gi tr U,)S > 0s(P) khc nhau l

h c tuyn truyn t I|) - Uc,s (hnh 8.15).
Khi Ucs = c.s(P) dng lo = 0, JFET b kho.
11-LK IN T
161
d"c ca c tuyn truyn t Iu - Ucs trn hnh 8.16 th hin

tnh cht in hnh ca FET, dc (cn gi l h dn) s ti ln cn
im lm vic A c nh ngha.
(gi
U ds
= hng s)
Alo: lng bin thin dng cc mng.

AUgs: lng bin thin in p gia cc cc ca - ngun (gi tr
thng t 3mA/V n lOmA/V).
H dn s cho bit vi
in tr ra vi phn:
AU gs
= 1 (V) th
A lo
s bng S(mA).
(khi cho
U gs
= hng s)
Cch xc nh
c cho trn hinh 8.17; gi tr thng gp
rps ~ 80kQ n khong 2 0 0 kQ.
Hinh 8.16. Xc nh dc vi
phn ca c tuyn truyn t.
Hnh 8.17. Xc nh in
tr ra vi phn ca FET.
in tr vo vi phn l in tr lp kho nm gia cc cc G v s

do dng in ngc Is l v cng b nn r^s
n 1 0 *Q.
Dng in vo l dng cc ht thiu s" ca diot kho Is ~ 5nA n
2 0 nA.
Cc tham s" gii hn ca JFET
in p mng - ngun ln nht
DSmax
in p ca - ngun ln nht
GSm ax
162
Dng cc mng ln nht

Cng sul tn hao ln nht
^Dmax
tot
Nhit cao nht khi lm vic

9^20V
0
/g
Uos
G S --2 V
Hnh 8.18. JFETn mc cc

ngun chung.
Hnh 8.19. Tng khuch i

mc cc ngun chung.
Cc gi tr c th lm v d cho mt JFETn cng sut nh

Unsmax ~ 30V
Id.u. x= 20mA
= 8 V
Ptt = 200mW
Tj =
Cng su^t tn hao

1^1oi ^DS Id
8.1.3. ng dng
u im c bit ca JFET l c in tr vo ln nn vic iu khin hu
nh khng lm tn hao cng sut ca tin hiu ti li vo.
Mch khuch i rnc cc ngun chung (SC) c cho trn hnh

8.19 vi U g s - - 2 V v K| = IkQ, U o i) = + 12 V, im lm vic c xc
nh ti im A (hnh 8 .2 0 ) trn cc c tuyn 0 - U d s v Id - U g s - Gi
thit in p ti li vo c bin IV, qu trnh khuch i in p
c minh ho trn th hnh 8 .2 0 .
H skhuch i in p:
y s l h dn ( dc) ca JFET xt ti A
163
v theo dinh ngha s =
(Vi I |3 I|50
U o s (P )
ta C s = s.
;So =
U g s (p )
a u GS
21 DO
^GS(P)
So l h dn ca JFET tnh ti im
U gs
=0
s l h dn ca JFET ti im lm vic Ugs
-2 V )
in tr vo ca mch;
Te l in tr vi phn li vo mch.
Tqs in tr vi phn ll vo ca JFET.
Rq in tr cc Gate.
in tr ra vi phn:
Hinh 8.20. Gii thch qu trnh khuch di trn cc dc tuyn ca transito JFET.
V d: Mch khuch i hnh 8 .2 1 dng JFET c r^s = lOOkQ;

s = 8 mA/V. T nh h s" khuch i in p ca mch.
164
V u -S .
R , . r , DS
mA
lO k Q .lO O k Q
~ v
lO k Q + lO O k Q
= 72,7
Hnh 8 .2 1. Tng khuch i in p xoay chiu mc s c .
8.2. TRANSITO HIU NG TRNG c cc CA CCH LY (IGFET

HAY MOSFET)
8.2.1.1. Vn Chung
Phn tch cc ca transito l 1 tinh
Lh dn in v d loi p (cho MOS knh
dn in bng in t). Trn to hai
vng dn in tt loi n c ph trn b
mt hai vng ny mt lp in mi mng
SO2 c hai ca s lm 2 in cc ra l cc
mng (cc D) v cc ngun (S). Trn b mt
lp SiO.) gia hai ca s ph mt lp
nhm to in cc th 3 l cc ca (cc G)
nh th hin trn hnh 8 .2 2 .
Hnh 8.22. c u to MOS^

knh c sau (EMOS^).
Nu t mt in p dng vo gia 2
cc m n g v n gu n Up.s tra n sito khng dn
in; khi o cc ngun cp ngoi tnh hnh

khng thay i. Transito (( trng thi kho
(ngt mch). Nu t tip mt in p
dng gia hai cc ca v ngun U g s
(khong 4V), trong xut hin 1 in
trng gia cc ngun v . in trng
ny cm ng li ko in t (l cc ht thiu
s ca ) t tp v vng l din vi cc
Cu dn in loi n
Hnh 8.23. S xut hin knh
dn loi n.
165
ca hnh thnh 1 knh dn in bng in t n lin vng s v D;

xut hin 1 knh cm ng dn in loi n nm cch ly vi cc G qua 1
lp in mi SiOo.
Nh ngun in th dng t vo cc ca so vi cc ngun v , xut
hin 1 cu dn in bng in t gia cc mng v cc ngun.
dn in ca cu electron tng ln khi tng in p dng ti

cc ca hoc gim i nu gim in p ny.
dn din ca knh dn c th iu khin c nh in p
Qua dng cc mng
cn dy dn.
U q s-
c iu khin nh in p Uas f<iu khng
8.2.1.2. EMOSFET (ENHANCEMENT METAL OXIDE SEMICONDTER FIELD

EFFECT TRANSITO hay norm ally - o ff - type dng MOS ch giu)
Cu to v hot ng loi MOS va k trn c gi l loi knh

cm ng, cu dn in bng in t ch xut hin sau khi c in p
cc ca thch hp tc ng. Nh vy, transito l thng kho (thng
ngt mch) - kiu Enhancement - type.
8.2.1.3. DMOSFET (DEPLETION M O SFE T- dng MOS c h ngho)
Nu khi ch to to sn 1 cu (knh)
dn loi n (hay p) n trc thng t cc s
sang cc D - s nhn dc transito trng
loi MOS knh c trc. Transito t dn
in trc khi c in p cc ca tc ng loi Depeletion - type (hnh 8.24).
DMOSFET c th c in p Ucs
dng hoc m iu khin. Nu l knh
n khi U g s > 0 DMOS ch giu dng
l tng, khi Ues < p DMOS ch
ngho dng lo gim (ch ngho
thng dng hn).
0
SO2
r T
4-
/ -------------
cu n'j
Hnh 8.24. cu to MOS^ loi

knh c trc (DMOSn).
ov
?s
2V 10V
?D
8.2.1.4. Hnh thnh lpkho vknh dn in

Dng in chy trn cu dn in n to ra
cc st p (hnh 8.25). " c in th ov, do cc
mng c in th lOV, cc ngun o v nn phn
b" in th tng dn t s ti D lm lp tip xc
p - n gia knh - c in p kho tng dn
hnh thnh lp in tch khng gian (lp kho) c
166
0Vi
O-
9V
S46V
=*2V
Hnh 8.25. Phn b in

th trn knh dn n.
thit din thay i, hp dn li t D ti s (hnh 8.26). Thit din knh

dn do hp dn t s ti D, Knh dn bng in t nm cch ly vi
qua 1 lp chn v c th thay i in tr ca n nh in p iu
khin t vo cc G qua lm thay i dng in cc mng Ii). Do tnh
xng, cu to loi DMOSFET knh p c cho trn hnh 8.28.
ov
2V
lav
Hnh 8.26. To lp chn

vi MOS^.
Hnh 8.27. Ch nu tr ca
c tuyn thay i theo U d s -
ov
-3V -Ipy
96
?D
Knh p
Hnh 8.28. Cu to MOSPETp c sn.
Nh vy c 4 loi MOSPET vi cc k hiu quy c tng ng nh sau:

MOSFET knh n cn U d s ; U q s ^ 0 (hnh 8.29)
MOSFET knh p cn Uos ^<0 ; Ucs< 0 (hnh 8.30)
MOSFET knh n cn
; Ugs^^ 0 (hnh 8.31)
MOSFET knh p cn Uds 0 ; Ugs^^ 0 (hnh 8.32)
D
Hnh 8,29. K hiu EMOS^.
Hnh 8.30. K hiu EMOSp.
Hnh 8.31. K hiu DMOS^

(cc h).
Hnh 8.32. K hiu DMOSp

(cc n VI S).
167
8.2.2. c tuyn v tham s
Hai h c tuyn quan trng nht ca MOSFET l:

H c tuyn ra I0 - Uds vi cc gi trU cs c" nh.
H c tuyn truyn t Id -
Ugs
vi U qs - hng s.
y ta ch quan tm ti cc
h c tuyn loi MOS knh n,
vi loi knh p cn i cc tnh
ngun cp (i chiu trc to ).
Uos*6V
Hnh 8.33 th hin c tuyn

Ij, - U d s ca EMOS knh n. Vic
to knh dn cn 1 in p
ngng ti thiu (c IV n 2 V gi
l in p m knh Up). in p
Ug cng thp th dng In cng nh.
Hnh 8.33. c tuyn ra

ca EMOS ki
U qs
Khi U d s d ln (vi V tr ln) dng I t ph thuc

m ch ph
thuc mnh vo U g s th hin tc dng iu khin ca G S ti Ij)).
Q S
Uos- 5V
20
V
Hnh 8.34. c tuyn ra v c tuyn truyn t ca EMOS^.
in tr ra vi phn DS l dc ca ng
Ca MOS.
AU DS
DS
AI D
- Us xt im lm vic
(khi gi Uqs = hng s)
Gi tr thng thng ros lOkQ n 50kQ.

dc ca c tnh Ij) - U g s ti im lm vc A gi l h dn s
ca MOSFET th hin kh nng iu khin dng Id ca in p Ucs168
(U d s
= hng s).
Gi tr thng gp ca s5-^^^n
V
Hnh 8.35. c tuyn ca DMOS n-
Ugs
c tuyn ca DMOS knh n cho trn hnh 8.35. Ch y khi

= 0 c knh dn nn ng c tnh nm gia. Khi U g s > 0 knh
c lm gi u, lng h t dn t n g ln v do vy k n h dn in t"t hn,
dng Id tng (cc ng nm pha trn - ng vi ch lm giu). Khi

U c s < 0 MOS ch lm ngho vi nhm ng nm thp hn pha
di. Hai tham s quan trng l r]3s v s c nh ngha tng t nh
vi loi EMOS.
in tr vo vi phn ca MOS c bit ln Tqs * 1 0 *Q. Do ti
ll vo cc G c lp cch in, cu trc MOS lun c in ung vo
C(S ^ 2 pF n 5pF. iu ny lm MOS nhy cm vi vic np tnh in
qua t C(;s hay gia cc G vi : Gi thit t c np 1 lng in tch
nh Q = 10"As
Q = c .u
10 "As
c ~ 2 .1 0 '''F
= 500V
in p np trn t ln nh thng lp
in mi SiO, v ph hu transito. trnh hiu
ng ny, cc li vo ca MOS ngay sau khi sn
x u t cc cc c n n gn m ch vi n h au cho an
Hnh 8.36. Vng ngn

mach bo v MOS.
169
ton v khi s dng MOS cn thc hin n chn

G, s, D vo mch trc khi b dy n ngn mch
ca nh sn xut (hnh 8.36). Trong mch in MOS
c bo v nh cc z diot li vo (hnh 8.37).
Mt vi thng s in hnh ca MOSFET
c cho di y ;
Hnh 8.37. Bo v MOS
* Nhm cc tham s gii hn:
in p mng - ngun ln nht DSmax v d 3V

i n p m n g - l n n h t Unnmax
* 35V
in p ca - ngun ln nht Ucsmax
+ 10 V
Dng in cc mng ln nht Inmox
* 50mA
Cng sut tn hao ln nht P,otmax

Nhit ip kho cao nht Tj,nx
** lOmW
1 0 C
* D n g cc ca n h mc (vi U gs, U ds v T^xc nh): I gss
gi tr in hnh Icss
0 ,lpA n lOpA (IpA = 10'Â).
Dng ngc d (of) trng thi ngt mch (Ugs< ,
xc nh).
I(ofO lO p A n 5 0 0 p A T ,= 2 5 c ( h a y T, = 1 2 5 C ).
in tr R ds(h) lc ni m ch v Rosofo
V d:
n g t m ch.
200Q (o khi GS = 0; DS = 0; Tj = 2 5 c vi D M O S n)
RDS(of0 = 10 ^ (o khi Ugs = -lOV; DS - +1V vi DMOSn).

8.2.3. S ph thuc nhit
Nhn chung loi MOSFET c cc tham s t ph thuc nhit . Khi

nhit tng, linh ng ca ht dn gim lm dng Ijjgiam nh, in
p chn i vi dng Id ti cc ca tng. Vi cng 1 gi tr in p cc
ca, khi nhit d Lng d dn in ca knh gim nh. Thng c th b
qua cc nh hng trn trong cc iu kin bnh thng.
8.2.4. Cng sut tn hao
C qu trnh bin i in nng thnh nhit nng khi dng I 0 chy

trn knh dn. Nhit transito tng ln lm n nh km i.
Cng sut nhit tn hao c nh ngha:
Ptot
~ Uj)s Id
Tnh cht lm mt transito c c trng bi in tr nhit

(xc
nh h s dn nhit t vt liu nng sang vt liu ngui, o bng CfW).
170
l in tr nhit knh dn - mi trng khng kh; gi tr in

hnh R 35(fC/W ti 600"C/W.
Rthu
Khi
Tj; nhit ti a cho php ti knh dn.
T; nhit mi trng.
Ptt: cng sut tn hao ln nht cho php,
nhit T bt k, cng sut tn hao c xc nh l Pv
tot
iu kin to nhit km, mi trng o nhit cao lun lm Pv v

thp.
8.2.5. ng dng
Hai ng dng quan trng ca MOSFET l dng trong mch khuch

i in p v cc mch kho chuyn mch trng thi, u th quan trng
ca MOS l c kh nng iu khin vi tn hao cng sut rt thp, thi
gian lt trng thi khi chuyn mch nh, tp m ca MOS nh, c bit
vng tn s"cao v vng tn s m thanh (10^ Hz n 10Hz).
Tng t nh BJT, vi MOSPET cng c 3 kiu mc: cc ngun chung
(SC) cc my chung (DC) v cc ca chung (GC) th hin trn hnh 8.38.
M,3ch EC
Mch
sc
M;ch BC
Mch GC
cc
Mch DC
Mach
Hnh 8.38. cng vo v cng ra VI 3 kiu mc transto trong mch khuch i.
171
8.2.5.1. Mch mc cc ngun chung (SC)
Khi dng cc ngun (S) lm im

chung cho li vo v li ra, ta c cch
mc s c . Vic cung cp 1 chiu cho
MOS knh n dng in p dng v d
Ui3= +18V qua Rl cp cho D, qua R] v
R g cp cho G (hnh 8.39) im lm vic
mt chiu A c xc nh theo cc gi
tr Ucs = - 2V v In = 7,5mA (hnh 8.40).
Khi in p cc ca bin thin vi bin
= 0 , 5 V, in p v dng cc mng
bin thin tng ng
*18V
Li vo
Hnh 8.39. Mt tng khuch i

dng MOSn mc sc.
v p.
Sik
^mA
30
mA^
30
25
25
20
20
15
10
10
15
18 20
Hinh 8.40. Biu th qu trnh khuch di trn c tuyn.
H s" khuch i in p ca mch c nh ngha
y s l h dn ca c tuyn truyn t I]J U c s t i A.

Rl l ti mc ti cc D
Tds l in tr ra vi phn ca MOS xc nh ti ln cn A.
172
in tr vo vi p h n tn h t i ln cn im lm vic A:
r. =
y R o l din tr tng ng ca b chia gm Rj v R g (nu

ch dng R g, khng c Rj, theo phng php t cp vi vic c thm
in tr Rg ti cc s th R*G = Rg)in tr ra vi phn:
8.2.5.2. Mch mc cc mng chung (DC)
Khi s dng cc D lm im chung cho ll vo v l ra (v xoay

chiu) s nhn dc cch mc DC (hnh 8.41). Mch DC hnh 8.41 dng
DMOS knh n dc cp ngun +18V gia hai im A v B; v xoay
chiu do c t din dung ln nl mch nn Umj 0 . Cc ca c phn
cc nh b chia R, Re. v in tr ti Rl mc cc s sao cho Ucs = - 2 V.
Ban u Us = + 3 V; Q = + 1V; U|J = +18V (hnh 8.42) mch DC khng
khuch i in p v 1.
Ri
17V
Rg
IV
b=18V
L vo
Hnh 8.41. Mch mc DC.
Hinh 8.42. Mch chia in p cc G.
173
Mch DC c dng bin i tr khng (khuch i m), in

tr vo ca mch ln hn mch s c c 10 ln.
in tr ra ca mch DC kh nh.
r^: in tr vo vi phn ca mch.

R(;a; din tr vo vi phn ca MOS.
R(ji din tr b chia ti cc G.
r,,: in tr vi phn ca mch.
R/ in tr ti.
V d: mt b khuch i dng
DMOS knh n mc DC (hnh 8.43) co
ti R] = Ik. ti im lm vic
MOSFET c s = 8 mA/V Rg = 4,7MQ
v rcs = 5.10^Q.
-o18V
........ ............o
jR,=80Mn
o^. _JL
^1 _ ,1
o -
VJ:7
jRG=^.7Mn
[jRL=1kn
Hy tnh in tr T;, v r ca
mch cho.
-oOV
Hnh 8.43. Mch khuch i mc DC.
1+ 8
mA
IkQ
V
5.10'^Q.4.7.10*^Q
5.10"Q + 4,7.10"Q
= 42,3MQ
1
IkQ.
kf +
174
1 V
IV
8 mA
1,125
= 9.47MQ
8.2.S.3. Mch mc cc ca chung (GC)

Mch hnh 8.44 chn cc G chung cho l"i
vo v l ra nn c gi l cch mc GC.
Mch GC c in tr vo tong i nh v
in tr ra tng l ln. Nhn chung mch
khng c nhiu u im ng k v li hn
ch cc u th ca MOS nn t c dng.
8.3. MOSFET
s 0
Hnh 8.44. Mch mc GC.
c HAI cc CA
Mt dng c bit ca MOSFET l loi c hai cc ca (hnh 8.45).

MOS loi ny c cu to gm 2 cc ca vi mt knh dn loi n gm 2
phn t di 2 lp kim loi khc nhau lm cc cc Gi v G2. Mi cc
ca iu khin dng cc mng c lp nhau. Nh vy c th s dng
loi MOS c hai cc ca di dng EMOS (knh c sau) hay loi DMOS
(knh c trc). Xt ch DMOS knh n, dng c tuyn v cc
tham s" c cho vi 1 cc ca tng t nh xt. Hnh 8.46 cho k
hiu quy c ca loi MOS 2 cc ca. Loi MOS 2 cc ca c dng
trong cc mch trn tn, mch nhn hoc mt s"ng dng khc.
s Q] G2 D
<ov LIV L2V?
Hinh 8.45. cu to MOs hai cc ca.
DMOSn
D M O S.
EM O S n
EM OSp
Hnh 8.46. K hiu MOS hai cc ca.
8.4. TRANSITO 1 CHUYN TIP PN (UJT)
Cu to transito 1 tip xc pn c th hin trn hnh 8.47. Trn

mt thi bn dn tinh th loi n pha tp yu (in tr ln) ly 2 in
cc ra'l baz 1 (B) v baz 2 (B 2) v cy ln mt vng bn dn loi p
pha tp cao to din cc emito (E). V c cu to nh trn UJT cn
c gi l diot hai cc baz. Khi cung cp hai in p ti UJT: Ub2bi
dng khong lOV n 20 V; U ebi khong vi V (hnh 8.48). M hnh
tng ng cu to ca UJT cho trn hnh 8.49. C nh B2B1 v tng
175
dn gi tr ca
t ov n vi V s nhn c c tuyn Ie dng hnh 8.50 ca UJT. C th gii thch c tuyn nh sau;
E 13 1
K 13 ]
Di tc ng ca U[52B1 in th ti im Q (hnh 8.49) l:
u ,B.B,
Uq =
c
gi l h s" chia ca UJT (c gi tr
khong 0,3 n 0,9 tu cu to ca UJT).
>02
e ------;
r r ^
\
\
-----\ -----
y
|Q
i p
3V
K hiu
Hnh 8.48. Gii thch hot ng

ca UJT.
Hnh 8.47. cu to UJT

knh N v k hiu.
ov
lOV
82
^82 B I----
E<?
t
Rbi
Rb2
Hnh 8.49. Mch thay th ca UJT.
Nu r| = 0,3;
=10V th Uc = 3V. Ngha l khi u,: cn thp
hn U q + U b = U z (Ud l in p ngng m diot v d Un = 0,7V) diot

khng dn in, UJT trng thi dng thp khi Uq+ D = Ug + 0,7V < Uy,.
Gi tr U z gi l in p mi ca UJT.
Uz Uq + 0,7V
t |U [52 b i
0,7V
Khi Ue > Uy^, diot dn in, cc l trng phun t min bn dn p (cc

E) vo vng v hng v B, lm Rui gim, quan h R|J , Rm hay h s"
chia r| thay i theo hng gim lm diot dn in mnh hn v theo R |
2
176
cng gim... Trn c tuyn xut

hin 1 vng (in tr phn m
t H(p) ti T(v) trn th hnh
8.50. Hnh 8.51 ch ra h c
tuyn Iu - U|.;ni ig vi cc gi tr
khc nhau ca |i9[,i> U 7, cng
thp khi U,2Bi (hay
cng thp.
Trn c tuyn hnh 8.50,
cn ch cp tham s dng
in v in p ti im mi
H(p) l 2, I|.;ii v ti im tt
Hnh 8.50. c tuyn Von Ampe ca UJT.
T(v) l Ut,
phn ra ranh gii
gia vng kho v vng dn ca JT cch nhau bi 1 vng m c in
tr vi phn m c tnh khng n nh (t bin).
U
e t
Hnh 8.51. H c tuyn ca UJT vi cc gi tr
U b2bi
khc nhau.
Ngoi ra cn ch dng gii hn K.nnx (c gi tr t 2 ti 2,5 ln

I ct) ng vi
ta nhn c U ei, bo ho.
UJT c s dng trong mch t dao ng to xung rng ca hoc
xung nhn c bit thun li.
CU HI N TP V BI TP
1.
Gii thch cu to v s hnh thnh lp chn trong JFET knh n?
2.
Ti sao lp chn li l vng cm vi cc in t dn trn knh dn?
3.
Gii thch phng thc iu khin in tr knh dn (hay thit

din ca knh dn) trong hot ng ca JFET?
177
12-LK IN T
4.
Hy v v gii thch ngha c tuyn Iq -
5.
ngha ca tham s s ca JFET?
6.
Gii thch hot ng ca mch hnh 8.52.
U [)s
ca JFETi?
12V
h
Ikl
---.
J l^ _
'lOnF
^ .......
---------- 0
22nF
J
i Rg
li i
U2
-2V
Hinh 8.52. Mch mc JFET kiu sc.
7.' M t cu to ca EMOSPET knh n.

8.
Cu to knh dn in trong EMOSPET knh p c hhh thnh

nh th no?
9.
Phn bit hai loi EMOSFET v DMOSFET.
10. Hy v v m t c tuyn Id - Ucsca DMOS knh n.

11. MOSFET ti sao li c bit nhy cm (d b nh thnf) vi vic
np tnh in?
1 2 . Bin php bo v chng nh thng tnh in cho MOS?
13. Mch in hnh 8.53 hot ng nh th no?

9b
-12 V
Rr
1 ^ 0'
II
1
Rg
Hnh 8.53. Mch mc DMOS .
178
14. Hy nu 3 kiu mc MOSFET.

15. M t cu to v hot ng ca MOS c 2 cc ca knh p.
16. UJT hot ng nh th no?
17. Gii thch ngha tham s" Ptot ca MOSFET.
18. Cch xc nh in tr ra vi phn rns ca MOSFET ti 1 im lm
vic A?
19. Nu ngha ca cc ch ci trong cm t MOSFET v IGFET?
20. ngha ca tham s" s ca mt transito MOS?
21. Hy nu c im cu to ca UJT? nh ngha h s"chia T| ca UJT?
22. V c tuyn Ie-U(.;ri UJT v ch ra cc tham s quan trng ti hai
im H(P) v T(V) trn c tuyn. Nu ngha ca cc tham s ny.
23. Gii thch hot ng ca mch in hnh 8.54 v v dng in p
bin thin theo thi gian ti cc im E v Q ca mch. Khi cho Ri
tng hay gim th dng in p v c g thay i?
+ 0 -
-0
o-
t
^Q
Hnh 8.54. Mch t dao ng to xung tam gic Ue v xung hm m Q dng UJT.
179
Chng 9
CC t16CH VI IN T (IC)
9.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Trn 1 phin bn dn
n tinh th c ng knh
c lOcm c kh nng cy
c 10^ n 6.10 cc nhm
transito sau khi chia nh
phin bn dn thnh tng
modun (chip) ring l. Tuy
nhin chi ph lao ng v do
gi thnh cho vic hon
Hnh 9.1. B khuch ai tng th'p 3 tng
thin rt cao. Thc hin ch
dng transito.
Lo tt c cc linh kin
transito, diot, in tr ng
lot theo mt quy trnh cng ngh xc nh c chun ho, ng
thi thc hin ngay cc lin kt gia cc linh kin ny to ra mt hay
nhiu mch in c chc nng x l gia cng tn hiu v c ng gi
trong 1 v duy nht s mang li ngha kinh t k thut to ln, c bit
l gi thnh h v tin cy cao. Mt mch in c ch to nh vy
c gi l mt mch vi in t (Integrated C ircuit: IC). Hnh 9.1 v 9.2
ch ra mt IC n gin gm 1 b khuch i tn thp c 3 tng khuch
i vi l vo gia 2 chn 1-4, li ra 3-4 v cp ngun 2-4; IC xt
c k hiu nh hnh 9.3.
<?2
o3
lo-
Hnh 9.2. Mch tch hp

b khuch i 3 tng.
180
Hnh 9.3. K hiu mch

vi in t thut ton (OPV).
9.2. K THUT TCH HP CC LINH KIN

9.2.1. K thut n khi
K thut n khi li cng ngh hin i ch to IC. Ton b mch

in c ch lo trn 1 khen n tinh th Silic duy nht. Nhiu IC
c c h t o ng lot trn phin n tnh sa u k h i ch ia n h th n h
t n g n k h i c kch thc vi mm'.
Trn 1 bn dn loi p, dng phng php nui cy ho hc (gi

l phng php Epitaxi) to ln mt lp bn dn loi n. Sau thc
hin ph ln b mt 1 lp cch in s ,02 nh phng php thi hi
nc HaO (phng php t) hay kh oxy 0^ (phng php kh) trn b
mt lp n va to ra trong mi trng nhit cao ca 1 l khuch tn
(1100^'C n 1200''C). Sau vi gi s c lp S 1O2 mng c vi i-tm. Tip
sau dng phng php quang khc to cc ca s (hnh 9.4) nh s
dng mt n c hnh dng xc nh.
To ca s
Ph SiO,
Lp Epitaxi
n
p
-------- V--------
Hnh 9.4. Ch to OPV, cc bc thc hin.
Mt lp bn dn oi p c khuch
tn qua ca s (hnh 9.5) sau lp S 1O2
c k h p k n (hnh 9.6). Vic lo ca s
tip theo (hnh 9.7) to ra cc vng
"bn o" dn in loi n, cc bn o ny
cch ly nhau nh mt tip xc p-n.
________ /Sia
Hnh 9.5.
Cc bn o dn in loi n
p
Hnh 9.6. Sau khi khuch tn
vng p ph lp SiOj ng li.
Hnh 9.7. To li ca s trn lp

S O mi.
Mi bn o va hnh thnh s c dng ch to mt linh kin.
Ti mi bn o s xut hin v d 1 transito npn sau khi hon

thnh vic ch to (hnh 9.8), tc l sau khi ln th 3 to ca s hp clio
khuch tn tp cht, loi p V(3i nng va phi v tip tc to ca s,
khuch tn mt l'p tp cht loi n ln trn lp va to ra (hnh 9.9).
181
Ch lp tp cht n cui cng nm trn cng, hnh khi nh nht v c

dn in cao nht (nng tp cht cao - in tr thp nh;). Ln th
5 thc hin ph lp SO2 sau to cc ca s a ra 3 cc tng ng B,
E, c nh trn hnh 9.10. Diot bn dn c ch to theo cig mt quy
trnh va m t nhng kt thc sm hn giai on c lp bn dn
loi p (hnh 9.11). in tr (khuch tn) cng c ch to the cng mt
phng php cng ngh nh trn, gi tr in tr do nng tp cht loi
p quyt nh (s ln khi nng tp cht thp) nh th hir trn hnh
9.12. T in trong IC cng c ch to theo cch to tip XT.C pn v s
dng in dung ca vng pn khi phn cc ngc (hnh 9.13). Tt nhin
l cc in dung loi ny c gi tr tng i nh. Hnh 9.14 m t cu
trc ca mt DMOSFET knh p c ch to theo cng quy trnh cng
ngh m t. Hnh 9.15 l cu to ca mt DMOSFET knhn.
1
11tllllItltlH
J n \
'M' l
p
n
p
Hnh 9.9. To vng n trong vng p

ca mt bn o.
Hlnh 9.8. Khuch tn lp p vo

cc o n c qua ca s.
B E
Lv n g emit
Vng baz
Vng colect
Hnh 9.11, o
tinh th cho diot.
Hnh 9.10. To ca s cho cc

cc E, B v c .
Hnh 9,12. o tinh

th cho in tr.
s G D
s G D
________________
!_____________________
__________ ^__________
Hnh 9.13. o tinh

th cho t in.
Hnh 9.14. o tinh th

cho DMOSp.
Hnh 9.15. o tinh th

cho DMOSn-
r'* V
p
Cng ngh n khi khng ch to c cc t c in dng ln v

^
1^
cc cun'dy.
182
Cng on tip sau l vic ni lin k"t gia cc bn o linh kin

ring l ch to thnh 1 mch hay nhiu mch vi cc chc nng
khc nhau theo 1 d tnh (thit k) c trc. Cc on nl mch
thng l cc dy bn dn c in tr rt thp hay dy kim loi c
dng mng nh phng php b"c bay kim loi.
Qu trnh pht trin cng ngh IC lun hng ti mc tiu thu gn
kch thc cc linh kin ring l (kch thc cc bn o) v nng cao
m t tch hp cc lin h k in v do lm gim kch thc v gim chi
ph sn xut.
BNG SAU CHO s LIU LN DIN TCH CC LINH KIN
CH im CH TRN CHP
Linh kin
Din tch ti thiu ca bn o
Transito BJT
0,01mm^
Transito MOS
0,002mm^
in tr 100Q
0,015mm^
in trd 10kQ
0,2mm^
IC n phin thng c cu hnh v dng hnh 9.16 hay hnh 9.17.

o
u
1
13
12
II
10
Hnh 9.16. Cu hnh v hai hng chn ca IC.
183
Hnh 9.17. IC loi v trn.
9.2.2. K thut lai
K thut lai gm hai cng ngh c bn: cng ngh mng mng v
cng ngh lp.
9.2.2.1. Cng ngh mng mng

Cng agh mng mng c ngun gc t cng ngh mng dn khi
tin h n h th u gn dn k ch thc m ch in t. Cc m ch in c
kt cu trn mt phin g"m c kch thc c t 20mm n 30mm. Cc
ng dn bng kim loi c lm trong chn khng theo phng php
b"c bay v thng dng vng hay bc. Cc in tr cng c ch to
theo phng php ny: b di, chiu rng, dy v vt liu lm lp
quyt nh gi tr ca in tr. Vic to ra gi tr ph hp vi yu cu
c thc hin nh tia laze ct hay "t sau khi to lp. T in gi
tr in dung nh hay va c to ra trn mt phin g"m theo ng
dn hnh xon c (hnh 9.18) v nh vy chng chim kh nhiu din
tch. Hnh 9.19 cho hnh nh ca mt modun c ch to hon thin
th eo cng n gh m n g m ng vi lp v ngoi dy c bo v bi hp
cht nhn tao.
Hnh 9.18. Cun dy phng c ch

to trn mt phng ca phin gm.
Hnh 9.19. Modun mng mng.
9.2.2.2. Cng ngh lp dy

Cng ngh ny thng s dng l tm nhm c lp oxyt nhm
hay cc tm gm c kch thc khc nhau.
Dy dn l cc ng c to ra theo phng php mi nhn t
184
loi bt nho c tnh dn in t^t ban u sau khi c thiu kt v

th rn (hnh 9.20). in tr c to ra cng theo phng php ny
vi loi bt nho c dn khc nhau. Kch thc khi v loi vt liu
quyt nh gi tr ca in tr v hiu chnh gi tr nh mi bng cc
tia ct. T c in dung nh c to ra t nhiu lp kim loi hay vt
liu dn in t"t c ngn cch nh cc lp cch in c sn xu't
ng thi. Cng ngh lp dy khng ch to c cc cun dy. Diot,
transito v cc cu kin bn dn in khc c a vo nh 1 chip
tinh th c ch to n kh thc hin v c ghp n trc tip
vo mch, trn cc ng bt nho dn in, gn kt cht cng theo
phng php thiu kt.
Hnh 9.20 cho hnh nh mt mch cu to theo cng ngh lai. Cng
ngh lai l s phi hp hai loi cng ngh mng dn v cng ngh bn
dn ch to vi in t.
Hnh 9.20.
9.3. VI IN T S V VI IN T TNG T
9.3.1. C s
Mch in ch c hai trng thi in p ll vo v l ra l c (gi

tr 1) hay khng c in p (gi tr 0) c nh ngha l mch s. K
thut s l lnh vc bao gm cc mch s s dng trong k thut tnh
ton, k thut iu chnh hay k thut o lng s. Mt IC s c th
cha 10.000 mch s" cng mt chc nng, thng c ch to theo
cng ngh n khi v c chia thnh 2 nhm; cng ngh lng cc v
185
cng ngh MOS. Cng ngh MOS cho php tp trung linh kin mc
cao. Cc chip c ch to n gin hn, cn khong 40 cng on
ch to so vi 140 cng on khi dng cng ngh lng cc.
IC MOS c in tr cao do n ch cn mt cng sut hot ng
c 10% so vi IC lng cc cng chc nng.
IC lng cc cho ra cng sut ln, in tr vo v in tr ra nh
v c kh nng lm vic tn s cao hn so vi IC MOS.
C th chia IC s" trong cng ngh n khi theo m hnh sau:
Cng ngh DTL c xy dng trn cu t r c diot - transito - logic.

Loi ny c bit nhy cm vi cc loi nhiu.
Cng ngh TTL (transito - transito - logic) cho php dng vo v
dng ra ln, v c bn khng b nng khi lm vic.
Cng ngh ECL (logic ghp emit-emit coupled logic) y cc
emit ca cc transito (BJT) ghp vi nhau v c in tr emit chng
bo ho, IC c c'u to t cc o transito v o in tr kt hp li
c tc hot ng cao do thi gian chuyn mch nh.
9.3.2.1C tng t
Khi IC c ch to lm vic vi cc tn hiu vo bin thin lin

tc theo thi gian (gi l tn hiu tng t) ta c nhm IC tng t (IC
anolog). IC tng t gii quyt cc nhim v gia cng x l tn hiu
tng t nh khuch i, to sng, trn tn hiu, lc tn hiu.
Cc cun dy v t in ln c th c to ra nh k thut ghp
186
nl mch theo tnh cht Lo thnh mch tng ng t nhiu transito

v in tr theo nguyn tc;
Mt mch in s tng ng nh 1 cun dy khi n to ra in p
nhanh pha hn dng in 1 gc xp x 90.
H ay
Mt mch in s tng ng nh 1 t in khi nto ra1 dng in
nhanh pha hn in p 1 gc xp x 90.
IC tng t c d n g rng khp trong n h iu ln h vc vi gi
th n h chi ph ngy c n g gim v ch t lng n gy c n g c n n g cao
c n h iu ha hn cng vi IC s pht trin rt m nh hin t i v trong
tng lai gn.
9.4. MC TCH HP V MT NG GI
* Mt ng gi cho xc nh c bao nhiu linh kin hay c chc

nng l linh kin trn mt din tch chp l Imm^. V d trong cng
ngh l n g cc th n g k h on g 200 ph n t trn
M OS c 10'^ n 10' p h n t trn linm".
Im m , cng n gh
* Mc tch hp l s" lng cc phn t chc nng tnh trn 1 chp.

Hin ti, mc tch hp vi loi IC MOS l 4.10'* transito MOS c ch
to trn 1 chp. Theo mc tch hp c th phn loi IC nh sau:
IC SSI tch hp c nh (vi trm phn t chc nng).

IC MSI tch hp c va (c 10^ phn t chc nng).
IC LSI tch hp c ln (khong 10^ n .IO* p h n t chc nng).
IC VLSI mt tch hp c cc ln (50.000 n 80.000 phn t

chc nng c ch to trn 1 con chp).
9.5. CC U NHC I m c a IC
Cc u im c bn ca lin h kin vi in t: Cc qu trn h cng
n gh c h to IC n gy cn g hon th in v t u, gi th n h IC n gy
c n g th p . V ic s d n g IC dn gin m ang li k t cu gn n h d dng
lp rp v th a y th vi s lng ln. Chi ph n n g lng cho 1 chp
thp; c th phi k t hp x l n h iu chc n n g, a n h im v; h ot
ng vi tin cy cao v di tn c m rng.
Cc nhc im gp phi l vic tm hiu v lm ch k th u t cho
vic s dng IC i hi k th u t vin phi c o to li hoc o to
n n g cao. iu nv c b it kh khn khi gp cc loi IC LSI h ay IC
187
VLSI. Vic ni lp cc IC vi vi chc, hay vi trm chn l k thut i

hi cng ngh c bit cao. o lng kim tra chc nng IC cng i
hi k thut cao v cc thit b chuyn dng c gi thnh cao.
9.6. 1C KHUCH I THUT TON (OPV)
9.6.1. M u
OPV l dng b khuch i 1 chiu cht lng cao c s dng a

nng kh rng ri v ph bin trong k thut mch analog, c bit
trong cc php tnh analog. Ban u OPV c gi thnh kh cao v i
hi cht lng cao. Do cng ngh tin b nhanh gi thnh IC ni chung
v OPV ni ring gim nhanh. OPV lc u c ch to theo cng
ngh lai, sau ny ch yu l cng ngh n khi.
9.6.2. Cu to nguyn l hot ng
OPV cn c tn gi b l khuch i vi sai do cu to c ngun gcc

t mt mch khuch i vi sai, thc cht l hai mch khuch i c
chung mt ll ra (hnh 9.21). Mi mch khuch i c mL li vo ring.
Ch hiu s" in p gia hai li vo c mch khuch i nn c gi
l mch khuch i vi sai. K hiu quy c OPV cho trn hnh 9.22 v
9.23. Hai u vo ca OPV k hiu trn hnh 9.24 vi u vo p (nh
du +) th hin tnh cht khng o pha tn hiu
cng du Up) v
u vo N (nh du -) th hin tnh cht c o pha tn hiu
(Ua ngc du Un), Hnh 9.25 m t trng hp hot ng ca OPV khi
dng li vo N v dng in p Un Ua tng ng ti l vo v li ra.
( A
188
Hnh 9.23. K hiu OPV
Hnh 9.22. K hiu quy c

ca OPV.
u vo p
Hnh 9.25. th
theo t.
Hnh 9.24. OPV vi cc in p v

cc cc ca n.
Trong khi li vo p khuch i tn hiu, khng lm o pha tn hiu th li

vo N khuch i nhng lm o pha (i du) tn hiu.
(9>180)
Hnh 9.26. Cc kh nng dng li vo ca OPV.
Thng OPV c cp ngun 1

chiu xng (v d 15V hay 12V...)
c th s dng c hai li vo p v N
ca OPV hay ch dng 1 trong
chng, khi l vo cn li khng
dng c n vi 1 in p c" nh
(thng l OV) nh th hin hnh
9.26 (gi l dng l vo khng i
xng) hoc hnh 9.27 (dng li vo vi
sai). Khi dng ll vo kiu vi sai c:
Hnh 9.27. OPV dng c hai li vo

(vo vi sai).
189
u = V (Up - U h)
PN
UpN = U p - U n l in p vi sai
V l h s" khuch i ca OPV
Ua l in p ti l ra
Nu chn
Un = 0
OPV ch khuch i in p Up (hnh 9.28)

Khi
Khi chn
Up = 0
(du tr y th hin tnh cht o pha ca cch dng l"i vo N)
Hnh 9.28. Khuch i

khng o pha khi
= 0.
Hnh 9.29. Khuch i c

o pha khi Up = 0.
9.6.3. OPV l tng
OPV l tng l dng OPV khng th c c khi sn xut m ch

l IC c cc thng s nh sn xut mun t ti. Tc l tiu chun mu
nh gi cht lng mt IC thc.
Cc yu cu l tng ca mt OPV l;
C h s khuch i V v cng ln Y = oc
C in tr vo Re = oc (hay dng vo In = Ip = 0)
C in tr ra R = 0
190
Di tn s lm vic ' = 0
= oc
in p vi sai l v cng b UpN = U|. - U k = 0

H s" truyn t ng pha Vjf = 0
T chi khng khuch i thnh phn din p ng pha Up = U n
(v bin v pha u nh nhau gi l cc in p ng pha).
H s" nn ng pha G = cc (c nh ngha l t s" V v Vfa).
in p tp m l v cng b u^pm = 0
9.6.4. OPV thc t
So
vi tham s l tng, OPV thc c cc gi tr cng gn vi l
tng th c cht lng cng cao v ch to cng cng phu kh khn v
do gi thnh cng cao.
Mt s cc tham s" ca IC OPV thc t in hnh (thuc nhm
cht lng cao).
H s" khuch i V = 10
Re = IkQ ti lO'^M
R = lOQ
Van. = 0.2
G = 5.10'
UtpAn, 3 |lV
9.6.5. ng dng OPV
Hnh 9.30 l mt b khuch i ng ting dng OPV c th iu

chnh h s khuch i v b tn s. Hnh 9.31 l mt b khuch i
tr dng OPV, vi tn hiu ra a = kiU, - kgUa h s' ki kg ph thuc
vo t s' gia cc in tr ni ti li vo p v t s gia cc in tr ni
ti l vo N tng ng. Hnh 9.32 l mt b khuch i o pha dng
OPV, u ngc pha vi Ug v h s V =
. H s" V c c nh vit
R2
191
phng trnh cc dng in ti nt N vi gi thit In = Ip = 0. Khi

Ir 2 = Ir i
hay
- U
Ro
- U
R.
Hnh 9.30. V d b khuch i m thanh c iu chnh tn s (m sc).
hnh 9.31 v 9.32:
v =
Ro
Vi OPV l tng Un = p = 0 (do p ni ti ov nn Up = 0)
u,
u..
T - ^ = ^
R2
R.
192
u,,
hay v = - u.
R,
'
R,
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
Hy m t cng ngh n khi ch to IC?
2.
Loi
3.
IC theo cng ngh lp dy c ch to nh th no?
4.
Cng ngh ch" to IC lai c c im g?
5.
Phn loi 2 nhm IC tuyn tnh v IC s?
6.
Phn bit IC theo cng ngh lng cc v IC theo cngngh MOS

v c im cu to?
7.
Mc tnh hp v nhit ng gi khc g nhau?
8.
Vic xy dng OPV c c im g? Hy v k hiu thng thng

ca OPV?
9.
OPV l tng c cc tnh cht v cc tham s nhth
v IC kiu hai rnh l g?
10. Hy v mt mch khuch i khng o phadng

hiu m thanh c iu chnh m sc.
13-LKIN T
no?
OPV cho tn
193
Chng10
THYRISTOR
10.1. DIOT 4 LP (THYRISTOR DOT)
Diot 4 lp l linh kin bn dn n tinh th

A
Si vi 4 vng bn dn tp cht loi n v p xen k
p
nhau (hnh 10.1). Diot 4 lp c tn gi khc l
n
thyristor diot hay trig diot gm 2 in cc l
p
anot (nl ti vng p u tin) v katot (n ti
n
vng n cui cng). Nh vy diot 4 lp c 3 chuyn
iK
tip pn mi chuyn tip c m t coi l mt
diot k hiu l Dj, Du v D iii (hnh 10.2), Nu t
Hnh 10.1. D iot4 lp.
in p ngoi phn cc sao cho anot m hn katot
(hnh 10.3) Di v Dji b kho mc d D ]1 dn dng in qua diot ch l
dng ngc nh. Khi o chiu phn cc U a k > 0 D v D||| c m
nhng Dii kho (hnh 10.4) nn dng chung l dng ngc ca Du
nh. Tng dn Uak theo chiu dng, n 1 gi tr in p ngng
nht nh (k hiu l Us), diot t ngt chuyn sang dn in vi in
tr thp ang t tr sMQ trc khi Uak t ti Us gim ch cn vi Q
sau khi Uak t ti Ug.
Diot 4 lp l linh kin c c tnh chuyn mch. Chng c hai trng thi
r rt l 1 trng thi in tr cao v mt trng thi in tr thp.
?A
A-
?A
-D ,
Di
-D
Om
Dii
p
Di
p
Dni ^^
n
ÂK
Dii
0 |I I
ÂK
Hnh 10.2. Cu to m
phng ca diot 4 lp.
Hnh 10.3. Phn cc

ngc cho dot 4 lp.
Hnh 10.4. Phn cc

thun cho dot 4 lp.
K hiu quy c diot 4 lp c cho trn hnh 10.5 v c tuyn

Von Ampe ca diot c cho trn hnh 10.6.
194
c tuyn Von Ampe ca diot 4 lp trn

hnh 10.6 c th chia nh thnh 4 vng khc
nhau: vng chn ngc - vng chn thun vng qu - vng dn in thun.
5?
5 J^ I^y ^3
dot 4 lp.
Trong vng chn ngc, dng c chiu i t K ti A v nh cho ti

gi tr Rab th diot b ph hu do nh thng.
vng chn thun, dng nh do diot c in tr cao khi in p
,\K Us, cho ti ngng U,^K = s th diot lt sang vng c in tr
thp vi dng in hng t A ti K c gi tr ln c gi l vng
dn in.
c tuyn I - u hnh 10.6 nhn c nh mch o hnh 10.7. Nu
in tr ca diot lc dn in rt nh, phn ch yu ca in p t
vo u ri trn in tr Ry. in p trn diot gim xung cn gi tr
H c gi l in p duy tr, tng ng lc c dng duy tr I||. N u
gim gi tr dng hay p trn diot ti gi tr Uh hay Ih diot lt v trng
thi in tr cao. Trong vng dn in, diot 4 lp c in tr rt thp
nn in p trn diot rt nh v tng khi dng tng, cn hn ch dng
in ny nh vic dng thm in tr mch ngoi ni tip vi diot.
<I>
'Vng dn
Rv
Vng qu
u (u
52
/< 7 3 = "
Vng chn ngc
Uak
Uh
Vng chn thun
Hnh 10.6. c tuyn Von Ampe ca

diot 4 lp.
Hnh 10.7. Mch o c tuyn Von

Ampe ca diot 4 lp.
Trong mch s dng diot 4 lp cn c 1 in tr R ln mc ni tip

vi diot hn ch dng in lc iot dn in trnh cho dot khng
b ph hu v ng.
gii thch nguyn nhn c on lt trng thi t bin ca diot

c th s dng m hnh cu to hnh 10.8 v mch in tng dng
hnh 10.9. Tuy nhin ngn gn c th hiu l U a k = U s > 0 diot D u b
nh thng Zener lm ton b h thng 3 diot u dn in theo chiu
t A ti K. M hnh (10.9) th hin diot 4 lp c cu to gm hai
195
transito Tj loi pnp ni vi T2 loi npn. Trong m hnh ny, baz ca Tj

nl lin vi colect ca T2 v colect ca Tj n vi baz ca T2, ngha l
Iin Ic2 v I|32 IciA
?A
p
n
p
<
n
<K
Hnh 10.8. M t diot 4 lp c cu to gm

2 transito.
Hnh 10.9. Mch tng ng

ca diot 4 lp dng 2 transito.
Ti ln cn Us dng in kho ca T2 ln iu khin Ti lm

dng kho T tng v dng ny quay li iu khin T2 tng na.,, qu
trnh c tnh cht thc y Ti v T ti trng thi cng dn in v
in tr ca h chuyn v trng thi thp.
10.1.2.
Tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn
Cc tham s" nh mc ca diot 4 lp gm:

in p chuyn mch Us vi dung sai 10%.
Dng in duy tr Ii( v in p duy tr U h.
Dng in ni mch Is Dng in kho lii cho vi 1 in p kho nht nh.
in tr vi phn trng thi dn
vng dn (hnh 10.10).
1 im lm vic xc nh
Thi gian ni mch

t
trng thi in tr cao sang
trng thi in tr thp.
Thi gian ngt mch
t trng thi in tr thp v
li trng thi in tr cao.
196
Hnh 11.10. Xc nh in tr vi phn ca

diot 4 lp ang dn tun.
Rthir in tr nhit gia lp chn - mi trng th hin dn

nhit khi lm mt.
Cc gi tr in hnh thng gp ca cc tham s nh mc trn l:
Us 50V 4V
I|I 14 n 45m A
Uu 0,8V
Is ~ 125|iA
Ig 15|.iA
2Q
0,2)aS
5|aS
Cc tham s" gii hn ca diot 4 lp gm c:

Dng cho php ln nht Ip.
Dng xung cho php ln nht I fm Cng sut cho php ln nht
Nhit mi trng ln nht
LotU m ax*
v nhit mi trng nh nht

in p ngc cho php ln nht RmaxCc gi tr in hnh ca nhm tham s" gii hn;
Ip
10.1.3.
1 5 0 m A
I j'M
S5 1 0 A
P*150mW
T,,=.+65C
T, = - 40c
u,,
60V
ng dng
Diot 4 lp c s dng lm kho chuyn mch v thng iu

khin thyristo (xem phn 10.2). C th dng diot 4 lp trong mch m
v mch to dao dn xung vi vai tr l phn t kho v thng ch
dng vi cc mch c cng sut nh.
10.2. THYRISTOR (SCR)
10.2.1.
Cu to v hot ng
Thyristo c cu t.o gm 4 lp bn dn loi

tip nhau, phn ln c cu to c bn ging diot
thi lm vic l trng thi in tr cao v trng
Nh vy thyristo l mt phn t c tnh cht
muVi thyristo lt t trng thi ny sang trng
hiu iu khin n.
p v n xen k lin
4 lp vi hai trng
thi in tr thp.
chuyn mch. Khi
thi kia cn c tn
Thyrsto l phn t c tnh cht chuyn mch khi c iu khin.
197
Hnh 10.11 v 10.12 th hin cu to ca

thyristo gm 3 in cc anot (A) katot (K) v
cc iu khin (G). Phn ln thyristo c cc
G ni vng p (hnh 10.11) gi l loi iu
khin pha katot. Mt s t trng hp c cc
G n vng n (hnh 10.12) gi l loi iu
khin pha anot. K hiu quy c tng ng
trong cc mch in ca thyristo c cho
trn hnh 10.13.
0
o-
n
K
Hnh 10.11. Cu to ca
SCR iu khin p
(thyristo iu khin katot).
?A
K hiu chung
Hnh 10.12. Cu to ca SCR iu khin N

(thyristo iu khin anot).
loi sc R iu
khin katot
oi SCR iu
khin anot
Hnh 10.13. K hiu quy c ca SCR.
Do thng lm vic vi dng ln (cng sut ln) nn vng p c b"

tr nm ngoi (cc anot lm v) v b nng, c bit c nhit cao,
cn c v gn trc tip vi cc phin hoc h thng lm mt, vng n
pha ngoi dng lm katot v c n trc tip vi dy dn (hnh
10.14).
Chn ni katot
Chn ni cc ca
K
"a thyristo"
Chn nl ant
Hnh 10.14. Mt ct v SCR cng sut in.
198
Nh vy, cu to ca thyristo gm 3 tip xc pn hay m t nh c

3 diot mc nl ti"p xen k nhau. D[ Dji v Diii khi phn cc Uak < 0,
t h y r i s t o t r n g t h i k h o ( h n g ngc). C n k h i c h o U a k * > 0 t h y r i s t o
hng chuyn mch (hng thun).
Hnh 10. l m t trng thi phn cc ngc v hnh 10.16 m t
trng thi phn cc thun ca thyristo.
A'
A<?
p
Oi
o-
D||
-AK
Di
n
G
o-
0|I
Dui
Ont
Ki
Hnh 10.15. Phn cc
ngc cho SCR.
Hnh 10.16. Phn cc

thun cho SCR.
Khi Uak < 0 D, v Dji b kho Djj tuy dn nhng tnh hnh chung
SCR b kho to ra vng chn ngc vi in tr cao c MD cho n
khi U
ak
v t q u m t g i tr n g n g ( i n p n g c t a c h o p h p )
S C R b n h th n g v n h i t v b p h hng.
K hi
> 0 b a n u D i v D jj d n i n n h n g b n g n b i D jj k h o ,
S C R v n g c h n th u n vi tr n g th i i n tr cao (v i M ) d n g i n
t A ti K l dng ngc ca D |1 nh. Tng Uak cho tdi mt gi tr gi l

in p mi Uko (ngng lt 0 ), SCR t ngt lt sang trng thi dn
i n vi i n
tr th p . L u tro n g su t q u tr n h
ny
lu n
g i ch o
in p cc iu khin Uc; = 0.
in
p ngng lt o (in p mi
U kq) l gi tr in p ti S C R lt t
trng thi in tr cao sang trng thi in tr thp theo hng thun
trong iu kin gi Uq = 0.
Nh vy Uko chnh l tham s Ug ca diot 4 lp.

Hnh 10.17 th hin c tuyn I - u ca SCR khi h mch cc G c
dng nh ca diot 4 lp vi 4 vng phn bit: vng chn ngc, vng
chn thun, vng dn thun v vng qu .
Cn ch c tuyn I - ph thuc mnh vo nhit theo c hai
hng ngc (hnh 10.17a) v hng thun (hnh 10.17b). Khi nhit
tng cc ng I - u c xu hng cao hn vi cng in p phn cc.
199
Nh vy dng in chn tng nhanh theo nhit (v d 1 30c c

gi tr vi mA) v vi U ak vi trm V th c mt cng sut tn ha
ng k, cng sut tn hao ny tng nhanh khi nhit tng.
Pvs = ,\K Is cng sut tn hao vng chn ngc.
PvB = U^K Ib cng sut tn hao vng chn thun.
.. Vnq dn
Vng qu
.... ... y
H
Vng chn ngc
Hnh 10.17. c tuyn I
4_L
-2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -600
uvo Uak
U
Vng chn thun
ca SCR.
_/J ^
mA
H------1---- -trrt=dt
50-
25
-I
I
>500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Hnh 10.17a. S ph thuc nhit ti
vng chn ngc.
Hnh 10.17b. S ph thuc nhit ^

ti vng chn thun.
Hnh 10.18 m t cu to SCR nh hai transito Tj (pnp) v T2

(npn) nl theo cch I | J 1 = I c 2 v I c i = Ib'j (khi Ig = 0).
A
iK
Hnh 10.18. M hinh tng ng SCR nh 2 transito npn v pnp u xen nhau.
200
Ti v T, vi cch mc nh vy iu khin ln nhau theo mch vng

kn (gi l vng hi tip dng) dn ti on qu t bin trn th
I - u ca SCR. Trong on ny in tr ca SCR c gi tr "m" ngha
l trong khi dng in tng th in p trn SCR li gim.
Qu trnh iu khin SCR
n u c h tr t m t dng
in nh ti cc G s xy ra
nhanh v sm hn vi in p
ngng thp hn Uko- Hnh 8 . 18a
ch ra s ph thuc ca U |<0 vo
n h it v k h i T >130'c th Uko
gim mnh tc l SCR lt sang
trng thi dn thun sm hn.
Xung iu khin tc ng vo
cc G cn c cc tnh dng so
vi katot.
Ho ^
V
2500
2000
1500 *
1000
500
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
0 1
20 % 60 100 140 180
Hnh 10.18a. S tri nhit

ca din p mi Uko-
SCR s lt (theo hng thun) t trng thi in tr cao n trng thi

in tr thp khi c xung iu khin bin ln v rng (thi gian
xung) di tc ng vo cc iu khin ngay khi Uak Uno-
Hnh lO.lSb ch ra di iu
khin chc chn (vng m)
tng ng vi di nhit lm Dng mi
vic gi thit t 20c n 130c. cc ca
Vic mi SCR s chc chn khi
gi tr dng Iq v in p UcK Dng in
cng ln. T th hnh lO.lSb khng mi
c
vng I l vng khng mi dc,
in p cc ca in p cc ca
V
vng II l vng mi c th c,
khng m c chc chn nh
vng III l vng mi chc chn
nht mi c
lt trng thi cho SCR. Tc l
Hnh 10.18b. Di iu khin ca c tuyn vo
xung mi
tng ng vi bin
Vng I khng mi c
Vng il c th mi
dng Ig phi nm trong vng
Vng III chc chn mi
III mi chc chn lt c SCR.
Khi trng thi in tr thp, mt lng rt ln ht dn trn ngp
SCR, cc G lc ny mt tc tc dng iu khin. Tc l khng th dng
xung iu khin a SCR t trng thi in tr thp v li trng
201
thi in tr cao. SCR li trng thi in tr thp cho ti khi

in qua n gim nh hn dng duy tr. Khi tip xc pn gia
thit lp li lp chn v SCR chuyn v vng chn thun hay
ngc. Qu trnh ny cn mt thi gian gi l thi gian hi phc
gian quay v trng thi t do).
dng
c
chn
(thi
Do khi trng thi dn in, in tr SCR thp (ti c mQ) nn SCR

un cn mt in tr hn ch dng thun mc ngoi (hnh 10.19).
c tnh cho mi quan h Uak Ig i l c tnh lt ca SCR,
(hnh 10.20). c tnh ny cho bit vi gi tr dng iu khin Ig l bao
nhiu (gi tr nh nht yu cu) ng vi gi tr c ca Uak) SCR lt
chc chn sang trng thi in tr thp. T xy dng c c tnh
mi hnh (10.21) ch r quan h I u theo hng thun vi cc gi tr
Ig khc nhau.
SCR li trng thi in tr thp cho ti khi dng in dn qua n gim
xung di gi tr dng in duy tr. Khi trng thi in tr thp, SCR
lun cn c in tr hn ch dng.
1000
500
GK
Hnh 10.19. Hn ch' dng

nh din tr ti R.
Hnh 10.20. c tnh lt ca SCR.
1
A
100 I
10
t
0.1
0,1
7
500
100 ^
Um
Hnh 10.21. c tuyn I - u ca SCR vi dng mi cc tiu.
202
10.2.2. Cc tnh cht chuyn mch ca SCR
Hnh 10.21a gii thch qu trnh nl mch ca mt SCR, Hy ch

trc khi ni mch gi tr in p trn SCR l U ak, cn sau khi n
mch l gi tr Ut- Cc khong thi gian trn th hnh 10.2.1 cn
quan tm n, c nh ngha l:
t^j: thi gian U ak gim t 100% n 90% gi tr nh, c gi l
thi gian khi ng mi
tg,.: thi gian U a k gim t 90% n 10% gi tr nh gi l thi gian
ni mch (vi Jis).
thi gian U a k gim t 10% gi tr nh n tr U t gi l thi
gian kt thc mi (khong Ivi chc n lOOis).
P v : c n g s u t t n h a o tr n SC R .
tni; thi gian ni mch (ts5 = tgd + tgr) dng qua SCR tng t tr
0 n tr nh I(.
Hnh 10.21.
203
t h h n h 1 0 . 2 1 a c h r a q u a n h c n g s u t t n h a o Pv t r n S C R s
t n g n h a n h k h i d n g q u a S C R t n g v t l v i d c c a I(t). h n
ch ln ca Al/At cn dng cc phn t bo v n g n tc tn g

d n g c a S C R ( h n h 1 0 .2 1 c ). V d m c n t i p
1 cu n i n c m
L vi
SCR cun L nn tc Al/At di mt dc dng in cho php,

trnh ph hu SCR v cng sut tn hao dng nhit trn n. Nh vy,
sau
m i l n n m c h , tr n S C R x u t h i n m t c n g s u t t n h a o P v,
cng s u t n y l m
n n g S C R v n u iu k h i n S C R n i m c h th n g
x u y n t h e o 1 n h p t n s" n h t n h s d n t i n g u y c p h h n g S C R d o
qu trn h tch lu n h it.

Tn s ni mch ca SCR c mt gi tr gii hn cho php. Nu ni mch
SCR qu nhanh vt qua ngng ny SCR s c nguy c b ph hng.
N h m t hnh 10.3, k h i U ak
0 Du b kho, in dung ca
n c dng in qua SCR np i = C -^ -
dt
At
T"c tng ca dng in ln lm tc tng ca in p trn

S C R c n g l n th e o h a y n g c li. vi S C R c n q u a n t m
t i t h a m
s" tc bin i gii hn ca in p, k hiu l SukHi. trnh mi

q u m c g y n g u y h i m cho SC R .
H n h l0 .2 1 b ch r th th a y i ca d n g I v in p U ak theo
th i g ia n tro n g q u tr n h n g t S C R .
Qu trnh ngt SCR xy ra khi Uak < 0 tc l lm o chiu dng

in qua SCR. Dng I gim xung di gi tr dng duy tr v bt u
xy ra qu trnh lt t ni sang ngt. Sau khi do chiu qua 0, dng I
bt u thi gia n hi phc v gi tr dng ngc (t,.,,), b t u b n g
khong thi gian np

rt nhanh do in cni k sinh ca SCR pht
sinh sc in ng t cm khi dng qua n thay i nhanh. Cc tham
s t h i g i a n c n c h t r o n g q u t r n h n g t c a S C R l :
th i g ia n d n g th u n It gim n 0.
stg'. thi gian xut hin dng t cm trn in cm k sinh ca SCR.

th i g ia n hi phc dng ngc,
g*
c*
thi g ian hi phc in p U ak v 0.

th i g ia n h i p h c h o n th n h .
C c d n g t n h a o tro n g S C R
204
C 5 dng tn hao l:
1. Tn hao trng thi dn in.
2. Tn hao trng thi chn.
3. Tn hao lc ni mch.
4. Tn hao lc ngt mch.
5. Tn hao do mi.
Khi tn s" cao tn hao lc n v lc ngt c bit quan trng v
lc gi tr ny khng cn nh so vi tn hao trng thi dn. Nu
SCR lm vic vi in p c tn s 50Hzkh xc nh c chnh xc cc
tn hao ny, gi tr ca chng khong 10% tn hao trng thi dn.
10.2.3. Cc thng s nh mc l tham s gii hn
10.2.3.1. Nhmcc thams nh mc gmc:

Dng danh nh I]s; l tr trung bnh s" hc ca dng thun trong
diu kin ti v iu kin lm mt xc nh).

in p thng Ut l in p gia A v K lc dn dng (vi 1 gi
tr dng thun).
Dng in duy tr I|j: gi tr dng dn nh nht cn kh nng
duy tr trng thi in tr thp ca SCR.
Dng mi (;|. tr nh nht yu cu vi dng iu khin
da SCR ti trng thi dn.
in p mi U(iT in p m bo dng chy gia G v K.
Thi gian m i t<Yi vthi gian nl m ch).
Thi gian ngt mch tq (hi phc v trng thi ngt).

Dng in kho
lu
(theo chiu chn tlun c l), theo chiu chn ngc c I|i).
i n tr n h i t
v R tiiu x c n h d n n h i t g i a l p c h n -
v RthO; hay gia lp chn - mi trng khng kh Rthu) in p mi 0; din p U ak gia anot v katot bt u xy ra
lt SCR t ngt sang ni (Ko) xc nh lc UcK = 0
10.2.3.2. Nhmcc thams gii hn gmc:
G i tr t c th i cao n h t c a i n p c h n t l n S C R
1 cch
tun hon.
205
(theo chiu dng (vng chn thun) U drmi theo chiu m (vng
chn ngc) U rrm).
G i tr in p xung tc thi cao nht cho php U rsm Dng thun ln nht cho php trong thi gian hot ng lu di It-av
(mch mt na chu k, ti xc nh v thun tr, trong iu kin
lm mt xc nh, tnh theo gi tr trung bnh s hc).
D n g n h tu n h on cao n h t cho php I trm-
Dng mt chiu I-rDng hiu dng gii hn Ite(T.

Gi tr nh ca cng sut iu khin PoMin p ngc cao nht cho php t vo cc iu khin Ugrm dc in p ti hn
d c d n g i n t i h n Sknit-
l cc gi tr tc bin i cao nht ca dng v p trn SCR.

Nhit cao nht cho php Tj.
10.2.4. Mt vi ng dng
10.2.4.1. SCR trong mch xoay chiu

SCR trong mch xoay chiu c vai tr nh 1 cng tc khng tip
im v thc hin nn in thnh 1 chiu c iu khin c dng in
hay cng sut trn ti 1 chiu.
Mch hnh 10.22 dng 1 in p vo
UcK dng xung mi 1 chiu iu khin
SCR t trng thi ngt mch (in tr
cao) sang trng thi ni mch (in tr
thp) trong bn k dng ca ngun xoay
chiu J. n bn k m do U^K ^ 0 nn
SCR lt t trng thi in tr thp v li
trng thi in tr cao (ngay khi Uak
chuyn t pha ddng qua OV). Nu xung
mi U gk cng chu k vi Ui nhng chm
pha hn Uj gc a no th SCR ch dn
in t a ti n, khng dn trong khong
0 -> a v 7t n 2 71.
Hnh 10.23 l 1 b chnh lu c iu
khin, SCR c mi sau thi gian ng vi
R.i i '
A<
..
----- r
u vo Uq^
iu khin i
o------- *.
Hnh 10.22. Mch vo iu khin

v mch ti.
10.23. Mch Chnh lu c

iu khin dng SCR.
206
gc chm pha (p, (gi l gc chm pha mi). Nh vy SCR dn in trong

khong
n 180. Hnh 10.24 cho cc th in p v dng in
minh ho hot ng ca mch hnh 10.23.
Hinh 10.24. th thdi gian cho mch hnh 10.23
S thay i gc pha u ca Ugk lm thay i gc pha mi (pz v s

nhn c cc dng khc nhau ca dng in. Hnh 10.25 l dng dng
in b ct pha theo cc gc mi khc nhau ((Pz 3 > (Pz2 ^ 9zi)-
i/
t
gc
il
N :/1
'
922 U -
^Z3 U -
!
i
i
j
i r
gc
gc
Hnh 10.25. Sng dng in b ct pha vi cc gc mi khc nhau.
Gc dch pha mi cng ln th sng dng in b ct cn li cng nh.

207
Kt qu l in p ra mt chiu cng b iu khin theo gc ct

pha v phng php ny gi l iu khin kiu ct pha. Dng in p
v dng in trn ti b ct nh nn nng lng cp cho ti khng u
v xut hin cc sng bc cao (mo phi tuyn hay nhiu hi bc cao).
Khi cn cc cng sut ln trn ti, phng php ny thng khng c
s dng.
Hnh 10.26 a ra 1 cch iu khin khc l thay i tn s ca
xung nh chn bn k dng 1 cch c quy lut (sau khi chn mt
nhm nht nh). Trn thc t c th chn 1 trong 100 bn k dng
xut hin hay t hn l 1/10, 1/8, 1/5 hoc 1/2 gi chung l phng
php iu khin kiu na sng.
u^k
....
11
1
1
L..
Liiv,
'
il
Hnh 10.26. iu khin kiu na sng.
phng php na sng, SCR khng c mi trong mt s bn k

dng nht nh.
S lng bn k b chn cng nhiu th in
pv cng sut ra
cng nh, phng php ny t gy nhiu hn v c dngnhiu cho
cc mch chnh lu c iu khin vi cng sut ra ti ln.
10.2.4.2. Thyrsto trong mch in 1chiu

SCR hot ng trong mch 1 chiu nh mt
cng tc chuyn mch khng tip im, vi 1 dng
iu khin nh c th nl mch 1 dng ti ln.
Vic ngt mch cho dng ti khng n gin, cn
gim dng trn SCR qua ngng dng duy tr, muh
vy dng ti phi gim trong 1 thi gian ngn nh
mt cng tc lm ngt mch dng ti (hnh 10.27).
208
-------
MI
T"
Hnh 10.27. Mch 1

chiu dng SCR.
Khi cn dng cc phn t c in nh rle hay cc loi cng tc

khng tip im kKc.
Hnh 10.28 s dng SCIl Thi lm thyristo chnh îu khin ni
mch cng sut ln theo yu cu. SCR Tha lm nhim v chuyn mch
ph t c mc ch ngt dng cho SCR chnh Thi trong mt thi
gian ngn a n v trng thi c in tr cao. Cng sut tiu
hao ca Th., yu cu khng ln. Trong thi gian Th] dn in, t c
c np, Th, b kho (hnh 10.29).
Nu Th c mi in p, in p trn anot ca Thg bt ng gim
xuVig c +2V, t (lc ny c in p c 98V) phng in. in th
98V trn t c lm ngt dng Th] v a n v trng thi in tr cao,
mch v d c dng iu khin ngun in cp cho t.
lOOV
A.QSt
r
u
Hnh 10.28. Mch mi dng

SCR ph.
1
ZTh,
2 ^ -0
Thristo ph
(iu khien
ngt Tbi)
^27,
(-96V)
98V
looy
^2V)
5
ov
Hnh 10.29. Gii thch hoat ng mch
iu khin vi SCR chnh v SCR ph.
10.3. THYRIST0 4CC
Cu to v hot ng
Hnh 10.30 l cu to c bn ca mt Thyristo 4 cc. im khc
bit c bn v cu to l c 2 cc iu khin Gi v Gg. Vic mi SCR c
th thc hin bng xung mi dng a vo G] hay xung mi m a
vo Ga iu khin SCR 4 cc lt sang trng thi dn (in tr thp) c 3
cch tc ng: mi vo Gi hoc vo G2 hoc tc ng vo c hai cc
iu khin Gi v G2.
Trong khi loi SCR 3 cc ch dng cc iu khin lt trng thi

c theo 1 hng t trng thi ngt (in tr cao) sang trng thi ni
(in tr thp) th SCR 4 cc c kh nng dng cc iu khin lt n
theo c hai hng t trng thi in tr cao v trng thi in tr thp
v ngc l i.
U-LKINT
209
Khi lt SCR t ngt sang n mch c th dng 1 trong 3 cch iu

khin hoc dng ng thi c 3 cch.
Khi lt SCR t n sang ngt mch cn phi o cc dng iu
khin v cng c th dng 1 trong 3 cch hay c 3 cch iu khin v
li trng thi in tr cao. K hiu quy c SCR 4 cc cho trn hnh
10.31. Do tn ti mt s" kh khn v cng ngh, SCR 4 cc hin ch
dng cho cc mch c dng khng ln hn 5A.
vA
o
G,
O
i
0
sz
l/
-jr
K
Hnh 10.30. Cu to v mch tng ng SCR 4 cc

{thyristo tetrot).
Hnh 10.31. K hiu

thyristo tetrot.
10.4. GTO THYRISTO
SCR 4 cc khc phc c nhc im ca loi SCR 3 cc l n

c th s dng c 1 hoc c hai cc iu khin a SCR ang trng
thi dn vi in tr thp v li trng thi in tr cao, kh nng ny
loi SCR 3 cc khng c. Tuy nhin loi SCR 4 cc ch dng c khi
yu cu cng sut hay dng ti tng nh.
GTO - SCR c chc nng b sung l c th dp tt n (a v trng
thi in tr cao) nh dng cc tnh m tc ng ln cc iu khin.
Cm ch ci vit gn GTO xut pht t gc cm t Gate Turn Off.
GTO - SC R c th a SC R t trng thi dn v trng thi ngt nh
dng cc G iu khin.
GTO - SCR c cu to tng t nh SCR 3 cc (hnh 10.32) v c

mch tng ng tng t. Vic pha tp rt khng "i xng dn ti
transito pnp c h s" B nh trong khi transito npn c h s B ln
nh bin php iu khin lt ngc dng cc G l c th thc
hin c.
210
Anot
a
pnp
nh
^
l/
a.npn
ln
xz
K
<K
Mch thay th
tng ng
K hiu
Hnh 10.32. Cu to v mch tng ng ca GTO thyrsto.
Khi iu khin lt ngc t trng thi in tr cao v trng thi

in tr thp, cn xung iu khin m v c gi tr tng l ln.
ngt mch GTO - SCR cn dng iu khin ngt c gi tr cd 20%
n 30% gi tr dng ti lc dn v c chiu ngc li.
H s" khuch i n gt mch G gq c nh ngha:
IxQH l dng ti trng thi ang n mch trc khi

iu khin ngt.
1(;q dng iu khin ngt mch.
H s" khuch i ngt mch Gqq cng ln th dng
diu khin ngt Igcj cng thp.
Gi tin thc t G<;q l t 3 ti 5. Ngha l GTO - SCR c dng ti
lc dn l lOOOA th dng iu khin ti cc G cho n ngt l khong
250A tc l dng in iu khin ngt phi c tc bin i khong
OA/^S dy l mt i hi cao.
iu khin ngt GTO - SCR cn mch iu khin c cng sut ln.
Nu ch to c GTO - SCR c G g q ln t h k h i yu cu I g q
thp hn do d thc hin hn vi chi ph thp cho mch iu khin
dp SCR.
Dng
i u
k h in
m i G T O
SCR
c g i t r y u
cu
nh,
th n g
khong 0,5% n 1% dng ti. Thi gian n mch v thi gian ngt mch
ph thuc nhiu vo ln dng iu khin v tc bin thin ca chng.
Thi gian lt SCR cng nh khi dng iu khin cng ln v dc (tc
bin thin) ca chng cng ln.
211
Khi tn s" lm vic ca GTO SCR 2kHz cc thi gia ny c gi

tr trong khong t 2 ^s (1|J.S = 10"s) Li 6|.IS.
10.4.2. Tham s ca GTO - SCR
Tng t nh SCR 3 cc, GTO - SCR c cc tham s chm nh sau:

* Nhm tham s gii hn
V d 500A
- Dng ngt mch cao nht I t q s m
800A
- Dng dn nh
I tI'M
in p ngc cc di
l)KM
* Nhm tham s nh mc.
- Dng ti danh nh
I'rcjs
- Dng mi (n mch)
IcT
- Dng dp (ngt mch)
I,:<
- H s khuch i p
Goc,
* Mt s tham s" hot ng ca GTO
- in p t gia anot v katot
- in p kho
- in p dn
- Dng dn
- Dng d
212
1800V
v d 400A
2A
lOOA
4
SCR
AK
Ut
Itq
^tail
Cc tham s" v thi gian qu (hnh 10.34)

- Thi gian ni mch
^n
- Thi gian tr
t(i
- Thi gian tng
t,-
- Thi gian ngt
^ngt
- Thi gian np
ts
- Thi gian gim
tf
- Thi gian dng d
tail
GTO SCR c dng lm phn t c bn xy dng cc mch
bin i t in mt chiu thnh in xoay chiu (cc b rung hay i
in) c dng kh ph bin trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip giao
thng, hng khng... c bit trong phn in ca u my xe la l
mt v d.
213
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
Gii thch cu to v hot ng ca mt diot 4 lp.
2.
Mch thay th diot 4 lp c dng nh th no? hy v dng mch

t n g n g ?
3.
V dng I - AK ca 1 diot 4 lp v nu c
4.
Hy phn bit thyrsto 3 cc (SCR) v diot 4 lp v cu to v

nguyn l hot ng?
5.
Hy v mch tng ng thay th SCR bng 2 transito sau khi

bin i m hnh cu to ca SCR?
6.
im ca
dng c
SCR 3 cc hot ng nh th no trong vng AK < 0?

Nu iu kin SCR c in tr thp (mi) v lm
SCR v trng thi in tr cao (dp) ?
th no
7.
Hy nu tham s nh mc ca SCR?
8.
Hy nu 6 tham s" gii hn ca SCR 3 cc.iu g xy ra khi qu

gii hn cho php?
9.
c tuyn lt ca mt SCR c dng nh th no? ngha?
10. V c tuyn I - AK ca 1 SCR 3 cc?

11. Hnh 10.35 l 1 mch chnh
lu 1/2 chu k c iu khin.
Gii thch hot ng?
12. Mch chnh lu c iu khin
hnh 10.35 lm vic vi 1 dng
in mi dch pha ipx = 90 so
vi in p vo; Ui c dng hnh
sin. Hy v dng in p 2(t)
ti l ra?
Hinh 10.35. Mach chnh lu 1/2 chu

*
%
^
k c diu khin.
13. iu khin SCR bng phng php iu khin na sng l gi?

14. Mch hnh 10.36 lm vic nh th no?
15. GTO - SCR l g? im khc bit gia SCR 3 cc v GTO - SCR?
16. H s" khuch i ngt mch ca GTO - SCR l g?
Y ngha ca tham s" ny?
214
tuyn.
17. Cng sut xoay chiu nhn c trn mt in tr ti c th iu

khin c nh mt SCR mc ni tip vi ti, hy gii thch
nguyn l iu khin ny?
18. Hy gii thch hot ng ca mch in hnh 10.37?
Hnh 10.36. Mch dng

cp SCR chnh - ph.
Hnh 10.37. Mch dng SCR v dlot
kt hp.
215
Chng 11
DlfiC V TRIfiC
11.1. DIAC
Diac l thut ng vit tt ca cm t "Diode alternating current

switch" mang ngha l diot kho chuyn mch dng xoay chiu. Nh
vy diac c 2 tnh cht quan trng nht.
1. L 1 kho chuyn mch, c hai trng thi: in tr cao khi b
ngt mch hay b kho v in tr thp khi n mch hay dn in.
2. Hot ng trong mch in xoay chiu tc l c kh nng dn
in theo c hai chiu: hoc chiu ny hoc chiu kia.
Do tnh cht ny diac cn c gi l diot hai hng.
Ti mt in p ngng Ujo (gi l in p dn - in p m), diac
lt t trng thi c in tr cao sang trng thi c in tr thp. Qu
trnh lt sang trng thi in tr thp xy ra theo c hai hng phn
cc ca in p t vo cng mt gi tr in p m khi tnh i xng
l l tng.
Diac c cu to t 3 lp bn dn (hnh 11.1) c gi l diot hai
hng hay t 5 lp bn dn xen k (hnh 11.7) c gi l diot thyristo
hai hng.
11.1.1. Dot hai hng
11.1.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Diot hai hng c cu to tng t nh mt transisto (hnh 11.1)
gm 3 lp bn dn xen k nhau dng pnp hoc npn. Hnh 11.2 th hin
vic phn cc dioL 2 hng theo hai cch v lun nhn c 1 vng pn
kho v 1 vng pn m. Ti in p m U [50 tip xc pn ang kho b
nh thng dng tng t nh Zener - Diot v sau h thng dn
in vi in tr thp. Gi tr U bo ph thuc vo cu to v c bit
vo nng pha tp cht ca cc vng bn dn.
Hnh 11.1. Cu to ca diot 2 hng.
216
Hnh 11.2. Phn cc cho diot 2 hng.
Khi in p trn diot gim qua mt mc in p no gi l in

p duy tr, diot lt v trng thi in tr cao. ln ca in p duy
tr do nng pha tp cht quyt nh.
Khi in p trn diot vt qua in p duy tr, diot hai hng lt v trng
thi in tr cao.
11.1.1.2. Thams nh mc v thams gii hn

* c tuyn Von Ampe ca diot hai hng c cho trn hnh 11.3
v k hiu diot hai hng cho trn hnh 11.4

/
mAJ
Cc thng s nh mc (danh nh)

ca diot l; in p m Ubo v in p
duy tr Ui, dng m I ro-
Dng Iro l dng dn ca diot ngay

khi v trng thi in tr thp. (Ibo c gi
tr nh nht bng dng ngc qua diot).
10 ........... _A
-U
bo
/b o
10 20 30 (Jfeo ^
\
Thc ra do tnh xng khng l
'10
\
tng, hai gi tr in p m theo hai
hng cng lch nhau t th cht lng
ca diot hai hng cng tt. Khi chng
Hnh 11.3. c tuyn I - u
ca diot 2 hng.
khc nhau v m un ta c tham s
lch xng s (tnh bng Volt).
* Gi tr c th ca cc tham s danh nh:
. in p m U bo = 32V
Dng in m I[J0 = 50fiA
in p duy tr Uii = 20V
lch xng s = 3V
* Cc tham gii hn gm; Cng sut tn hao cho php ln nht.
Ptot v d = 0,5W
Dng xung cho php ln nht Ip,ax = 2A
ZSZ
Nhit v cao nht T,x = + 100C
Nhit v thp nht T,in = -4 0 c
11.1.2. Thyristo - diot hai hng
Hnh 11.4. K hiu

ca diot 2 hng.
11.1.2.1. Cu to v nguyn lhot ng

Thyristo diot hai hng c cu to l hai thyristo diot mc song
song v i u nhau nh c th hin trn hnh 11.5. Thyristo diot
c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn p v n xen k nhau, nh vy kt cu ca
217
thyristo diot hai hng s c dng hnh 11.6 v nu hp nht li trong

1 cu hnh s nhn c h thng gm 5 lp bn dn trn 1 phin n
tinh th (hnh 11.7). Tnh cht ca thyristo diot hai hng r rng do
tnh cht ca hai thyristo diot quyt nh. Ngha l ti 1 in p Ugo
n s lt t trng thi in tr cao sang trng thi c in tr thp v
ngc li khi in p trn n gim thp hn in p duy tr, dng c s
lt li t trng thi in tr thp v trng thi in tr cao. iu ny
xy ra theo c hai hng cho hai thyristo diot.
X
p
X
P
Hnh 11.5, N song

song 2 thyristo diot.
Hnh 11.6. Biu din 2

thyristo dot u song
song i u nhau.
Hnh 11.7. Hp nht 2

thyrsto i song song
vo mt chip tnh th.
11.1.2.2. Thams danh nh v thams gii hn

Cc tham s danh nh ca thyristo diot hai hng ging nh ca
thyristo diot c cho phn 10.1.2. Cn ch y tham s lch
xng gia 2 in p ngng Ujto v U(7o (thc t c gi tr s = 4V
n 6V).
I,
-u,BO
/u-
Hnh 11.8. c tuyn I - u ca mt thyristo diot 2 hng.
Hnh 11.8 a ra dng c tuyn Von

Ampe ca mt thyristo diot hai hng. Cc
tham s gii hn cng c cho tng t
nh thyristo diot. K hiu quy c ca cu
Rin loi ny cho trn hnh 11.9.
218
S3
Hnh 11.9. K hiu thyrlsto
diot 2 hng.
11.1.3. ng dng
Diac dc s dng trong cc mch dng xoay chiu nh (ti khong

3A) dng lm kho chuyn mch thng iu khin triac.
11.2. TRIAC
{.... ------------------- p
V nguyn l, vic iu khin cng
sut trn 1 ti theo cc ch tiu mong
mun tu theo nhu cu tiu th ca ti

s mang li hiu qu kinh t cao v c s
7 h i
2 T h2
^
k thut ny da trn vic dng th5Tsto. Msti
Tuy nhin thyristo c hiu ng chnh lu

i> "
nn ch dng cho cc mch dng 1 chiu
(ch iu khin SCR bn k dng,
trong bn k m SCR lun kho). Khi
Hinh 11.10. Mch u i song
song 2 thyristo.
cn iu khin trong mch dng xoay
chiu, c th dng 2SCR Thl v Th2 mc
song song u nhau nh trn hnh 11.10. Vic iu khin chng thc
hin nh cc in p xung iu khin Usti v Usi2 v cn cc mch to ra
cc xung ny. Cc in p u,t, v Usi2 cn c lin h pha cht ch vi nhau
nhng c lp nhau. Thng cu hnh 11.10 c ch to trn 1 ming
n tinh th vi m hnh 5 lp xen k nh th hin trn hnh 11.11. V
neu hp nht hai SCR li ta c cu to hnh 11.12. Cc in p iu khin
Gj v G2 c kL hp li thnh 1 cc iu khin chung l cc G. Khi ly
G| hnh 11.12 lm cc G chng ta c cu to h hnh 11.13.
n
p
n
p
p
n
p
n
i
n 1 I p
p 1__
n I
...
1p
-0 G2
___ 1L L .
Thl
Hinh 11.11. Hp nht cch u song song i
u hai SCR vo mt ming tinh th.
Th2
Hnh 11.12. C u tr c 2 S C R
trn mt tinh the.
Nh vy 1 vi SCR Thl vic iu khin dng cc G l bnh

iung nh mi ihyristo khc, tc l khi in p t vo G so vi Aj
219
dng, xut hin dng iu khin Igf Tuy nhin i vi SCR Th2 y
khng phi l cch iu khin mi n hot ng. e thc hin vic
mi Th2 mt vng dn in loi n nh c cy thm ngay trong
cc iu khin (hnh 11.14) v mt vng tng t c to ra bn
in cc . Khi v cu to xut hin hai thyristo ph c gi
l cc thyristo mi. Nh cc thyristo mi, cc thyristo chnh c th lt
sang trng thi in tr thp vi cc xung iu khin dng v xung
iu khin m. Linh kin c cu to va c m t chi tit c gi
l TRIAC (vit tt t cm t "triode alternating current switch")
ngha l kho chuyn mch dng xoay chiu c 3 cc hay tn gi theo
cu to l thyristo 3 cc hai hng. Cu to ca triac theo mt ct
dc c cho trn hnh 11.15 v k hiu quy c cho trn hnh 11.16.
c tuyn Von Ampe I - cho trn hnh 11.17.
Anot 1
Cc ca
Ai
n
lil "
P Pipl p
n 1n !n| n
^ 1
P
n
p
Thl
1p
1n
! p
__ LL
2 Th2
Min to SCR
ph 1
A 2 Min to SCR
ph 2
Anot 2
Hnh 11.13. Cu to vi
cc iu khin G.
Hnh 11.14. Cu to vi
thyristo h tr mi.
Hnh 11.15. Mt ct tinh th ca triac.
Triac lm vic nh hai thyristo 3 cc ni i song song nhau. N c kh

nng iu khin c hai na sng dng xoay chiu vi mt cc iu khin
duy nht.
Nh vy triac c 2 anot k hiu l Aj v A, gi l anotl (enot trn)

cn anot2 (anot v) v c 1 cc iu khin gi l cc ca (G) (hnh 11.16).
A)
Ai
2SZ
zsf
Hnh 11.16. K hiu triac.
c tuyn Von Ampe ca triac gc phn t I v gc phn t III

mi vng ny gm 3 vng nh: vng kho, vng qu v vng dn
(hnh 11.17).
220
Vng dn
-t/KO Vng kho
L--- ___________
Vng qu
Um u
/h
Vng kho
Vng qu
(m)
Vng dn
Hnh 11.17. c tuyn Von Ampe ca triac.
11.2.2.
Cc ch lt ca triac
Vic iu khin triac t trng thi in tr cao sang trng thi

in tr thp c th c 4 cch khc nhau gi l cc dng ch iu
khin lt.
* iu khin kiu T: As dng hn Aj, s dng gc phn t I. in
p iu khin G A I l xung dng so vi A, (th hin du +). Cc in
p dt vo triac c cho trn hnh 11.18.
* iu khin kiu III: Ag m hn Aj, cho triac lm vic gc phn
t III trn c tuyn, UoAi l xung m so vi A) (hnh 11.19).
* iu khin kiu r : Triac lm vic trong gc I (A dng hn Aj)
in p xung diu khin UcAi m so vi A| (hnh 11.20).
* iu khin kiu IIF: Triac lm vic trong gc III (A2 m hn A))
Xung iu khin UcAi cc tnh dng so vi A, (hnh 11.21).
Aa
Az
u
u
T
A1
A2
(-IM sai
A,
Hnh 11.18. iu
^
khin kiu r .
Hnh 11.19. iu
|fl_
khin kiu III".
Ai
1.
Hnh 11.20. iu
Ikhin kiu
u
UA
Ai
Hlnh 11.21. iu
'
1114^
khin kiu lir.
Tuy nhin phn ln cc triac lm vic theo 2 kiu r* v I i r v

nhy iu khin ca 2 loi ny l c bit ln. Hai loi cn li (I~ v
Iir) i hi bin xung iu khin ln hn c hai ln.
in cc iu khin ca triac cng nh cc iu khin ca thyristo
221
sau khi mi s khng cn tc dng iu khin na. Triac s lu li

trng thi in tr thp chng no dng in qua n cn ln hn dng
duy tr I||. Khi dng in thun I trng thi dn h xung thp hn
Ii, triac s lt v trng thi in tr cao.
Khi s dng triac iu khin trong mch dng xoay chiu, trong
mi bn k, triac c mi mi mt ln. Vi ch hot ng ging nh
SCR, triac lm bin dng sng in p v dng in xoay chiu do
lm xut hin cc sng tn s cao gy nhiu cho cc thit b vin thng,
mch s dng triac cn c lc k nh cc t in v cun dy
khng gy nhiu.
11.2.3.
Cc tham s
Tham s" danh nh quan trng nht gm c:

D n g ngc n h Idrom (<0 khi h cc G v t in p ngc
n h ti A l - A2) Idrom c n g nh c n g tt.
in p thun cc i U tm (xc nh vi 1 dng thun nht nh,

thng l dng thun cc i).
Dng duy tr l (gi tr ngng triac lt v trng thi in tr
cao khi ang trng thi in tr thp).
Dng lt cc ca Iqt; Gi tr dng cc ca nh nht triac lt t
trng thi in tr cao n trng thi in tr thp (c xc nh vi
1 in p chn nht nh t gia Ai v Aa in p lt cc ca U gt: in p cn thit t vo cc G to ra
d n g Igt-
Thi gian n mch tgt: l thi gian tnh t lc tc ng xung iu

khin vo cc ca ti lc dng dn ca Triac t ti mc 90% gi tr
ln nht ca n.
dc in p tiu chun.
Nu in p trn Triac tng nhanh, vic mi c th xy ra vo lc
khng mong mun. dc in p tiu chun cho bit tc tng ln
nht ca in p t ln triac m vi tic bin thin ny vic mi
khng mong mun cha xy ra (c o khi cc G h).
in tr nhit Rthu. RthGXc nh cc h s dn nhit khi lm mt cho triac bng cc phin
to nhit.
Rtho; xc nh gia lp chn - v triac.
Rthu: xc nh gia lp chn - mi trng khng kh.
222
Cc gi tr v d:
I drom ~ 0,5mA
U tm 1,8V
In
= 15mA
Igx
= 20mA
U g t
~ 1,2V
tgi
= 2 fj,s
Cc tham s" thng c o trong nhng iu kin nht nh v

thng ph thuc nhit .
Nhm cc tham s" gii hn quan trng ca triac:
in p chn tun hon (gi tr nh) U drom
Gi tr in p tun hon cao nht trng thi chn khi cc G

h m triac cha b lt sang trng thi in tr thp.
Dng dn Ix: gi tr ln nht cho php (tr hiu dng) xt ch
lm vic lu (lin tc).
D n g Itsm' dng x u n g ln n h t triac cn ch u c.
Dng nh ti cc ca Iqtm xc nh tr dng xung iu khin ln nht.
Di nhit lm vic
n
(nhit v hoc nhit mi trng)
T m i n -
Cc s liu v d:
OROM= 400V
L,= 15A
I
tsm
lO O A
I gtm 4A
= 100c
= -eo^c
11.3. IU KHIN DNG TI DNG DIAC V TRIAC

Cng sut xoay chiu trn ti c th c iu khin v qua
iu chnh nh triac. Mun iu khin triac, cn c mt .khi quan
trng l mch to ra xung iu khin n.
Vic iu khin yu cu cng sut rt b (vi mW) v thng dng
cc mch bn dn v IC thc hin. Mt ng dng ph bin v d l
iu khin sng ca cc thit b in chiu sng trong nh hay iu
khin ng c xoay chiu, iu khin my khoan, my lm lnh, cc
223
thit b nhit trong cng nghip v dn dng... Cc loi r le v cu ch

bo v c th c thay th hon ho nh diac hay triac v cc loi
cng tc khng tip im (cng tc in t) c nhiu u im hn nhm
rle. u im quan trng ca nhm cng tc in t l hct ng
nhanh v nhy hn, loi tr hin tng nh la hay tip xc c kh
km do b bm bn, thi gian phc v lu gn nh khng hn ch v t
xy ra qu ti.
Dng ti ln nht cho php l mtgi tr gii hn (dng It) cn
c c bit quan tm khi s dng diacv triac.
Khi s dng mch c trac, cn dng in tr hn ch dng qua t hay qua
trac khng vt qu dng ln nht cho php ch dn (in tr thp).
Khi n mch, in tr ca
triac
rt thp (vi Q). Triac trn hnh
11.22
c dng ti ln nht cho php l lOA.
in tr ti nh nht c php mc
vo mch (Rti.) l;
_ u _ 220V
It
10 a
22Q
R.0=22n
=220V
G
Hnh 11.22. Mch vngdng
in dng triac
Hnh 11.23 l 1 mch iu chnh sng dng triac. M:h triac

nm gia im c v D. Khi triac ngt, Ci c np. in th gia c v
D gn bng in th ngun 220V (cc tnh bn k dng).
Trioc
=220V
B iu chnh
sng
Mch
triac
Hnh 11.23.
Tc np ca Ci ph thuc hng s" thi gian
= RgCi (Rj -* R 2).Ci
cng ln th C] np cng lu). Triac duy tr trng thi tit (in

tr cao) cho n khi Uci ln v t in p ngng m ca diac (v
d 30V). Khi CI = 30V th diac lt v trng thi in tr t h . T Ci
(t
224
phng in to ra 1 xung iu khin ln t vo cc G ca triac da

n v trng thi n mch c in tr thp. T lc ny dng ti chy
qua Rii ln. Triac trong mch hnh 11.23 c iu khin trong bn k
dng ca dng xoay chiu, kiu r .
Trong khong na sng m, lc triac trng thi tt, t Ci o cc
tnh np. Nu Uc ln t ti ngng th hai (chiu m), diac lt
sang trng thi dn theo hng ngc lm t Ci phng in to ra 1
xung m mi triac. Trong nhp ny triac dc iu khin dng III".
Vi bin tr Ra, tc np cho Ci c th thay i v do quyt
nh n thi im mi triac trong mi na sng. Tc l nh vic thay
di gi tr ca Rv d iu chnh gc tr pha (Pz mi triac.
th thi gian dng v p khi (p, = 90 c cho trn hnh 11.24
Irong c hai na sng dng v m. Khi (Pz tng, dng I gim, c th
thay i (p^ trong di t 5 n 180 hay t 185 n 360. Khi cng
sut trn ti s bin di t gi tr ln nh^t n bng 0. Nu Rti l 1
dn thp sng th sng tl s c iu chnh nh R. T C v L
dy dng lc nhiu. Phn mch hnh 11.23 gia 2 im A v B c
gi l b iu chnh sng (Dimmer). Khi phn ny khng lm vic,
dng cng tc s ngt h mch phn iu khin.
gc
Hnh 11.24.
th
in p tc ng u v dng ti I khi
(minh ho hnh 11.22).
<Pj
= 90
B iu chnh sng ch c th ni tip vi 1 in tr ti ln mi lm

vic tt.
Khi nl trc tip don A v B ti li din, triac s b ph hu.
1S-LK OIN T
225
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
Gii thch cu to v hot ng ca diot 2 hng v ca thyristo

diot hai hng.
2.
Gii thch cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca triac theo m hnh

hai thyristo mc song nhau.
3.
Hy v c tuyn I-U ca triac v gii thch.
4.
Hy phn bit 4 phng thc iu khin triac F 1 III^ v III
5.
Hy nu 5 tham s" danh nh v 5 tham s" gii hn ca triac.
6.
Hy v mch in ca 1 b iu chnh sng.
7.
Mch in b iu chnh sng hot ng nh th no? Cch mi

triac chc hin nh th no?
8.
Mch in hnh 11.25 lm vic nh th no? Hy nu nhim v

ca diac v triac trong mch.
2SZ
u
220 V
V
p
NoHnh 11.25. Mch iu khin ng cd dng triac v diac.
226
Chng 12
Cfi'a KIN QUfiNa B(N DN

12.1. HIU NG QUANG IN TRONG
Mi cht bn dn (cha pha tp), c tnh

dn in ring. Di tc ng ca mt ngun
nng lng kch thch (v d qu trnh lm
nng tinh th bn dn) c kh nng sinh ra cc
ht dn l in t t do v lin kt ho tr b
khuyt (l trng). Hin tng ny lm tng
dn in ring ca vt liu bn dn, Qu trnh
Hnh 12.1. Gii phng
sinh ht nh trn l do nhit. Nu c mt
quang n t khi cc lin
chm tia sng chiu vo, s va chm ca
kt ho tr kh chiu sng
ch't bn dn in (hiu
photon (cc ht nh sng) vi mng tinh th s
ng quang in trong).
gii phng nng lng v qua to ra cc ht
dn l cc quang din t v quang l. y l cc ht dn t do c
sinh ra do c tip nhn (hin tng hp th) nng lng quang nn
gi l cc quang ht. Chng lm dn ca vt liu tng ln theo
cng ca tia sng. Phn tng ln ny do ccquang ht ng gp
nn c gi l dn quang. y l bn cht ca hiu ng quang
in trong xy ra trong cc vt liu bn dn n tinh th v c a tinh
th. Thng khi khng mong mun hiu ng ny, cc v bc linh kin
bn dn thng c che kn nh sng. Trong mt s vt liu bn dn,
hiu ng quang in trong th hin mnh v chng c s dng lm
cc cu kin quang v lun c ca s tip nhn hoc pht i nh
sng. Cc cu kin quang bn dn gr 2 nhm quan trng; Nhm cu
kin quang s dng hiu ng quang din trong thc hin qu trnh
bin i nng lng quang sang nng lng in nh hin tng hp
th photon. Cn khi xy ra hin tng^ J ) h t x photon, linh kin li
bin i nng lng in thnh nng lng nh sng.
12.2. QUANG IN TR
Trn mt bng gm, s cch in, mt lp vt liu nhy quang

(c hiu ng quang in mnh) thng l tinh th hp cht bn dn
nh Sunfit Cadimi (CdS) hay Sunfit Ch (PbS), PbSe, PeTe... c gn
227
ln vi m t kch thc h n h hc c n h s n (b di, b rng, b dy,

h nh dng...) Cu to trn c bo v c hc v c ca s tip nhn
nh s n g to th n h m t q u ang in tr (v d h n h 12.2) k h i c
ch iu sng, gi tr in tr ca q u an g tr gim .
Cng nh sng chiu vo cng mnh, gi tr quang tr cng gim.
Mi loi vt liu dng lm quang in tr

nhy cm vi 1 bc sng nh't nh ca nh
sng (c gi l nhy ph ca quang tr)
th hin trn th hnh 12.3 v 12.4. Cc
th ph thng c dng hnh chung v t
cc i ti mt bc sng nht nh. V d
th hnh 12.3 cho bit ti bc sng nh sng
X - 0,65 |.im nhy quang ca quang tr l
ln nht (loi nh sng mu hng ti). Mt
s^ loi quang tr khc nhy bc sng mu
xanh lc, mu xanh da tri hoc mu da cam
(hnh 12.4).
ca quang tr.
Hnh 12.2. Quang in tr

(cu to v k hiu
quy c).
Hnh 12.4. nhy ph ca mt s loi quang tr.
' Thng khi cng sng thay i, gi tr quang tr thay i theo

ch sau 1 thi gian tr tng l ln (c mili giy ms).
Gi tr ca quang tr cn ph thuc nhit , tuy nhin cn chn
loi vt liu c h s" nhit nh v thng khi chiu sng mnh th hiu
ng nhit gim.
228
Cc tham s" danh nh ca quang tr l

in tr t Ro l gi tr ca quang in tr khi ti (sau khi
ngng chiu sng 1 pht).
in tr sng Riooo gi tr ca quang tr khi cng chiu sng
l 1000 lux.
Bc sng c nhy quang cc i .KS l bc sng xy ra hiu
ng quang in mnh nht.
Thi gian bm t,.: quang tr (ang t) c chiu sng vi cng
1000 lux. t,, l thi gian dng in trn quang tr t c 65%
gi tr dng ng vi R,oooCc s liu v d:
Ro ~ IMQ n lOOMQ
Riooo * lOOQ n 2kQ
t,.~ Ims n 3ms
Cc tham s gii hn:
Cng sut tiu hao cc i cho php Ptoi,
in p lm vic cc i cho php Ua
Nhit mi trng ln nht cho php
V d gi tr c th:
Pk,, = 50mW n 2W
U, = lOOV n 250V
T n ..x
7 0 "C
12.2.3. ng dng
Quang in Lr c s dng rt
ph bin trong cc mch iin khin,
iu chnh t ng nh nh sng,
mch o nh sng hay cc t-hit b t
dng dng cm bin nh sng. C th
s dng quang tr trong cc mch
kho chuyn mch quang hoc lm bia
trong cc h thng bin i hnh nh
quang thnh hnh nh tnh in
camera... Nhc im ln nht ca
quang in tr l vic hot ng c
qun tnh ln.
10
10'
Hnh 12.5. S ph thuc ca in

tr quang vo cng sng Ey.
229
12.3. T BO QUANG IN V PIN MT TRI

T bo quang in v pin mt tri l cc b bin i nng lng t

quang sang in. Cc phn t ny c tnh cht ca mt ngun sc in
ng c c trng bi 2 tham s in p h mch v in tr trong, v
cu to, c phn bit hai loi t bo quang in Selen v t bo quang
in Silic. V nguyn l, pin mt tri thuc dng t bo quang in Silic
to ra nng lng khng c kh thi CO2 nn c gi l ngun nng
lng sch c nhiu ng dng trong hin ti v tng lai, hot ng tin
cy trong mi trng nhit tng i cao v lm vic di hn tt.
T bo quang in l phn t quang bin i nng lng nh sng thnh
nng lng in.
12.3.1.1. T bo quang in Slic

Cu to ca mt t bo quang in Silic gm 1 phin n tinh th
Si loi p c ph 1 lp mng ( l n m n 2|j.m) lp bn dn loi n (hnh
12.6). Do hin tng khuch tn ht a s, xut hin mt vng in
tch khng gian (do cc ion tp cht cho bn n v tp cht nhn bn p
to ra) v trong vng ny xut hin mt in trng (12.7).
Tia nh sng chiu ti
1
1
i
f
" T

: t
"
Hnh 12.6. Cu to t bo
quang in.
4
i
p
n tinh Si loi p
e - .. ... in t t do
T ,f
........f\"...
1
1
, cD
_ L trng
f f l ----------
Hnh 12.7. S gii phng quang ht do nh sng

chiu vo tnh th.
Do vng n rt mng, c ph
mt lp trong su"t bo v, khi c
chiu nh sng, cc in t c hp
th nng lng ca photon nn c
gii phng khi lin kt ho tr tr
thnh in t t do v nh tc ng
ca in trng tip xc, chng t
tp ti vng n (hnh 12.8).
Vng trung ho in
in t t
do (tha
in t)
/ ism1
in trng
#
L trng t
do (thiu
in t)
Hnh 12.8. Sc in ng quang

n xut hn trn b mt tinh th.
Vng lp chn bn n l cc m ca t bo quang in
230
; t do
Cc l trng xut+iin (do in t c gii phng khi lin kt to

ra lin kt b khuyt) chuyn dch v vng bn dn p.
Vng lp chn bn p l cc dng ca t bo quang in
T bo quang in loi c m t nh trn c gi l t bo

quang in loi N trn p (hnh 12.9). Loi t bo quang in p trn N
c cu to m t trn hnh 12.10 t gp hn do c mt vi nhc im.
Hnh 12.9. K hiu t bo

quang in loi N/P.
Hinh 12.10. Cu to t bo
quang din Silic loi P/N.
Mt t bo quang in thng c hiu sut bin i nng lng t

quang sang in thp (do hin tng hp th nng lng quang gy tn
hao ln). Theo m hnh l thuyt vng nng l n g trong vt l l n g t,
ch nhng photn (quang lng t) c bc sng xc nh mi c tc ng
gy ra nhy mc cho in t chuyn chng t vng ho tr ln vng dn
to ra cc in t t do (gi l quang in t) trong vng dn. Cc vt liu
bn dn thng c b rng ph nng lng hp v ch nhy cm quang
trong vng nh sng mu nht nh. Bn cnh tn hao do hin tng hp
th cn xut hin nhiu dng tn hao khc do kt cu vt liu lm in
cc, do hiu ng phn x hay khc x nh sng ti...
T bo quang in l mt ngun dng in vi dng ngn mch i|(
hay
th biu din quan h ip p - dng in ca 1 t bo
quang in c cho trn hnh 12.1 la.
Dng ngn mch,
ph thuc mnh vo cng tia sng [W/m^]
Do vy, in p h mch gn nh t ph thuc vo cng tia

sng v tng khi nhit ca t bo tng. Khi lm vic vi mt in
tr ti xc nh, t bo quang in cung cp mt cng sut p = U.I cho
ti ( y u , I l cc in p v dng lm vic trn ti. n v Watt
nh trn
(Wp/m^) l cng sut danh nh ca t bo quang in
25c vi cng tia sng chiu vo bng lOOOW/m^. Cng sut nh
t ti 1 gi tr ln nht (Maximum Power Point - MPP) ti 1 im
lm vic l tng, ph thuc vo cng tia sng (hnh 12.1 la). T s"
cng sut MPP vi tch s Ui, v
c gi tr t 0 n 1 v c gi
In g n ,
231
l h so> s dng (h s" lp y) ca t bo quang in, c n chn gi tr

ti ti u khi s dng t" bo quang in n lun lm vic ch c
cng su"t t ti gi Ir MPP.
J _ 4 .5 0
^M PP
4.00
1000W /m 2
3.50
.
750 \/V/m2 /
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
/
1,00
/
0,50
/
/ 500W /m
---------------- 4-----1
250 W/m2
"N
\
\ \
0,00
0,00
\ \\
\ \\
___
10,00
20,00
30,00
___ 1
40,00
50,00
V
Hnh 12.11a. c tuyn VA ca modun pin mt tri v th cng sut.
T" bo quang in (pin mt tri) c 3 dng c bn c phn loi

theo cng ngh che" to:
Dng theo cng ngh mng
mng s dng 1 lp Si rt mng
lm "
cu ti^c loi ny
thng c hiu sut quang in
thp (c 7%) mc d trong phng
th nghim vi nhng iu kin t"i
u c th t ti 13%, gi thnh
loi ny tng d cao.
Dng pin mt tri theo cng
ngh a tinh th, c hnh thnh t
qu trnh thiu kt Silic th lng, c
th t hiu sut nng lng ti 18%.
Hinh 12.11b. Modun M110/24 ca Siemens.
Dng pin mt tri theo cng ngh n tinh th c th t hiu

sut nng lng ti 23%.
in p ra ca mt t bo pin mt tri khong 0,6V nn thc t
nu ch s dng n l s km hiu qu. Thc t cu to l cc modun
gm nhiu t bo ring l ghp n tip nhau, v d vi 40 t bo s
nhn c mc in p ra 40 X 0,6V = 24V. Dng in ra c nng cao
nh mc song song nhiu modun nh trn (hnh 12.11b v hnh
232
12.11c). Cc ch tiu thng s k thut ca pin mt tri dng modun

M110L/24V ca tp on Siemens c cho trn hnh 12.11c.
Cng sut cc i
Dng lm vic
in p lm vic
Dng ngn mch
p h mch
110
(10%)
A
V
A
V
3,15
35
3,45
43,5
Nhit danh nh
45
H s nhit ca dng ngn mch

H s nhit ca p h mch
1/K
1/K
+4.10-''
-3,4.10-^
\f^pp
U|^pp
lsc(**)
Uq
Tham s gii hn
Nhit bo qun
Nhit mi trng
p lc b mt
-40 + 85
-4 0 + 50
c
N/m^ 2400
iu kin lm vic lu di
Di nhit
m
-40 + 85
85 tng i
Thng s c kh
Chiu di X rng
Chiu cao
cao cc mi ni
Trong lng
mm
mm
mm
kg
1307x652
5
42
9,5
(*) Cng sut nh iu kin chun Tc = 25c

v E = 1000W/m^
(*) nhit T = 25C v E = 1000W/m^
Hinh 12.11c. S' liu k thut ca modun
pin mt tri Siemen M110/24V
12.3.1.2. Tbo quang in Selen

T' bo quang in Selen c cu to
l mt lp chn hnh thnh gia lp
Sclen a tinh th vi lp Oxyt Cadimi
(CdO) (hnh 12.11).
Khi c chiu sng, mt sc in
ng quang xut hin do hnh thnh quang
nh sng ti
CdO.
Seien -
/ / /
Lp
chan
Ni
Fe
Hnh 12.11, Cu to pin
quang in Selen.
233
in t ti lp CdO v quang l trhg ti lp Selen. 'iYong khi cc t

bo quang in loi Silic c hiu sut khong 10% v c th cung cp
mt cng sut 10mW/cm^ di nh sng mt tri th t bo quang in
Selen cho hiu sut 10% vi cng sut ch khong lmW/cm^ trong cng
iu kin chiu sng. T bo Selen cho mc in p ra h mch khong
0,3V. th hnh 12.12 cho quan h in p h mch v cng sng
ca hai loi t bo quang in Silic v Selen. Quan h gia dng ngn
mch Ik v cng chiu sng c cho trn hnh 12.13. nhy ph
ca hai loi t bo quang in Silic v Selen cho trn hnh 12.14 th
hin loi Selen nhy cm vng nh sng nhn thy v loi Silic
vng nh sng hng ngoi.
Hnh 12.13. S ph thuc

dng ngn mch vo
cdng sng.
Hnh 12.12. S ph thuc ca in p h

mch ca t bo Silic v t' bo Selen
vo cng sng.
Khong nhy sng ca mt ng
100
/
'x
\\.^Si
nh sng n si nung
50
10
02
04
0.6
0.8
10
V2
.
1,4
\6
r4:
|jm
Hnh 12.14. nhy ph ca t' bo Si v Se.

nhy ca mt v phn b ph ca n si nung.
12.3.2. Cc tham s nh mc v tham s gii hn ca t bo quang in
Nhm tham s danh nh (nh mc) ca t bo Silic bao gm:

Al mt phng nhy quang (c 3,72cm'^).
234
Uomax in p h mch cc i (v d 0,58V)

iKmax dng din ngn mch ln nht (130inA)
Xc nh khi chiu
sng lOOklx.
cng sut cc i ( 60mW)

E
nhy quang (mc tng dng ngn rnch khi tng cng
sng ln llx) (l,3|aA/lx).
ks bc sng ti nhy t cc i (a 0,7|im).
Nhm cc tham s gii hn:
Nhit mi trng lm vic: - 40c n +125c (trng hp c
bit c th ti 200C).
in p nguc (thng ch t IV n zV).
12.4. PHOTO DIOT
12.4,1. Cu to v hot ng
Photo diot l 1 tip xc pn

nh sng
,Lp kho
(dng hnh 12.15) lm t loi vt
liu bn dn Silic hay Gemani nhy
-
cm vi tc ng quang. C'u to
K hiu
ca photo diot thng c mt vng
Hnh 12,15. Nguyn l cu to v k
tng "i rng trong sut vi nh
hiu ca photodiot vi cng sng
sng chiu vo (trc tip ti vng
l tham s.
chuyn tip pn). Photo diot lun
lm vic ch phn cc ngc v
hot ng gn nh khng c qun
tnh. Khi cha c chiu sng,
dng qua diot l dng in ngc
ca tip xc pn nn c gi tr nh
(c gi l dng in t). Khi icic
chiu sng, xut hin cc quang hi,
t' do (in t v l trng) c in
Hnh 12.16. S ph thuc ca dng
trng phn cc ngc gia tc (in
in ngc Ir vo cng sng Ey.
t xut hin trong vng p, l trng
trong vng n), lm dng in ngc tng mnh theo cng chiu
sng v theo mc gi tr in p phn cc ngc. Quan h gia dng
ngc I[{v cng sng Ev l tng di tuyn tnh (hnh 12.16). iu
ny c bit tt khi dng photo diot o cng nh sng.
Cng dng in quang qua photo diot tng t l vi cng nh
sng tc ng vo photo diot.
235
Hnh 12.17 biu din quan h gia dng quang in vi in p

ngc t ln photo diot khi c chiu sng vi cc mc (cng )
khc nhau. Mi loi vt liu bn dn dng ch to photo diot nhy
cm vi mt bc sng nh sng nht nh c th hin trn th
quan h nhy ph hnh 12.18. y loi photo diot lm t Silic
nhy vng bc sng 0,85|.im cn t Gemani vng bc sng l,5|im .
Hinh 12.17. H c tuyn Ir-U r

ca photo diot vi cng
sng l tham s.
Hinh 12.18. nhy ph ca

photo diot Silic v photo diot
Gemani.
12.4.2. Tham s ca photo diot
nhy quang E (nA/lx) th hin mc tng ca dng quang in

khi tng sng ln 1 lux.
Bc sng nhy quang p;s (^m).
Tn s" lm vic gii hn fj,; in dung lp chn CsDng in ti Ij (vi 1 in p kho nht nh).
Din tch lm vic Al (din tch c chiu sng)
V d E = 120nA/lx
,ES = 0,85f.im
= 1MHZ
Cs= 150pF (vi Uij= OV)
20pF (vi U r= 20V, R l in p kho t ln photo diot)
1,1 = 500nA
in p kho cho php (20V n 30V)
Nhit lm vic (-50c n +100C)
236
12.5. PHOTOTRANSITO
Phototransito l mt loi
transito silic c bit c cu to
trong su"t vi nh sng phn
baz. Hnh 12.19 a Ia k hiu
mt s loi phototransito. C th
biu din mt phototransito nh
cch kt hp mt t bo quang
in hay mt photo diot vi mt
transito nh hnh 12.20. nh
sng tc ng to in p tng
t nh in p phn cc cho
transito v cng nh sng
thay i s iu khin dng
phn cc thay i. nhy ca
E
-
E~
B
c
B
PNPtransito quang
E
NPNtransito quang
(phototransito)
Hnh 12.19. K hiu photo transito.
phototransito r rng l cao hn so vi photodiothay t bo quang in

do hiu ng khuch i dng in ca transito (tng ln B ln).Hnh
12.21 cho c tuyn Ip - U^K ca phototransito ng vi cc trng hp
cliiu sng c cng khc nhau. Bc sng nh sng thch hp vi
loi phototransito (tng t nh photodiot t vt liu Silic) trong
khong 0,8|.im n 0,85 |.im).
A
A
/b
-B
10^
m fw iu
*rYYiw
1 nnniw
10^
300 I k
in n i
\^
10^
Hinh 12.20. Tng ng ca
phototransito.
301
10
15
Hnh 12.21. H c tuyn Ic - UcE

ca phototransio.
237
12.5.2. Tham s ca photo transito

Dng colect (vi E = 1000 Ix,
U cE =
5V) lc chiu s n g
d 0,3niA).
Ic h (v
D n g colect lc ti led (0,2|iA ).

Bc sn g n h y q u an g A,ES (0,85|.im).
n h y q u an g E (0,15|iA /lx).
(cc s li u cho tron g ngoc l gi tr v d).
12.6. PHOTOTHYRISTO
Cu to photo th yristo tng
?A
?A
p
n
p
n
)
n
13
r"i
AK
t nh th y risto gm 4 lp xen k
pnpn vi 3 cc ra anot, k atot v
cc iu k h in G (h n h 12.22).
v n g chn th u n , ch u yn tip pn
nm giia b kho. Q ua ca s
trong su"t, khi c nh s n g ch iu
vo v n g ny, n n g lng photon
Hnh 12.22. Cu to v k hiu

ca photothyristo.
lm g ii phng cc quang h t n n
lp c h u y n ti p g i a c h u y n sa n g
dn in lm t n g dng quang (l dng ngc ca lp ch n nm gia).

V ic m t cu to p h ototh yristo nh trn hn h (12.23) gm 2 tra n sito s
gii thch c qu trn h iu k h in nh xu n g nh s n g tc ng mi
p h oton th yristo (h n h 12.24). V ic chn tr s" in tr Rgk (trn h n h
12.24) cn g ln th gii h n y u cu cng nh s n g t th iu ca
xu n g nh s n g mi SC R cn g thp. S au khi c m i, SC R h ot ng
nh m t th yristo th n g thng trn g thi in tr thp ch ng no
dng in lm vic cn cao hn mc dng in duy tr.
-04
Rl
>5^
G
o-
<
Hnh 12.23. Mch thay th ca photothyristo.
238
Hnh 12.24. Mch s dng

photothyristo.
G n y, loi th y risto c 4 cc (thm 1 cc iu k h in Ga bn cnh
scs
c c h
to vi m c ch c th iu k hin ngc SC R t tr n g th i
in tr
Gk, A v K ) c gi l S ilicon C ontrolled S m ith (SC S).

thp v l i in tr cao vi cc phng thc h o t ng.
a) N h 1 x u n g m vo Gk
(so
b) N h 1 x u n g dng vo Ga
vi K).
( so
vi K).
c) N h gim dng lm vic xung thp hn

dng d u y tr.
T rn c s p h o to th y risto 4 cc c c h
to vi ph ng th c iu k h in tng t n h n g
nh x u n g n h s n g th eo h a i chiu l t t tr n g
th i in tr cao s a n g tr n g thi in tr th p
(mi) h a y ngc li t trn g thi in tr th p
v li tr n g th i in tr cao (dp).
Ga
--o
iK
Hnh 12.25. cu to
ca photothyristo 4 cc.
12.6.2, Tham s ca photothyrlsto

Cc th a m s ca p h ototh yristo tng t nh ca th y risto x t
chng 10. N g o i ra cn ch cc tham s v c tn h
sau:
C ng n h s n g mi E,\T ph thuc vo ln ca in tr Rgk
vi dng t i l lOOmA th h in trn th h n h 12.26.
di bc sn g cho nhy quang cc i
(0,8îm) (hnh 12.27).
fjm
Hnh 12.26. Quan h cng sng mi
ph thuc vo ln ca in tr Rq^.
Hnh 12.27. nhy ph

ca mt photothyristo.
12.7. DIOT PHT QUANG LED

D iot p h t q u an g (Licht E m itierende D ioden - LED) thng c cu to
t nhm v t liu a tinh th: hp cht Gali A senit, G ali A senphotphorit
(Ga As) (G a A sP) h ay G aP thc hin qu trnh bin i n n g lng kiu
in - quang. C u to ca m t LED gm 1 bn dn loi n trn c ph
1 lp bn dn loi p nng cao dy c l(am - H nh 12.28.
239
LED hot ng khi c phn cc thun.

nh sng
Hnh 12.28. Cu to ca LED
T heo l th u y t v n g n n g lng, in t t do tro n g v n g d n ca

b n dn pha tp loi n nm m c n n g lng cao E (h n h 12.29) so
vi cc in t h o tr (n m mc n n g lng th p Ej). V ic c h u y n ri
in L t E .2 d n E| g i i p h n g ra n n g lng AE - E2 - Ej d n g 1
E -E
x u n g n h s n g . Vi 1 bc s n g xc in h = c/f. H a y f = =------- ^ . nh
h
s n g LED p h t ra l n sc (c 1 t n s) v h i n tng c gi l s
p h t x q u a n g (p h t x t n h i n hoc p h t x k t hp, xem h n h 12.29
v h n h 1 2 .3 0 ). T u th eo k h o n g cch gi a cc m c n n g l n g v n g
d n E 2 v v n g h o tr Ej k h i x y ra n h y mc t Ej ln E , do h p th
v sa u p h t x, nh s n g do LED p h t ra c m u k h c n h au : h ng
ngoi, , v n g , xan h l cy h a y x a n h lam ... H iu su t b in i cao
n h t t c n hm L E D h n g ngoi (vi cng su t c 20 n 50 ln
ln hn c a L E D n h s n g ) bc s n g p h t ra 0,9).im n 0,94|am .
DoL p h t q u a n g lm v ic gn n h k h n g c q u n tn h v c
d n g i u c h tn h i u (a n a lo g h a y d ig ita l) tron g di t n M H z. Vi
thi g ia n lm v ic k h o n g 10*^ gi.
E2
Vng dn
Photon =
^' 0 0
Vng ho tr
Hnh 12.29. Pht x t nhin.
240
En
E2
e -e - - G - Q o
Vng dn
Photon
Photon
E1
e -Q--.-0
Photon
Vng ho tr
Hnh 12.30. Pht x kt hp.
12.7.2.Tham s' ca LED

Cc th am s c a L E D c th ch ia th n h 2 nhm :
* N hm th a m s" quang;
D in tch p h t s n g A (v d t 0 ,5 n 30mm^).
C ng n h s n g v (t 2 n m ilic a n d e la m cd).
D n g q u a n g th n g (k h o n g 2 m lm (m ililu m en ).
(Vi dng k ch th c h Ip = 20m A ).
di bc s n g p h t x /\.p {660nm ).
Gc m a (t 25^ n 60).
* N hm cc th n g s in c:
in p m Up v in d u n g lp kho Cg.
in p k h o cc i cho p h p
(3V)
D n g th u n cc i cho ph p Ipniax (50m A ).

C ng su t cc i cho ph p Ptot (cng s u t tn h ao) (120m W ).
N h i t ti th iu v t a ca mi trng lm vic ( -4 0 c n
+ 100"C).
L E D c s d n g ch y u l m n ch th s
(loi 7 vch) h a y cc m a tr n q u n g co tr a n g tr
in t. K hi k t hp cc L E D t n g c m vi 3 m u
c bn: , xanh da tri v xanh l c y thn h ma
tr n cc im n h c th t o ra cc bc n h m u
in t kch thc ln th h i n cc m u t n h in
th eo n g u y n l trn m u n h tron g cch to n h
Hnh 12.31. LED7 vch.
m u c a k th u t tr u y n h n h .
le-LKDINT
241
12.8. LASER BN DAN

LASER (L ight A m plification by S tim u la ted E m ission of R idiation)
l loi diot bn dn c kh nng p h t ra cc bc x k t hp khi c
kch thch bi m t xung nh s n g (do p h t x t n h in to ra). Cc
phton trong qu trnh ny (pht x t n h in v cng bc) c cng
bc sng, c n g pha v cng hng (gi l cc bc x k t lfp) (hnh
12.30). M un xy ra hiu ng p h t bc x k t hp cn to ra b n g th i
tp tru n g cc in t vi m t cao t i v n g dn c n n g lri: cao hn
so vi v n g ho tr (c gi l tr n g thi n gh ch o m t ) nh kch
thch (bm quang hc) s cp y cc in t t v n g ho tr n v n g
dn m t cch t. Bc x do h iu ng n h y ca cc electroi t mc
nng lng cao xung mc n n g ng thp to ra c m t l thng
cng hng q uang hc (v d nh hp cng h ng Fabri---Perot kh u ch
i ln ih iu ln trc khi cho p h i ra irii trng. Hc cng ing c
hai m t p h an g son g song, m t pha ph n x ton ph n (gng p i n x),
m t pha din phn
Dng nng lng vo (bm kch tch s cp)
x bn phn, trong hb
xy ra hin tng sng
Phn tch cc ca Laser
ng khi tia s n g laser
c phn x n h iu ln,
cng q uang c
k huch i trc khi
nh sng
theo hng vu n g gc
c s
dng
vi m t gng bn phn
x c th ot khi hp
Gng phn x bn phn Gng phn Xi ton phn
cng hng (hnh 12.32).
Hnh 12.32. Nguyn cu to ca User.
Bc x la se r p h t ra l
1 chm tia son g song c tn h k t
hp (tn s xc nh, cng pha, c
tnh nh hng cao). D iot la ser
lm vic tt n h it phng, k h i
n h it mi trng ln ti 50c
th yu cu dng lm vic t n g gp
i m bo c cng tia
nh trc. Q uan h gia cng su t
bc x v dng in lm vic l
quan h tu y n tn h (hnh 12.33).
D i t n lm vic ca diot la se r l
242
l()''Hz (GHz) c s dng hiu qu trong vic ghi m v ghi hnh trn
cc ph n t nh quang nh CD v DVD iu c h q u an g trong cng ngh
truyn dn cp si quang...
12.9. SI QUANG DN
V ic tru y n tn h iu din nh dng in trong cc cp ng gp
n h iu nhc im c b it l vn su y h ao trn ng tru yn vi
k h on g cch xa v du n g lng thng tin b h n c h do tc tru yn t i
tin tc b h n ch, ngoi ra in cm v in d ung k sin h ca cp hn
c h d i tn s d n g cp chi ti vi M Hz. V ic s d n g cp si q u an g
thc h in vic tru yn dn tn hiu di dng sn g n h s n g tron g si
cp q u an g m a n g n cc u th v cng to ln so vi vic d ng cp
ng tru yn th n g. Cu trc kh ca m t ng tru yn dn tn h iu
d n g cp si q u an g dn c cho trn h n h 12.34. D n g tn h iu gc
qua b in i tng t - s" c chuyn i th n h d y b t 0,1 (cc xu n g
in p) sa u c k h u ch i, gia cng x l trc k h i tc ng vo
diot L aser b in ch n g th n h cc xu n g n h s n g v c a trc
tip vo cp si q u an g tru yn dn trn n h n g k h on g cch xa (ti h n g
chc n gn km ) vi mc su y hao Lh]) v c b v s a hi phc nh
cc trm lp v b k h u ch i quang trn ng tru yn ca cp. T i
du cul ca cp si quang phototransito h ay photodot c s dng
bin i tn h i u q u an g v li cc xung in ban u trc k h i c hi
phc qua b in i S -- tng t thnh tn h iu a n a lo g ban u. Si cp
q u a n g c cu to gm 2 phn: li (si q u an g dn) v v bo v; ch it
su t q u a n g ca ch n g c la chn xy ra h in tng p h n x ton
phn ca tia s n g trong phn li (khng th o t ra p hn v c). N h
d tia s n g do L a sei pht ra c t'uyn ch tron g li cp vi mc su y
hao th p (c 0 ,0 5 n O JdB /km ). th h n h 12.36 m t mc su y hao
tnh theo dB /km ca hai loi cp (ng (lng trc v cp si q u an g theo
tn s dn G H z. Cp si q u an g c vu dim ln l k h n g b n h hng
ca n h iu s n g in t v trong n h iu trng hp vic ghp quang
gia d io tla ser v photodiot l mL phng php cch ly in l tng.
Tn hiu
A/D
ltng t.
0110101001
Tn hiu s
L U
u vo
tn hiu B bin i
B khuch LD
tng t so - tng t
i
L - i l j Tn hiu s
quang cian
g
s - tng t
____
au ra
tn hiu
c s
0 khuch dung
i
Hnh 12.34. c tuyn dn LWL.
243
Tia sng
Hinh 12.35. Si quang dn.
Hnh 12.36. B rng di tn v suy hao.
Nhc im c a cp si q u an g l h in tng t n x n h s n g gy
ra m o d n g tn h iu xu n g (gin x u n g v m t th i gian) v c th lm
m t (li) b t (h n h 12.37) ng th i x y ra cc h i u n g p h k h i ghp
nl cp si q u an g b n g phng p h p h n c b i t l h i n tng su y
hao cng tn h i u quang (h n h 12.38).
km
Hnh 12.37. nh hng ca tn x.
244
tm trc qang si
Hnh 12.38. Hn cp quang
12.10. B GHP QUANG

Mi b ghp quang (cn gi l
Li vo
Li ra
bin p quang) bao gm 2 phn: phn
B pht
quang
pht nh sn g v phn thu quang
B thu
quang
(linh 12.39). Cc loi diot pht quang

(th n g c n g t c v n g n h s n g
12.39.
hng ngo<) lm b p h t q u a n g vi h iu su t t"t n h t. B th u q u an g

th ng l cc p h o to d io t h a y p h o to tra n sito , p h o to th y risto hoc photo
d a r lin g to n tr a n sisto (vi h s k h u ch i dng in rt ln). Cc b
ghp q u a n g q u an tr n g n h t c cho trn h n h 12.40.
Li vo
Diot pht quang
Li ra
Photodiot
Li ra
Li vo
Thyristos quang
Hnh 12.40. B ghp quang.
245
^ 7.6 i 0,2--
>
o
- . K K , -
Q5xQ25-
2.54
__
1
4
fk E
e U 3.
Q O
7.6TS5.
TST'QTar
t
____________
f
- lasit------- S2.0.3
Hinh 12.41. Vi dng kt cu v ca cc b ghp quang (Siemens).

Cc th a m s gii h n ca b ghp q u an g gm c:
Vi d iot p h t q u a n g (phn pht):
i n p kho K (v d 3V)
D n g in th u n Ip (60m A )
C n g su t tn hao Pit(100m W )
V i p h o to tr a n sito (phn thu)
i n p kho colect - em it UcEo ( 7 0 V )
in p kho emit - bazd U ebo

D n g colectd lemax(lOOmA)
C ng su t tn hao Ptot (150m W )
Cc th a m s n h m c c:
Vi p h n p h t (d io t p h t quang):
i n p th u n Up (1,5V vi Ip = 60m A )
D n g in ngc I r (lO nA k h i U r = 3V)
Vi p h n th u (p h o to tra n sito ).
in p colect - em it bo ho UcKSai (0,3V )
! s kh u ch di dng (in 1 ch iu B (300 n 700)
246
B gh p q u a n g
H s bin i dng in Ic/Ik = 80 n 300
in p th cch in U|,= 4000V
T n
SC)
gii hn f = 1 0 MH/,
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
H iu n g q u an g in trong cc ch't bn dn q u a n g l g?
2.
H y g i i th ch ngha i lng " n h y ph" i vi cu k in

q u an g in?
3.
P hn b it gi tr in tr t v in tr sng ca m t q u an g in tr.
4.
T bo q u a n g in lm vic nh th no? G ii th ch s x u t h i n
sc in ng quang.
5.
M t cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca p hotodiot.
6.
H y p h n b it photodiot v phototransito?
7.
M t n g u y n l hot ng ca photo thyristor.
8.
G ii th ch cu to v hot ng ca diot pht q u an g.
9.
B gh p q u a n g l g? Cu to ca b ghp q u a n g gm n h n g ph n
t no ?
247
Chng 13
cc cu KIN B^N D^N C BIT

13.1. B PHT SNG HALL
13.1.1. Hiu ng Hall
Cc in t k h i c t tron g m t t tr n g s c h u 1 lc tc
ng t ng t nh k h i ch n g c t tro n g i n tr n g (gi l lc
L orenz) t o ra d n g in. T rn h n h 13.1 b iu d i n m t p h in dn
in kch thc nh c dng in ch y qua n th eo h n g n g n h t,
in tr ng x u t h i n y l th u n n h t (ng nh't). N u t th m
1 t tr ng vo p h in , nh h n h 13.2 th h i n , m i in t ch u tc
ng lc L orenz b x u n g v b dch ch u y n v 1 hng; in tr ng
ca h trc nn k h n g ng nht: m t p h a th a in t v p h a
d in n g h o in t i. G ia 2 b in x u t h i n m t in p gi l in
p H a ll v h i n t ng v a m t gi l h i u n g H a ll do n h v t l
M tm ra n m 1879.
Sc in ng H a ll (to ra m t in p H all) k h i c t c n g ng
thi vi in tr ng th u n n h t m t t tritng ln m t p h in dn in.
Hng chuyn ng
ca dng in t
/e
t
Hnh 13.1. in trng thun
nht t ln my pht Hall.
Hnh 13.2. T trng to ra s

khng ng nht ca in trng.
13.1.2. in p Hall
in p H all x u t h i n trong m h n h 13.2 c n g ln k h i cc ph in
cng m ng, k h i cng dng in c n g ln v k h i m t t thng
cng ln. N g o i ra ln ca in p H a ll cn p h thuc vo lo i v t
liu dn lm cc p h i n in cc (h n h 13.3).
248
K t qu n g h in cu hiu ng H all
d n ti h th c.
y U h l in p H all x u t
h i n do h iu n g Hall;
R h h n g s H all.
I d n g ch y qua p h in cc.
B m t t thng,
d B d y cc phin cc.
Rf[ p h th u c n n g cc h t dn t do v lin h ng ca chng,
v d vi cc v t liu kim loi c Rh~ 10"m^/As n n h iu n g H all x u t
h i n yu. Vi v t liu bn dn, h n g s H all ln hn.
V d
InSb (A ntim onid Indium ) R|~240.10"mÂs

In A s (A sen n id Indium )
R n ~ 120.10m/As
K hi s d n g cc loi v t liu trn, in p H all n h n c c vi V,

R| nhn c h u n g cn ph thuc n h it .
1 3 .1 .3 . C u t o
Hnh 13.4a cho dng th quan h ph thuc in p Hall vo m t

t thng Un - B v hnh 13.4b c a ra v d kch thc cc phin ca
m t b pht H all.
Z.B. 6mm)
Hnh 13.4. a) th quan h Un - B; b) Kch thc ca mt my pht Hall dng mt phng.
Khi ch n ch iu di c v ch iu n gan g a ca p h in u n h a u (c = a)
in p H a ll x u t h i n ch t gi tr 75% tr ln n h t. K hi chn c
ln hn a (p h i n cc ca m y p h t H all va di va m ng (vi i-im)
249
h iu n g t cc i. H n h 13.5 a ra cu to v k h i u quy c ca
b p h t H all. V t liu lm cn chn lo i c dn t t t (v d loi
Fei t m m ). B p h t H all l m t ngun c ni tr k h o n g l IQ n
42 tu th u c k h on g cch cc p h in cc v kch thc ca chng.
3
K hiu:
1, 2. Cc cc iu khin
3, 4. Cc in cc Hal
Hnh 13.5. Cu to v v tr b pht Hall.
13.1.4. Cc thng s nh mc v tham s gii hn

D n g iu k h in ln n h t cho php
(v d 600m A ).
N h i t lm vic ln n h t cho php Ia,. (100C).

D ng iu k h in nh mc I (lOOmA).
T trng iu k h in n h mc B (IT ).
in p H all h m ch U || (0,4V).
(Vi I v B n h mc).
in tr trong gia cc p h in cc R1 (3Q)
N i tr ngun gia cc in cc H all Rxn (l,5 r ).
H s" n h i t p = - 0,002/C vi I As
= - 0,01/c vi InSb.
c h n h mc, dng n h i t lm n ng b p h t H a ll l nh n h t
v c quan h rt tu yn tn h gi a I, B v ||.
C th tn h c s bin th in AUh ca in p H all do n h i t
gy ra nh h s n h it p.
Ai
U ]I2 0 .
3AT
y AU,J l lng bin th in ca in p H a ll khi r h i t mi

trng th a y i 1 lng AT v U|90 l in p H a ll o ; n h i t
phng T = 20'C.
13.1.5. Cc ng dng
C th a ra 5 ng d n g in h n h c a b p h t Hall:
1.
o m t t thng B. Khi gi dng in iu khin c" dnh, in p
Hall t ] vi m t t thng B. B pht Hall nh (kch thc zmm X Imm)
dng o t tritng khng ng nht. H nh 13.6 ch ra nguyn l o
dng in 1 chiu, Lng hai in p H all t l vi cng dn:^ in.
250
2. o tch s I.B nh vic xc nh in p H all do ch n g c quan

h t l vi n h a u (xem h Lhc trang 249). B p h t H all lm vic nh
m t b n h n . Do m t t thng li t l vi dng in gy ra n I m ,
nn tr ng hp ny in p Hall t l vi tch s h a i dng in. K t
qu trn c n g dng tron g k th u t iu k h in v iu ch n h .
3. B in c a in p H all xoay chiu x u t h in b p h t H all
lm vic vi t trng xoay ch iu t l vi m t t th n g B. K hi b
p h t H a ll h o t ng nh m t b iu c h hay nh 1 b ch n h lu dng
xoay ch iu k h n g tip im .
4. M t t th n g B c th c iu k h in nh 1 cng su^t nh
n h n c m t cng su t ln, do vy b p h t H all c tn h ch t ca
m t b k h u ch i.
. B p h t H a ll dng ch th t trng v do v y c th d n g
do tc q u ay ca m t ng c (hnh 13.7).
Vng xuyn lm t
/vt iiu t mm
Dng iu
khin c inh
Dng iu khin
(khng i)
B pht Hall
B pht
B m
xung
Dy dn c dng 1 chiu cn o
V//777777//7W /777//777/.
Hnh 13.6. Mch o dng 1 chiu,
Hnh 13.7. o tc nh b pht Ha(l.
13.2. T TR
T tr l loi in tr bn dn c gi tr in tr th a y i c nh
s iu k h in c a 1 t Lrng ngoi tc dng. T tr c k h iu quy c
cho trn h n h 13.8 v cu to cho trn hn h 13.9.
zzry
B
Hnh 13.8. K hiu t tr
(in tr t).
Hinh 13,9. Cu to ca 1 in tr t.
251
13.2.1 Cu to
T tr c th c ch to t v t liu s t t
(loi E) h a y t v t liu n h n to (loi K). loi E,
c s d n g l loi v t liu s t t F ecm aloi c
t th m ln. Loi K c cu to t gm h ay
m
v t liu n h n to. T rn dy c 0 ,lm m , m t lp
Hnh 13.10. Lp hnh
A n tim on it Indi dy c 25|LLm c ph ln. T rn
un ln ca 1 t tr.
lp InSb n y c p h c c kim lo i l m t N ik e n
A n tim on it c dn in tt nh ca kim loi (xem trn h n h 13.9).
N hiu loi t tr c lp b m t dy c dng gp kh ic nh hnh 13.10.
Khi k h n g c t tr ng tc ng, gi tr in tr c a t tr c v i Q
n vi k tu th eo k ch thc cu to ca ch n g.
13.2.2 S bin i in tr ca tr
H ot ng ca t tr c g i i th ch th n g q u a cc h n h 13.11 ^n
13.13. K hi cha c t trng ngoi tc ng (B = 0), d n g ch y trn
in tr t l th a n g gc nh h n h 13.11. K hi tc n g t trng ic
cng nh, dng c d n g h n h 13.12 v khi c n g t trng ln h n h 13.13. H in tng xy ra do h iu ng H a ll l m cc h t d n di
ch u yn di tc ng ca t trng lm dng in ch y gi a cc kim
dn in c d n g r n g ca (cc kim N ik en A n tim o n it c v a i tr nh cc
on dy n gn m ch) k h i lc tc ng li d n g in t cn g ln (do
cng t trng c n g ln), dng in rng ca c n g m n h nh th
h in h n h 13.13. S t n g ch iu di ca ng d n d n g in lm in
tr ca t tr tn g.
Hinh 13.11. Cc ng dng in

khi cha c t trng tc ng.
Hnh 13.12. Khi c t trng tc

ng (t trdng cn nh).
B ln
/ / / / / / / /
Hnh 13.13. Khi c t trng ln tc ng.
Gi tr in tr ca t tr tng khi mt t thng tng.
252
th h n h 13.14 ch ra
s ph th u c ca in tr ca
t tr vo m t t th n g B.
C hiu c a
t trng k h n g
lm n h h ng ti gi tr
in
tr ca t tr. Q u an h
gia
dng in v in p trn m t
t tr n g vi m t gi tr t
t.rng B n h t n h l m t
Hnh 13.14. Quan h R (f) vo B (Tesla)

ca t tr.
quan h t,uyn tn h .
13.2.3. Cc tham s ca t tr
C ng s u t t i ln n h t cho php Ptot (v d 0,5W ).
N h i t lm v ic ln
nht
(90C).
i n p ln n h t cho php gia

lp t tr v kim loi
(~ lOOV).
in tr gc (k h i B = 0)
R (lOQ "n lOkQ).
S a i lch c a in tr gc
Ro Toi (v d 20%).
i n tr k h i c
S th a y i t n g i c a t tr R b/R o
(vi c n g B v d i 1 T esa).
H s" n h i t (p h th u c vo B)
10)-
a (v d - 0,004/C ).
13.2.4. ng dng
T tr c s d n g n h ch u yn m ch h ay kho k h n g tip im
d n g tro n g k th u t iu k h in h ay iu ch n h . H n h 13.15 th hin
m t p h m n h n d n g t tr v h n h 13.16 l m t t n g k h o dng
tr a n s isto c i u k h i n ni, n g t m ch cho rle nh tc ig t
trng b n n goi.
Hnh 13.15. Chuyn mch

phm nhn ng t tr.
Hnh 13.16. Tng khuch i kho dng transito

vi t tr lm cng tc khng tip xc.
253
13.3. DIOT T
13.3.1. Cu to
D io t
lm
loi
ch t
bn
dn
G em an iu m , c tip xc cng n gh d n g p - i -
Hnh 13.17. K hiu

ca diot t.
n nh trn h n h 13.18, k h iu quy c ca

diot t c cho trn
h n h 13.17. in c
b it l n g n cch gi a 2 v n g p h a tp ch t
loi p v loi n l m t m in bn d n kh n g
pha tp v c tn h d n in r i n g do in
tr rt cao ( dn in th p ). T i v n g ny
h in tng t i hp h t d n xy ra m nh nn
cn c gi l m in t i hp (gi l v n g R).
Trong v th ng c h a i diot t c c h to Hnh 13.18. C'u to 1 diot t.
ng th i to ra h i u n g b n h it.
13.3.2. S thay i in tr ca diot t

Do n h hng tc ng ca
t trng cc in t t do c
dch chuyn vo v n g t i hp R
(c hng tu th eo chiu ca t
trng). Trong vng ny in t
v l trng c c hi gp n h au
v xy ra t i hp h t dn lm
gim nng h t dn v do
in tr tng. N h vy in tr
ca diot t cn g ln k h i nng
cc h t t do cn g cao v cng
Hnh 13.19. Quan h in tr ca diot t

vi cng t thng B.
t th n g B tc ng cn g ln. M q u an h iic th h i n
hnh 13.19. in tr ca diot t cn chu nli hng
m nh c a n h i t .
13.3.3. Cc tham s
in p lm vic ln n h t
C ng s u t tn hao cc i
N h i t lm vic cc i
(v d ~ 20V )
Pvm ax
(~ 50m W )
(~ 6 0 c
in p lm v ic U (~ 4V)
in tr gc (lc B = 0) Ro (~2kQ )
254
qua th
13.3.4. Cc ng dng
Do s ph th u c m n h vo nhit ,
diot t th n g c c h to kp c
b n h i t (h n h 13.20). K hi , cn t L
trng B tc d n g ln ch n g ngc cliiu
n h au , s tc n g ca n h i t ln 2 dioL
(lm th a y i in ti-) ca chng l ging
n h au , nh v y 2 c b nh it.
T uy n h in s b in th i n ca t thng
Hinh 13.20. Mch kt hp

2 diot t.
lm th a y i in tr cc diot khng ging

n h au , do in p Ug cn ph thuc vo mL t th n g (th eo th
h n h 13.21).
C th o t"c q u ay ca m t ng c nh diot t nh m t trn
h n h 13.22 hoc s d n g diot L nh mt cn g tc k iu b n phm
k h n g tip im giVig nh trng hp s dng t tr.
Hnh 13.21. S ph thuc in p Uj

vo t trng B.
Hnh 13.22. o t'c quay

nh diot t.
13.4. P TR BN DN
13.4.1. Hiu ng p in
K hi c p lc tc ng theo mt
phng n h t n h ln tin h th p in,
gi a 2 m t p h a n g h ng th eo trc in
s x u t h i n m t in p gi l h iu ng
p in th u n . N gc li n u c m t dao
ng in tc n g ln tin h th theo
phng ca trc in th m t dao ng c
Tinh th
p in
Mng'^
Hnh 13.23. Nguyn l cm bin
p lc dng hiu ng p in.
255
hc s x u t h in theo phng ca trc c gi l h i u n g p in ngc.

M t trong cc n g dng quan trng ca h i u n g p d in th u n l s
dng vi mc ch o p lc (p su t) nh u o l cc cAm bin c kh
n n g bin i p su t th n h sc in ng p in (h n h 13.23).
13.4.2. Cht bn dn p in
T hi g ia n g n y, m t v i c h t bn dn c h i u n g p in m n h
c n g h in cu v s d n g bn c n h cc v t li u tru y n thng. Trc
y tin h th Q u artz (th ch anh), m ui S e c n h e t, B a r itita n a t... l cc
v t li u p in tru y n th n g vi. in p x u t h i n do h iu n g p
in c v i V olt k h i c s th a v i p lc m n h . V t liu mi c h to
t hp c h t m ui a tin h th Ch K m T ita n c k h n n g cho in
p ti c n h iu k ilo v o lt k h i c p lc m n h tc ng (hp ch t n y cn
c tn gi P iezo x id e hay V alvo).
M icrofon s dng v t liu p in V alvo h o t ng trong di tn
rng n gii h n di sn g siu m (vi chc kH z). C th s d n g V alvo
lm cc b lc hoc m i cho qu trnh phng in ca cc.t kh.
13.5. LINH KIN TINH THE LNG

13.5.1. Tinh th lng (Liquid Crystal Device - LCD)
C ht rn tin h th c tn h di h n g (theo cc h n g khc n h a u ca
tin h th ch n g c tn h ch t khc n h a u - V d n h tin h th p in
xt), T rong k h i , cc ch t ln g lu n l lo i v t li u c tn h ng
hng (tn h ch t ca n theo cc phng k h c n h a u u ng n h t nh
n h au ). M t s" tin h th k h i pha rn c tn h d h n g, tuy n h in ngay
k h i ch u y n ch n g sa n g pha ln g (v d c l m nng) (h n g v n cn
th h i n ln li d h ng v c gi l nhm tin h th lng. H in tng
trn ch xy ra m t n h i t xc n h , sa u n u tip '.c t n g n h it
v t liu tin h th lng s ch u y n t pha l n g d h n g samg p h a ln g
n g hng.
13.5.2. Cu to b hin th LCD

(C ng n g h h iu n g trng, s p h n cc i n m i)
N h i t ch u y n pha d hng ca cc c h t tin h ;h l n g n m
tron g di t - 5 c n 65c. K hi t tin h th l n g vo t omg m t in
trng m n h , do n h hng ca in trng tin h th l n g th a y i
m u t tron g sa n g c v khi n gt in tr n g t c ng, m u tin h th
256
li trong tr li. C h t ln g nhm ny thuc loi k h n g dn in, c

s dng ch to b h in th LCD khi a ch n g vo gia 2 bn th u
tin h son g song n h au , p h a trong ca 2 bn th u tin h c gn 1 lp
O xyt km lm th n h 2 in cc i din nh au . Cu to m t b h in th
LED c th h i n trn h n h 13.24 (V d loi LED ch th 7 vch).
K hong cch 2 in cc so n g song ca 1 vch LED c t 5 n 10}im,
din trng kch th ch cn c ti th iu 0,lV /jam lm c tin h th
lng v khi t n g cng tr ng hiu ng m nh hn cho ti gi tr ti
da k h o n g 3V/f.im.
Tinh th ng
Bn thu tinh
B lc phn cc v
lp vt iu ph
cht gi
B c phn cc v p
ph trong sut (gng)
Cc in cc
oxyt km
Hnh 13.24. cu to 1 phn t tinh th lng.
to ra h iu ng lm
c tin h th lng, nng
lng cn th it k h nh - c
O.lt-tVV/cm" b m t lm c.
Mt phng trong
sut vi nh sng
Hiu ng lm c tinh th
lng cn c lm m nh
thch hp vi yu cu hin
th quang. C n h iu cch
lm r n t vch c, tuy
nhin hiu ng d n g b lc
phn cc c tng phn
nh l tt nht. Sau tm
phn cc h iu qu s n g tl l
r nt, c th h in qua
gng phn x (h n h 13.24).
H nh 13.25 a ra m t b ch
th LCD 7 vch hin th
cc s' thp phn v vic k t
hp ch n g to ra m t b
ch th 4 docac th p phn
hnh 13.26.
17-LK IN T
Hinh 13.25. Phn t ch th 7 vch

dng tnh th lng.
257
Hnh 13.26. 4 phn t ch th 7 vch to thnh b ch th 4 decac.
T ham s ca LCD:
in p lm v ic cao n h t
Bmax (k h on g 8V)
in p lm v ic thng thng U b (t 1,5V n 3V)

T n s l m v ic
f ( t 30H z n lOOH)
N h i t
T (25C)
D n g in trn m t vch
Is (lOnA)
D n g t n g cn g
(70nA )
T in t n g
Ctng 5 0 p F
Thi g ia n tr ni m ch
t-, 8 0 m s
Thi gia n sn trc
ttru c
Thi g ia n s n sa u
t3 2 0 0 m s
N h it bo qun
Tj, - T.^ (t - 2 0 C n SO^C)
lOOms
N g u y n l iu k h i n ng:
M t nhm tin h th l n g loi khc c tn h dn in . Khi ch u tc
ng m t in p xoay ch iu , bn trong tin h th c 1 b phn nh
ch u yn ng v gy h i u n g tng t lm c p h n ch u yn ng ny
v k h i c ch iu s n g s c h iu ng s n g ti (tng phn) vi cc
phn khc cn li. N h m tin h th lng d n g n y c gi l nhm c
iu k h in ng. iu k h in hot ng ca nhm , d n g c ch th
258
loi ny cn cn g su t tiu th ln lin nhiu so vi nhm ch th nh

h iu ng trng xt v cn ch n cc thi gia n tr lc ni v
n g t m ch (nh trn h n h 13.27).
Xung tc
Xung tc
Hinh 13.27. Qu trinh ni mch v ngt mch

kh iu khin tinh th lng bng xung in p
N hm ch th iu khin ng thch hp cho cc b ch th kch

thc ln (tn g s" n 20cm ).
Cc th a m s" c trng:
in p lm vic cc i Uu,ax (c 50V).
in p lm vic Uu (c 25V).
T n s" lm vic f (t 20H z n 150H z).
D n g tiu th cho mi vch Is (~ 0,4m A ).
D ng tiu th chung
T hi gian n
t , Y
Thi gian n gt
(2,8nA).
400m s.
lOOOms.
13.6. TRANSITO MNG MNG (TFT) - MN HNH LCD

M un to c m n hnh LCD c cht lng cao vi cc th a n h LCD
cn to c m a trn cc im nh mu. Mi im n h gm 3 m u c
bn (R) x a n h l cy (G) v xanh da tri (B) nh th h in trn h n h
13.28. K hi cn g cc m u c bn RGB vi nhng t l k h c n h a u s
nh n c m i m u t n h in khc.
Vi m t b h in th TFT kch c 1024 X 768 im n h , cn dng
1024 X 7 6 8 X 3 tra n sito (2.359.296 transito) k hong cch cc im nh
l 0,3m m v k ch thc m t im nh c 0 ,lm m .
259
B lc phn cc
l.p tinh th lng

Tinh th
/dng xon
B lc mu
phn cc
o
o
o
Ngun
sng
Anh sng phn

ct ri khoi b
lc phn cc
n sc
nh sng cha
phn cc
Kho
B c phn cc
Ngun
in p
Lp tinh th lng
in trng u
/Tinh th dng u
o
o
o
Ngun
sng
nh sng chsi
phn ct
Tinh th lng
khng lm quay
nh sng phn Cc
nh sng
phn cc
Kho
Hnh 13.29. cu to im nh mu theo cng ngh TFT.
260
B lc mu
phri cc
Cc b lc m u c s dnp; sau phn t LCD ph hp vi cc

m u c bn v vic iu ch n h d sn g mi phn t LCD c thc
h in nh th a y i n h s n g qua phn l LCD. y s d n g k h n n g
quay n h s n g phn cc di vi tinh th lng. Cu to 1 im n h TFT
c cho trn h n h 13.29. nh sn g du t ngun s n g c c h i u t
dy pha sau . Cc b lc thc hin vic phn cc. V ic q uay s n g in
t (photon) di 1 gc 90 thc h in nh lp tinh th ln g q u ay sa u tc
ng ti 1 b lc m u. K hi lp tinh th lng gi c nh (k h n g quay)
nh s n g k h n g qua c b lc mu (hnh 13.29). in tr ng tc
dng i k h in s n g ca mi phn t nh LCD c iu k h in
nh cc tr a n sito m n g m ng TFT qua mt ma trn cc ng d n k iu
nh h n h 13.28.
So s n h c im ca m n hnh LCD v m n h n h "ng tia in t
CRT (C athode Ray Tube)
Do t n g im nh c iu khin nn n t (sc so) c a m n
LCD l vt tri hn m n CRT. M n LCD khng b m o gc, m o h n h
hc hay m o phi tu y n tn h .
Loi tr c hiu ng tia qut ngc v do k h n g c n cc
m ch in dp tia q u t ngc nh mn CRT vn c.
Loi tr nh hng c h i ca tia din t i vi ngi s dng.
K ch thc m n TFT m ng v trng lng nh.
C ng su't tiu th gim cn khong 1/3 so vi m n h n h CRT.
V ic iu k h in tia s n g trong mii LCD c th i g ia n tr ln hn
so vi m n CRT (c 20m s). Vi cc hnh ng th a y i n h a n h h i u ng
tr SC n h h n g m nh ti d nt ca inh, nhc im n y c a m n
LCD k hng gp trong m n CRT.
K hng iu k h in L h n c mn LCD (khng to c m u
dcn 100%).
Gc iu khin nh s n g hp hn so vi m n CRT. T ia s n g qua
cc b lc qu an g, qua ph n t nh LCl), qua b lc m u ... lu n cn
vu n g gc vi h th n g q u a n g hc v phn cc quang.
t ti m u tru n g thc cn t n h t k h o n g 16,7 triu im
nh m u trn m n LCD. Vi b bin di AD (to tn h i u iu k h i n
ma trn m u RGB) c 18 b t ra (mi mu dng 6 b t iu k h in ) c kh
261
n n g iu k h in c 2' = 2 6 2 1 4 4 im m u k h c n h a u . iu n y i
hi p h i n n g cp d liu ra ca b b in i AD.
M n h n h LCD ngy cn g c h on th i n v c gi tr th n g
m i, vi k h on g 6,22 triu im nh. tng p h n t c 1200; 1
v s n g t ti 600Cd/m^. Thi gian tr cn l i c 8m s.
13.7. MN HNH PLASMA (PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL - PDP)

m n h n h P D P , mi im n h c t gi a 2 m t th u tin h v
p h n chia t n g nhm 3 m u c bn RGB, im n h l m t hn hp
k h tr (xenon). H n hp k h lm im n h c kch th ch n tr n g
th i p h n g in P la sm a nh x u n g cao p hp. V ic k ch th ch in t
t mc n n g lng thp ln mc cao xy ra v sa u ch n g ri v
trn g th i n n g lng thp s p h t ra bc x nh s n g u v . B c x v
gp cc lp phopho c tch th n h 3 m u RGB.
u im c bn ca m n P D P l gc iu k h i n rng, m n h n h
p h n g tia s n g c to ra trc tip n g a y t i im n h , gc n h n rt
rng. G ing nh m n h n h TFT, m n P D P k h n g ch u n h h n g ca
in t trng nh m n CRT, tuy vy m n P D P ch u tc ng c a tia
u v , ti u th n n g lng ln v c trn g lng n n g . Cu t o c a 1
im n h ca m n h n h P D P dc cho trn h n h 13.30.
Xanh l cy
Xanh da tri
Mt trc bng knh

Mn bo v
Lp in mi
in cc trong sut

Xanh l
Kh tr tch in
Lp phospho
Lp in mi
in cc u khin
Knh mt pha sau
Hnh 13.30. cu to 1 im nh 3 mu c bn ca mn hnh Plasma.
262
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
H y m t h iu ng H all.
2.
in p H all xu t h in trong m y pht H all nh th no? H y m

t s lc qu trnh h n h th n h sc in ng H all.
3.
M t b p h t Hall c Rii = 230.10m^/As vi b dy 0,2m m . D ng in

lm vic I = 80mA; m t t trng B = 0,9T. T nh in p Hall.
4.
H y v k h iu quy c ca b pht H all.
5.
G ii th ch cu to v hot ng ca t tr - S th a y i in tr
ca 1 p h n t t tr khi t trng th ay i xy ra n h th no?
6.
G ii th ch chc n n g ca diot t.
7.
H iu n g p in c th to ra in p vi kV, gii thch?
8.
T inh th l n g l g? Khi t tinh th lng trong in tr ng s c

h in tng g?
9.
N g u y n l cu to m t phn t ch th d n g tinh th lng?
10. nh h n g c a n h it ti b ch th tin h th ln g nh th no?
263
Chng 14
CfC DNG
c IN
vd DNG c lON
14.1. S PHT X NHIT IN T

Cc n gu yn t v phn t rn lun c qu
trnh dao ng n h i t v qu trn h ny m nh ln
Katot
khi n h it tng. N"u nh n h n c n n g
Si
nung
lng n h it ln th n g c cng thot,

in t s b bt ra khi b m t tin h th rn v
tr th n h h t dn t do trong mi trng bao
bc m in g k im loi c n u n g nng . H in
Hnh 14. Hiu ng pht

x nhit.
tng trn c gi l s p h t x n h i t in t.
Cng p h t x (s" lng in t c p h t x n h i t to ra) ph
thuc vo bn ch t v t liu kim loi (gi l cc k atot) vo n h it
nu n g n ng k a to t v vo d in tch b m t p h t x (h n h 14.1). T hng
b m t k a to t c ph m t hp ch t thch hp gim cng th o t in
t v qua t n g h iu qu p h t x n h it.
14.2. IOT CHN KHNG - N 2 cc CHN KHNG

iot chn khng c cu to trn hnh 14.2 vi k h iu quy c v
mch in nl trn hnh 14.3 v 14.4. nhn c c tuyn I - U ca
dng c. Cc in cc katot v anot l cc tr Vig kim loi dng trc bao
bc nhau. A not ln nm ngoi c t ti 1 in p dng ln to
in trng h t n h it in t nm xung quanh katot sau khi phL x.
Katot c nung nng trc tip hay gin tip thng qua 1 in cc nung
(l cc si rut g trong lng ng tr katot). Khi c in p anot dng Lc
ng, dng in t chuyn ng hng t katot ti anot to thnh dng
in ca diot ch n khng. Ton b h 3 cc si nung, k a to t v anot
c t trong 1 v thu tinh kn vi p su t gn chn khng (khong
lO^^mmHg-cm). c tuyn Von A m pe ca diot chn k hng thu c trn
hnh 14.5 th h in cc tnh cht cn bn ca diot chn khng l:
X y ra h iu ng van vi dng in; la
t an ot ti k atot) la = 0 khi u < 0
V n g u,,
0 k h i a > 0 (chiu hng
0 gi l v n g ch n (Sp) dng la = 0
V n g u., < 0 cc in t p h t x n u c tc ch u y n ng n h it
ln c k h n n g n c A not I 0 v nh (v n g A).
264
V n g in tch k h n g gian (R).

N h it in t p h t x to th n h m m y in t v dng I t n g
khi
u t n g .
V n g bo ho (S), u
Anot
0
-< I>
Anot
^^Katot
V
(nung^
trt; tip)
K hiu
Hinh 14.2. Cu to diot

chn khng.
Hnh 14.4. Mch o c tuyn

I,
ca diot chn khng.
Hnh 14.3. Phn cc

cho diot chn khng.
T on b cc in t p h t x u
th a m gia vo d ng in , Ig k h n g t n g
th eo u,, c n a. M un t n g dng Ig
cn t n g n h i t n u n g n n g k atot.
D iot ch n k h n g c dng lm dng
c dn in th eo 1 hng (van ch n h lu)
trong cc m ch in; tc ng vo l xoay
ch iu v dp ng l 1 ch iu .
Hnh 14.5. c tuyn thu c

t (hnh 14.4).
14.3. N 3 cc CHN KHNG (TRIOT)

Vi inc ch iu k h in c cng dng la, in cc li h n h tr
kim loi c t trong khong khng gian gia K v A (gn K). in th
t ti cc li G thng < 0. H nh 14.6 cho cu to v k h iu quy c
ca Iriot. M ch in o c tuyn Von Am pe ca triot cho trn h n h 14.7
v dc tuyn , - a thu c t mch o ny c cho trn h n h 14.8.
Anot
-Q
Cc li
o
Katot
(nung trc tip)
Hnh 14.6. Cu to ca triot

(n 3 cc chn khng).
_r
T
r
Hnh 14.7. Mch o c tuyn I3 - u,
v L ca triot.
in th cc G cng m th dng 4 cng gim.
265
c tu y n h n h 14.8 th u c vi cc trng hp chn in p li

Ugo = o v sa u chn cc mc m dn Ugi = -I V ; u 2 = 2V ... l 1
nhm h a y m t h cc c tuyn. T ham s" quan trn g ca trio t l
dc vi ph n hay h dn ca c tu y n tru yn t I - Ug (h n h 14.9),
in tr ra vi p h n ca c tu yn (hnh 14.8).
Hnh 14.8. c tuyn ra I3 - Uj.
Hnh 14.9. c tuyn iu khin I , - u .
in tr tron g ca triot
(khi AU^ = 0)
y A, v AU l s b in th in tng ng ca dng v p trn

anoL k h i gi cho U, = h n g s.
H dn:
(khi AU = 0)
H dn
s th hin mc thay i ca dng la (bao n h iu m iliam pe)
khi in p cc li thay i IV.
H s tri nh gi n h h ng ca in p a n o t ti in p li
iu khin ;
266
(v[ = 0) thng tnh theo 100%. V d D = 0,02 = 2% (nh gi qu

trnh hi tip in p t mch anot v mch li).
H s k huch i khi k hn g ti;
l h s" khuch i in p ln n ht (theo l thuyt) ca triot.

T i im lm vic 1 ch iu ca triot c:
R: =
AU,
AI,
Do R.S.D = 1 (t y th n g
tn h c th a m s th 3 k h i
s=
R.
R.S.D = 1
b it h ai th am s kia).
D
A u'
14.3.3. nh hng hi tip ca anot

nh hng ngc (hi tip) ca anot ti li iu k h in l nhc
im ca triot. H nh 14.10 a ra m ch in k ho s t n h hng ny.
Ro
\
il-H
Hnh 14.10. Mch gii thch nh hng ca anot.
Vi R = 20kQ;
y la = 0 v
u =
U |
= 200V; u^,| = -6 V l in p kho ca triot ti
= 200V . K hi gim dn in p anot, in p kho
dch dn v g"c (hnh 14.12). Ta c b ng s" li u h n h 4.11 g ii th ch

nh hng ngc ca in p anot ti vic iu k h in dng Ig.
u.
-6 V
200V
ov
-4 V
175V
25V
l,2 5 m A
-2 V
134V
66V
3,3 m A
-o v
90V
liov
5,5m A
Hnh 4.11.
267
K hi lm vic in p an ot Ua ca
Lriot th a y i theo tn h iu t vo li
d iu n y do h iu ng ghp ngc trn h
s" s gim th eo c tu y n lm v ic gi l
c tu y n t i ng (hnh 14.12) c a triot.
H dn ng S ) xc nh th eo t ng
im lm v ic trn c tu y n t i ng:
S d = s.
Ri + R.
S; h dn tn h
R;; in tr tron g ca triot
R^; in tr ngoi m c t i anot.
Hnh 14.12. c tuyn liTi vic

(c tuyn ng) ca triot.
14.3.4. H s khuch i in p
Khi chn im lm vic 1 chiu ti A (hnh 14.14) cc gi tr u,,0,

v
c xc nh (ch khi cha c tn hiu xoay chiu tc dr.g).
H n h 14.13 th h in m ch
d ng triot k h u ch i in p
xoay ch iu . Q u trnh iu k h in
ca in p Ujj ti dng la c
th h in qua th h n h 14.14.
Li vo
T heo n h n gh a,
h s
k huch i in p V c xc
n h theo
Hnh 14,13. Mach khuch i dng trlot.
(C gi tr th ng gp t 20 n 60)
14.3.5. Cng su't tn hao trn anot

t*vmax l cn g su t tn h ao cho php trn an ot
T i im lm vic A, cng s u t tn hao 1 ch iu l ^\
I I r.|()
P v m a x l m t ng cong H yperbol trn th I - , (h n h L4.14)
268
-n u
80 ;
I
J W
ot
Hnh 14.14. Gii thch tc dng iu khn ca
14.4. N 4
Ug
ti
Ig.
cc CHN KHNG (TETROT)
in cc th 4 c n g c6 dng li hnh tr nm
gia li th n h t v anot c b su n g vo hn
c h n h h ng c a h in ng ghp ngc ca triot.
Li 2 c cp in p gia lc
khong 50% n
60% u,, nh lm tn g trng gia tc cho dng

Khi d inh h n g ca u Li dng
c gim ti
mc nh n h t (li 2 c tc dng nh mt m n
ch n n g n n h h n g ca u ti Uj,) khi u,, cha
ln v cn th p hn
G2
Hnh 14.15. K
hiu tetrot (n 4
cc chn khng).
x y ra hiu n g p h t x
din t th c'p lm dng , gim (don

(1) ti (2) trn dc tuyn hnh 14.16)
trong k h i u t n g t
u , Li Uv, i!i.v l
nhc im c a T etrot khi mc ,, cha

d ln, n g u y n n h n l c m t b phn
in t ri vo li 2 (do u ^2 > ) lm
dng , gim , h i n tng Irn ic gi
l hiu n g Dinatr-on.
14.5. N 5
cc CHN KHNG (PENTOT)
Hnh 14.16. c tuyn I3 - U3 ca

n 4 cc chn khng.
N u t gi a li 2 v anot in cc li th 3 c in th o v th
trn thc t c th loi b hiu ng D inatron ca n 4 cc (hnh 14.17).
269
c tu y n Von A m pe I - u v I(, - Ugi ca P e n to t c cho trn

hn h 14.18 (c o vi gi tr c n h ca Ug2 v Ugs).
in p an o t u thc t trong p en tot k h n g cn n h hng ti
dng ant ],, ngh a l c tn h I - Ugi ng vi n h iu m c u khc nhau
gn tr n g nhau. c tn h tru yn t I - Ui thc t l m t ng cong
(hnh 14.18).
Cc th am s quan trng;
H dn ca c tu y n I - Ugi:
(A = 0)
H dn ng
in tr tron g ca pentot:
(AU,, = 0)
do ., t ph thuc vo
tron g v n g
c gi tr rt ln trong v n g ny.
A U .
D =
U a
ln n n
ca p en to t
AUa
Do v y h th c ( R . S . D as 1) k h n g d n g cho p en tot.
H nh 14.19 v 14.20 cho cch xc nh cc th am s" s v
tu y n ca p en tot.
trn c
M t b k h u ch i in p d ng p en tot c cho trn h n h 14.21.

im lm vic 1 ch iu A v tc ng ca in p xoay c h i u th h in
trn c tu y n iu k h in i vi p en tot loi R F86.
270
Hnh 14.19. Xc nh h dn
n s ca pentot.
Hnh 14.20. Xc nh in tr trong

ca pentot.
gi
Hnh 14.21. Mch khuch dng pentot.
H s" k h u ch i in p: in p cn k h u ch i c bin g
t vo cc gi, trn an ot s nh n c in p ra , k h i h s"
khuch i in p c nh ngh a V =
V SRl
T hng tron g di tn h iu m thanh V = 100 -> 150, cn tron g di

sng cao tn (ti 40 M H z), V = 15 -> 40 ln.
u im c bn c a p en tot l cho h s" k h u ch i V ln, nh
271
hng ca in p
ti in p li Ug g n n h b n g 0, p e n to t c
in tr tron g ln v cc t in (cu to gia cc li v an ot) nh.

Nhc im l tp m ln v in dung li l m x u tn h cha't khi
lm vic t n s" cao.
14.6. CC DNG c C BIT

Khi y u cu iu k h in dng an ot nh h a i cc li c lp nh au ,
cu to n c b su n g th m li iu k h i n (loi n 6 cc hoc 7
cc) nh th h i n trn h n h 14.22. H n h 14.23 l c u t o loi n ch
th v h n h 1 4 .2 4 cho k h iu loi n kp
g iT i
2 n 3 cc v 7 cc cu
to ch u n g tro n g 1 v th u tin h lm vic c lp n h a u .

Katot (h triot)
Mn pht
sng
n 6 cc
Ct u khin
Li hn ch
dng trn mn'
Tin cc
Hnh 14.22. K hiu

6 cc v 7 cc.
Âot (h triot)
.u . J
,N - . ^
^Li {h triot)
Hnh 14.23. cu to
n ch th.
Hnh 14.24. K hiu

n kp 7 cc v 3 cc.
14.7. NG TIA IN T (CRT)

Cu to c a 1 "ng tia in t
c cho tr n h n h 14.25 bao gm
H thng iu
khin tia hi t
I------------
cc b phn c h n h sau:
H thVig t o tia in t.
H thVig h i t tia.
H th n g l i tia.
H thng to
tia in t
H thng li tia
Hnh 14.25. Cu to kh ca mt
ng tia in t.
V th u tin h kn v m n h n h p h t quang.
14.7.1. H thng to tia v hi t tia in t (sng in t)

H th n g t o tia in t gm k a to t v m t n g k im loi h n h tr
bc n goi (h n h 14.26) gi l cc iu k h in
w iu k h in cng
tia in t. Cc iu k h in c cu to d n g c b i t vi 1 l h p hng
v tm m n h n h cho php dng tia in t ch u i qua k h i c gia t"c
(c gi tn l tr W eh n elt). in t p h t x n h i t b t khi k a to t to
th n h m m y in t bao quanh k a to t v ch u s iu k h in ca
1 in p m trn cc iu k h in . in t c g ia tc nh in p trn
272
Anot
a n o l 1 c ln v ^ tr m V dn 2000V lc ng
ti m m y n h i t in t th n g qua l trn cc
----------
di k h in tr (h n h 14.26). in trng ca
cc cc Aj,
to ra m t th u knh tnh in c
^
>
nhim v hi t tia th n h m t tia m anh ch u yen

dng vi t"c cao dc theo trc ng hng ti
tam
m n h n h . H thng trn cn c gi
o
l-s/Ti I^
'^
Cutu
khin hnh ^
tr VVehneit
Hnh 14.26. Cu to h
thng to tia in t.
c h u n g l m t su n g in t (cn c th hi t tia
nh(J t trng do cc dng in chy qua cc
in trng
cun dy to ra). H n h 14.27 m t qu trn h

hi t tia nh cc an ot A; (400V ) v
(4kV).
H th n g trn c m t nh ] m t th u k n h
q u a n g in t th n g c 3 hoc 4 anot gia tc
v hi t tia. H n h 14.28 cho m t v d v cu
to mt h th n g th u k n h q uang in t h n h
(.OV)
{*4kV)
Hnh 14.27. Hi t tia in

t d n g A3 v A4.
tli n h 1 s n g in t (K, w , A, A, A .3 v A,).
M t s" Vig tia c b it c cu to hai h ay n h iu s n g in t c

lp n h au tron g 1 v th u tinh.
Hnh 14.28.
cu to thu
knh quang in.
14.7.2. H thng li tia

C th d n g i n trng
8OV
50V
h ay t tr n g l m th ay
i qu o tia in t, qua
th a y i im n ca tia
Cp phin to
trn m n h n h nh h thng
cc phin l m lch th eo h ai
ch iu nm n g a n g v th n g
ng (hnh 14.29 cho loi iu
18'LK IN T
Cp phin -L
m lch ng
-L
ch ngang
c o la
Hnh 14.29. Cu to h thng li tia.
273
k h in l i tia b n g phng php tn h in). Cc h n h 14.30 m t k

h iu v cu to ca loi n g tia iu k h in b n g in trng v h n h
14.31 - b n g t trng. N h h th n g l i tia, tia in t do s n g to ra
c th qut trn m n h n h ti m i im (thng th eo quy lu t t trn
xung di v t ph i qua tri vi m t tc xc n h do tn s ca tn
h iu a ti cc p h in lm lch q u yt nh.
Cp phin lm
lch ngang
Cc tr VVehnelt
inoi
Mn pht
quang
Cp phin lam lch ng

Lp ph graphit pha troig
n lilll 1
^ liii
K hiu ca ng
Hnh 14.30. Cu to v k hiu mt ng tia ca my hin sng.
T rong cc m y h i n sn g, vic iu k h in tia (h i t v l m lch)

thng ch y u b n g in trng. Cn trong cc m y th u tru yn h n h
hay C am era tru yn h n h (th h ng tia CRT) vic h i t v lm lnh tia
ch yu bng t trng. K hi iu k h in li tia b n g t trng cn 2 cp
cun dy lm lch ng v lm lch n gan g v k h o n g cch t k a to t ti
m n h n h phi tho m n l bi s nguyn ln bc s n g qu o X ycloit
ca tia in t. Loi ng tia CRT iu k h in b n g t tr n g c gc m
tia ti 110 h a y 1 3 5 v rng hdn n h iu so vi loi i u k h in b n g in
trng nh vy c th m rng kch thc m n h n h .
14.7.3. Mn hnh hin thi
B m t b n tron g ca "ng h n h ph a m n (bia) c p h 1 lp v t

li u p h t q u an g k h i c tia in t p ti. Lp c m q u an g th n g l
hp ch t h o hc O xyde h a y S u n fa t km , C adim i h a y nhm n g u y n t"
h im ph gia th m ng, N ik e n h ay M angan. Cc v t liu cm q u an g
c th h in m u p h t q u an g k hc nhau, c s n g k h c n h a u v thi
gian lu nh k h c n h au . Lp cm qu an g cn c p h ngoi 1 lp bo
v trn h b tia in t tc n g trc tip lm h h i. lu n h cn
th i t c 0 ,5 s n 0 ,ls .
274
14.7.4. Mch in ca dng ta in t

H nh 14.32 cho s dng in to
bi tia in t trong khi hot dng. Mt
din cc thu cc in t p h i x th cp
l bia m n hnh to thnh mch vng
khp kn dng din t t katot hng li
mn (xem m i tn trn hnh 14.32). Loi
ng tia th h sau c 1 lp) nhm pha sau
lp p h t q uang lm nhim v lng t v
lp nhm mng nh 1 gng trong SUI
>i vi nh s n g do m n pht ra khi c
tia tc ng.
Hnh 14.32. Mch dng in khp

kn ca tia in t tron ng
(mi tn ch hng chuyn ng
ca electron).
14.8. DUNG C lON

14.8.1. n 2 cc c kh
K hi bm k h tr vo khng gian gia katot v an ot ca n 2 cc
chn khng, ta c m l n 2 cc c kh, D ng in trong n gm 2
phn: ph n th n h t l cc in t do pht x n h i t in t v in t
t do qu trn h ion ho v va chm ca n h it in t vi n g u y n t kh
trong qu trn h ch u yn ng ti anol. I^hn th hai l cc ion dng
ch t k h do qu trn h ion ho ch t kh (hay cn gi l qu trn h phng
in ca kh tr) gy ra (hnh 14.33 v k hiu G azotron hn h 14.34).
275

o-
Hinh 14.33. Ion ho do va

chm trong n c kh.
K
Hinh 14.34. K hiu
diot c khi (gasdiot).
Hnh 14.34. c tnh Von Ampe

ca diot kh.
c tu y n V on A m pe th h i n qu trn h phng in tron g d io t c

k h (gazotron) c cho trn h n h 14.35. Khi l y c tu y n V on A m pe
TOc khi s dng, lu n lun cn d n g in tr trn m ch an ot gii
hn d n g in qua n v qu trn h ion ho c tn h cht th c l vi
cng m n h c b it l v n g p h a trn ca c tu y n . K hi x y ra
p hng d in , p lc tron g n c n g t n g v c k h n n g x y ra p h v
v n. Cc gi tr tham s cn ch trn c tu y n p hng in h n h
14.35 l gi tr in p duy tr (phng in); gi tr in p m i U..,;, m i
dng c c k h lm vic nh 1 ch u y n m ch vi h a i tr n g thi:
1. T rn g th i cha c mi: in tr rt ln, th c t h m ch.
2. T rn g th i c mi: cho d n g in ln ch y qua vi in tr r't
thp. Cc gi tr th am s" c tr n g ca diot c k h (d n g cho m ch
ch n h lu dng ln).
in p m i c 20V .
in p duy tr c 16V.
D n g in lm vic n 400A .
14.8.2. n 3 cc c kh (Thyratron)
Tng t nh triot, n u b su n g th m 1 li tr kim loi gi a
k a to t v a n o t ca n 2 cc c k h s n h n c loi 3 cc c k h hay
th yratron (h n h 14.36).
in t h m t ti cc li c kh n n g iu k h in dng i n t
p h t x t k atot. K hi m un m i n cn c in t vi vn tc ln
hn h ay in p an ot cn cao hn.
in p li cng m th in p mi Ug2 cng ln (hnh 14.37)
im mi n c th la chn theo in p t ti cc li.
276
Hnh 14.36. K hiu thyraton.

in p vo.
T hyratrtn c ig nh G azoron lun cn in tr h n c h dng in

trn m ch anot. S au khi c mi n phng in, ion dng to dng
in trn cc li (in th" m), do v\^ thyratron cn c in tr hn
ch" dng i) ti cc li, cc li khng cn tc dng nh hng ti
dn sau khi thyraron uc rni.
in k h in din p mi nh din p trn cc li:

Vic iu k h in thyratron mi nh ng th i im (n h n g gi tr
u.,,) khc nh au dc thc hii nh thay i in p cc li. Khi cc
ki cng m, ii p mi thyratron cng cao, tc thi im mi
ciig m un hn v dng din Irn n cn nh. C th c tr ng qu

trn h trn nh i lig gc mi q)., (([).,, cng ln th thi im m i cng
chm ) nh th hin trn h n h 14.38. M ch ch n h lu in p ra m t
chiu d n g th yratron c kh nng thay i gc m i t 0^^ n 90^
iu k h in gi tr tru n g bnh ca din p ra ti.
Hinh 14.38. ng cong I I 3 , 13 (t) ca thyratron khi (Pj = 45.
277
i u k h in th y ra tro n d n g x u n g iu k h in .
P hng php x u n g c th th a y i gc m i t 0 n 180 (h n h
14.39). in p m t vo li ln trong su"t c chu k vo
th yratron k h n g c mi nu k h n g c xu n g iu k h in . T i thi im
iu k h in , xu't h in x u n g in p cc tn h dng dch pha so vi tn
h iu vo (in p cn ch n h lu) 1 gc t 0 n 180 qua th a y i
dng in v cn g s u t tru n g b n h (1 chiu) trn ti. N g y n ay cc
chc n n g h o t ng ca th yratron c th a y t h h u h t bng
th y risto (chng 10).
1
Mach to
xung
-cz>-
Hnh 14.39. Mch iu khin ct lo dng chung.
14.8.3. Ignitrn
c dng in ln, nu d n g kh n n g p h t x n h i t ca k a to t s
b hn ch, khi c th d n g loi k atot th u n gn vi dng in n h n
c: trn t i r t ln. H nh 14.40 cho k h iu quy c ca n Ign itrn
v m ch ch n h lu d n g Ignitrn h n h 14.41. Ign itrn c lp v b n g
kim loi c k h n n g cho dng in ch n h lu cng ln ti 20.000A .
h n ch" d ng trn m ch ra (anot) v Lrn in cc mi cn d n g cc
in tr h n d n g n h h n h 14.41.
Rj_ Li ra
Rs
s
----------- - - 0
Hinh 14.40. K hiu Ignitrn.
278
Hnh 14.41.
14.8.4. n hin th s c kh
n h i n s c k h (hnh 14,46) c k hiu quy c (h n h 14.42) v
c tu y n V on A m pe (hnh 14.43) thuc n h n n k a to t l n h do
in p m i xy ra phng in cao hn loi Kf;tot nng. Cc th n g s"
thng gp ca n ch th loi ny l:
in p m i (t 80V n 150V).
in p duy tr (t 70V n 140V).
D ng k a to t (t 2m A n lOmA).
n h in s" c kh dng ch th (hin s) cc s thp phn, khi
ch to cc katot ca n c dng cc s thp phi s pht sng ch
lm vic (chn 1 trong 10 in cc dng s" lm vic) hay loi G azotron
dng n n h in p 1 chiu nh th hin ti'n hnh 14.45.
mA
Rs
10
u
f-%r*nn100
uz
Hnh 14.42. K hiu n.
n p c kh (Stabilitron).
Hnh 14.43. c tuyn

stabilitron.
Hnh 14.44. Mch bo

v dng stabitron.
U2
Hnh 14.45. Mch n p dng stabilitron.
Hnh 14.46. n ch th s c kh.
14.9. T BO QUANG IN CHN KHNG

14.9.1. Hiu ng pht x quang in
Khi c k ch thch bng m t chm phtn (vi m t bc s n g xc
nh) m t s loi v t liu c tn h hp th photon v to ra cc in t
279
t do di d n g p h t x khi b m t v t li u gi l q u trn h p h t x
q u an g in h ay h iu ng q u an g in n g o i. T h ng v t liu p h t x
c c h to d n g in cc k a to t quan g, k h i c ch m n h s n g th ch
hp tc ng, cc in t c p h t x to ra tro n g t b o q u a n g in
chn k h n g (h n h 14.48) m t dng in k h i c in p dng t vo
anot. H n h 14.47 a ra th n h y p h ca m t s' v t liu lm k a to t
q u an g in nh K ali a tin h th , hoc m t s" hn hp O xyd e S e si, B ari
h ay A n tim oan ...
Kali
tinh th
Katot
hp cht
.
Katotcanxioxyt
Chn khng
, Anode
nh sng ti
Q2 0.3 0,i 0,5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 IX)
12
Hnh 14.47. nhy ph ca cc vt liu

lm katot quang in.
cu
Hnh 14.48.
to t bo
quang in chn khng.
14.9.2. Cu to v hot ng ca t bo quang in chn khng

K atot q u an g in ca t
bo c d ng bn tr c
ph lp v t liu c h iu ng
q u an g
in
ngoi
m nh.
A not l m t a kim loi

nm ch n h gia trong bn
tr k a to t (hnh 14.48). Q uan
h dng q uang in Ip ph
th u c
cng
s n g
hay
q u an g th n g () c cho trn
im
Hnh 14.49. Quan h Ip vo cng
sng ca t' bo quang in.
h n h 14.4 9 th h i n l quan
h tu y n tn h Ip= K.(). y Ip o bng |0,A (10"*Â) v () o bng lu m en .
in p anot cu n g cp khong 80V n lOOV (h n h 14.50). Ml q u an h
280
I|.. v
u n g vi cc mc khc n h a u cho trn h n h 14.51. H s t l K!
(I|,- = K) c gi l n h y q u an g ca t bo (o bng liA/lm c gi tr

thng th n g t 30f.iA/Cm n O.iA/lm.
Hinh 14.50. Mch in dng t

bo quang in chn khng
(hot dng ch bo ho).
14.9.3. T bo quang in c kh
Hnh 14.51. c tuyn lf (Ug) ca t'bo

quang in chn khng
(vi cng sng (>l tham s).
(k hiu hnh 14.52)
N u tro n g "ng cu to ca l bo ch n k h n g c
Anot
bm kh tr vi n n g th p s n h n c loi t bo
q u an g in loi c k h vi n h y q u an g cao hn ca
loi ch n k h n g (n 200./lm ). Q uan h Ii,.(()) ca
loi t bo q u a n g in c k h d n g tu y n tn h v
cing I|,- t n g khi c n g s n g () Lng. c tu yn
Von A m pe I|r u,, dc cho t-rn h n h 14.53.
\
Katot
Hnh 14.52. K
hiu t bo
quang in kh.
Hnh 14.53. c tuyn Ip (Ua) ca t bo quang in c kh (vi lm tham s).
281
CU HI N TP - BI TP
1.
S" lng in t p h t x n h i t trong "ng tia in t ch n k h n g

(tnh tron g 1 n v thi gian) ph thuc vo n h n g y u t" no?
2.
C'u to v h o t ng ca diot ch n khng?
3.
H y m t c tu y n Von A m pe la - a ca diot
c h n k h n g v gii
th ch n gh a.
4.
G ii th ch cu to v h o t ng ca triot.
5.
D ng an ot ca triot c iu k h in nh th no?
6.
G ii th ch n g h a cc tham s: h dn s , in tr R, tro n g v h s'

tri D ca triot.
7.
V m t m ch k h u ch i in p dng triot.
8.
Cu to ca P entot?
9.
T rnh by n g u y n tc to tia in L trong ng tia.
10. G ii th ch k h i nim "sng in t" ca ng tia.

11. T rnh by n g u y n ] lm lch tia in t.
12. T i sao tron g "ng th u tru yn hn h li dng
t tr ng hi t v
li tia ?
13. P hn b it loi d n g c in t ch n k h n g v d n g c c kh.
14. H in tng ion ho do va chm trong ch t kh? H y v c tu yn
phng in ca chL k h tr.
15. Cu to v h ot ng ca thyratron .
16. N g u y n l h ot ng ca t" bo q u an g in ch n k h n g ?
17. H iu ng q u an g in ngoi l g?
282
LI GII V OP S C(IC Bfl TP

Chng 2: T 1 ti 8 xein ni d u n g sch
Chng 2 : T 1 ti 7 xem ni d u n g sch
8. a) 1 0 .0 0 0 + 5%
b) 820Q 10%
c) 2,2Q 5%
d) 47 M Q 20%
e) 0, Ln 10%
) 5,36Q 2%
g) 8 8 7 M Q 1%
h) 274Q 2%
i) 1 3 ,8 0 1%
k) 4 ,32k Q 1%
9.
Vng 1
Vng 2
Vng 3
Vng 4
Vng 5
a)
Cam
Tm
Vng
Bc
Nu
b)
Xanh lam
Xm
Nu
Cam
c)
Nu
Nu
Vng
en
Xanh lc
d)
Xanh lam
Vng
Xanh lc
e)
Vng
Xanh am
Vng
Nu
f)
Tm
Nu
Xanh lc
Nu
10 n 15: X em sch
16. Xcm h n h 2 .20
17 (ln 19. X em sch
20. AR = 6,6 1 5 Q ,
= 496 ,615Q
21, 22. X em sch

23. Xem h n h 2.25
24, 25. X em sch
26. Xem h n h 2.30b
27. a)
1=
R=
u
,c
u
I
_ ( 20 '.-'
\2 ,
20V
2,55 ImA
A - 0,1667
2.551mA
-7,840kQ
283
b)
_ ( IQO^ ' =0,8333'" -5 4 4 ,5 m A

U 20 ,
1=
c;
lOOV
I
544,5mA
= 183,65Q
Chng 3:
1 n 4. Xem sch
o.
~ CoQ.Ot(;*^^V
1\C = 2 ,2 n F .(-2 ,5 .1 0 ^ ^ )-.7 0 k = - 3 8 5 p F

k
C95 = C20 + AC = 2200p F - 3 8 5 p F = 1815pF .

6 n 16. Xein trong sch.
17.
w = - C ' = - 2 2 0 0 .l0 ''F.(450V)-
2
A
..................
W =1 lOO. 10-" y 202. 00V'
w = 2 2 2 ,75W ,
18.
= RC = lO.lO^^Q 6800.10-" Y
X = 68 .00 0S
T hi g ia n phng in 5x = 3 4 0 .0 0 0 s = 9 4 ,4 4 gi
S a u 9 4 ,4 4 gi (tng ng k h on g 4 n gy m ) t p h n g h t in,
19.
Xc
coC
1_________ _ 100.0 0 0 ^
Xc =
6,28. lO"-4 7 .1 0 -" ^ s

V
6,28.47
= 3 3 8 ,8Q
R = X^.tg = 3 3 8 ,8 0 .0 ,0 2
R = 6 ,7 7 6 ; Q = = _ 1 _ = 50
tgS 0,02
20.
284
c,
1
+
1
---------H -
...L- J_ i_+J_ - -
'c, l i o o '' 2 2 ^ 47 , nl'
= 0,07673
nF
c , = 13.03nF
j_ _
21.
J_
c ~ ' c c , '
c,
J
"
__L_ 1 f _ l ____ L_
nF
c~" V359 1000
c , = 560n F
22 "n 26. Xem trong sch
L _L__L
27.
" L,
1",
L, ~ U o ^ '100 ^ 1000 J mH
Lp = 1 6 ,3 9 m ll.
c ,. =
28.
= A ^ _|.iF - 2,4^F
c , c ,
4+6
C3,. = c., + c ,, = 2îF + 2,4^F = 4,4^F

= 4,4.iF + lOOnP
= 4,5
2.4,5
Chng 4
1. Xem Irong sxch
2. L -
2 ttRC
6,28.100114,7.10
10'
6,28.100.4,7
Hz
-9
1.000.000
6.28.4,7.100
kllz
fg = 3 3 8 ,8 k H z
3. Xem tron g sch
4.
1
R
6,28.220.10
5.
2nL
285
L =
8Q
6,28.300-s
L 4,246m H
6, 7. Xem trong sch
8.
coL = - > c =
0)C
co^ .L
SOOOmH
628-300
c =
39,44.361.10".2.i0
= 3 5,12n F
1^
6,28.19.000iJ ,2.10-'Qs
F = 0,03512f.iF
9 dn 14. Xem trong sch

15. T nh in tr son g song cng gi tr:
L
10.10~'''Qs
~ C(R,, +R^j) 47.10'''S,(10Q + 22Q)

R = 6,649kQ
T n h tn s" cng hng f,
=
2nVLC
J
2W l0.10'"ns.47.10""Ss
___________________________
_______________________________
1
_
1000
= ------ =
_ .M Hz
6,28V47.10' 6,28.21,68
1 = -------- =
f, = 7,345M H z
16 n 19. Xem trong sch
Chng 5
1 n 26. Xcm trong sch
0,9V
I
=^ = 2 .i 6 n
AIp
286
lOOmA
185mA
28 n 30 xem tron g sch

31. X cm trong sch v xem h n h 5.40
32. X em trong s ch v xem h n h 5.47
33 dVi 35. Xem tron g sch
Chng 6
7. X em trong sch v h n h 6.1, 6.3
14. a) z . D iot k h n g b qu t i
u , = 20V + 2V = 22V
u,. = u , - Uz = 22V - 8V
tol
8W
8V
14V
-lA
>-------
I..... = 5 m A
Uy
, _ v _ 14V _ , . ^
I =:_=.LZ_L.::3l,4A
' Rv lOQ
I|^- I ,\ R L niax
Ry=ion.
%
----- -----
hi rZ? Uz
Rl
- 1,4A lA - 0,4A
u
8V
II
0,4A
^200.
b) M ch phi n nh
u , = 2 0 V - 2V = 18V
, = , - U z = 18V - 8V = lOV
I =
'
R,.
R l.ivn
lon
1A ; Ij = Ia - Izu= lA - 0,005A = 0,995A

8V
= 8,04f
0,995A
Tr t i phi nm trong gii h n 8,04Q < R l 20Q

15 n 25. Xem tron g sch
Chng 7
1 dn 11. Xem tron g sch
12. X em h n h 7.23
13, 14. X em tron g sch
287
15. T nh h s^khuch i ca m ch h n h 7.60

_ I(._ 6 mA _ __ ,
1,. = = ' ' = 300uA
'
B
20
I|C Ic + I b ~ 6,3m A
= 6 I | = l,8 m A
^KC ~ I(;
Ib"*" q ~ 8 , Im A
Ue = IeR,.: = 6,3m A .220Q = 1,386V

Ujjc= I|je-R c- 8 ,lm A .lk Q = 8 ,IV
U 2 (in p trn R,)
2 = UuK +
kk
= 0,72V + 1.386V = 2 ,1 0 6 V
l,8mA
u ,: (in p trn R|)
u , = U h - Uhc - u , = 18V - 8 , IV - 2 , 106V = 7.794V
u
7 794V
R, = ^
= - - = 3 ,7 1 1 f
In + I^ 2,lm A
16. T n h h s k h u ch i ca m ch h n h 7.61
U
h = hc
+ CB+ u ,
- U c E = U ,c + U ,
U hc + U i,= 1 2 V - 5 ,5 V = 6,5V
IcR c+ I|.;Re = 6,5V
60I|jRc + Gl.In-Rp, 6,V
I b(60R c + 61 R,;) = 6,5V
I
6,5V
6,5V
6 ,5 V
~ 60R^. +61R^"^ 60.1kQ + 61.220n ~ 73,42kQ
In = 88,83îA
I c = 601(3 = 5,312m A
I e = 611,j = 5,4m A (= I c+I b)

U kc= Icric= 5 ,3 1 2 m A .lk Q = ,312V
E= I eR e = 5,4m A .220Q = 1,08V
UCtrn R9) = U e + Ube = 1,08V + 0 ,7 5 V = 1,83V
288
1,83V
1
3I r
3.88, 53Â
= 6,89kQ
u ,(tr n R,) = B - 2 = 12V - 1,83V = 10,17V

Î
R,
I _______
= J 5 A Z 'N' L ^ 2 8 ,7 2 k Q
I + I
88,53|.lA + 26 5,6^ A
C K =
0,3541m A
U b - U k c - U e = 1 2 V - 5 . 3 1 2 V - 1,08V = 5,608V
1 n 19. X em trong sch

T .-T
20 .
170 " c-5 0 " c _ 120
R ihii
W = 1,5W
80
80" c/ w

24. M ch k h u ch i mc BC; dng khc ca h n h 7.58
25. X em trong s ch v h n h 7.48
Chng 8
1 n . X em trong sch
6 . X em m ch h n h 8.19 (tn g k huch i d n g JFETn m c SC)
7
n 12 . X em trong sch
13. M ch tng t h n h 8 .3 9 - T ng k h u ch i m c ch u n g cc
ngun s c d n g EMOSp
14 n 2 0 . X cm trong sch
Chng 9
1 dVi 9. Xem trong sch
Li vo
10. Xem tron g sch
Chng 10
1 n 11 . Xem trong sch
12. Xem tron g sch
13. Xem trong sch

14. Xem h n h 10.28 v 10.29

18.
M ch cn ch n h lu c iu k h in (iu k h in k iu c"t pha)
nh c h ai thyritor.
B to xung iu k h in cho SCR v xc n h gc mi.
19-lKIMT
289
Chng 1 1
8.
M ch iu k h in m t d ng triac. in p A v s" vn g q u ay
t l n h a u khi s vng quay gim th gim . in p m i z l h i u

s" gia Up v Ua ( z
Up - U.0; khi s vng quay gim A gim do
2 tn g (triac c m i m un hn). ng c n h n n h iu c n g su t hn
s quay n h a n h hn. T"c danh nh c t trc nh chn v tr
ca ch it p trong m ch.
Chng 12
1 dn 9. X em trong sch
Chng 13
1 v 2, X em tron g sch
3,
u ,, - R n
I.B
u = . y a i _ 0 ! m \ 8 m ^ Y , 82,8mV
As.0,2mnn.m
4 n 1 0 . X em tron g sch
Chng 14
1 n 6 . X em trong sch
7.
1
1
Li vo
-J (1
8 n 18. X em tron g sch
290
Li ra
MC LC
Li gii thiu................................................................................................................ 3
C hng 1
KT THUT O DNG MY HIN SNG (OXYLO)
1.1. Khi nim chung....... .......................................................................................... 5
1.2 . Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my hin sng............. ..............................6
1.3. S dng oxylo..................................................................................................... 10
Cu hi n tp ............................................................. ..............................................1 1
C hng 2
IN TR TUYN TNH V IN TR PHI TUYN
2 .1. Cc tnh cht chung........... ...............................................................................12
2 .2 . in tr c gi tr c" nh................................................................................. 14
2.3. in tr thay i gi tr (bin tr).................................................................... 20
2.4. S ph thuc nhit ca in tr................. ................................................ 23
2 .. Nhit in tr nng v nhit in tr lnh................................................ ...,24
2.6. Cc in tr c gi tr ph thuc in p.............................................................. 27

Cu hi n tp - Bi t p ................................................................................................... 31
C hng 3
T IN V CUN DY
3.1. in dung........................................................................................................... 33
3 .2 . T in.................. ' ....................................................................................... ...34
3.3 . T in trong mch in 1 chiu.....................................................................42
3.4. T in trong mch xoay chiu.................................................................... :..44
3.5. Mc ni tip v mc song song cc t in..................................................... 46
3.6. Cun dy....................................................................................................................... 47

3.7. Cun dy trong mch in 1 chiu..................................................................50
3 .8 . Cun dy trong mch in xoay chiu........................................................ ....53
3.9. Mc ni tip v mc song song cc cun dy....................................................... 56

Cu hi n tp - Bi tp.......................................................................................... 57
291
Chng 4
MNG HAI c c V MNG 4 c c PH THUC TN s

4.1. Tnh cht chung.................................................... .............................................60
4.2. Mch RC nl tip......................................................................................................... 60

4.3. Mch RL nl tip ..........................................................................................................61
4.4. Khu R C ..................................... .................................................................................. 62
4.5. Khu C R ........................................................................................................................ 63
4.6. Khu R L ........................................................................................................................ 64
4.7. Khu L R ........................................................................................................................ 66
4.8. Mch cng hng......................................................................................................66
4.9. Khu RC lm mch tch phn............................................................. ..........75
4.10. Khu CR lm mch vi phn............................................................................77
C hi n tp - Bi tp .................................................................................................79
C hng 5
DIOT BN DN
5.1. Vt liu bn dn in................................................................................ ......81
5.2. Cu trc cht bn dn tinh th.........................................................................81
.3. Tnh cht dn in.............................................................................................82
5.4. Cht bn dn Silic loi n ........................................................................... ............... 83

5.5. Cht bn dn Silic loi p .................................................................................. 84
5.6. Chuyn tip pn..................................................................................... ............. 8
5.7. Nguyn l hot ng ca diot bn dn............................................................ 88
5.8. Tnh cht kho chuyn mch ca diot bn dn ................................ ............. 92
5.9. Tnh cht nhit ca diot bn dn..................................................................... 93
5.10. B chnh lu dng diot bn dn............................................................................94

5.11. Kho diot trong k thut s"....................................................................................98
5.12. Cc dng cu to ca diot bn dn................................................................98
5.13. o th kim tra d io t..............................................................................................100

5.14. Tham s" nh mc v tham s" gii hn.............. ............................ ......... 100
Cu hi n tp - Bi t p ................................................................................................. 102
C hng 6
CC DIOT C TNH CHT C BIT
6.1. Z -d iot........................................................................................................................... 104
6.2. Diot varicap (diot bin dung)................................................................................. 110
6.3. Diot Tunen (diot Esaki).................................................................................. 114
292
6.4. Diot ngc (backward)...................................... ...................................................... 116

6.5. Diot P in ........................................................................................................................ 117
6 .6 . Diot in t nng (diot Schottky-Diot S ) ...................................................... 1 19
Cu hi n tp - Bi t p .................................................................................................. 121
C hng 7
TRANSITO LNG c c (BJT)

7.1. Khi nim chung..............................................................................................123
7.2 . Nguyn l hot ng ca transito loi pnp...................................................123
7.3. Nguyn l hot ng ca transito npn.................................................. .....125
7.4. in p v dng in trn transito....... .......................................................126
7.5. Cc c tuyn v tham s" ca transito mc emit chung............................... 128
7.6. Chn im lm vic cho transito...........................................................................132

7.7. S iu khin tran sito.............................................................................................135
7.8. Dng in d, in p ngc v in p nh th n g ......................................138
7.9. Trng thi iu khin qu mc v cc in p bo h o ................................. 140
7.10. Cng sut tn hao trn transito..................................................................1 4 1
7.11. nh hng ca nhit v n nh nhit im lm vic.......................... 144
7.12. Tp m ca transito...................................................................................... 145
7.13. Cc thng s ca tran sito.....................................................................................148
7.14. Mt vi ng dng ca transito............................................................................151

Cu hi n tp - Bi t p ........................................................................................... .
155
C hng 8
TRANSITO N c c
8 .1. Transito hiu ng trng c cc ca l 1 lp kho (JFET) ......................... 158
8 .2. Transito hiu ng trng c cc ca cch ly

(IGFET hay MOSFET) ...........!..................................................................... 165
8.3. MOSFET c hai cc ca.......................................................................................... 175
8.4. Transito 1 chuyn tip pn (UJT).................................................................... 175
Cu hi n tp - Bi tp........................................................................................ 177
C hng 9
CC MCH VI IN T (IC)
9.1. Khi nim chung.......................................................................................................180
9.2. K thut tch hp cc linh k in ............ ................................................................181
9.3. Vi in t s" v vi in t tng t .....................................................................185
293
9.4. Mc tch hp v mt ng gi...............................................................187

9.5. Cc u nhc im ca IC............................................................................... . 187
9.6. IC khuch i thut ton (OPV)....................................................................188
Cu hi n tp ~ Bi tp........................................................................................ 193
C hng 10
THYRISTOR
10.1. Diot 4 lp (thyristor diot).............................................................................. 194
10.2 . Thyristor (SCR)............................................................................................. 197
10.3. Th^Tstor 4 c c ...................... ................................................................................ 209
10.4. GTO thyristor................................................................................................ 210
Cu hi n tp - Bi tp........ ............................................................................... 214
C hng 11
DIAC V TRIAC
11.1. Diac.............................................................................. .................................. 216
11.2. Triac.......................................................................................................................... 219
11.3. iu khin dng ti dng diac v triac...................................................... 223
Cu hi n tp - Bi tp......................................................................................226
C hng 12
CU KIN QUANG BN DN
12.1. Hiu ng quang in trong......................................................................... 227
12.2 . Quang in tr .............................................................................................. 227
12.3. T bo quang in v pin mt tri................................................. .......... 230
12.4. Photo diot....................................................................................................... 235
12.5. Phototransito................................................................................................. 237
12.6. Photothyristo.................................................................................................238
12.7. Diot pht quang L E D .................................................................................. 239
12.8. LASEiR bn dn......................................................................................................242

12.9. Si quang dn.........................................................................................................243
12.10. B ghp quang................................................................................ ............ 245
Cu hi n tp - Bi t p .................................................................................. ...........247
C hng 13
CC CU KIN BN DN C BIT
13.1. pht sng HalL................. .......................................................................248
13.2. T tr..............................................................................................................251
13.3. Diot t .......................................................................................................................254
294
13.4. p tr bn dn................................................... ................................... ................ 255

1 3 .. Linh kin tinh th lng,^............................................................................... 256
13.6. Transito mng mng (TFT) - Mn hnh L C D ............................................ 259
13.7. Mn hnh Plasma (Plasma Display Panel PDF).......... .......................... 262
Cu hi n tp - Bi tp.......................... .............................................................263
Chng 14
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
14.5.
14.6.
CC DNG C IN T V DNG c ION

S pht x nhit in t ...................................................................................... 264
iot chn khng - n 2 cc chn khng........................................................ 264
n 3 cc chn khng (Triot)............................................................................. 265
n 4 cc chn khng (Tetrot)........................................................................... 269
n 5 cc chn khng (P entot)..........................................................................269
Cc dng c c b it............................................................................................. 272
14.7. ng tia in t ....................................................................................................... 272

14.8. Dng c io n ............................................................................................................ 275
14.9. T bo quang in chn khng........................................................................... 279
Cu hi n tp Bi tp................................................................................................ 282
Li gii v p s cc bi tp.................................................................................283
Mc lc.................................................................................................................................... 291
295

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Elektronik 2

unter Mitarbeit von O laf Beuth

Bn quyn ting Vit thuc HEVOBCO - Nh xut bn Gio dc

Cun "Linh kin in t c ti bn ln th 18 vo nm 2006 nm

in t 1 : C s k thut in - Heinz Meister.

in t 2 : Linh kin in l - Klaus Beuth.

in t 3: Mch in t - Klaus Beulh v Wolfgang Schinusch.

in tu G: K Ihut o lng - Wolfgang Schmusch.

K THlT O DNG MY HIN SNG (OXYLO)

My hin sng (oxylo) l mt thit b thng dng v a nng

Hnh 1.1. th th gian

Hinh 1.3. Bin oi dng in I thnh mt in p tdng ng,

Tip theo c th hin th ml quan h hm s" gia hai in p

chng v mt din p tng ng c cng quy lut bin thin, sau

Nh mt chm tia in t c to ra t mt sng in t ca Vig

Hnh 1.5. Nguyn l lm lch

Mt cp phin in cc iu khin tia lch theo phng thng ng nh

Nh h thng li tia ny, mt tia in t c th qut n mi

lch tia trn mn (hiu qu ca vic li tia bng in p trn

Hnh 1.7. B khuch i Y c th iu

Hnh 1.8. B khuch i X, c th iu

B khuch i Y thng l b khuch i mt chiu (xem chng

Hnh 1.9. Cu to b suy gim

Tn hiu trn mn nh c th c dch chuyn theo hai chiu:

Hnh 1.10. Cu trc khi ca mt Oxylo.

Khi mun th hin s ph thuc hm s" ca in p theo thi

i. Ngha l thi gian lm lch tia c nh theo mt dng qut (v d

Hinh 1.14. Quan h gia chu k ca tn hiu Y v chu k ca in p rng ca.

Ty hnh trn mn s khng ng vng (b tri i)

Nu Tx = 2 Ty trn mn s xut hin hai chu k tn hiu hnh sin.

bng bi s nguyn ca Ty.

Ta ni tn hiu cn quan st Uy v tn hiu qut ngang Ux c

ng b theo cc in p ngoi t vo iu khin.

ch t ng b, chuyn mch chn ch ng b v tr +

C rt nhiu chuyn mch v cc nm iu chnh trn mt trc

Hnh 1.15. Chun thang

Hnh 1.16. Biu din ng hnh sin

Ty theo tn hiu Y cn quan st (v tn s" v v bin ) cn

thang chia v lch thi gian t l 25m s/l n v thang chia.

Tn s"ca tn hiu f = ^ = 6,67 kHz

C loi oxylo khng c chun thang chia bn trong, khi cn

Vic iu khin tia in t lch ngang v lch ng xy ra trong

B to in p rng ca dng vo vic g?

Cn hiu s ng b trong oxylo nh th no?

Chuyn mch AC - DC trong mi oxylo c ngha g?

Trc thi gian trn mn hnh oxylo c to ra nh th no?

Vic chun lch ngang c ngha g?

Nhim v ca tng Trig trong cu trc khi ca oxylo hnh 1 . 1 0 .

IN TR TUYN TNH V IN TR PHI TaYN

in p v dng in l hai thng s xc nh trng thi v in ca

Hnh 2.1. in tuyn I - u tuyn tnh

Hnh 2.2. in tuyn tuyn tnh

in tr phi tuyn l cc in tr c c tuyn I -

u dng phi tuyn.

Hnh 2.3 l c tnh I - u ca mt in tr phi tuyn, y quan

Hnh 2.3. c tuyn I - U ca mt

Hinh 2.4. Tuyn tnh ho trong on p, - P2

in tr vi phn r, th hin s bin thin nh ca I v

Cc phn t c din tr phi tuyn chim s lng v chng loi a