.

1.

Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD)
(Cut Slope) Soil
Nailing

( )

2.

(Stability of Slope) (Factor of Safety, FS.)
(Driving
Force) (Resisting Force) (1)
Factor of Safety (F.S.)

(Resisting Force)
(Driving Force)

(1)

3.

6 1
1

1. (Avoidance)
2. (Unloading)
3.
(Drainage and Protection)
4.
(Surface Protection)
5.
(Retaining structures)
6.
(Soil improvement)

-
-
-

-
-

3.1. (Avoidance)

Half Cut Half Fill

3.2. (Unloading)



(Light weight Material)

3.2.1. (Excavation)

(Benching)
(Accessibility)

3.2.2. (Flattening of Slopes)

1



3.2.3. (Benching of Slopes)

(Sloping Ground)

1
3.2.4. (Lightweight Fill)


Polystyrene foam, sawdust, shale, cinders,
shredded rubber tires, seashells
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)

3.3. (Drainage and Protection)

(Landslide)



2

3.3.1. (Surface Drainage)

Stepped drain
chute curb

Tension Crack

Tension Crack

2
3.3.2. (Subsurface Drainage)

(Borehole) (Observation Well) (Trench)

3.3.2.1. (Trench Drain)

4.00 6.00 1.00 2.00
Geotextile
Geotextile

Plasticity ()
3 4

1.50 - 2.00

0.5

Geotextile

4.00 - 6.00

3 (Trench drain)

4 Trench drain

3 4
Manhole

3.3.2.2. Vertical Well Drain

Vertical well drain ( 5)
100 200
PVC

5 Vertical well drain

3.3.2.3.

Horizontal Borehole Drain

Horizontal borehole drain
50 150
2o 15o

5 20

Geotextile
Horizontal Borehole Drain


6

Horizontal Borehole Drain

Borehole Drains

6 Horizontal drain
3.4. (Surface erosion protection)

Shotcrete, vegetation Rip-Rap

7

7
3.4.1. (Bio-Technique)

8 ()
3.4.2. Rip-Rap
Rip-Rap toe slope

1.50 2.00 9

9 Rip-Rap Toe slope

3.5. (Retaining structures and reinforcement)

Crib wall
(Soil and Rock Fill) Mechanically Stabilized
Embankment (MSE)
3.5.1. Crib wall
Crib wall
( 3 5 )
12


10 11

10 Crib wall toe slope

11 Crib wall Live Branches

3.5.2.
( 12) Toe slope


Toe slope

12
3.5.3.
( 13) Toe
slope
Toe slope
Toe slope (Upheaval)
Upheaval

(Potential Failure Surface)

13
Shear
key ( 14) Shear key
(Critical Slip Circle)


Shear key Trench Toe Slope
Trench Toe Slope
Trench (Bracing)
Trench

14 Toe slope Shear key

3.5.4. Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE)

Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE)


Backfill Metallic Strips, Mesh, Geosynthetic Reinforcement
Mesh Gravity Mass Wall 15
2
1

intermediate berm
for ispection and
maintenance of the structure.

trench
(whenever necessary)
natural or geosynthetic draining layer

orginal ground surface

fill soil

excavation profile
0.60 m

60?

1.50 m
geogrid length (from design/calculations)

15 MSE wall

2538 MSE wall

500 12
0.55 2 2
MSE wall 130
56%
R.C. Retaining
wall Reinforced Earth Wall Concrete leveling pad
520 4

Reinforced Earth wall

R.C. Retaining wall 2
16

16 Reinforced earth wall

3.5.5. Gabion
Gabion

PVC
Corrosion
MSE wall Retaining wall
Gravity wall
wire mesh
Reinforced Gabion
Gabion
(Bending Moment) Gabion
Gabion
Gabion

toe slope ( 17, 18 19)

17 toe slope

18 Gabion

19 Gabion
Gabion
Gabion


(Labor Intensive) Gabion
(Global Stability)
Gabion

3.5.6. Soil Nailing

Soil Nailing (In Situ Reinforcement)

Soil Nailing Steel bars,

Grouting
Shotcrete ( 10 15
wire mesh 20, 21 22

20 Nail Soil Nailing

21 Soil Nailing
Soil Nailing Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Critical Potential Failure Surface (Spacing) (Size)
Soil Nailing Wall Facing
Global Stability Internal Stability

22 Soil Nailing
Soil nailing
Soil Nailing
Soil Nailing
Grouting
Soil Nailing
Soil Nailing

(Tensile Stress)

Soil Nailing
1 2

Shotcrete
Shotcrete Shotcrete
Soil Nailing

3.6. (Soil Improvement)

3.6.1. Soil Cement
Cement
(Bearing Capacity)
()

2 4

(Crack) (Shrinkage)

Shotcrete

3.6.2. The Deep Mixing Method (Cement Column Method)

Jet Mixing Technique Cement Column Method

-

-
- Cutoff of Water, Ground
Stabilization during shield tunneling, Preventing Liquefaction
-

Cement Column ( 23 24)

Manual for Design and Construction of Cement Column Method
Japan
International
Cooperation Agency (JICA)

23 Cement Column Method

24 Cement Column Method

Cement Column Method

Toe
Slope
Cement Column

4. (Selection of Stabilization
Methods)

Reinforcement System

4.2.

4.2.1.

(Creep of In Situ Ground)


Granular Soils Fine-Grained
soils

MSE wall, Gabion wall Soil Nailing
Reinforced
Elements
Reinforced Element (Strain)

Gabion
wall

4.2.2.


MSE wall
Reinforced elements reinforced elements 0.5
0.7 MSE wall soil nailing
tie back

4.2.3.

4.2.4.

Shotcrete

Shotcrete

Shotcrete
Horizontal drain Vertical drain
4.2.5.

5. (Landslide Hazard
Map in Thailand)

Road Disaster Prevention Plan in

Kingdom of Thailand JICA

4 25 - 28

Landslide Hazard Map

25

26

27

28

6.
108 . . . 86+230 86+320
6.2.
60
1.20 2
6.3.
(Surface Erosion Failure)

2 100 2

6.4.

29 Cross Section

6.5.
108 Surface Failure ( 29)
40




MSE
Wall (Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall)

MSE Wall Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) Design of MSE Wall
6.5.1.
6.5.2.
-

Geometry
Height of Reinforced wall
Slope surface Angle of MSE wall
Surcharge load
Length of Reinforcement
Existing Soil Properties
Unit weight
Angle of Internal friction
Cohesion
Reinforced Soil Material
Unit weight
Angle of Friction
Cohesion

=
=
=
=

15 m. (Max.)
70 degree
10 kN/m
10 m.

=
=
=

19.6 kN/m2
25 degree
15 kN/m2

=
=
=

19.6 kN/m3
34 degree
0 kN/m2

MSE Wall
6.5.3. External Stability
- F.S. Sliding
=
2.15 > 1.50
- F.S. Overturning
=
2.84 > 2.00
- F.S. Bearing capacity
=
3.20 > 2.00
- F.S. Sliding at Base
=
1.80 > 1.50
6.5.4. Internal Stability
- F.S. Rupture (min.)
=
1.67 > 1.50
- F.S. Pullout (min.)
=
1.60 > 1.50
=
1.88 > 1.30
6.5.5. Overall Stability

30 (Overall Stability)

(Specification)
- (Reinforced Soil)
Non Plastic Aggregate
20 200 20%
.. 204/2516 (Angle of Internal friction) 34
Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Index (PI) 35% 11%
CBR 10%
- (Geogrids)
ISO9002 High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Polyester (PET)
2
2
Polyester (PET)
Polyolefin (PP HDPE)
- Polyester (PET) - Polyolefin (PP HDPE)

PH 9
(UV
(Hydrolysis)
radiation)

(long-term Usage)
(long-term usage)
Oxidation
- (Additive)

Hydrolysis
- (Additive)
Antioxidants, UV Stabilizer, Carbon
black
Oxidation

3
Depth
Type of Geogrid
(m.)
0.00 4.00
Type I
4.00 13.00
Type II
13.00 15.00
Type III

Ultimate tensile strength

(kN/m2)
100
150
200

Vertical Spacing
(m.)
0.50
0.25
0.25

Length
(m.)
10.00
10.00
10.00

-
Gabion
31 32

31 108

32 MSE

7.

(Geotechnical Engineering)
(Structural Engineering)

8.
- , ,
108 . . . 86+230
86+320, , 2546
- ,
MSE wall,
, 2541
- Abramson, L. W. Slope Stability and Stabilization Methods, New York: John Wiley &
Sons Inc., 2002
- Department of Highways & Japan International Cooperation Agency, Manual for
Design and Construction of Cement Column Method, 1999
- Federal Highways Administration (FHWA), Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and
Reinforced Soil Slopes Design and Construction, 1996
- Oriental consultants, Katahira & Engineers International, The study on road disaster
prevention plan in The Kingdom of Thailand, Japan International Cooperation
Agency, 1994