TRNG I HC S PHM H NI

KHOA TON-TIN

CHUYN I S S CP

PHNG PHP S DNG HM SINH

Gio vin hng dn:

ThS. o Ngc Minh

Nhm sinh vin: Trng Th Nhung

Lng Thy Nga
Phm Th Lan Phng
Mai Th Ngoan
Lp: K57C

H NI, 9/2010

Mc lc
1 Gii thiu v hm sinh v cc php ton trn hm sinh
1.1 Gii thiu v hm sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2

Cc php ton trn hm sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1

Nhn vi hng s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2
1.2.3

Cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dch chuyn sang phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
5

1.2.4

o hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.5

Quy tc xon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 S dng phng php hm sinh trong gii ton

2.1
2.2

2
2

Dng hm sinh l a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dng hm sinh l cc chui ly tha v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
8

2.2.1

C s l thuyt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.2

Dy Fibonacci

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.3

m bng hm sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

3 Bi tp

15

Gii thiu v hm sinh v cc php ton trn hm

sinh

1.1

Gii thiu v hm sinh

Hm sinh l mt trong nhng sng to thn tnh, bt ng, nhiu ng dng ca

ton ri rc. Ni mt cch nm na, hm sinh chuyn nhng bi ton v dy s thnh
nhng bi ton v hm s. Vi iu ny chng ta c th d dng gii quyt c mt
s bi ton.
Trong bi ny, cc dy s s c trong du ngoc <> phn bit vi cc i
tng ton hc khc.
nh ngha :
Hm sinh thng ca dy s v hng (an )n 0 l chui ly tha hnh thc:
G(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 xn + + an xn + . . .
Ta gi hm sinh l chui ly tha hnh thc bi v thng thng ta s ch coi x l
mt k hiu thay th thay v mt s. Ch trong vi trng hp, ta s cho x nhn cc
gi tr thc, v th ta gn nh khng n s hi t ca cc chui. C mt s loi
hm sinh khc nhau, trong bi ny ta ch xt n hm sinh thng.
Trong bi ny ta s k hiu s tng ng gia mt dy s v hm sinh bng du
"" nh sau :
<a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . > a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn + . . .
V d, di y l mt s v d v hm sinh ca chng
<0, 0, 0, 0, . . . ,> 0 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + = 0
<1, 0, 0, 0, . . . ,> 1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + = 1
<3, 2, 1, 0, . . . ,> 3 + 2.x + 1.x2 + 0.x3 + = x2 + 2x + 3
Quy tc y rt n gin: S hng th i ca dy s (nh s t 0) l h s ca
i

x trong hm sinh.
Nhc li cng thc tnh tng ca cp s nhn li v hn l :
1 + z + z2 + =

1
1z

ng thc ny khng ng vi |z| 1. Nhng mt ln na ta khng quan tm n

vn hi t. Cng thc ny cho chng ta cng thc tng minh cho hm sinh ca
hng lot dy s :
1
< 1, 1, 1, 1, > 1 + x + x2 + x3 + =
1x
1
< 1, 1, 1, 1, > 1 x + x2 x3 + =
1+x
1
2 3
2 2
3 3
< 1, a, a , a , > 1 + ax + a .x + a .x + =
1 ax
2

< 1, 0, 1, 0, > 1 + x2 + x4 + =

1
1 x2

Vn dng iu ny, ta c bi ton :

V d 1. Tm cng thc tng qut cho dy (yn , n 0) vi y0 = 1 v yn = a.yn1 +
bn , n 1.

Xt G(x) =

Gii
yn x

n=1

Khi :
G(x) = y0 +

yn xn

n=0

= y0 +

(ayn1 + bn )xn

n=1

= y0 +
= ax

ayn1 x +

n=0

bn x n

n=0
n

yn x + y0 1 +

bn x n

n=0

n=0

1
= axG(x) + 1 1 +
do(y0 = 1)
1 bx
1
= axG(x) +
1 bx
1
1 bx
1
G(x)(1 ax) =
1 bx
1
G(x) =
(1 ax)(1 bx)
1
b
a
G(x) =
(

)
b a 1 bx 1 ax

P
b
= b(1 + bx + b2 x2 + . . . ) =
bn+1 xn
M
1 bx
n=0

P
a
= a(1a + ax + a2 x2 + . . . ) =
an+1 xn
1 ax
n=0
bn+1 an+1
P
G(x) =
ba
n=0
bn+1 an+1
Vy cng thc tng qut ca yn l: yn =
, n 0.
ba

Vy G(x) = axG(x) +

1.2

Cc php ton trn hm sinh

Php mu ca hm sinh nm ch ta c th chuyn cc php ton thc hin trn

dy s thnh cc php ton thc hin trn hm sinh tng ng ca chng. T ta
c th d dng thc hin cc php ton.
3

1.2.1

Nhn vi hng s

Quy tc 1. Nu < f0 , f1 , f2 , f3 , > F (x) th < cf0 , cf1 , cf2 , > cF (x)
Chng minh:
Ta c:
< cf0 , cf1 , cf3 , > (cf0 )x + (cf1 ) + (cf3 )x3 + . . . = c(f0 + f1 x + f2 x2 + f3 x3 + . . . )
= cF (x)
1
1 x2
2
< 2, 0, 2, 0, >
1 x2

V d 2. < 1, 0, 1, 0, >

V d 3. < 1, a, a2 , a3 , > 1 + ax + a2 x2 + a3 x3 =

1
= f (x)
1 ax

Nhn hm sinh trn vi a ta c:

a
af (x) =
1 ax
af (x) = a(1 + ax + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + . . . )
= a + a2 x + a3 x2 + a4 x3 + < a, a2 , a3 , a4 , >
1.2.2

Cng

Quy tc 2. Cng hai hm sinh tng ng vi vic cng cc s hng ca dy s

theo ng ch s. Nu < f0 , f1 , f2 , > F (x) v < g0 , g1 , g2 , > G(x) th <
f0 + g0 , f1 + g1 , f2 + g2 , > F (x) + G(x).
Chng minh:
Ta c :
< f0 + g0 , f1 + g1 , f2 + g2 , >
(f0 + g0 ) + (f1 + g1 )x + (f2 + g2 )x2 + . . .
= (f0 + f1 x + f2 x2 + . . . ) + (g0 + g1 x + g2 x2 + . . . )
= F (x) + G(x)
V d 4. < 2, 0, 2, 0, >

2
1 x2

1
Tht vy < 1, 1, 1, 1, >
1x
1
v < 1, 1, 1, 1, >
1+x
p dng quy tc cng ta c: < 2, 0, 2, 0, >

1
1
2
+
=
.
1x 1+x
1 x2

1.2.3

Dch chuyn sang phi

Ta bt u t mt dy s n gin v hm sinh ca n: < 1, 1, 1, 1, >

1
.
1x

By gi ta dch chuyn sang phi bng cch thm k s 0 vo u:

xk
1x
Nh vy thm k s 0 vo u dy s tng ng vi vic hm sinh nhn vi xk . iu

< 0, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 1, 1, 1, > xk + xk+1 + xk+2 + = xk (1 + x + x2 + . . . ) =

ny cng ng trong trng hp tng qut.

Quy tc 3. Nu < f0 , f1 , f2 , > F (x) th < 0, 0, . . . , 0, f0 , f1 , f2 , > xk F (x)

Chng minh:
< 0, 0, . . . , 0, f0 , f1 , f2 , > f0 xk + f1 xk+1 + f2 xk+2+ . . . = xk (f0 + f1 x + f2 x2 + . . . )
= xk F (x)
1.2.4

o hm

iu g s xy ra nu ta ly o hm ca hm sinh? Chng ta hy bt u t vic

ly o hm ca mt hm sinh tr nn quen thuc trong dy s ton 1:
d
1
d
(1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + . . . ) =
(
)
dx
dx 1 x
1
1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + =
(1 x)2
1
< 1, 2, 3, 4, >
(1 x)2
Ta tm c hm sinh cho dy s < 1, 2, 3, 4, >
Tng qut, vic ly o hm ca hm sinh c hai tc ng ln dy s tng ng:
Cc s hng c nhn vi ch s v ton b dy s c dch chuyn sang tri 1 v
tr.
Quy tc 4. Nu < f0 , f1 , f2 , > F (x) th < f1 , 2f2 , 3f3 , >

dF (x)
dx

Chng minh:
d
(f0 + f1 x + f2 x2 + f3 x3 + . . . )
dx
dF (x)
=
dx

< f1 , 2f2 , 3f3 , > f1 + 2f2 x + 3f3 x2 + . . . =

Quy tc o hm l mt quy tc rt hu hiu. Trong thc t, ta thng xuyn cn

n mt trong hai tc ng ca php o hm, nhn s hng vi ch s v dch chuyn
sang tri. Mt cch in hnh, ta ch mun c mt tc ng v tm cch "v hiu ha"
tc ng cn li.

V d 5. Tm hm sinh cho dy s < 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, >

5

Gii
Ta c < 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, >=< 0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, >
1
= f (x)
Mt khc < 1, 1, 1, >
1x
df (x)
1
=< 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, >=
dx
(1 x)2
p dng quy tc dch chuyn sang phi: < 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, >

x
= g(x)
(1 x)2
1+x
dg
(x) =
p dng quy tc o hm, ta c: < 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, >
dx
(1 x3 )
1+x
hay < 1, 4, 9, 16, >
(1 x)3
x(1 + x)
Vy hm sinh ca dy s ban u tng ng l: < 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, >
(1 x)3

1.2.5

Quy tc xon

Xt hm G(x) = A(x).B(x) =
t dn =

n
P

P
n
P

ai bni

n=0 i=0

ai bni . Ta c hm sinh cho dy {dn }n 0 chnh l hm G(x). Ta gi

i=0

quy tc ny l php xon hay quy tc xon.

V d 6. S Catalan
S Catalan l s c xc nh mt cch truy hi nh sau:
n1
P
d0 = d1 = 1, Cn = d0 dn1 + d1 dn2 + + dn1 d0 =
di dn1i n 1
i=0

S Catalan c nhiu nh ngha t hp khc nhau, chng hn, s Catalan l s cc

cch ni 2n im trn ng trn bng n dy cung khng ct nhau, l s cy nh phn
c gc c n + 1 l, l s ng i ngn nht trn li nguyn t im (0, 0) n im
(n, n) khng vt qua ng thng y = x,. . . Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh tnh cng a ra
cc nh ngha v s Catalan: L cc cch tnh tch cc nh x f0 , f1 , . . . , fn . Sau y
l bi ton quan trng v s Catalan.
Hy tnh s hng tng qut ca dy Catalan.

Ta c dn+1 =

n
P

Gii
di dni n 1

i=0

Xt hm sinh G(x) =
khi G(x) 1 =

d n xn = 1 +

n=0

d n xn =

n=1

n
P
P

dn xn (v d0 = 1)

n=1

di dni xn

n=1 i=0
2

Theo quy tc xon ta c: G(x) 1 = xG(x) G(x) =

v G(x) 0 G(x) =

1 4x
2x
6

1 4x
2x

1
f (n) (0)
P
P
n1 n
xn = 1 2
C2n2
x (theo khai trin Taylor)
n!
n
n=1
n=0
1
P
n1 n
1 (1 2
C2n2
x )

P
1
n
n=1
n n
ng nht hai v ta c: G(x) =
x
=
C2n
2x
n
+
1
n=0
1
Vy s Catalan l: dn =
Cn
n + 1 2n

ta c:

1 4x =

Trn y l mt s php ton trn hm sinh. Sau y chng ta s xt mt s bi

ton c th s dng mt vi hm sinh thng gp vi mt s php ton tng ng.

S dng phng php hm sinh trong gii ton

2.1

Dng hm sinh l a thc

V d 7.
Cho m, n, r l cc s t nhin vi r m, n chng minh rng:
r
P
rk
r
=
Cnk Cm
Cm+n
k=0

Gii
n

Xt f (x) = (1 + x) v g(x) = (1 + x)m

Ta c f (x)g(x) = (1 + x)n+m =

n+m
P

r
xr (1)
Cn+m

r=0

Mt khc ta c: f (x) =

n
P

Cnk xk v g(x) =

f (x)g(x) =

Cnk xk

k=0

n P
m
P
k=0 j=0

j k+j
x
=
Cnk Cm

m
P

j=0
n+m
P

j j
Cm
x

j=0

k=0
n
P

m
P

j j
Cm
x

r
P

Cnk Cmr kxr ) (2)

r=0 k=0

r
T (1) v (2) ng nht ha cc h s ca xr ta c: Cn+m
=

r
P

rk
Cnk Cm
(pcm)

k=0

V d 8. Tnh :S = 12 Cn1 + 22 Cn2 + 32 Cn3 + + p2 Cnp + + n2 Cnn

Gii
n

Cn0

Xt f (x) = (1 + x) =
+ Cn1 x + Cn2 x2 + Cn3 x3 + + Cnn xn
v g(x) = x(1 + x)n = Cn0 x + Cn1 x2 + Cn2 x3 + Cn3 x4 + + Cnn xn+1
Ta c: f , (x) = n(1 + x)n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 x + 3Cn3 x2 + + nCnn xn1
f , (1) = n2n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + + nCnn (1)
V c:
g , (x) = (1 + x)n + nx(1 + x)n1 = Cn0 + 2Cn1 x + 3Cn2 x2 + 4Cn3 x3 + + (n + 1)Cnn xn
7

 g ,, (x) = 2n(1 + x)n1 + n(n 1)x(1 + x)n2

= 2Cn1 + 3.2Cn2 x + 4.3Cn3 x2 + + (n + 1)nCnn xn1
g ,, (1) = 2n2n1 + n(n 1)2n2
= 2Cn1 + 3.2Cn2 + 4.3Cn3 + + (n + 1)nCnn (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) v vi v ta c:
S = 2n2n1 + n(n 1)2n2 n2n1 = n2n1 + n(n 1)2n2 .

2.2

Dng hm sinh l cc chui ly tha v hn

u tin chng ta nhc li mt s l thuyt v chui ly tha v hn. y cng

chnh l nhng c s l thuyt cho phng php ny.
2.2.1

C s l thuyt

A = R[[x]] cc chui ly tha hnh thc trn trng thc R c dng

an xn l

n0

mt vnh vi php cng v nhn chui thng thng :

P
P
P
an x n +
bn x n =
(an + bn )xn
n0
n0
n0
P
P
k
an x n =
kan xn , k R
n0

n0

an x n =

n0

b n x n an = b n

n0

Trong A, phn t u =

an xn kh nghch a0 6= 0 v

n0

1
1
= P
u
an x n
n0

Nhn chung th hm sinh c rt nhiu ng dng. y, chng ta ch xt ti nhng

ng dng thng gp ca hm sinh. Trc tin phi ni ti l dng hm sinh gii
quyt cc bi ton v dy s qui. Khi bit cng thc truy hi ca dy, ta c th
dng hm sinh tnh cng thc ca s hng tng qut ca dy .

2.2.2

Dy Fibonacci

Dy Fibonacci l dy s quen thuc xc nh bi cng thc truy hi:

f0 = 0; f1 = 1; fn = fn1 + fn2 , n 2
Chng ta s th dng hm sinh tm cng thc tng minh cho cc s hng ca dy
s .
8

a) Tm hm sinh :
Khai trin dy Fibonacci ta c :
f0 = 0
f1 = 1
f2 = f1 + f0
fn = fn2 + fn1
Gi s
F (x) =

f n xn

n0

= f0 + f1 x +

f n xn

n2

= x+

= x+

= x+

= x+

f n xn

n2

(fn1 + fn2 )xn

n2

fn1 xn +

n2

n2

fn1 xn +

n2

= x+x

fn2 xn
fn2 xn

n2

f n xn + x2

n0

f n xn

n0
2

= x + xF (x) + x F (x)
x
1 x x2
< 0; 1; 2; 3; 5; 8; 13; >

F (x) =

x
1 x x2
Chng ta thy dy Fibonacci rt kh chu nhng hm sinh ca n li rt n gin.

b) Tm cng thc tng minh ca s hng tng qut:

Nh vy chng ta tm hm sinh ca dy Fibonacci, cng vic tip theo l tm
h s t hm sinh. C mt vi cch tip cn cho bi ton ny, nhng cch n
gin nht l s dng phng php phn tch. T cc hm phn thc ta phn
tch thnh cc phn thc s cp, tm cc h s cho cc phn thc s cp. T
ta tm c cc h s cn tm.
C th vo bi ton vi dy s Fibonacci, ta lm nh sau:

Phn tch mu s ra tha s:

9

x
1+ 5
1 5
x
trong a1 =
; a2 =
.
=
1 x x2
(1 a1 x)(1 a2 x)
2
2
Tm cc hng s A1 v A2 sao cho :
x
A2
A1
+
;
=
2
1xx
1 a1 x 1 a2 x
Ta c th lm iu ny bng phng php h s bt nh v ta d dng tm
c:
1
1
1
1
= ; A2 =
= .
a1 a2
a1 a2
5
5

A1 =

F (x) =
=
=
=
=

x
1 x x2
1
1
1
(

)
5 a1 a2 a1 a2
1 X n n X n n
(
a1 x
a2 x )
5 n0
n0
1 X n

(a1 an2 )xn

5 n0

X 1 1+ 5
1 5 n n
n
((
) (
) )x .
2
2
5
n0

ng nht h s, ta c :

1 1+ 5 n
1 5 n
) (
) )
fn = ((
2
2
5
y chnh l cng thc tnh s hng tng qut ca dy Fibonacci.
Tng t nh vy, chng ta cng c th dng phng php hm sinh gii
nhiu bi ton v dy s khc.
2.2.3

m bng hm sinh

Trong phn ny chng ta s bit thm mt ng c o ca hm sinh na, l

hm sinh c th s dng cho cc bi ton m. C th l bi ton v chn cc phn t
t mt tp hp thng thng s dn ti hm sinh. Khi hm sinh c p dng theo
cch ny th h s ca xn chnh l s cch chn n phn t, tc l vi an l h s ca
P
xn , n 2 th hm sinh ca s cch chn s l F (x) =
an x n .
n0

hiu r hn ta i vo cc dng ton sau :

10

a) Bi ton chn cc phn t phn bit

Tng qut: c bao nhiu cch chn n phn t phn bit t tp hp k phn t.
Bi ton ny c th gii quyt d dng bng cng thc t hp. Nhng ln ny
chng ta s s dng hm sinh. C th nh sau:
u tin ta hy xt tp hp c mt phn t {a1 }. Ta c :

1 cch chn

0 phn t

1 cch chn

1 phn t

0 cch chn

2 phn t tr ln

Hm sinh cho s cch chn n phn t t tp {a1 } l 1 + x.

Tng t nh vy, hm sinh cho s cch chn n phn t t tp {ai }(1 i k)
cng l 1 + x (khng ph thuc vo s khc bit gia cc ai ).
By gi ta s chng minh: hm sinh cho s cch chn cc phn t t hp ca hai
tp hp bng tch cc hm sinh cho s cch chn cc phn t t mi tp hp().
Tip tc xt tp 2 phn t {a1 , a2 } ta c :
1 cch chn
2 cch chn

0 phn t
1 phn t

1 cch chn

2 phn t

0 cch chn

3 phn t tr ln

Hm sinh cho s cch chn n phn t t tp {a1 , a2 } l :

1 + 2x + x2 = (1 + x)2 = (1 + x)(1 + x)
Tip tc p dng quy tc ny ta s c hm sinh cho s cch chn cc phn t
t tp k phn t :

(1 + x)(1 + x) . . . (1 + x) = (1 + x)k
Ta c :< Ck0 , Ck1 , Ck2 , . . . , Ckk , 0, 0, > C 0 + k, Ck1 + Ck2 + + Ckk = (1 + x)k
Nh vy h s ca xn trong (1 + x)k l Ckn v bng s cch chn n phn t phn
bit t tp k phn t.

11

b) Bi ton chn cc phn t c lp:

hiu cch gii bi ton ny trc tin ta phi m rng () thnh quy tc
xon:
Quy tc xon: Gi A(x) l hm sinh cho cch chn cc phn t t tp hp A v
B(x) l hm sinh cho cch chn cc phn t t tp hp B. Nu A v B ri nhau
th hm sinh cho cch chn cc phn t t tp A B l A(x)B(x).
Quy tc ny ng cho c trng hp chn cc phn t phn bit ,cng ng cho
trng hp chn nhiu ln cng mt phn t.
Ta c bi ton nh sau:
C 5 loi ko : ko sa, ko socola, ko chanh,ko du v ko c ph. Hi c bao
nhiu cch chn 12 ci ko t 5 loi ko ny.
Bi ton dng tng qut : c ba nhiu cch chn k phn t t tp hp c n phn
t, trong cho php mt phn t c th c chn nhiu ln.
Ta s gii bi ton dng tng qut.
Chia tp n phn t thnh hp ca n tp Ai , 1 i n; mi tp gm duy nht
mt phn t thuc tp n phn t.
Vi mi tp Ai , ta c :
1 cch chn

0 phn t

1 cch chn

1 phn t

1 cch chn

2 phn t

Hm sinh ca cch chn c lp t tp Ai l:

< 1, 1, 1, 1, > 1 + x + x2 + x3 + =

1
1x

p dng quy tc xon: Hm sinh ca cch chn (c lp) cc phn t t tp

hp n phn t s l :
1
1
1
1
...
=
1x1x
1x
(1 x)n
By gi ta cn tnh h s ca xk trong

1
(1 x)n

lm vic ny, ta thit lp khai trin Taylor ca f (x) :=

f (x) = f (0) +

1
(1 x)n

f 0 (0)
f (0) 2
f (k) k
x+
x + +
x + ...
1!
2!
k!

H s ca xk l:
12

f (k)
k
= Cn+k1
k!
k
.
Nh vy s cch chn k phn t c lp t tp hp c n phn t l Cn+k1

Quay li vi bi ton ban u, s cch chn 12 ci ko t 5 loi ko rt n gin

12
s l C16
.
Cc bn c th dng phng php khc th li kt qu ny.
V d 9. Bi ton chn qu (ng dng phng php m bng hm sinh). C bao
nhiu cch sp mt gi n tri cy tha mn iu kin sau:
S to phi chn.
S chui phi chia ht cho 5.
Ch c th c nhiu nht 4 qu cam.
Ch c th c nhiu nht 1 qu o.
Bi ton c nhng iu kin rng buc rt phc tp v ta c cm gic nh vic
gii bi ton l v vng. Nhng hm sinh li cho ta mt cch gii quyt nhanh gn.

Gii
Trc tin ta i tm hm sinh cho cch chn tng loi qu:
Chn to:
1 cch chn

0 qu to

0 cch chn

1 qu to

1 cch chn

2 qu to

0 cch chn

3 qu to

1
.
1 x2
Tng t ta tm c hm sinh cho cch chn chui l:

Nh th ta c hm sinh A(x) = 1 + x2 + x4 + =

B(x) = 1 + x5 + x10 + =

1
1 x5

Hm sinh cho cch chn cam v o hi khc mt cht.

Ta c :

13

1 cch chn

0 qu cam

1 cch chn
1 cch chn

1 qu cam
2 qu cam

1 cch chn

3 qu cam

1 cch chn

4 qu cam

0 cch chn

5 qu cam

Hm sinh l C(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 =

1 x5
1x

Tng t ta tm c hm sinh cho cch chn o l D(x) = 1 + x =

1 x2
1x

p dng quy tc xon: Hm sinh cho cch chn t c 4 loi qu l:

1 1 x5 1 x2
1
1
=
= 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3
A(x)B(x)C(x)D(x) =
2
5
1x 1x 1x 1x
(1 x)2
Nh vy cch sp gi tri cy gm n tri n gin l n + 1 cch.
V d 10. Bi ton nghim nguyn (V d 3 sch gio trnh): Tnh s nghim nguyn
khng m ca phng trnh:
x1 + x2 + + xd = n
Gii
V x1 , x2 , . . . , xd nguyn khng m nn suy ra xi (1 i d) nhn cc gi tr 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Ta tm hm sinh cho cch chn mi xi (1 i d).
C
1 cch chn

gi tr 0

1 cch chn

gi tr 1

1 cch chn

gi tr 2

1 cch chn

gi tr 3

1
.
1x
p dng quy tc xon: Hm sinh cho cch chn b s (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xd ) l
Hm sinh cho cch chn mi xi l 1 + x + x2 + x3 + =

1
.
(1 x)d
Gi un l s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + + xd = n.

Khi hm sinh ca dy vi cc s hng dng un chnh l hm sinh cho s cch chn

b s (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xd ).
P
P k
1
Tc l
u k xk =
=
Ck+d1 xk .
d
(1

x)
k0
k0
n
Vy un = Cn+d1
.

14

Bi tp

Bi 1. Vi n l s nguyn dng ,chng minh rng:

a)Cn1 + 2Cn2 + + (n 1)Cnn1 + nCnn = n2n1 .

b)2.1.Cn2 + 3.2.Cn3 + + n(n 1)Cnn = n(n 1)2n2 .

r
c)(1)r Crr Cnr + (1)r+1 Cr+1
+ + (1)n Cnr Cnn = 0.

Gii
a)Xt f (x) = (1 + x)n =

n
P

Cnk xk (1).

k=0

Ly o hm hai v ta c
n
P
kCnk xk1 (2).
n(1 + x)n1 =
k=0

Thay x = 1 vo (2) ta c,
n
P
kCnk (pcm)
n2n1 =
k=0

b)L o hm cp hai ca (1) v thay x = 1 vo biu thc va nhn c ta

c c iu cn chng minh.

c)Ly o hm cp rtheo hai v ca (1) ta c,

n
P
n(n 1) . . . (n r + 1)(1 + x)nr =
k(k 1) . . . (k r + 1)Cnk xkr (4) Chia hai
k=r

v ca (4) chor! ta c:
n
X
1
k(k 1) . . . (k r + 1) kr
nr
n(n 1) . . . (n r + 1)(1 + x)
=
x
r!
r!
k=r

=
=

n
X
k=r
n
X
k=r

Thayx = 1 vo (5) ta c:

n
P

(1)k Ckr Cnk = 0

k=r

15

k!
C k xkr
r!(k r)! n
Ckr xkr (5)

Bi 2. Vi n l s nguyn dng, CMR: Cn2 + 2Cn3 + + (n 1)Cnn > (n 2)2n1

Gii
Vi x R, n N , xt f (x) = (1 + x)n = Cn0 + Cn1 x + Cn2 x2 + + Cnn (1)
Thay x = 1 vo (1) ta c: 2n = Cn0 + Cn1 + + Cnn1 + Cnn (2)
Ly o hm hai v ca (1) ta c:
n(1 + x)n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 x2 + + (n 1)Cnn1 xn2 + nCnn xn1 (3)
Thay x = 1 vo (3) ta c: n2n1 = Cn1 + 2Cn2 + + (n 1)Cnn1 + nCnn (4)
Ly (4) tr (2) v vi v ta c:
n2n1 2n = Cn0 + Cn2 + 2Cn3 + + (n 1)Cnn
Cn2 + 2c3n + + (n 1)Cnn = (n 2)2n1 + 1 > (n 2)2n1 pcm
Bi 3. Rt gn biu thc sau:
a)S =

b)

n
P
k=0

c)

n
P

Pn

k=0 (k

+ 1)Cnk

k
Cn
1+k

Cn
(1)k 1+k

k=0

Gii
n
P

a) Xt hm f (x) = (1 + x)n =

Cnk xk

k=o

Suy ra xf (x) = x(1 + x)n =

n
P

Cnk xk+1

k=0

Ly o hm hai v ta c:
n
P
nx(1 + x)n1 + (1 + x)n =
(k + 1)Cnk xn ()
k=0

Thay x = 1 vo (), ta c S = n2n1 + 2n = (n + 2)2n1

Tc l: S = (n + 2)2n1
b)Xt f (x) = (1 + x)n =

n
P

xk

k=0

Ly tch phn hai v ta c:

n
Rt
Rn P
n
(1
+
x)
dx
=
Cnk dx
0
0
k=0

(1+t)n+1 1
n+1

n
P
k=0

k
tk+1 Cn
(2)
k+1

Thay t = 2 vo (2) ta c:
n
P
k
Cn
2n+1 1
=
n+1
k+1
k=0

c)Thay t = 1 vo(2) ta c:
n
n
P
P
k
Cn
1
1
(1)k+1 k+1
= n+1
n+1
=
k=0

k=0

k
(1)k+1 Cn
k+1

16

1
.
n+1

Bi 4. Tnh tng sau:

1)A =

n
P

k
Cn
k

k=0

2)B =

n
P

(1)k1 Ckn

k=1

Gii
1)Ta xt f (x) = (1 + x)n =
n
R1 P

n
P

n
P

Cnk xk

k=0

Cnk xk1 =

(1+x)n 1
x

k=1
R1
n
= 0 (1+x)x 1 dx

Cnk xk1 dx
Ly tch phn hai v: 0
k=1
R1
n
t In = 0 (1+x)x 1 dx
n
P
k
Cn
Khi , In =
k
k=1
R1
k
k1
M Ik Ik1 = 0 (1+x) (1+x)
dx nn ta c Ik Ik1 =
x
n
n
n
P
P
P
2k
1
(Ik Ik1 ) =
Vy In = I0 +

k
k
k=1

k=1

2k 1
k

v I0 =

R1
0

k=1

T ta c ngay tng cn tm.

2)Ta c:

n
P

n
P

(1)k Cnk xk = (1 x)n

(1)k1 Cnk xk1 =

k=1

k=0

1(1x)n
x

n
P
n
k
Ly tch phn hai v ta c: In = 0 1(1x)
(1)k1 Ckn
dx
=
x
k=1
R1
k1
k
M Ik Ik1 = 0 (1x) x(1x) dx
R1
Ik Ik1 = 0 (1 x)k1 dx = k1 v Jo = 0
n
n
P
P
1
Nn Jn = Jo +
(Jk Jk1 ) =
k

R1

Vy B =

n
P
k=1

k=1

k=1

1
.
k

1 1
1
+ + + , chng minh rng:
2 3
n
(1)n1
Sn Cn1 Sn1 + Cn2 Sn2 + (1)n1 Cnn1 S1 =
.
n
Bi 5. Cho Sn = 1 +

Gii
n

Xt f (x) = (x 1) = x

Cn1 xn1

+ Cn2 xn2 + (1)n Cnn . (1)

f (1) = 0 = 1 Cn1 + Cn2 + (1)n Cnn (2)

Ly (1) tr (2) v vi v ta c:
(x 1)n = xn 1 Cn1 (xn1 1) + Cn2 (xn2 1) + (1)n1 Cnn1 (x 1)
chia hai v cho x 1 v ly tch phn trn [0,1] ta c:
17

0dx = 0

(1)n1 R 1
= 0 (x 1)n1 dx
n
R1
R1
R1
= 0 (xn1 +xn2 + +1)dxCn1 0 (xn2 +xn3 + +1)dx+ +(1)n1 Cnn1 0 dx
= Sn Cn1 Sn1 + Cn2 Sn2 + (1)n1 Cnn1 S1 pcm.
Bi 6. Thu gn cc biu thc sau:
P
Cnd1 Cnd2 . . . Cndk
d1 +d2 ++dk =mn

Vn xt a thc f (t) = (1 + t) =

Gii
Cndi .tdi (i = 1, 2, . . . , k)

n
P
di =0

Khi , (f (t))kn =

kn
P
j=0

j j
t
Ckn

m m
t .
Nh vy, s hng bc m n l: Ckn

n
n
P
P
Mt khc (f (t))kn = (1 + t)n .(1 + t)n . . . (1 + t)n . =
Cndk tdk .
Cnd1 td1
|
{z
}
dk =0
d1 =o
kln

Nhn a thc mt cch thng thng th ta c s hng bc m = d1 + d2 + + dk n

P
Cnd1 Cnd2 . . . Cndk tm .
l:
d1 ++dk =mn

T ta rt ra h thc sau:
Cnd1 Cnd2 . . . Cndk =

P
d1 ++dk =mn

Bi 7. Dng chui f (x) =

m
P

kn

x2k+1 xy dng hm sinh cho s nghim nguyn l

k0

ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + + xd = n ().

Gii
Trong phng trnh () th x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xd c vai tr nh nhau nn ta ch cn tm
hm sinh cho cch chn mt xi (1 i d) bt k. V xi nguyn dng l nn xi nhn
cc gi tr :1, 3, 5, 7, . . . .
Nh vy hm sinh cho cch chn mt xi l :
P 2k+1
f (x) = x + x3 + x5 + =
x
k0

Ta c f (x) =

k0

2k+1

x
1 x2

p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho cch chn b s (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xd ) l

xd
(1 x2 )d
Bi 8. Xc nh dy s (un )n 0 bit u0 = u1 = 1 vun = aun1 + bun2 , n 2
trong cc trng hp sau: (a, b) = (1, 2), (a, b) = (3, 4)
textbfGii
Ta c hm sinh ca dy (un )n 0 l F (x) =

P
n0

Theo bi ra ta c

18

u n xn

F (x) = u0 + u1 x +

u n xn

n2

X
= 1+x+
(aun1 + bun2 )xn
n2

= 1+x+a

un1 xn + b

n2

un2 xn

n2

X
X
u n xn
= 1 + x + ax(
un xn u0 ) + bx2
n0

n0
2

= 1 + x + axF (x) ax + bx F (x)

F (x) =

1 ax + x
.
1 ax bx2

TH1:(a, b) = (1, 2) ta c:
F (x) =
=
=
=
=
ng nht h s un =

1
1 x 2x2
1
(1 + x)(1 2x)
2
1

3(1 + x) 3(1 2x)

1X
2X n n
(1)n xn
2 x
3 n0
3 n0
X (1)n 2n
xn .
3
n0

(1)n 2n
, n 2
3

1 2x
1 3x + 4x2
Bi 9. Xc nh dy s (un )n 0 bit u0 = u1 = u2 = 1 vun = aun1 + bun2 +
TH2: (a, b) = (3, 4) Ta c F (x) =

cun3 , n 3 trong cc trng hp sau: (a, b, c) = (6, 11, 6), (a, b, c) = (5, 1, 5)
Xt G(x) =

Gii
un xn (1) l hm sinh ca dy (un )n 0.

n0

G(x) = u0 + u1 x + u2 x2 +

u n xn

n3
2

= u0 + u1 x + u2 x +

(aun1 + bun2 + cun3 )xn

n3
2

= u0 + u1 x + u2 x + ax(

X
X
un xn u1 x u0 ) + bx2 (
un xn u0 ) + cx3
u n xn

n0
2

n0
3

= 1 + x + x + ax(G(x) x 1) + bx (G(x) 1) + cx G(x)

19

n0

 G(x) =

(1 a b)x2 + (1 a)x + 1
1 ax bx2 cx3

TH (a, b, c) = (6, 11, 6):

G(x) =
G(x) =

6x2 5x + 1
1
=
2
3
1 6x + 11x 6x
1x

xn (2)

n0

ng nht h s (1), (2) ta c un = 1, n 0

TH (a, b, c) = (5, 1. 5):
P n
5x2 4x + 1
G(x) =
=
x (3) ng nht h s (1), (3) ta c un =
1 5x x2 + 5x3
n0
1, n 0
Bi 10. Dng hm sinh xc nh s cch chia 10 qu bng ging nhau cho 4 a
tr mi a nhn t nht 2 qu.
Gii
gii bi ton ta tm hm sinh cho s cch chia bng cho mt a tr
Gi thit cho mi a nhn t nht 2 qu bng nn ta suy ra
0 cch a tr nhn 0 qu
0 cch a tr nhn 1 qu
1 cch a tr nhn 2 qu
1 cch a tr nhn 3 qu

Vy hm sinh cho cch chia l x2 + x3 + x4 + . . .

p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho cch chia bng cho 4 da tr l :

F (x) = (x2 + x3 + x4 + . . . )4
= x8 (1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . )4
x8
=
(1 x)4
X
k
= x8
C4+k1
xk
n0

k
C3+k
xk+8

n0

S cch chia 10 qu bng chnh l h s ca x10 v bng C52 = 10 cch.

20

Bi 11. Gi s c 4 loai ko : socola,chanh, du, sa.Tm hm sinh cho s cch chn

n ci ko tho mn cc iu kin khc nhau khc nhau sau y
a) Mi mt loi ko xut hin s l ln.
b) S ko ca mi mt loi ko chia ht cho 3.
c) Khng c ko socola v c nhiu nht 1 ko chanh.
d) C 1, 3 hay 11 ci ko socola,2, 4 hoc 5 ci ko chanh.
e) Mi loi ko xut hin t nht 10 ln.
Gii
a) V mi loi ko xut hin l nh nhau nn ta ch cn tm hm sinh cho s cch
chn mt loi ko.
Ta c
0 cch chn

0 ci

1 cch chn

1 ci

0 cch chn
1 cch chn

2 ci
3 ci

...

...

Vy hm sinh cho s cch chn mt loi ko l : x + x3 + x5 + . . .

p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho cch chn bn loi ko l:

F (x) = (x+ x3 + x5 + . . . )4
= x4 (1 + x2 + x4 + . . . )4
x4
=
(1 x2 )4
b) Ta c s cch chn ko tha mn iu kin s ko ca mi mt loi ko chia ht
cho 3.
1 cch chn
0 cch chn

0 ci
1 ci

0 cch chn

2 ci

1 cch chn

3 ci

0 cch chn
0 cch chn

4 ci
5 ci

1 cch chn

6 ci

...

...
21

 Hm sinh cho s cch chn mt loi ko tho mn iu kin trn l:

1 + x3 + x6 + x9 + . . . .
p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho s cch chn n ci ko t bn
loi ko l:

F (x) = (1 + x3 + x6 + x9 + . . . )4 =

1
(1 x3 )4

c) Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko socola l 1.

Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko chanh l 1 + x.

1
.
1x
1
Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko sa l 1 + x + x2 + =
1x
p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho s cch chn n ci ko t bn
loi ko l:
1+x
1
1
=
F (x) = 1(1 + x)
1x1x
(1 x)2
Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko du l 1 + x + x2 + =

d) Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko socola l x + x3 + x11 .

Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko chanh l x2 + x4 + x5 .
Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko du l 1 + x + x2 + =

1
.
1x
1
Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko sa l 1 + x + x2 + =
1x
p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho s cch chn n ci ko t bn
loi ko l:
G(x) = (x+x3 +x11 )(x2 +x4 +x5 )

x3
1
1
=
(1+x2 +x10 )(x+x2 +x3 )
1x1x
(1 x)2

e) Hm sinh cho s cch chn ko sao cho mt loi ko xut hin t nht 10 ln l:
x10 + x11 + x12 + . . .
p dng quy tc xon ta tm c hm sinh cho s cch chn n ci ko t bn
loi ko l:

F (x) = (x10 + x11 + x12 + . . . )4 = x40 (1 + x + x2 + . . . )4 =

Bi 12. S dng hm sinh gii cc h thc qui sau:

a) a0 = 1, an = 3an1 + 2
b) a0 = 1, an = 3an1 + 4n1
22

x10
(1 x)4

c) a4 = 6, a1 = 30, an = 5an1 an2

d) a1 = 4, a1 = 12, an = an1 + 2an2 + 2n
Gii
a) a0 = 1, an = 3an1 + 2
Xt hm sinh ca dy con (an )n 0 l:

G(x) =

an xn (1)

n0

Khi :
G(x) = a0 +

an x n

n1

= 1+

(3an1 + 2)xn

n1

= 1+3

an1 xn + 2

n1

= 1 + 3x

xn

n1
n

an x + 2

n0

xn 2

n0

2
1
1x
1+x
= 3xG(x) +
1
1x

= 3xG(x) +

1+x
(1 x)(1 3x)
2
1
=

1 3x 1 x
X
X
= 2
(3x)n
xn

G(x) =

n0

n0
n

(2.3 1)xn ()

n0

ng nht h s ca (1) v () ta c an = 2.3n 1)

b) a0 = 1, an = 3an1 + 4n1
P
Xt hm sinh G(x) =
an xn (1)
n0

23

Khi
G(x) = a0 +

an x n

n1

= 1+

(3an1 + 4n1 )xn

n1

= 1+3

an1 xn +

n1

= 1 + 3x

4n1 xn

n1

an x n + x

n0

(4x)n

n0

x
= 1 + 3xG(x) +
1 4x
1 3x
= 3xG(x) +
1 4x
G(x) =

P n n
1
=
4 x (2) ng nht h s ca (1) v (2) ta c an = 4n .
1 4x n1

c) a4 = 6, a1 = 30, an = 5an1 an2

P
Xt hm sinh G(x) =
an xn (1)
n0

Khi
G(x) = a0 + a1 x +

= a0 + a1 x +

an x n

n2

(5an1 + 6an2 )xn

n2

= a0 + a1 x + 5

an1 xn 6

n2

= a0 + a1 x + 5x(

X
n0
2

an2 xn

n2
n

an x a0 ) 6x2

X
n0

= 6 + 5xG(x) + 6x G(x)
Nh vy
6
1 5x 6x2
6
36
=
+
7(1 + x) 7(1 6x)
6X
36 X
(1)n xn +
(6x)n
=
7 n0
7 n0
X6
=
((1)n + 6n+1 )xn (2)
7
n0

G(x) =

6
ng nht h s ca (1) v (2) ta c an = ((1)n + 6n+1 ).
7
24

an x n

d) a0 = 4, a1 = 12, an = an1 + 2an2 + 2n

P
Xt hm sinh G(x) =
an xn (1)
n0

Khi
G(x) = a0 + a1 x +

an x n

n2

X
= a0 + a1 x +
(an1 + 2an2 + 2n )xn
n2

= a0 + a1 x +

an1 xn + 2

n2

an2 xn +

n2

(2x)n

n0

X
X
X
an x n +
(2x)n 2x 1
= a0 + a1 x + x(
an xn a0 ) 2x2
n0

n0

n0

1
2x 1
1 2x
1
= x(G(x) 4) + 2x2 G(x) + 3 + 6x +
1 2x
= 4 + 12x + x(G(x) 4) + 2x2 G(x) +

Nh vy,
12x2 4
(2x2 + x 1)(1 2x)
171
369
8
+
+
=
9(1 + x) 8(1 2x) 8(1 2x)2
8 X
171 X
369 X
=
(1)n xn +
(2x)n +
(n + 1)(2x)n
9 n0
8 n0
8 n0
X 8
171 n
369
=
( (1)n +
2 + xn
(n + 1)(2)n )xn (2)
9
8
8
n0

G(x) =

ng nht h s ca (1) v (2) ta c an =

25

8
171 n
369
(1)n +
2 +xn
(n+1)(2)n
9
8
8