NGHIEN Ci/U - TRAO D 6 |

HOAN THIEN PHAP LUAT V I | T NAM v l GlAl Q U Y I T TRANH CHAP

QUAN HE CHA, ME VA CON C6 Y I U T 6 NUdC NGOAl
TS. NGUYiN

H6NG

BAC *

1. Th^c tr^ng phdp luat va nhirng bat CO quy djnh khdc'\ Nhu v^y, quy^n, nghia vu
cap khi giai quyet tranh ch^p quan h^ cha, ve nhan than vd tdi sdn giiJa cha, m? vd con
ni9 vd con co yen to nur6'c ngodi it Vi^t Nam c6 yeu to nu6c ngodi tsii Vi^t Nam ct the
dugc dieu chinh theo quy djnh cua Luat
Khi nghien cim ve phdp lugt dieu chinh
HN&GD vd cdc vdn ban quy pham phdp lu^t
quan h? giCta cha, m? vd con can xem xei
khdc ciia Vi?t Nam.
nhthig van de sau: Quyen, nghTa v^i ve nhan
Theo Lugt HN&GD ndm 2000, cac quy^n
than vd tai san giira cha, m^ vd con; van de
vd nghTa vu co bdn cua cha, m? va con
xac djnh cha, m? vd con; cap du5ng gitia
bao gom:
cha, me vd con.
- Quyen va nghTa vu ve nhan than giiia
/./ Quyen, nghTa v{i ve nhan than vd tai
cha, m^ vd con mang nhihig d^c tinh ciia
san giita cha. me va con
quyen vd nghTa vy ve nhan than n6i chung
Tmac day, phdp luat dp d\tng de dieu
chinh quyen, nghTa vy ve nhan than va tai trong Lugt HN&GD nam 2000. Quy dinh v^
nghTa vy vd quyen ca ban ciia cha, me doi
san giira cha, m? va con c6 yeu to nuac
ngoai du(?c xdc djnh theo Di^u 14 Phdp l?nh vdi con trong Lugt nay dugc xay dyng tren
hon nhan vd gia dinh (HN&GD) giua cong CO so ke thira vd cy the hod cdc quy djnh c6
lien quan trong Luat HN&GD ndm 1986
dan Viet Nam vd nguoi nude ngodi ndm
1993 (Phdp i^nh ndm 1993). Theo quy djnh d6ng th6i b6 sung them mpt so quy dinh moi
nhdm ddp limg cdc yeu cau ciia tinh hinh thuc
ndy, quyen va nghTa v\i giihi cha, m? vd con
dugc dieu chinh theo phdp lu^t cua nu6c noi te. Quy^n va nghTa vu ca ban ciia cha, me
doi vdi con dugc quy djnh dua tren nguyen
cu tru cua duong s\r. Lu^t HN&GD ndm
2000 (sua d6i, b5 sung ndm 2010) khong co tdc cha vd m? deu binh ddng vai nhau trong
dilu khodn rieng bi?t di^u chinh quan h? vi$c thvrc hi?n quyen vd nghta vy doi vcd
con. T^i cdc digu 33, 36. 37, 39,40,45 va 46
giO-a cha me vd con. Tuy nhien, theo quy
djnh tai khodn 1 Dieu 7 Lu^t HN&GD thi: Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 quy djnh mot s6
''Cdc quy djnh cua phdp lu$t vi HN&GD quyen va nghTa vy ca bdn cua cha, me doi
cua Cong hod xd hgi chu nghia Vi^t Nam vai con. Ben canh do, Luat quy dinh quyen
dugc dp dung dSi v&i quan h$ HN&GD co
Giang vin chfnh Khoa phAp lu|t qu6c t^
yiu tS nuac ngodi. trie trudng hgp Lu^t ndy *Trirfirng
D^i hoc Lu^t H4 N^i
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 1/2013

va nghia vy cua con tai cdc dilu 35, 36, 38.

Qua nghiSn ciiu ngi dung cdc dieu lu^t
tren cho thdy so vai Luat HN&GD ndm 1986,
Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 dd quy djnh cy the
vd toan di?n hem ve nghia vy ca bdn ciia con
doi vdi cha, me nhdm phdt huy cdc gid trj
dao dii:c vd truyen thong tot d?p ciia gia dinh
Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, d^ bao v? tr6 em va de
Ue em dugc song trong moi trudng gia dinh
lanh manh, Dieu 41 va 43 Luat HN&GD ndm
2000 da CO quy djnh h ^ che quyen ciia cha,
me doi vdi, con chua thanh nien.
Ngoai cdc quy djnh tren, t^i Dieu 38 Lu$t
HN&GD ndm 2000 con quy djnh quyen va
nghTa vu gitta bo dugng, m? ke doi vdi con
rieng. Quy djnh nay hodn loan phii hgp ca ve
li luan, thuc tiln ciang nhu phii hgp vdi dao
due xa hoi.
- Quyen va nghTa vu ve tai san giiia cha,
me va con quy djnh tai cac dieu 44, 45, 46.
Tren ca sd ke ihira cac quy djnh ciia Luat
HN&GD nam 1986 ve quyen co tai san ciia
con cung nhu xudt phat tir tinh hinh kinh texa hoi cua Viet Nam trong giai doan hien
nay, vdn dk tdi sdn rieng cua con trong gia
dinh dugc phap luat quy djnh mgt each todn
dien vd cu the ban nham bao dam quyen Igi
chinh dang ciia con. V^ nguyen tdc, con co
quygn c6 tai san rieng. Tai san riSng ciia con
bao g6m tdi san con dugc thira ke rieng,
dugc tang cho rieng, thu nhap do lao ddng
ciia con, hoa Igi, Igi tiic phdt sinh tir tdi san
rieng ciia con vd thu nhap hgp phap khac. D6
nang cao trdch nhiem ciia con, Ludt quy dinh
con tir dii 15 tu6i trd len song chung vdi cha,
me cd nghTa vy cham lo ddi sdng chung cua
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S O 1/2013

gia dinh; neu cd thu nhap thi ddng gdp vao

cdc nhu cdu thiet y^u cua gia dinh.
Dilu 45 vd DiSu 46 Luat HN&GD quy
djnh cy th^ ve trdch nhi?m cua cha, m? trong
vi$c qudn li, djnh doat tdi sdn rieng ciia con.
v l nguyen tdc, tai sdn rieng ciia con dudi 15
tu6i do cha, m? qudn H ho$c cha, m? c6 the
uy quyen cho ngudi khdc quan li. Tuy nhiSn,
cha, m? khong phdi qudn li tai sdn rieng cua
con neu ngudi t^ng cho con tai san hodc de
l^i tai sdn thira ke theo di chiic cho con dd
chi dinh ngudi khdc qudn li tai sdn dd ho^c
nhthig trudng hgp khdc theo quy dinh ciia
phdp lu^t.
Wk quy6n dinh doat tdi san rieng cua con
chua thdnh nien, trong trudng hgp cha, me
qudn li tai san rieng cua con dudi 15 tudi thi
cha, me cd quy6n djnh do?t lai san do. Song
viec dinh doat tai san rieng cua con phdi vi
Igi ich ciia ngudi con cd tdi sdn dd. Neu con
tir dii 9 tudi trd len khong bj mac benh tam
than hoac benh khdc md khdng th^ dieu
khien dugc hdnh vi ciia minh thi vi?c djnh
dogt dd cd xem xet den nguy?n vgng ciia
con. Trong trudng hgp con tir du 15 tudi den
dudi 18 tudi thi ngudi con cd quyen djnh
doat tdi sdn rieng. Tuy nhin, neu tai sdn cd
gid trj Idn thi vi^c djnh doat phai cd s\r dong
y cua cha, me.
Nhu vay, theo quy dinh tai khodn 1 Difiu
7 thi cac quy djnh tren ciia Ludt HN&GD
ndm 2000 ve quySn, nghTa vu vl nhan than
vd tdi san giOa cha, me vd con se dugc dp
dyng ddi vdi quan h? giua cha, me va con cd
yeu to nude ngoai.

NGHIEN CL(U-TRAO DOI

I 2 Xdc djnh cha. m? va con

Trudc day, van de xdc djnh cha, m? cho
con dugc quy djnh trong I'hdp l^nh ndm
1993. Theo khodn 2 Dieu 14 Phdp l?nh thi
"vice xdc djnh cha. m^ cho con dugc lien
hdnh theo phdp ludt ciia nude noi thirang tru
cua ngudi con vao thdi diem cd dan yeu
cdn". Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 khdng cd dieu
khodn rieng bi?t ve van dl ndy. Tuy nhifin,
cdn cir vdo Dilu 28 Lu^t HN&GD, Dieu 66
Nghi djnh ciia Chinh phu s6 68/2002/ND-CP
ngay 10/7/2002 quy djnh chi tiet thi hdnh
mpt sd dieu ciia Luat HN&GD ve quan h?
l-IN&GD cd yeu to nude ngodi (Nghj djnh so
68/2002/ND-CP) thi viec xdc djnh cha, m?
cho con cd y^u td nude ngoai tai Vi?t Nam
dugc xii li theo Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 va
cdc vdn ban quy pham phap luat khac ctia
Viet Nam. Theo quy djnh ciia Nghi dinh so
68/2002/ND-CP thi nhirng ngudi sau cd
quydn nhan cha, m?, con:
- Ngudi nude ngoai xin nhan cha, m?,
con la cong dan Vi?t Nam dang cu tni t^i
Viet Nam;
- Cong dan Viet Nam djnh cu tai nude
ngodi xin nhdn cha, me, con Id cong ddn Vi?t
Nam thudng tru d trong nude;
- Ngudi nude ngoai thudng tni t?i Vi^t
Nam xin nh$n cha, me, con la ngirdi nude
ngoai dang thudng trii tai Vi?t Nam.
Theo Nghj djnh s6 68/2002/ND-CP, vi$c
nhan cha, me, con dugc th^rc hi$n t^i uy ban
nhan dan neu dugc tien hanh d Vi6t Nam
hoac tai ca quan dai di?n ngoai giao, lanh sir
cua Viet Nam n^u dupe tiln hdnh d nude

ngodi. Dilu ki?n nh^n cha, m?, con gi&a

cdng dan Vi?t Nam vdi ngudi nude ngodi,
gi&a ngudi nude ngodi thudng tni tai Vi?t
Nam vdi nhau chi dugc tien hanh neu bfin
nh^in vd bfin dugc nh^n dIu cdn song vdo
thdi dilm ngp dan yeu cau, tur nguy?n v^
khdng cd tranh chdp (khodn 1 Dilu 28). Thong
tu cua Bg tu phap sd 07/2002/rT-BTP
hudng dSn thi hdnh mpt s6 dieu ciia Nghj
djnh s6 68/2002/ND-CP quy djnh trong
trudng hgp cdc ben deu cdn sdng vdo thdi
diem npp ho sa vd hodn todn tu nguyf n nh|in
cha, m?, con nhung trong qud tnnh giai
quyet ho so mpt ben bj chet md khdng co
tranh ch^p thi viec nhan cha, me, con van
tiep tyc dugc giai quyet; neu ca hai ben chet
thi sd tu phdp dinh chi viec gidi quyet nh^n
cha, m?, con. Trong qud trinh gidi quyet ho
so md phat sinh tranh chap giiia ben nhan va
ben dugc nh^n Id cha, m?, con hodc vdi
ngudi thir ba thi sd tu phap dinh chi va
hudng dan duong sy npp don yeu cau toa dn
nhan dan cap tinh gidi quyet theo thu tyc to
tyng. Trong trudng hgp con chua thdnh nien
xin n h ^ cha hoc me thi cha hodc me lam
thu tyc cho con. NIU con chua thdnh nien
nhung dd dii tir 9 tudi trd len thi vi?c nhan
cha ho$c m? cho con cdn phdi cd su ddng y
ciia ngudi con. Trong trudng hgp ngudi
dugc nh$n la con chua thanh nien thi phdi co
sy ddng y ciia cha hodc m? ciia ngudi do.
NIU ngudi dugc n h ^ Id con thua thdnh nien
nhung da dii tir 9 tudi trd len thi phdi cd su
ddng y ciia ngudi do. Con dd thdnh nien xin
nhan cha, khdng ddi hoi phdi cd s\r ddng y
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 1/2013

NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI

cua me; xin nhan me, khdng ddi hdi phdi cd

su ddng y cda cha, Dieu ki^n tren cung dp
dyng cho vi6c nh^n cha, me, con cd yeu to
nude ngodi d khu virc bien gidi (khodn 2
Dilu 65 Nghj djnh sd 68/2002/ND-CP).

1.2.1, Xac djnh cha, me cho con

Vi?c xdc djnh cha, m? cho con trong hdn
nhSn (trong gid thii), thdng thudng dugc xdc
djnh cdn cir vdo tinh trang hdn nhan ciia
ngudi me. Vi?c xdc dinh con chung cua cha,
Theo Ludt HN&GD ndm 2000, vi?c xdc m? dugc quy djnh tai Dieu 63 Luat HN&GD
ndm 2000. Vi?c xdc djnh cha cho con trong
djnh cha, m cho con dugc quy djnh tir Dieu
63 den Dieu 66. Khi nghien cOru cac quy gid thu thudng it gdy tranh chap. Song trong
djnh nay cho thay che dinh "xdc dinh cha, thyc tien xa hpi hi?n nay cd nhieu cdp vg
me. con" trong Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 cd chdng vd sinh da nhd den sy can thi?p ciia y
hpc tien bp de thyc hi?n nguy?n vpng sinh
mgt sd dim khdc biet co bdn so vdi che djnh
con bang cdc phuang phdp ho trg sinh sdn
"xac djnh cha. me cho con" trong Lu^t
hi^n d^i nhu thy tinh nhan tao, thy tinh trong
HN&GD ndm 1986. Viec xdc djnh cha, m?,
ong nghi?m... Chinh vi v^y, vi?c xac djnh
con thuc chat la hdnh vi nhdm bdo v6 quyen
cha, m^ cho con sS de nay sinh tranh chap.
nhan than cua cd nhan dd dugc quy djnh tai
Dy li?u cho tinh hudng nay, Luat HN&GD
Dieu 39 Bp luat dan sy (quyen nhan, khdng
ndm 2000 dd giao trdch nhiem cho Chinh
nhan cha, m?, con). Theo dd, hai ben chii the
phu tham quyen quy dinh viec xdc djnh cha,
trong quan he nay (cha, me - con) deu dugc
me cho con tai khoan 2 Dieu 63 Luat
dat d vj tri ngang bang ddi vdi quyen yeu
fW&GD: "Viec xdc djnh cha, me cho con
cau CO quan nhd nude cd tham quyen thuc dugc sinh ra theo phuang phdp khoa hpc do
hien hanh vi xac djnh cha, me, con cho Chinh phu quyet djnh". De cy the hod quy
minh. Do dd, viec ddi ten ch6 djnh tir "xac dinh ciia Luat, Chinh phu ban hdnh Nghi
dinh cha, me cho con" thdnh ""xdc dinh cha, dinh sd 12/2003/ND-CP ngay 12/02/2003 vl
me, con" the hien ddy dii, toan di?n tinh chat sinh con theo phuong phdp khoa hpc. Tai
hai chieu trong viec xdc djnh cha, me, con.
khodn 1 Dieu 3 Nghj djnh nay quy djnh:
Trong Luat HN&GD ndm 2000, viec xac "Sinh con theo phuang phdp khoa hoc Id
djnh cha, me vd con cd the dupe thye hien bdi vi4c sinh con dugc th\cc hien bang cdc ki
CO quan tod an hodc uy ban nhdn dan theo hai thu^t ho trg sinh sdn nhu thu tinh nhdn tgo,
thu tyc khdc nhau (td tyng va hdnh chinh). th^ tinh trong 6ng nghiem". Theo Nghi djnh,
Viec xac djnh cha, me, con Id van dl quan trpng nhChig cdp vg, ch6ng vd sinh hodc ngudi
nham xdc djnh ro chu thi ciia cdc quyen va phu ni} sdng dpc than dugc xdc djnh la cha,
nghTa vu giCta cha, me, con. Do vdy, phap m? doi vdi tre sinh ra do thuc hiSn ki thu^t
ho trg sinh sdn. Khodn 1 Dilu 20 Nghi djnh
luat Viet Nam da quy djnh cy the ve trudng
cGng quy djnh: "Tre ra ddi do thuc hiin ki
hgp xdc djnh cha, me cho con ciing nhu
thuQt ho trg sinh sdn phdi dugc sinh ra tic
trudng hgp xac dinh con cho cha, m?.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S 6 1/2013

11

NGHlfeNCl/U-TRAO DOI

ngudi m? irong cdp vg. chdng vd sinh hodc

ngudi ph{i nir song dOc than". Quy djnh ndy
se gidi quyet dugc nhihig van de md x3 h0i
hi^n d^i d$t ra.
Ve vi^c xdc djnh cha cho con ngodi hdn
nhan (ngodi gid thii). Dieu 65 vd Dieu 66
Lu^t HN&GD quy djnh nhO-ng ngudi cd
quyin yeu cau tod dn xdc djnh cha, m? cho
con ngodi gid thii rit rpng nhdm ddm bdo
quyin vd Igi ich hgp phdp ctia con, ddc bi^t
Id con chua thdnh ni^n.
1.2.2. Xdc djnh con
D I bao v quyIn Igi ciia cha, m?, phdp
ludt HN&GD dd quy dinh vi?c xac djnh con
cho cha me. Van de xac djnh con dugc ddt ra
trong trudng hgp ngudi cha, ngudi m? mudn
thira nhdn hodc phii nhdn mOt ngudi Id con
ciia minh. Do dd, trong trudng hgp ndy, cha,
me Id ngudi chu dgng yeu cau tod an thyc
hien viec xdc djnh con.
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 64 Luat HN&GD
nam 2000, cha, me cd quyen yeu cdu toa an
xdc dinh mgt ngudi la con ciia minh khi hg
khdng dugc khai Id cha, m? cua ngudi con
dd hoac cd xac djnh mpt ngudi khdng phdi la
con ciia minh khi hp dupe khai la cha, m^
ciia ngudi con dd. Trong trudng hgp ngudi
cha hoac ngudi me bj mat ndng lye hdnh vi
dan su thi ngudi giam hp ciia ngudi dd, vi|n
kiem sdt nhan dan, h$i li8n hi^p phy nii, uy
ban bdo ve vd chdm sdc tre em cd quyen yeu
cau xdc djnh con cho ngudi dd. Cd the thdy
viec xac djnh cha, me cho con Id vdn dl
phiic tap. Neu cd tranh chap ve viSc xac djnh
cha, me cho con thi duong su cd quyIn yeu

c^u tod dn gidi quylt. Tod dn sS tiln hanh x6t

xir theo cdc thii tyc td tung thdng thudng.
Duong sy cd thi yeu cdu tda an gidm djnh
gien, ngudi yeu c4u giam djnh gien phdi npp
1^ phi gidm djnh.
1.3 Quan h^ cdp dudnggiOa cha, me vd c
cdyeu to nude ngodi
Trudc day, van dl dieu chinh quan h?
c4p dudng cd yeu to nude ngodi chua dugc
de cap trong Lu^l HN&GD ndm 1986. Din
ndm 1993, Phdp l?nh HN&GD giiia cong
ddn Vi?l Nam vd ngudi nude ngodi da quy
djnh: "NghTa vu cdp dudng giua cha me va
con dugc xdc dinh theo phdp lu^t cita nude
nai thudng tru cua ngudi yeu cdu cap
duong vdo thdi diem co dan yeu cdu"
(khodn 1 Dilu 14). Trong Lu^l HN&GD
ndm 2000 chua cd dieu khoan quy dinh vl
quan h? cdp dudng cd yeu td nude ngoai
nhung theo Dieu 7 Lu^t nay thi khi phdt
sinh quan he cap dudng c6 yeu td nude
ngoai, cdc ca quan cd tham quyen se ap
dyng quy dinh cita phap luat ve HN&GD
Vi?t Nam de giai quyet. Tire la quy dinh
ciia Lu^t HN&GD ndm 2000 vl quan h?
cap dudng se dugc dp dyng doi vdi quan he
cap dudng cd yeu td nude ngoai.
Nghifin cim phdp luat Viet Nam ve quan
h^ cap duong cho thay trong Lu^t HN&GD
nam 1986 cd quy dinh cha, me khi li hon
khdng tryc tiep nuoi con cd nghTa vu plidi
ddng gdp phi ton nudi con hodc nghTa vy cap
dudng giCra cac ben sau khi li hdn; nghTa vv
nudi dudng dng, bd va chau; nghTa vu cda
anh, chj, em dum bpc Ian nhau trong tnrdng
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 1/2013

hgp khdng cdn cha, me... Tuy nhien, cdc quy

djnh ndi tren mdi chi dimg d nguyen tdc ma
chua cy thi, ddy du. Luat HN&GD nam 2000
dugc ban hanh da khdc phyc dugc nhihig
nhugc diem nay. Theo dd, Luat HN&GD
nam 2000 quy djnh nghTa vu cap dudng giiia
cac thanh vien trong gia dinh bao g6m:
NghTa vy cap dudng giiia cha, m? vd con
(Dieu 56, 57); nghTa vu cdp dudng giiia anh,
chj, em (Dieu 58); nghTa vy cap dudng giiia
dng, bd va chdu (Dieu 59); nghTa vy cap
dudng giOa vg vd chong (Dieu 60).
Nhu da ndi d tren, cdc quy djnh ndy cung
se dugc dp dyng ddi vdi quan he cap dudng
cd yeu td nude ngoai ndi chung va quan he
cap dudng giiia cha, me vd con cd yeu td
nude ngoai ndi rieng.
Qua phan tich tren cho thay, khi phat
sinh tranh chap ve quan he giiia cha me vd
con cd yeu td nude ngoai, co quan cd tham
quyen cua Viet Nam se ap dung phdp iuat
Viet Nam de gidi quylt. Tir dd, tao dieu kien
thuan igi cho cac tham phan Viet Nam vi
khdng phai dp dung phap ludt nude ngoai.
Tuy nhien, viec dp dyng nay trong mgt sd
trudng hgp se Ichdng dam bdo dugc quyen vd
igi ich hgp phdp cua cdc bn duong su cimg
nhu khdng dap ung dugc yeu cdu hdi nh^p
qudc te vd khu vue trong giai doan hien nay.
Vi vay, de khdc phyc nhugc diem tren vd tao
ca sd phap li cu the dieu chinh quan he cap
dudng giiia cha, me va con cd yeu td nude
ngoai phat sinh tren thyc tl, phap luat Viet
Nam can cd quy djnh dieu chinh true tilp
^ a n he nay.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S O 1/2013

2. M^t so giai phdp nham hodn thien

phdp luat giai quyet tranh chap quan he
cha, m^ vd con cd yeu to nvdc ngodi
Mdc dii phdp luat dd md rpng cac trudng
hgp dp dung phdp iuat Vi^t Nam song van
chua dap img dugc y^u cau dieu chinh d6i
vdi quan h | cha, mc vd con cd yeu to nude
ngodi trong dieu ki?n hgi nhap qudc te. Mgt
so quan he gia dinh cd yeu Id nude ngoai d
Vi^l Nam chua cd quy pham phap luat ciia
Vi?t Nam ho$c dieu udc qudc te Vi$t Nam
ki kit, gia nhdp dieu chinh hodc cd dieu
chinh nhung d mire dg han che.
Phan tich quy dinh ciia Luat HN&GD
ndm 2000 cho thay, viec dieu chinh cu the
cdc quan he HN&GD cd yeu to nude ngodi
dugc quy djnh tai chuang XI (tir Dieu 100
den Dieu 106), Chuong nay chi dieu chinh
bdn loai quan he (ket hdn, li hdn, nudi con
nudi va gidm hg) cdn quan he phdp h' giiia
vg va chdng (quan he tai san va nhan than),
quan he phdp li giiia cha me vd con (quyen
va nghia vu giiia cha me vd con; van de cap
dudng giira cha, me va con, van de xdc djnh
cha, me, con) vdn chua dupe quy djnh.
Cd the thdy viec thieu quy pham luat npi
dung trong cdc ngdnh luat ciing nhu thi6u sy
ddng bd trong ca he thong phdp luat dang la
trd ngai Ion cho vi|c dp dung phap luat ViSt
Nam theo sy ddn chi6u ciia quy ph^m xung
dot. Do vay, ben canh vi$c xay dung quy
p h ^ xung dot, cdn phdi hoan thien cac van
bdn phdp luat lien quan de ca quan cd thdm
quyen cd ca sd phdp li giai quylt cac quan
he phdt sinh tren thyc le.
De tao CO sd phdp li cho tod an trong
viec gidi quyet tranh chap ve quan he cha.
13

NGHIEN Ciiu - TRAO DOI

m? vd con cd yeu id nude ngodi, theo chiing
Idi cdn bd sung mpt so dieu ciia Chuang XI
Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 vd cdc vdn bdn
hudng dan qu> djnh ve quan h? ndy. Cy the:
Thir nhdi. vl nguyen tdc xdc djnh lu^l
dieu chinh quan h? cha, m? vd con cd yeu to
nude ngodi
Qua nghien ciru phdp lupt cua nhieu
quoc gia cho thay, cdc quoc gia thudng lay
yeu to nai d thudng xuyen (nai thudng irii)
cua ngudi con 1dm ca so xdc djnh lu^t ap
dyng dieu chinh quan h? giiia cha, m? vd
con. Trudc day. Phap l?nh ndm 1993 cung
quy djnh theo hudng tren. Thyc te dp dyng
Phap lenh ndm 1993 ve van de ndy dd dam
bao dugc quyen Igi cua cdc ben duang sy,
nhat Id quyen Ipi ciia ngudi con. Vi vay,
theo tac gia, phdp luat HN&GD dieu chinh
quan he giiia cha, me va con nen xay dyng
theo hudng sau;
- Ve quyen va nghTa vy giiia cha, me vd
con dugc xac djnh theo phdp lu^t ciia nude
noi thudng tni chung ciia hg vdo thdi diem
phat sinh tranh chap; neu hg khdng cd noi
thudng tni chung vao thai diem phdt sinh
tranh chap thi xac dinh theo phap lu^l ciia
nude nai thudng trii ciia ngudi con.
Vi?c xdc djnh cha, m?, con dugc lien
hdnh theo phdp ludt ciia nude nai thudng trii
ciia ngudi con vdo thdi diem cd dan y6u cau.
Vi$c dp dyng phap lu^t cua nude nai
thudng tni cOa ngudi con de xdc djnh cha,
m^, con, mgt mdt bao dam quyIn Igi cua
ngudi con theo myc dich md phdp lu^t Vi$t
Nam de ra Id ludn d^t Igi ich ciia tre em len
hang ddu; m^t khac, quy djnh ndy cGng phii
hgp vdi thdng 1? qudc te.

ThiJ' hai, vl vi?c xdc djnh cha, me vd con

De gidi quylt vi^c xdc djnh cha, m? vd
con, quy djnh ciia Lu^t HN&GD ndm 2O00
cung can phdi cd day dii cdc ca sd phdp li de
giiip ca quan tu phap giai quyet chinh xac
m6i quan h? ndy. Ve mdt phdp li, su kien
cha, m? nh^n con ho$c con nhan cha, m? la
ca sd cho hdng logt nhthig thay ddi khdc lien
quan din nhan than ciia dira tre nhu hp, ten,
qu6c tjch... Chinh vi vay, Ludt HN&GD nSra
1986 cung nhu Luat HN&GD ndm 2000 dIu
cd quy djnh ve vi^c xdc djnh cha, me, con.
Nhthig quy djnh vl xac dinh cha, me, con
trong gid thii dugc quy djnh trong Dieu 63
Lu^t HN&GD ndm 2000 van kl thira npi
dung Dilu 28 Lugt HN&GD ndm 1986. Tuy
nhien, van de xdc djnh cha, me, con ngoai gia
thii, tir trudc cho den nay van chua cd co sa
phdplide xac djnh.
Trong nhimg ndm qua, quan he giiia Viet
Nam vd cdc qudc gia trn thi gidi ngdy cdng
phdt trien. Nhieu cdng ddn Viet Nam ra nude
ngodi de hpc tap. cdng tdc... ngugc lai, cong
dan nude ngodi den Viet Nam vdi cdc muc
dich khdc nhau ngdy cang tdng. Thuc te do
cung da dan den nhieu vu viec yeu cdu toii
dn xdc dinh cha, m? cho con ngoai gid thu.
Vy trong nhCing vy vi?c dd toa an dya tren
nhthig cdn cu nao de xdc djnh mdi quan he
cha - con, me - con. Ddi vdi nhimg hgp nay,
Lu$t HN&GD ndm 2000 mdi chi quy djnh
ph^m vi chii the cd quyIn yeu cau xac djnh
mdi quan he cha, m? va con ma chua dy li^u
cdn cir phap li de suy dodn quan he me - con,
cha - con ngodi gid thii. Thyc tien x^t xir
nhieu ndm qua cho thay khi ndy sinh vy ki^n
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 1/2013

xac dinh cha, me, con ngoai gia thii, tod dn

thi6u CO sd phdp ti dS giai quylt lo^i ki?n
ndy. De toa an cd ca sd phdp li gidi quyet
tranh chdp ndy, phdp luat cdn quy djnh vi?c
xdc djnh cha, me, con ngodi gid thii theo
nguyen tdc suy dodn phap li nhu xdc dinh
cha, m?, con trong gia thii.
Thu ba. v6 van de cap duong giO:a cha,
me va con
Hien nay, phdp luat Viet Nam c6n thilu
cac quy pham xung dgt de giai quyet xung
dot phdp ludt ve quan he cap dudng cd yeu to
nude ngoai. Thyc le nhiing ndm qua cho thdy
cdc vy kien ddi cap dudng {nhat la cap dudng
nuoi con ngodi gia thii) phat sinh giiia cdng
dan Viet Nam vdi cdng dan ciia cdc quoc gia
ma Viet Nam chua ki ket dieu udc qudc te
ngdy cdng nhieu. Thuc te do ddi hdi phap lu^t
Viet Nam can phai cd quy pham xung dot de
chpn luat giai quyet quan he nay. Tdc gid cho
rdng nen xay dyng quy pham xung dgt theo
hudng: NghTa vu cap dudng cd yeu id nude
ngodi dugc xac dinh theo phdp ludt ciia nude
nai thudng tni ciia ngudi yeu cau cap dudng
vdo thdi diem dua dan yu cau vi:
Mot Id noi thudng tni cCia ngudi yeu cau
cdp dudng la nai md ngudi do thudng xuySn
sinh sdng. Quy djnh nhu vay se tao thu^n Igi
cho toa an trong viec dieu tra, xem xet xac
dinh ngudi yeu cau cap dudng cd dii dieu
kien de dugc cap dudng hay khdng. Neu hp
CO du dieu kien de dugc cap dudng thi toa dn
quyet djnh ngudi cd nghTa vy cap dudng
phdi cdp duong cho ngudi yeu cau cap
dudng theo khd ndng ciia minh. N6u trong
trudng hgp khdng cd cdn cii- cho rdng ngudi

II

CHi LUAT HOC S6 1/2013

yeu cau cap dudng lam vdo tinh trang khd

khdn, tiing thieu can dugc cap dudng thi tod
dn se bdc dan yeu cau cua hg.
Hai la dp dung phdp luat ciia nude nai
thudng tni ciia ngudi yeu cau cap dudng se
dam bao dugc quyen Igi ciia hg ma phap luat
dd quy djnh.
Ba Id quy dinh nhu vay cung phii hgp
vdi hiep djnh tuang trg tu phdp Viet Nam ki
ket vdi cdc quoc gia khdc. Cac hiep djnh
cung dp dyng nguyen tdc lu^t noi cu tni
(hodc thudng tni) cua ngudi yeu cau cap
dudng. Vidu- Nguyen tdc luat noi cutni cua
ngudi yeu cau cap dudng dupe quy djnh
trong Hiep djnh tuang trg tu phdp giua Viet
Nam vdi Lien X6 (cu). Theo dd, "viec cha
m^ cdp dudng con cdi vd con cdi da thdnh
nien cdp dudng cha me thi theo phdp ludt
cua nude ki ket nai ngudi yeu cdu cdp duang
dang cu trii" (khodn 4 Di6u 27); Hiep djnh
tuang trg tu phdp giiia Viet Nam vd Belarus
cung dp dung nguyen tac nay (Dieu 31).
Nguyen tac luat noi thudng tni ciia ngudi
yeu cau cap dudng dugc dp dyng trong Hiep
djnh tuang trg tu phdp giiia Viet Nam va
Lien bang Nga (khoan 1 Dieu 29); Hi?p djnh
tuang trg tu phap giiia Vi$t Nam vd Mdng
Cd (khodn 4 Dilu 28).
Tir nhimg diem phan tich lr8n, chiing tdi
cho rdng phap ludt Viet Nam nen c6 quy
pham xung dot ndi dja theo hudng tren nhdm
tao CO sd phap li cho tod dn trong vi6c gidi
quylt cdc tranh chap lien quan din quan h?
cha, me va con cd yeu Id nude ngoai ciing
nhu de ddm bdo quyen va Ipi ich hgp phap
ciia cdc ben duang sy./.