TNG QUAN V MPLS

1.1 Gii thiu

Internet ra i m mn cho k nguyn tin b vt bc ca nhn loi, n khng ngng
pht trin v phm vi cng nh cht lng. Do p ng vi nhng nhu cu ngy
cng cao ca con ngi c bit l v cht lng dch v v v vn bo mt th MPLS
ra i. Nh chng ta bit, nn tng ca internet da trn m hnh TCP/IP s dng
k thut chuyn mch gi IP truyn thng vi khng t nhc im. Nhng nhc im
chnh c th ni n nh sau:
- Tc v tr: chuyn mch IP truyn thng th cn chm do phi nh tuyn v
chuyn tip gi IP da trn phn tiu vi a ch ch lm nng ct. Tuy c mt s
phng php ci tin nh s dng bng nh tuyn nhanh cho cc gi tin quan trng
nhng s gi tin n nt mng vn ln hn so vi kh nng x l ca nt mng nn
dn n tnh trng mt gi, mt kt ni...
- Kh nng m rng mng: do nhu cu ngy cng cao nn vn m rng l tt yu,
m nu s dng mng IP truyn thng th vic m rng mng li l ht sc kh khn.
- Vic tch hp cc k thut cc lp trong m hnh OSI hay ni cch khc l lm trong
sut gia cc lp l ht sc kh khn.
MPLS c xem l gii php cho nhng vn ny. Vi kh nng chuyn tip nhanh,
n gin, nh tuyn linh hot, tn dng ti nguyn, v c bit cung cp dch v VPN
bo mt cao s gip cho MPLS c nhiu t dng v hin ti cng nh trong tng lai.
1.2 MPLS l g ?
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) l phng php ci tin cho vic chuyn tip cc
gi tin IP trn mng bng cch thm vo nhn (label). Nhn c chn vo gia tiu
lp 2 (layer 2) v lp 3 (layer 3) trong trng hp cc k thut lp 2 da trn khung
(frame) nh Ethernet, frame relay... i vi cc k thut lp 2 da trn t bo (cell) nh
ATM th nhn c xem l cc VPI , VCI.
MPLS kt hp cc u im ca k thut chuyn mch (switching) ca lp 2 v k thut
nh tuyn (routing) lp 3. Do s dng nhn quyt nh chng tip theo trong mng
nn router t lm vic hn v hot ng gn ging nh switch. Nhn c th c dng
thit lp chnh sch cho qu trnh x l lu lng trong mng yu t quan trng m
bo cht lng dch v.
1.3 Cc khi nim chnh trong MPLS
1.3.1 Nhn (Label)
Nhn l mt khung nhn dng ngn, chiu di c nh v khng c cu trc. Nhn khng
tc tip m ha thng tin ca header nh a ch lp mng. Nhn c gi vo mt gi
tin c th s i din cho mt FEC m gi tin c n nh.

1.3.2 Chng nhn (Stack Label)

Mt tp hp c th t cc nhn gn theo cc gi tin chuyn ti thng tin v nhiu FEC
v v cc LSP tng ng m gi s i qua. Ngn xp nhn cho php MPLS h tr nh
tuyn phn cp (Mt nhn cho EGP v mt nhn cho IGP) v t chc a LSP trong mt
trung k LSP.
1.3.3 Lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC (Forward Equivalence Class)
FEC m t s kt hp cc gi tin c cng a ch ch ca ngi nhn cui thnh cc lp
c nhng chnh sch x l tng ng. Gi tr FEC trong gi tin c th thit lp mc
u tin cho vic iu khin gi nhm h tr hiu qu hot ng ca QoS (Quality of
Service). i vi cc dch v khc nhau th cc FEC khc nhau vi cc thng s nh x
khc nhau. Vic nh x mt gi vo mt FEC c th t c nh vo mt s thng s
sau:
- a ch IP ngun, ch
- Cng ngun, ch
- Nhn dng giao thc (PID)
- Lung
-
FEC c n nh ngay t u vo ca mng MPLS v ph thuc vo hot ng ca LSR
ng vo, ra. Do thng th cc LSR ng vo v ra l cc router c kh nng x l
mnh.
1.3.4 ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label Swtiching Path)
ng chuyn mch nhn c thit lp t ingress LSR (ingress Label Switching Router
d liu u vo l gi IP truyn thng, ingress LSR s n nh nhn cho gi thng tin
ny) n egress LSR (egress Label Switching Router g b nhn cho gi d liu khi ra
khi mng li MPLS). LSP c xy dng bng cc giao thc nh LDP (Label
Distributed Protocol), RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol),
Mt LSP ni t u cui n u cui gi l ng hm LSP (LSP tunnel) lin kt cc
on LSP gia cc node.
1.3.5 C s thng tin nhn LIB (Label Information Base)
Mi LSR phi xy dng mt bng thng tin (information table) s dng cho vic inh
tuyn v chuyn tip cc gi tin trong mng. Trong bng s cha nhng thng tin lin
quan n nhn, a ch, trm k, xc nh r rng cch thc chuyn tip ca gi d
liu nh th no. Bng ny gm nhng trng sau [Hnh 3]:

1.3.6 LSR (Label Switching Router) v LER (Label Edge Router)

- LSR l router chuyn mch nhn nm trong mng li MPLS (khng phi l cc router
bin) c nhim v l nhn gi tin chuyn i nhn (label swapping), ri sau chuyn
tip (forwarding) gi tin ny n trm k tip.
- LER l cc router bin trong min MPLS (MPLS domain). Nu gi nhn vo l gi tin
IP truyn thng th LER s gn nhn vo gi tin v chuyn tip vo mng li MPLS. Nu

gi nhn c nhn th LER s g nhn ra v a gi tin vo mng IP truyn thng.

1.4 S pht trin ca MPLS
Mc ch ban u ca chuyn mch nhn l mun a tc ca chuyn mch lp 2 vo
lp 3. L l ban u cho cc k thut nh MPLS khng lu sau c nhn thy l c
u im, bi v cc chuyn mch lp 3 mi c s dng cng ngh ASIC ( Applicationspecific integrated circuit), k thut nn tng c th thi hnh chc nng tm kim vi tc
va h tr cho hu ht cc loi giao tip (interface).
Chun ca chuyn mch nhn c nhm nghin cu ca IETF v MPLS xut nm
1997 v c nghin cu rng ri. MPLS c pht trin t nhiu k thut chnh, bao
gm cc phin bn c quyn v chuyn mch nhn nh chuyn mch nhn ca Cisco
(Ciscos Tag Switching), Chuyn mch IP da trn nn nh tuyn tng hp ca IBM
(IBMs Aggregate Route-Based IP Switching ARIS), B nh tuyn chuyn mch t
bo ca Toshiba (Toshibas Cell-Switched Router CSR), Chuyn mch IP ca Ipsilon
(Ipsilons IP Switching) v b nh v IP ca Lucent (Lucents IP Navigator).
Chuyn mch th (Tag Switching), c pht minh bi Cisco, v a n ngi dng ln
u tin vo nm 1998. T khi bt u trin khai chuyn mch th, Cisco lm vic
chung vi IETF pht trin v thng qua cc chun ca MPLS, hp nht cc c tnh v
u im ca Chuyn mch th.
1.5 u v nhc im ca MPLS
- Tc v tr: Chuyn mch nhn c cung cp gii quyt vn v tc v
tr mt cch hiu qu. Chuyn mch nhn nhanh hn nhiu chuyn mch IP c in
bi v gi tr nhn c thit k n gin, c s dng qun l bng nh tuyn theo
cch nhn s c s dng l ch mc trong bng. Vic tm kim ny yu cu ch mt ln
l tm ra, ngc li nh tuyn c in c th phi tm trong bng vi nghn ln. Kt
qu, trn lung vn chuyn, cc gi c gi thng qua mng nhanh hn thng thng,
gim thi gian tr, v p ng thi gian cho ngi dng.
- Kh nng m rng: D nhin tc l mt mt quan trng ca chuyn mch nhn,
nhng dch v nhanh khng phi l tt c m chuyn mch nhn c th cung cp. N
cng c th cung cp kh nng m rng, tc l iu tit mt s lng ln v ngy cng
tng nhanh chng cc user trn mng Internet. Chuyn mch nhn ngh mt cch gii
quyt cho vn pht trin mng mt cch nhanh chng nh vy bng cch cho php
mt s lng ln cc a ch IP c lin kt vi nhau trn mt hay mt vi nhn. Cch
tip cn ny s ct gim bt bng nh tuyn v cho php mt router phc v nhiu ngi
dng hn ti mt thi im v cng khng cn i hi kh nng x l cao ca cc router.
- n gin: Mt u im na ca chuyn mch nhn l v c bn n ch l tp hp ca
cc giao thc nh tuyn. N rt n gin, chuyn tip mt gi da trn nhn ca gi .
Lm th no mt nhn n mt ng dn ca ngi dng m khng cn quan tm n
vic chuyn tip thc s ca ng dn . Tt c c ch iu khin trn c th phc tp,
nhng chng khng lm nh hng n hiu qu ca ng dn. Tc l s c rt nhiu
cc phng php khc nhau phn phi cc nhn cho ng truyn, tuy nhin sau khi
cc nhn c phn phi xong, hat ng chuyn mch nhn s c thc hin mt
cch rt nhanh chng. Chuyn mch nhn c th c thc hin trong mt phn mm,

trong cc mch in t tch hp hay trong mt vi x l c bit.

- Mc s dng ti nguyn: C ch iu khin thit lp mt nhn phi khng lm
tiu tn nhiu ti nguyn. N khng c lm mt nhiu ti nguyn v chuyn mch
nhn th hon ton khng lm tiu tn nhiu ti nguyn thc thi vic thnh lp mt con
ng chuyn mch nhn cho ng dn.
1.6 MPLS v kin trc internet
T khi ARPNET c trin khai, thi i ca Internet bt u, kin trc ca Internet cng
c thay i. N m ra cc p ng v s tin b ca k thut, pht trin v h tr cho
nhiu dch v mi. Hu ht cc s thay i gn y ca kin trc Internet l do s thm
vo ca MPLS. Nhng cn ch rng k thut chuyn tip ca Internet l da vo vic
nh tuyn a ch ch, v n khng h thay i t khi ARPANET xut hin. S thay i
chnh l s thay th ca giao thc nh tuyn cng bin gii phin bn 4 (Border
Gateway Protocol Version 4 BGP4) t giao thc nh tuyn cng bn ngoi (Exterior
Gateway Protocol EGP), s b sung ca nh tuyn min trong khng phn lp
(Classless Interdomain Routing CIDR), cc nng cp c nh ca bng thng v cc
thit b u cui nh c thm nhiu cc b nh tuyn mnh.
MPLS tc ng n c k thut chuyn tip gi tin IP v vic xc nh ng i
(ng i ca cc gi tin c chuyn tip trn mng Internet). V kt qu l s ra i
cc cu trc mng ca Internet. MPLS c th h tr cho IP phin bn 6 (IP version 6) bi
v thut ton chuyn tip ca MPLS cho IP phin bn 4 cng c th p dng cho IP phin
bn 6 vi vic s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn h tr cho a ch IP phin bn 6. MPLS
c trin khai bi v n c u im gn gi v trc tip n Internet. Hu ht u im
gn gi ca MPLS vi cc chi tit c th cho mng ng trc ca nh cung cp dch v
Internet l kh nng trin khai k thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering). K thut lu
lng cho php cc nh cung cp dch v loi b ti ca cc tuyn (link) b tc nghn v
iu khin cc ti chia x sang cc tuyn khc cha c s dng ng mc. Kt qu ca
cng vic trn l tn dng ti nguyn s cp cao hn v cng c ngha l s hiu
qu v chi ph s c tit kim hn.
1.7 Tnh cht bo mt ca MPLS
c ci nhn ton cnh v cc vn bo mt ca MPLS, th chng ta s im qua b
khung (framework) ca MPLS. B khung c 2 mt phng chnh l mt phng iu
khin (control plane) v mt phng d liu (data plane).
[Hnh 4]

ng vi 2 mt phng ny th c cc kiu tn cng sau nhm vo mng MPLS lm cho

nh cung cp cng nh ngi s dng mng MPLS phi quan tm. Nhng cch thc tn
cng vo mng MPLS c th hin qua bng 1

Nhng kiu tn cng trn nhm vo nhng im yu ca MPLS. Qua , cc t chc

nghin cu v MPLS a ra kin trc bo mt cho MPLS. Chng 2 s tp trung phn

tch kin trc bo mt ca MPLS vi dch c th l mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private
Network).
Nhiu doanh nghip ang thay th dn nhng cng ngh VPN truyn thng nh ATM hay
Frame Relay (FR) bng nhng dch v da trn MPLS. MPLS l cng ngh ang ngy
cng tr nn ph bin vi vic cung cp dch v VPN hiu qu v an ton. Bo mt kin
trc MPLS th ang c s quan tm ngy cng nhiu ca nh cung cp dch v cng
nh khch hng s dng MPLS. Bi nghin cu ny cho ta mt ci nhn tng quan v bo
mt kin trc v so snh n vi cc cng ngh lp 2 truyn thng t vin cnh bo mt.
Bi ny khuyn ngh cch lm an ton h tng MPLS. Tp trung c th vo kin trc
MPLS VPN.
Mt phng chuyn tip (Forwarding plane):
- Mt phng chuyn tip s dng mt c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (LFIB - Label
Forwarding Information Base) chuyn tip cc gi. Mi nt MPLS c hai bng lin
quan n vic chuyn tip l: c s thng tin nhn (LIB - Label Information Base) v
LFIB. LIB cha tt c cc nhn c nt MPLS cc b nh du v nh x ca cc nhn
ny n cc nhn c nhn t lng ging (MPLS neighbor) ca n. LFIB s dng mt
tp con cc nhn cha trong LIB thc hin chuyn tip gi.
Mt phng iu khin (Control Plane)
- Mt phng iu khin MPLS chu trch nhim to ra v lu tr LFIB. Tt c cc nt
MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trao i thng tin nh tuyn n cc nt
MPLS khc trong mng. Cc nt MPLS enable ATM s dng mt b iu khin nhn
(LSC Label Switch Controller) nh router 7200, 7500 hoc dng mt m un x l
tuyn (RMP Route Processor Module) tham gia x l nh tuyn IP.
- Cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-state nh OSPF v IS-IS l cc giao thc c chn v
chng cung cp cho mi nt MPLS thng tin ca ton mng. Trong cc b nh tuyn
thng thng, bn nh tuyn IP dng xy dng b lu tr chuyn mch nhanh (Fast
switching cache) hoc FIB (dng bi CEF - Cisco Express Forwarding). Tuy nhin vi
MPLS, bn nh tuyn IP cung cp thng tin ca mng ch v subnet prefix. Cc giao
thc nh tuyn link-state gi thng tin nh tuyn (flood) gia mt tp cc router ni
trc tip (adjacent), thng tin lin kt nhn ch c phn phi gia cc router ni trc
tip vi nhau bng cch dng giao thc phn phi (LDP Label Distribution Protocol)
hoc TDP (Cisco s proproetary Tag Distribution protocol).
- Cc nhn c trao i gia cc nt MPLS k cn xy dng nn LFIB. MPLS dng
mt mu chuyn tip da trn s hon i nhn kt ni vi cc m un iu khin
khc nhau. Mi m un iu khin chu trch nhim nh du v phn phi mt tp cc
nhn cng nh lu tr cc thng tin iu khin c lin quan khc. Cc giao thc cng ni
(IGP Interior Gateway Potocols) c dng xc nhn kh nng n c, s lin
kt, v nh x gia FEC v a ch trm k (next-hop address).
Cc m un iu khin MPLS gm:
nh tuyn Unicast (Unicast Routing)
nh tuyn Multicast (Multicast Routing)
K thut lu lng (Traffic engineering)
Mng ring o (VPN Virtual private Network)
Cht lng dch v (QoS Quality of service)

Cc thnh phn mt phng d liu v mt phng iu khin ca MPLS

- Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) l nn tng cho MPLS v hot ng trn cc router
ca Cisco. Do , CEF l iu kin tin quyt trong thc thi MPLS trn mi thit b ca
Cisco ngoi tr cc ATM switch ch h tr chc nng ca mt phng chuyn tip d liu.
CEF l mt c ch chuyn mch thuc s hu ca Cisco nhm lm tng tnh n gin v
kh nng chuyn tip gi IP. CEF trnh vic vit li overhead ca cache trong mi trng
li IP bng cch s dng mt c s thng tin chuyn tip (FIB Forwarding Information
Base) quyt nh chuyn mch. N phn nh ton b ni dung ca bng nh tuyn IP
(IP routing table), nh x 1-1 gia FIB v bng nh tuyn. Khi router s dng CEF, n
duy tr ti thiu 1 FIB, cha mt nh x cc mng ch trong bng nh tuyn vi cc
trm k tip (next-hop adjacencies) tng ng. FIB trong mt phng d liu, ni router
thc hin c ch chuyn tip v x l cc gi tin. Trn router cn duy tr hai cu trc
khc l c s thng tin nhn (LIB Label Information Base) v c s thng tin chuyn
tip nhn (LFIB Label Forwarding Information Base). Giao thc phn phi s dng
gia cc lng ging MPLS c nhim v to ra cc ch mc (entry) trong hai bng ny.
LIB thuc mt phng iu khin v c giao thc phn phi nhn s dng khi a ch
mng ch trong bng nh tuyn c nh x vi nhn nhn c t router xui dng.
LFIB thuc mt phng d liu v cha nhn cc b (local label) n nhn trm k nh x
vi giao tip ng ra (outgoing interface), c dng chuyn tip cc gi c gn
nhn. Nh vy, thng tin v cc mng n c do cc giao thc nh tuyn cung cp
dng xy dng bng nh tuyn (RIB - Routing Information Base). RIB cung cp
thng tin cho FIB. LIB c to nn da vo giao thc phn phi nhn v t LIB kt hp
vi FIB to ra LFIB.
Nhn (Label) trong MPLS
Kiu khung (Frame mode):
- Kiu khung l thut ng khi chuyn tip mt gi vi nhn gn trc tiu lp ba. Mt
nhn c m ho vi 20bit, ngha l c th c 220 gi tr khc nhau. Mt gi c nhiu
nhn, gi l chng nhn (label stack). mi chng trong mng ch c mt nhn bn
ngoi c xem xt.
Hnh 2 m t nh dng tiu ca MPLS

- Trong :
- EXP=Experimental (3 bit): dnh cho thc nghim. Cisco IOS s dng cc bit ny gi
cc thng bo cho QoS; khi cc gi MPLS xp hng c th dng cc bit EXP tng t
nh cc bit IP u tin (IP Precedence).
- S=Bottom of stack (1 bit): l bt cui chng. Nhn cui chng bit ny c thit lp ln
1, cc nhn khc c bt ny l 0.
- TTL=Time To Live (8 bit): thi gian sng l bn sao ca IP TTL. Gi tr ca n c
gim ti mi chng trnh lp (ging nh trong IP). Thng dng khi ngi iu hnh
mng mun che du cu hnh mng bn di khi tm ng t mng bn ngoi.
Kiu t bo (Cell mode):

- Thut ng ny dng khi c mt mng gm cc ATM LSR dng MPLS trong mt phng
iu khin trao i thng tin VPI/VCI thay v dng bo hiu ATM. Trong kiu t bo,
nhn l trng VPI/VCI ca t bo. Sau khi trao i nhn trong mt phng iu khin,
mt phng chuyn tip, router ng vo (ingress router) phn tch gi thnh cc t bo
ATM, dng gi tr VCI/CPI tng ng trao i trong mt phng iu khin v truyn
t bo i. Cc ATM LSR pha trong hot ng nh chuyn mch ATM chng chuyn
tip mt t bo da trn VPI/VCI vo v thng tin cng ra tng ng. Cui cng, router
ng ra (egress router) sp xp li cc t bo thnh mt gi.

- Trong :
GFC (Generic Flow Control): iu khin lung chung
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): nhn dng ng o
VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): nhn dng knh o
PT (Payload Type): Ch th kiu trng tin
CLP (Cell Loss Priority): Chc nng ch th u tin hu b t bo
HEC (Header error check): Kim tra li tiu .
Cu trc nt ca MPLS:
- Mt nt ca MPLS c hai mt phng: mt phng chuyn tip MPLS v mt phng iu
khin MPLS. Nt MPLS c th thc hin nh tuyn lp ba hoc chuyn mch lp hai.
Kin trc c bn ca mt nt MPLS nh sau: