Cu 1: Cc tham s c bn ca anten

nh gi, la chn hoc s dng tt mt anten phi da trn cc c tnh v

tham s ca n.

1.1 Hm phng hng

Khi nim: L hm s biu th s ph thuc ca cng trng bc x bi anten
theo cc hng khc nhau trong khng gian vi khong cch khng i, c k

hiu l f(

f , f , . i f , . i

).

Trong : , : Gc bc x ca anten (gc phng v v gc ngng).
1.2 Hm phng hng bin
Biu th quan h ca bin trng bc x theo hng kho st vi c ly kho st

f ,

f , f ,
2

khng i
1.3 Hm bin tng i (chun ha)
- L hm phng hng theo nh ngha cia cho gi tr cc i ca modun ly vs

gtri tuyt i. Nu k hi hm ny l F( , ) th:

F ,

f ,

f , max

(1.3)

; Fmax = 1
1.4 th phng hng
- L th khng gian biu th s bin i tng i ca bin trng bc x
theo hng kho st khi c ly kho st l khng i.

- c v t F( , ) trn ta cc hoc ta cc
- Mt phng chn v th l hai mt phng vung gc i qua hng bc x cc
i ca anten.

Vi ta cc, trc chun ban u chn trng vi trc i xng ca th,

bt u hng cc i.
+
Thang biu din c th theo thang thp phn hoc logarit.
1,0

0,75

0,50
0,25
o
-90

-60 -30

30

60

90

th phng hng
1.5 rng th phng hng
- L gc gia hai hng m theo hng cng sut bc x gim
0
+
Gc bc x khng (2 ): Cng sut bc x hng cc i gim n 0
1 / 2
3dB
+
Gc bc x na cng sut (2
hay
): Cng sut bc x gim mt na
so vi hng cc i.
+
Th hin tnh tp trung nng lng bc x theo hng lm vic
+
rng bp sng cng hp c ly lin lc cho php cng ln

rng th phng hng

1.6 Cng sut bc x
- Cng sut bc x ( ): L phn cng sut bc x thnh nng lng in t.

- Cng sut tn hao (Pth): Cng sut b tiu tn do nhit bi vt dn, trong cc lp
in mi
-

Cng sut a vo anten:

Pa P Pth

+ Pa: cng sut a vo anten

+ Pth: cng sut tn hao trn anten
+ P cn li: Pbx

1.7 Hiu sut ca anten

P
1.8

1 2
I m .R
2

P
1

Pa 1 Pth

in tr bc x

in tr bc x c trng cho kh nng bc x ca anten

1.9 H s nh hng
L t s gia mt cng sut ca anten ti mt hng xc nh vi mt cng
sut ca mt anten chun khi hai anten t cng v tr v cng sut bc x nh nhau.
Anten chun thng chn anten v hng.
D ,

S ,
S0

D ,

E , E max . F ,

E 2 ,
E 02

S: mt cs bx ca anten
2
D , Dmax .F ,

1.10

H s khuch i ca anten (tng ch)

nh ngha: L t s gia mt cng sut bc x ca anten thc hng kho

st v mt cng sut bc x ca anten chun (thng l anten v hng) cng hng
v khong cch nh trn, vi gi thit cng sut t vo hai anten bng nhau, cn anten
chun c hiu sut bng 1.
G , a .

S ,
a .D ,
S0

H s tng ch va biu hin tnh nh hng, va biu th tn hao trn anten

1.11

Tr khng vo

Anten l ti ca my pht, tr s ti c trng bi tr khng vo ca anten

+ Thun tr R c trng cho thnh phn nng lng bc x thnh sng in
t.
+ in khng X l do phn trng gn, b rng buc vi anten
Tr khng vo nh hng ti ch lm vic ca cc thit b ni ti anten.

Z va

Ua
Rva jX va
Ia

1.12

Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP)

(1.9)

Cng sut ny c nh ngha:

EIRP PT .GT

(W)

(1.10)

Trong : PT l cng sut u ra ca my pht a vo anten v GT l h s khuch

i ca anten pht. Nu b qua suy hao t fi ni t my pht n anten th PA = PT .
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng l cng sut bc x vi anten v
hng, trong trng hp ny c th coi GT = 1

1.13

Din tch hiu dng v chiu di hiu dng

Din tch hiu dng: c trng cho kh nng thu ca cc anten thu (bc x mt)
c xc nh bng biu thc:

Ae A. A
Trong A l din tch bc x hay cm ng thc t ca anten,
vic ca anten.

(1.11)
A

l hiu sut lm

Quan h gia din tch hiu dng v h s khuch i ca anten thu c biu th
bi biu thc:

GR .2
Ae
4

(1.12)

Ae

Trong :

l din tch hiu dng ca anten (m)

GR l h s khuch i ca anten thu

l bc sng cng tc (m)

Vi cc anten dy, chn t i xng kh nng lm vic ch thu c biu

th bng chiu di hiu dng. Nu cng in trng t ti im t anten thu
l Eh(V/m) th sc in ng cm ng ln anten s l:

A l e .E h

(V)

(1.13)

le

ca anten ph thuc vo chiu di thc ca anten v bc sng cng tc,hay ni

/

cc khc ph thuc vo chiu di tng i

ca anten .

1.14

Di tn cng tc ca anten

Di tn cng tc ca anten l khong tn s lm vic ca anten m trong khong

tn s cc thng s ca anten khng thay i hoc thay i trong phm vi cho
php.
Thng thng c chia thnh 4 nhm:
+ Anten di hp
f
10%
f0

f max
f min

tc
< 1,1
+ Anten di tn tng i rng
10%

f
50%
f0

tc 1,1<

f max
f min

< 1,5

+ Anten di rng
f max
f min

1,5<
<4
+ Anten di rt rng
f max
f min

>4

f f max f min

Trong :
s cc tiu ca di tn.
1.15

f 0 , f max , f min

l tn s trung tm, tn s cc i v tn

H s bo v ca anten
K bv

2
E max

E ,
2

G max
G ,

Cu 2: So snh chn t in chn t t.

A, Ging nhau: u c:
- L phn t dn t thng, rt mnh, c di l rt nh hn bc sng
- Bc x sng cc ha thng

(1.14)

- th phng hng ca ipl in ging th phng hng ca ipl t tc l: C

bx cc i theo hng vung gc vs trc, bx =0 theo hng trc

-H s tnh hng:

1 E , .4 .r
3
D , . h
sin 2
2
Z .P
2
2

Dmax 3 / 2

B,Khc nhau:
Thuc tnh
Khi nim

ipl in
L phn t dn in thng, rt
mnh, c di l rt nh hn bc
sng. Dng in phn b u c v
bin v pha

ipl t
L phn t dn t thng, rt mnh,
c di l rt nh hn bc sng.
Dng t phn b u c v bin
v pha.

Kho
st -Tn ti vc t in trng trong -Tn ti vc t in trng trong

trng ti

mt phng in trng ( )
im M
mt phng in trng ( )
-Tn ti vc t t trng trong mt
-Tn ti vc t t trng trong mt

phng ( )

phng ( )

Nhn xt

-Trng bc x ca dipole in l -Trng bc x ca dipole t l

trng phn cc ng thng, in trng phn cc ng thng, in
trng ch c thnh phn

v t trng ch c thnh phn

v t

trng ch c thnh phn

.
trng ch c thnh phn
.
-Mt phng E trng vi mt phng -Mt phng H trng vi mt phng
kinh tuyn cha trc chn t, mt kinh tuyn cha trc chn t, mt
phng H trng vi mt phng v phng E trng vi mt phng v
tuyn vung vi trc chn t.
tuyn vung gc vi trc chn t.
-Bc x c hng trong mt phng -Bc x c hng trong mt phng
E, v hng trong mt phng H.

Hm
phng
hng

H,v hng trong mt phng E.

Cng sut
bc x

2 Z l

3

2 Z

Im

3Z

(1.25)

Re

Gm

in tr bc x:

2 l

3Z

1/
in dn bc

x:

Cu 3: So snh anten pht v thu:

A, Ging nhau:
-u l thit b in t dng thu pht, bx nng lng
-C kt cu ging nhau
-Bin i NL t cao tn thnh song t t do, bx n theo nhng hng nht nh
-u c sd trong cc ht thng tin v tuyn, v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn hnh, v
tuyn thin vn
B, Khc nhau:

Thuc tnh
Nhim v

Anten pht
Bin i sng t rng buc trong
fido thnh sng t t do bx ra 0 gian
-Cung cp tn hiu m bo cho vic
phn phi NL cho cc phn t bx vs
cc yc khc nhau

Cu to

-h thng cung cp tn hiu

-H thng bx
khng L ni tr ca ngun sut in ng

Tr
ngoi
Cu 4: Phng php nh gng

Anten thu
-Tip nhn sng t t do t 0 gian
ngoi v bin i chng thnh sng
t rng buc. NL t m anten thu
tip nhn t ngoi 0 gian s 1 phn
truyn ti my thu cn 1 phn bx
li vo 0 gian (bx th cp)
-Gia cng tn hiu
-H thng cm th bx
-H thng gia cng tn hiu
L ti ca anten

(1.26)

-Chn t trong mi trng thc, cc vt dn gn nh hng ti s bc x.

-nh hng ca mt t c xc nh bng phng php nh gng
+Tc dng ca dng th cp xc nh tng ng vi mt chn t o l nh ca chn t
tht qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng chn t nh

Hnh 2.9. Chn t tht v chn t nh

-Bc x s tng ng vi h hai chn t c khong cch 2h t trong khng gian t do.
I a I t .R px .e

i px

-Theo l thuyt phn x sng phng, quan h dng:

Trong : +Rpx l mun ca h s phn x
px
+ gc pha ca h s phn x
+Ia dng in trong chn t nh
+It dng in trong chn t tht

Cu 5: Xc nh trng ca chn t in t khi t //, vung gc vs mt t

Bc x ca chn t i xng t nm ngang (song song vs mt t)
Chn t t nm ngang nn mt phng vung gc vi trc v i qua tm chn
t c

F0

= 1.

Vi mt t dn in l tng c R=1 v

(2.28)

E E 0 21 cos 2k .h. sin 2 E 0 .F

(2.29)

F sin k .h. sin

F

th hin nh hng ca mt t thng qua chn t nh

90o

180o

90o

= 0o180o

= 0o

h = 0,25 ; =

h = 0,5 ; =

Hnh 2.12. th phng hng ca chn t i xng t nm ngang trn mt t

Bc x ca chn t i xng t thng ng (vung gc vs mt t)
+ Hai chn t c dng in ng pha
F F0 cos kh sin

F0

E 2 E0 .F

cos klsin coskl

1-coskl cos

Hm phng
hng
(2.30)

+
bin ging ca chn t i xng (

l gc ph nhau)

(2.31)

Hnh 2.13. th phng hng ca chn t i xng t vung gc trn mt t