Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

I HC QUC GIA TP. H CH MINH

TRNG H CNG NGH THNG TIN
----------

TIU LUN
K thut chuyn mch MPLS

Gio vin hng dn:

Th.S Chu Tin Dng

Nhm SV thc hin:

1. Nguyn Vn Hun
2. Nguyn T Khim
3. Nguyn Cao Hng

Lp:

K2013NT

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

MC LC
LI M U........................................................................................................................5
GII THIU...........................................................................................................................6
2. CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS........................................................8
2.1. nh ngha:....................................................................................................................8
2.2. c im MPLS:...........................................................................................................8
2.2.1. Tc v tr:..........................................................................................................8
2.3. Cc thnh phn c bn trong MPLS..............................................................................9
2.3.1. Cc thit b trong mng MPLS:.............................................................................9
2.4. ng chuyn mch nhn:..........................................................................................10
2.4.1. . LSP:....................................................................................................................10
2.4.2. ng hm LSP:..................................................................................................11
2.5. Nhn v cc vn lin quan......................................................................................13
2.5.1. Nhn, ngn xp nhn, khng gian nhn................................................................13
2.5.2. Rng buc FEC v nhn.......................................................................................14
2.5.3. To, phn b, hp nht , duy tr v iu khin nhn.............................................15
2.5.4. Phn b nhn.........................................................................................................15
2.5.5. Hp nht nhn.......................................................................................................16
2.5.6. S duy tr nhn......................................................................................................16
2.5.7. iu khin nhn....................................................................................................16
2.6. Hot ng ca MPLS:.................................................................................................16
2.6.1. To & phn b nhn:............................................................................................17
2.6.2. To bng :.............................................................................................................18
2.6.3. To ng dn chuyn mch nhn :.....................................................................18
2.6.4. Chn/tm kim bng nhn :...................................................................................18
2.6.5. Chuyn tip gi :...................................................................................................18
2.7. Kin trc ngn xp trong MPLS:.................................................................................19
2.7.1. Hot ng trong mt phng chuyn tip :.............................................................20
2.7.2. G nhn Hop p cui PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping)....................................21
3. U IM V NG DNG CA MPLS.......................................................................23
3.1. u im ca MPLS.....................................................................................................23
3.2. Nhc im ca MPLS...............................................................................................23
3.3. ng dng ca MPLS...................................................................................................23
3.3.1. K thut lu lng:...............................................................................................23
3.3.2. nh tuyn QoS t ngun:....................................................................................23
Kt Lun.............................................................................................................................25

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

LI M U
Trong nhng nm gn y,cng vi vic bng n Internet trn ton cu ko theo
l cc dch v mi nh truyn hnh s a phng tin, video, x l nh i hi bng
thng ngy cng cao ln ti c gigabyte vi khong cch xa, mt cao ri ro thp.
Nhng cc giao thc hin nay khng th p ng c nhu cu . Do xu th tt
yu l cn phi c mt giao thc mi ra i nhm tho mn cc yu cu trn.
Theo nghin cu th cc si quang vi thun li v bng thng (tn s sng mang
c 200 THz), trong lng v kch thc nh; hon ton cch bit v in, khng c
giao thoa cng nh suy ho v ng truyn thp. V nhng u im c pht
trin cho cc ng dng rng ri trong mng truyn dn hin nay. tn dng c
nhng u im trn th vic phn lung v gn bc sng ph hp cho tn hiu n v
i cho cc tuyn trn si quang l cng vic rt c ngha nhm pht huy nng lc
tim tng ca si trong vic tng dung lng ng truyn.
Trn th gii mng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength Division
Multiplexing) c thng mi ho t nm 1996. Xu th pht trin mng hin nay
Vit Nam l mc tiu xy dng mng truyn ti ton quang cho mng th h sau
NGN (Next Generation Network) da trn cng ngh WDM. Nhng l lc phi thng
v cng ngh truyn dn quang trong tp trung vo nghin cu vn cng ngh
mng WDM trn th gii hin nay ang dn dn p ng c nhu cu tt yu ca
mng. C nhiu vn cn phi c gii quyt trong mng WDM nhm ngy cng
hon thin c tnh mng. Trong cc vn th nh tuyn v gn bc sng
trong mng quang ni chung v mng WDM ni ring c coi l mt trong nhng k
thut quan trng nht v c tnh sng cn. Mt mt k thut ny cho php xy dng
c mng truyn dn quang linh hot v m bo thng sut cc lu lng tn hiu
ln. Mt khc n cho php tn dng bng tn ca si quang trong khi vn n gin ho
c rt nhiu cu trc mng. iu c tc ng ln ti vic xy dng v bo dng
mng rt c hiu qu sau ny.
Trong nhng nm gn y ngnh cng nghip vin thng v ang tm mt
phng php chuyn mch c th kt hp u im ca IP (nh c cu nh tuyn) v
ca ATM (nh thng lng chuyn mch). Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) l kt qu pht trin ca nhiu cng ngh
chuyn mch Ip s dng c ch hon i nhn nh ca ATM tng tc truyn gi
tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP.

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

GII THIU
Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh cng nghip vin thng v ang tm mt
phng thc chuyn mch c th phi hp u im ca IP (nh c cu nh tuyn) v
ca ATM (nh thng lng chuyn mch). M hnh IP-over-ATM ca IETF coi IP nh
mt lp nm trn lp ATM v nh ngha cc mng con IP trn nn mng ATM.
Phng thc tip cn xp chng ny cho php IP v ATM hot ng vi nhau m
khng cn thay i giao thc ca chng. Tuy nhin, cch ny khng tn dng c ht
kh nng ca ATM. Ngi ra, cch tip cn ny khng thch hp vi nhiu router v
khng tht hiu qu trn mt s mt. T chc ATM-Forum, da trn m hnh ny,
pht trin cng ngh LANE v MPOA. Cc cng ngh ny s dng cc my ch
chuyn i a ch nhng u khng tn dng c kh nng m bo cht lng dch
v ca ATM.
Cng ngh MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) l kt qu pht trin ca
nhiu cng ngh chuyn mch IP (IP switching) s dng c ch chuyn gi ca ATM
tng tc truyn gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP.
Thit b CSR (Cell Switch Router) ca Toshiba ra i nm 1994 l tng i ATM u
tin c iu khin bng giao thc IP thay cho bo hiu ATM. Tng i IP ca
Ipsilon v thc cht l mt ma trn chuyn mch ATM c iu khin bi khi x l
s dng cng ngh IP. Cng ngh Tag switching ca Cisco cng tng t nhng c b
sung thm mt s im mi nh FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), giao thc phn
phi nhn, v.v
T nhng kt qu trn, nhm lm vic v MPLS c thnh lp nm 1997 vi
nhim v pht trin mt cng ngh chuyn mch nhn IP thng nht m kt qu ca n
l cng ngh MPLS.
MPLS tch chc nng ca IP router ra lm hai phn ring bit: chc nng chuyn
gi tin v chc nng iu khin:
- Phn chc nng chuyn gi tin, vi nhim v gi gi tin gia cc IP router, s
dng c ch hon i nhn tng t nh ca ATM. Trong MPLS, nhn l mt s c
di c nh v khng ph thuc vo lp mng. K thut hon i nhn v bn cht l
vic tm nhn ca mt gi tin trong mt bng cc nhn xc nh tuyn ca gi v
nhn mi ca n. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so vi vic x l gi tin theo kiu
thng thng, do vy ci thin kh nng ca thit b. Cc router s dng thut ny
c gi l LSR (Label Switching Router).
- Phn chc nng iu khin ca MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp
mng vi nhim v phn phi thng tin gia cc LSR, v th tc gn nhn chuyn
thng tin nh tuyn thnh cc bng nh tuyn cho vic chuyn mch. MPLS c th
hot ng c vi cc giao thc nh tuyn Internet khc nh : OSPF (Open Shortest
Path First) v BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Do MPLS h tr vic iu khin lu
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lng v cho php thit lp tuyn c nh nn vic m bo cht lng dch v ca cc

tuyn l hn tn kh thi. y l mt tnh nng vt tri ca MPLS so vi cc giao
thc nh tuyn c in.
Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c c ch chuyn tuyn (fast rerouting). Do MPLS l cng
ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, kh nng b nh hng bi li ng truyn thng
cao hn cc cng ngh khc. Trong khi , cc dch v tch hp m MPLS phi h tr
li yu cu cht lng v cao. Do vy, kh nng phc hi ca MPLS m bo kh
nng cung cp dch v ca mng khng ph thuc vo c cu khi phc li ca lp vt
l bn di.
Bn cnh tin cy, cng ngh MPLS cng khin vic qun l mng c d
dng hn. Do MPLS qun l vic chuyn tin theo cc lun thng tin, cc gi tin thuc
mt FEC c c xc nh bi gi tr ca nhn. Do vy, trong min MPLS. Cc
thit b o lu lng mng c th da trn nhn phn loi cc gi tin. Lu lng i
qua cc ng chuyn nhn (LSP) c gim st mt cch d dng dng RTFM (Realtime Flow Measurement). Bng cch gim st lu lng ti cc LSR, nghn lu lng
s c pht hin v v tr xy ra nghn lu lng c th c xc nh nhanh chng.
Tuy nhin, gim st lu lng theo phng thc ny khng a ra c tn b thng
tin v cht lng dch v ( v d nh tr t im u n im cui ca min MPLS).
Vic o tr c th c thc hin bi giao thc lp 2. gim st tc ca mi
lung v m bo cc lung lu lng tun th tnh cht lu lng c nh
trc, h thng gim st c th dng mt thit b nn lu lng. Thit b ny s cho
php gim st v m bo tun th tnh cht lu lng m khng cn thay i cc giao
thc hin c.

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

1. CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS

1.2. nh ngha:

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching) :

l mt cng ngh lai kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp 3
(layer 3 routing) v chuyn mch lp 2 (layer 2 switching) cho php chuyn ti
cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt cc mng bin (edge)
bng cch da vo nhn (label).

1.3. c im MPLS:
1.3.1. Tc v tr:
Chuyn mch nhn nhanh hn nhiu bi v gi tr nhn c t header ca gi
c s dng truy nhp bng chuyn tip ti router, ngha l nhn c s dng
tm kim trong bng. Vic tm kim ny ch yu cu mt ln truy nhp ti bng, khc
vi truy nhp bng nh tuyn truyn thng vic tm kim c th cn hng ngn ln
truy nhp. Kt qu l lu lng ngi s dng trong gi c gi qua mng nhanh
hn nhiu so vi chuyn tip IP truyn thng.
Jitter: L s thay i tr ca lu lng ngi s dng do vic chuyn gi tin
qua nhiu node trong mng chuyn ti ch ca n. Ti tng node, a ch ch
trong gi phi c kim tra v so snh vi danh sch a ch ch kh dng trong
bng nh tuyn ca node, do tr v bin thin tr ph thuc vo s lng gi v
khong thi gian m bng tm kim phi x l trong khong thi gian xc nh. Kt
qu l ti node cui cng, Jitter l tng cng tt c cc bin thin tr gi mi node
gia bn gi v bn thu. Vi gi l thoi th cuc thoi b mt i tnh lin tc. Do
chuyn mch nhn hiu qu hn, lu lng ngi dng c gi qua mng nhanh hn
v t Jitter hn so vi nh tuyn IP truyn thng.
Kh nng m rng mng: Chuyn mch nhn cung cp cc gii php cho s pht
trin nhanh chng v xy dng cc mng ln bng vic cho php mt lng ln cc
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a ch IP c kt hp vi mt hay vi nhn. Gii php ny gim ng k kch c

bng a ch v cho php router h tr nhiu ngi s dng hn.
Tnh n gin: Chuyn mch nhn l giao thc chuyn tip c bn, chuyn tip
gi ch da vo nhn. Do tch bit gia iu khin v chuyn tip nn k thut iu
khin d phc tp cng khng nh hng n hiu qu ca dng lu lng ngi s
dng. C th l, sau khi rng buc nhn c thc hin, cc hot ng chuyn mch
nhn chuyn tip lu lng l n gin, c th c thc hin bng phn mm,
bng mch tch hp chuyn dng hay bng cc b x l c bit.
S dng ti nguyn: Cc mng chuyn mch nhn khng cn nhiu ti nguyn
mng thc hin cc cng c iu khin trong vic thit lp cc ng i chuyn
mch nhn cho lu lng ngi s dng.
iu khin ng i: Chuyn mch nhn cho php cc ng i qua mt lin
mng c iu khin tt hn. N cung cp mt cng c b tr cc node v lin kt
lu lng ph hp hn, thun li hn, cng nh a ra phn lp chnh xc cc phn
lp lu lng (da trn cc yu cu v QoS) khc nhau ca dch v.
1.4. Cc thnh phn c bn trong MPLS.
1.4.1. Cc thit b trong mng MPLS:
LSR l mt thit b nh tuyn tc cao trong li ca mt mng MPLS, n
tham gia trong vic thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP) bng vic s
dng giao thc bo hiu nhn thch ng v thc hin chuyn mch tc cao lu
lng s liu da trn cc ng dn c thit lp.
LER l mt thit b hot ng ti bin ca mng truy nhp v mng li MPLS. Cc
LER h tr a cng c kt ni ti cc mng khng ging nhau (chng hn FR, ATM v
Ethernet). LER ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch nh v hu b nhn, khi lu lng
vo trong hay i ra khi mng MPLS. Sau , ti li vo n thc hin vic chuyn tip
lu lng vo mng MPLS sau khi thit lp LSP nh cc giao thc bo hiu nhn v
phn b lu lng tr li mng truy nhp ti li ra.

a. Min MPLS (MPLS Domain).

RFC 3031 m t min MPLS l mt tp hp cc nt mng thc hin hot ng
nh tuyn v chuyn tip MPLS. Mt min MPLS thng c qun l v iu
khin bi mt nh qun tr.

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Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

- Hnh 3.2.1: min MPLS (MLPS Domain).

Min c chia ra l hai phn: phn mng li (Core) v phn mng bin (Edge).
Cc nt thuc min MPLS c gi l Router chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label
Switching Router). Cc nt thuc mng li c gi l Transit_LSR hay Core_LSR.
Cc nt bin gi l LER (Label Edge Router).
Nu mt LER l nt u tin trn ng i ca mt gi i qua min MPLS th n
gi l LER li vo (Ingress_LER), cn nu l nt cui cng th n gi l LER li ra
(Egress_LER). Lu cc thut ng ny c p dng theo chiu ca lung lu lng
trong mng, do vy mt LER c th l Ingress-LER va l Egress-LER ty theo lung
lu lng ang st.

Ingress LER

LSR

Egress LER

Chieu i cua goi tin

- Hnh 3.2.2: Ingress LER v Egress LER.

1.5. ng chuyn mch nhn:
1.5.1. LSP: l mt ng i gi tin qua mng chuyn mch nhn trn vn t
im bt u dn nhn n im nhn b loi b khi gi tin. Cc LSP c thit lp
trc khi truyn d liu.
Kin trc MPLS cho php nng cp cc LSP, tng t nh ATM s dng VPI v
VCI to ra phn cp knh o (VC) nm trong ng o (VP). Tuy nhin ATM ch
c th h tr 2 mc phn cp, trong khi vi MPLS th s mc phn cp cho php rt
ln nh kh nng cha c nhiu Entry nhn trong Stack nhn. V l thuyt, gii hn
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s lng nhn trong Stack ph thuc gi tr MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) ca cc

giao thc lin kt c dng dc theo mt LSR.

Hnh 4.1: Phn cp LSP trong MPLS.

1.5.2. ng hm LSP:
LSP t u ti cui c gi l ng hm LSP, n l chui lin tip cc on
LSP gia hai node k nhau. Cc c trng ca ng hm LSP, chng hn nh phn
b bng tn, c xc nh bi s tho thun gia cc node, nhng sau khi tho
thun, node li vo (bt u ca LSP) xc nh dng lu lng bng vic chn la
nhn ca n. Khi lu lng c gi qua ng hm, cc node trung gian khng kim
tra ni dung ca tiu m ch kim tra nhn. Do , phn lu lng cn li c
xuyn hm qua LSP m khng phi kim tra. Ti cui ng hm LSP, node li ra loi
b nhn v chuyn lu lng IP ti node IP.
Cc ng hm LSP c th s dng thc hin cc chnh sch k thut lu
lng lin quan ti vic ti u hiu nng mng. Chng hn, cc ng hm LSP c th
c di chuyn t ng hay th cng ra khi vng mng b li, tc nghn, hay l node
mng b nghn c chai. Ngoi ra, nhiu ng hm LSP song song c th c thit
lp gia hai node, v lu lng gia hai node c th c chuyn vo trong cc
ng hm ny theo cc chnh sch cc b.
Trong mng MPLS cc LSP c thit lp bng mt trong ba cch l: nh
tuyn tng chng, nh tuyn hin (ER) v nh tuyn cng bc (CR).
Mt s khi nim lin quan ti ng chuyn mch nhn l ng ln v ng
xung.
ng chuyn mch nhn c thit lp t Ingress LSR (d liu u vo l gi
IP truyn thng, Ingress LSR s n nh nhn cho gi thng tin ny) n Egress LSR
(s g b nhn cho gi d liu khi i ra khi min MPLS). LSP c xy dng bng
cc giao thc LDP (Lablel Distributed Protocol), RSVP(Resource Reservation
Protocol).
Mt LSP ni t u n cui gi l ng hm (LSP Tunnel), lin kt cc on
LSP gia cc nt.
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Hnh 4.2: ng chuyn mch nhn LSP.

- ng ln (Upstream): Hng i dc theo ng dn t ch n ngun. Mt

router ng ln c tnh cht tng i so vi mt router khc, ngha l n gn ngun
hn router c ni n dc theo ng dn chuyn mch nhn.
- ng xung (Downstream): Hng i dc theo ng dn t ngun n ch.
Mt router ng xung c tnh cht tng i so vi mt router khc, ngha l n gn
ch hn router c ni n dc theo ng dn chuyn mch nhn.
Khi nim UpStream v DownStream c hiu bit trong hot ng phn phi
nhn v chuyn tip d liu trong mt min MPLS v ph thuc vo chiu ca lung
d liu.V d nh hnh di:

Hnh 4.3: Upstream v Downstream.

1.6. Nhn v cc vn lin quan

1.6.1. Nhn, ngn xp nhn, khng gian nhn
Tiu MPLS: MPLS nh ngha mt tiu c di 32 bit, c t ngay sau
tiu lp 2 bt k v trc mt tiu lp 3.
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Cu trc tiu MPLS:

Link Layer
Header

MPLS SHIM

Network
Layer Header

Other Headers Layer and

Data

32 bits

20 bits

3 bits 1bit

8 bits

Hnh 5.1 Khun dng tiu nhn

ngha cc trng :

Nhn: l mt thc th c chiu di c nh (20 bit) dng lm c s cho vic

chuyn tip.

Exp (Experimental): Cc bit Exp c d tr v mt k thut cho s dng

thc t. Chng hn s dng nhng bit ny ch th QoS - thng l mt bn sao trc
tip ca cc bit ch th u tin trong gi IP. Khi cc gi MPLS b xp hng, c th
s dng cc bit Exp nh cch s dng cc bit ch th u tin IP.

BS (Bottom of stack): C th c hn mt nhn vi mt gi. Bit ny dng

ch th cho nhn cui ngn xp nhn. Nhn y ca ngn xp nhn c gi tr BS
bng 1. Cc nhn khc c gi tr bit BS bng 0.

TTL (Time To Live): Thng thng cc bit TTL l mt bn sao trc tip ca
cc bit TTL trong tiu gi IP. Chng gim gi tr i mt n v khi gi i qua mi
chng trnh lp vng v hn. TTL cng c th c s dng khi cc nh iu hnh
mng mun du cu hnh mng nm bn di.
Ngn xp nhn l mt tp cc nhn c th t c ch nh cho gi. Vic x l
cc nhn ny cng tun theo mt th t .

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Tiu MPLS

Nhn MPLS(20bit)

Nhn#m

Nhn#2

Nhn#1

Gi IP

EXP

TTL

Gi IP

Hnh 5.2 Cu trc ngn xp nhn

Nu ngn xp nhn ca gi c su m, nhn ti y ca ngn xp c xem nh
l nhn mc 1, nhn trn n l nhn mc 2, v nhn trn cng l nhn mc m.
Mc ch ngn xp nhn: tng cng cc dch v (VPN, CoS), cho m rng
mng (phn cp)
Khng gian nhn: Thut ng khng gian nhn dng ch ra cch thc m mt
nhn c kt hp vi mt LSR. C hai phng php phn nhn gia cc LSR,
tng ng vi hai dng khng gian nhn, l: khng gian nhn theo tng giao din
v khng gian nhn theo tng node.
Khng gian nhn theo tng giao din: Nhn c kt hp vi mt giao din
c trng mt LSR, v d nh DS3 hoc giao din SONET. LSR s dng mt gi tr
giao din gi du vt ca cc nhn mi giao din, nn nhn c th c dng li
ti mi giao din, min l tho mn iu kin mt nhn l duy nht trong khng gian
nhn. V khi ny nh danh giao din ny tr thnh mt nhn ni b trong LSR i vi
nhn bn ngoi c gi i gia cc LSR.
Khng gian nhn theo tng node (theo tt c cc giao din): y, cc nhn u
vo c x dc theo tt c cc giao din tham gia vo mt node. Ngha l, node ny
phi ch nh khng gian nhn dc theo tt c cc giao din,
1.6.2. Rng buc FEC v nhn
Khi nim FEC: FEC l mt nhm cc gi, nhm cc gi ny chia s cng yu
cu trong s chuyn tip chng qua mng. Tt c cc gi trong mt nhm nh vy
c cung cp cng cch chn ng ti ch. Da trn FEC, nhn c tho thun
gia cc LSR ln cn t li vo ti li ra trong mt vng nh tuyn. Mi LSR xy
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dng mt bng xc nh xem mt gi phi c chuyn tip nh th no. Bng ny

c gi l c s thng tin nhn (LIB: Label Information Base), n l t hp cc rng
buc FEC vi nhn (FEC-to-label). V nhn li c s dng chuyn tip lu
lng qua mng.
L do dng FEC: Th nht, n cho php nhm cc gi vo cc lp. T nhm
ny, gi tr FEC trong mt gi c th c dng thit lp u tin cho vic x l
cc gi. Th hai, FEC c th c dng h tr hiu qu hot ng QoS. V d, FEC
c th lin kt vi u tin cao, lu lng thoi thi gian thc, lu lng nhm mi
u tin thp
S kt hp mt FEC vi mt gi c thc hin bi vic dng mt nhn nh
danh mt FEC c trng. Vi cc lp dch v khc nhau, phi dng cc FEC khc
nhau v cc nhn lin kt khc nhau. i vi lu lng Internet, cc nh danh s
dng l cc tham s ng c cho vic thit lp mt FEC. Trong mt vi h thng, ch
a ch ch IP c s dng.
1.6.3. To, phn b, hp nht , duy tr v iu khin nhn

a. To nhn
C mt s phng php c s dng trong vic to nhn:
Phng php da trn hnh (topology-based): s dng cc giao thc nh

tuyn thng thng nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol: Giao thc cng ng bin).
Phng php da trn yu cu (request-based): s dng iu khin lu lng

da trn yu cu nh RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol: Giao thc dnh trc ti

nguyn).

Phng php da trn lu lng (trafic-based): s dng s tip nhn

ca gi phn b thng tin nhn.
Cc phng php da trn hnh v da trn yu cu l cc v d v cc rng
buc nhn iu khin, trong khi phng php da trn lu lng l mt v d v cc
rng buc d liu.
1.6.4. Phn b nhn
Kin trc MPLS khng s dng mt phng php bo hiu ring no phn b
nhn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ang tn ti c tng cng mang thng tin
nhn trong ni dung ca giao thc:

LDP: nh x cc ch IP n hng vo cc nhn.

RSVP, CP-LDP: c s dng cho k thut lu lng v t trc ti

nguyn.

17

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

Multicast c lp giao thc: c s dng cho vic nh x nhn cc

trng thi a hng.

BGP: cc nhn bn ngoi (VPN).

1.6.5. Hp nht nhn

Dng lu lng n t cc giao din khc nhau c th c kt hp cng nhau
v c chuyn mch bng cch s dng mt nhn chung nu chng ang i qua
mng hng ti cng mt ch cui cng. iu ny c gi l s hp nht lung hay
kt hp cc lung.
Nu mng truyn ti nm bn di l mt mng ATM, cc LSR c th s dng
hp nht ng o (VP) hay knh o (VC).
1.6.6. S duy tr nhn
MPLS nh ngha cch x l cc rng buc nhn nhn c t cc LSR, m cc
LSR khng phi l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho. Hai ch c nh ngha:
Bo ton (conservative): Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt

FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip cho mt FEC cho trc b hu b.
Ch ny dng mt LSR duy tr s nhn t hn. y l ch c khuyn
khch s dng cho cc LSR ATM.
T do (liberal): Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt FEC

nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho trc c gi

nguyn. Ch ny cho php tng thch nhanh hn vi cc thay i cu hnh v cho
php chuyn mch lu lng ti cc LSP khc trong trng hp c s thay i.
1.6.7. iu khin nhn
MPLS nh ngha cc ch cho vic phn b nhn ti cc LSR ln cn nh sau:
c lp (Independent): Trong ch ny, mt LSR nhn dng mt FEC no

v ra quyt nh rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC mt cch c lp phn b rng

buc n cc thc th ng mc ca n. Cc FEC mi c nhn dng bt c khi no
cc tuyn (route) tr nn r rng vi router.
C th t (ordered): Trong ch ny, mt LSR rng buc mt nhn vi mt

FEC no nu v ch nu n l router li ra hay n nhn c mt rng buc nhn

cho FEC t LSR chng k tip ca n. Ch ny c khuyn ngh s dng cho cc
LSR ATM.
1.7. Hot ng ca MPLS:
Khi mt gi tin vo mng MPLS: LSR li vo kim tra nhiu trng trong tiu
ca gi xc nh xem gi thuc FEC no:
Nu cha c mt rng buc nhn/FEC th: gi c phn loi gi tin vo
trong cc FEC, sau nhn c nh x vo trong FEC. Nhim v n nh v phn b
18

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

cc rng buc FEC/nhn cho cc LSR do LDP m nhim.Khi LDP hon thnh nhim
v , mt LSP c xy dng t li vo n li ra.
Nu c mt rng buc nhn/FEC th: LSR li vo gn nhn cho gi v
nh hng gi ti giao din u ra tng ng.
Sau gi c hon i nhn qua mng cho n khi n n LSR u ra. Lc
ny nhn c loi b v gi c x l ti lp 3.
Cc lp trn
Mt phng
iu khin

Duy tr tuyn

Mt phng
chuyn tip

nh tuyn

La chn cng ra
Nhn gi u vo

Chuyn
mch

Pht gi u ra

Cc cng u vo

Cc cng u ra

Hnh 6.1 X l gi
Nh vy, vi mt gi d liu i qua mt min MPLS, cn phi thc hin cc
bc sau:
To v phn b nhn.
To bng ti mi router.
To cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP).
Chn/tm kim bng nhn.
Chuyn tip gi.
Phn tch c th cc bc nh sau:
1.7.1. To & phn b nhn:
Trc khi lu lng bt u, cc router quyt nh rng buc mt nhn vi
mt FEC xc nh v xy dng bng ca chng.
Trong LDP, cc router ng xung khi to s phn b cc nhn v rng buc
nhn/FEC.
Ngoi ra, cc c tnh lin quan n lu lng v kh nng MPLS c tho
thun bng vic s dng LDP.
19

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

Hnh 6.1 Hot ng ca mng MPLS

1.7.2. To bng :
Ti pha nhn cc rng buc nhn, mi LSR to cc li vo trong c s thng tin
nhn (LIB : Label Information Base).
Ni dung ca bng s xc nh nh x gia mt nhn v mt FEC.
nh x gia cng vo v bng nhn u vo ti cng ra v bng nhn u ra.
Cc li vo c cp nht bt c khi no s ti m phn v rng buc nhn xy
ra.
1.7.3. To ng dn chuyn mch nhn :
Nh c biu din bng ng ngt qung trong hnh 6.1, cc LSP c to
phng ngc li vi s to cc li vo trong cc LIB.
1.7.4. Chn/tm kim bng nhn :
Router u tin (LER1 trong hnh 6.1) s dng bng trong LIB tm chng k
tip v yu cu mt nhn cho FEC xc nh.
Cc router ln lt s dng nhn tm chng k tip.
Mi ln gi chm ti LSR li ra (LER4), nhn c xo b v gi c cung cp
cho ch.
1.7.5. Chuyn tip gi :
LER1 c th khng c nhn no cho gi ny khi l ln u tin xy ra yu cu
ny. Trong mt mng IP, n s tm s ph hp a ch di nht tm chng k tip.
Cho LSR1 l chng k tip ca LER1. LER1 s khi to mt yu cu nhn chuyn ti
LSR1.
20

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

Yu cu ny s pht thng qua mng. Mi router trung gian s nhn mt nhn t

router pha sau n bt u t LER2 v i ln trn cho n LER1. LSP c thit lp
bng cch s dng LDP hay bt k giao thc bo hiu no khc. Nu k thut lu lng
c yu cu, CR-LDP s c s dng trong vic quyt nh thit lp ng dn
thc s chc chn yu cu QoS/CoS c tun th.
LER1 s chn nhn v chuyn tip gi ti LSR 1.
Mi LSR ln lt, ngha l LSR2 v LSR3, s kim tra nhn vi cc gi nhn
c, thay th n vi cc nhn u ra v chuyn tip n.
Khi gi ti LER4, n s xo b nhn bi v gi s ri khi min MPLS v c
phn pht ti ch.
1.8. Kin trc ngn xp trong MPLS:
T vic phn tch hot ng MPLS nh trn ta c th chia MPLS ra thnh cc
thnh phn c bn sau:
Cc giao thc nh tuyn (IP) lp mng.
Chuyn tip bin ca lp mng.
Chuyn tip da trn nhn mng li.
Lc nhn.
Giao thc bo hiu phn b nhn.
K thut lu lng.
Kh nng tng thch vi cc lc chuyn tip lp 2 khc nhau (ATM, FR,
PPP: Point to Point Protocol).
Routing

LDP

TCP

CR LDP

UDP

IP Fwd

LIB

MPLS Fwd

PHY
21

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

Hnh7.1 Ngn xp giao thc MPLS

Trong :

Module nh tuyn: c th l bt c giao thc no trong cc giao thc

cng nghip ph bin. Ph thuc vo mi trng hot ng, module nh tuyn c th
l OSPF, BGP hay PNNI ca ATM, etc

Module LDP: s dng TCP truyn dn tin cy cc d liu iu khin

t LSR ny n LSR khc trong sut mt phin. LDP cng duy tr LIB. LDP s dng
UDP trong sut qu trnh khm ph ca n v trng thi hot ng. Trong trng thi
ny, LSP c gng nhn dng cc phn t ln cn v cng nh s c mt ca chnh cc
tn hin ca n vi mng. iu ny c thc hin thng qua trao i gi hello.

IP Fwd: l module chuyn tip IP c in, n tm kim chng k tip

bng vic so snh ph hp vi a ch di nht trong cc bng ca n. Vi MPLS,
iu ny c thc hin ch bi cc LER.
MPLS Fwd: l module chuyn tip MPLS, n so snh mt nhn vi mt cng
u ra v chn s ph hp nht vi mt gi cho.
Cc lp c biu din trong hp vi ng gp khc c th c thc hin
bng phn cng hot ng nhanh v c hiu qu.
1.8.1. Hot ng trong mt phng chuyn tip :
FEC l mt tp con cc gi cn c theo mt s thng tin trong Header IP c
dng bi FIB. Mt FEC c dng thng da theo lut Longest Prefix Match trn
a ch ch. V d: cc a ch IP so trng 16 bit u c dng a.b.*.* (trong *
biu th cho gi tr hp l bt k) c biu din l a.b/16 cho FEC u tin trong
bng FIB. FEC cn c th cn c b sung theo cc trng khc nhau trong Header IP
nh ToS hay Diffserv. FIB s dng FEC xc nh ra giao tip i n hop k cho cc
gi IP, cch thc hin ging nh cc Router c in.

22

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

- Hnh 7.1: Hot ng trong mt phng chuyn tip.

Cho cc v d tng hot ng LFIB hnh 2-16. Phn ILM (Incoming Lable
Map) ca LFIB thao tc trn mt gi c nhn v nh x mt nhn vo (Incoming
Lable) ti mt tp cc entry NHLFE. ILM c th hin trong hnh bi cc ct IN-IF
v IN-LBL, nhng cng c th l mt bng ring r cho mt giao tip, FTN ( FEC-toNHLFE) ca FIB nh x mt FEC ti mt tp hp gm mt hoc nhiu NHLFE. Nh
v d trong hnh, nhn A c gn (push) ln cc gi IP thuc FECd.e/16. Lu l
ILM hoc FTN c th nh x ti nhiu NHLFE, chng hn ch dng trong cn bng
ti.
1.8.2. G nhn Hop p cui PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping)
Mt ti u ha quan trng m MPLS h tr l trnh vic tra cu nhn (Lable
Lookup) phi x l Egress-LER trong trng hp mt gi i trn mt LSR m yu
cu tra cu IP (IP lookup) tip ngay sau . trong hnh 23, mt gi tin n c nhn
A c g nhn (Pop) v chuyn sang FIB tra cu tip trn Header IP. trnh
vic x l pht sinh thm ny, MPLS nh ngha mt tin trnh gi l g nhn Hop
p cui PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping), trong Router p cui trn LSP s g nhn
thay v Egress-LER phi lm vic . Nh vy ct gim c vic x l Router cui
cng trn LSP.
- V d hot ng chuyn tip gi.
Trong v d ny th hin ng i v hot ng chuyn tip c thc hin
mi nt cho 2 LSP l LSP-1 v LSP-2.
LSP-1 bt u t LER E1, ti c mt gi IP n vi a ch ch l a.b.c.d
LER E1 kim tra bng FIB ca n v xc nh rng gi ny thuc v FEC a.b.c/24,
23

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

n gn nhn A ln gi v xut ra trn giao tip s 2. Tip theo, LSR S1 thy c gi gn

nhn A n giao tip s 1, LFIB ca n ch th rng gi s xut ra trn giao tip s 4 v
nhn s c thay th bng nhn D. Gi c nhn i ra trn giao tip s 4 trn LSR S1
ni n giao tip s 1 trn LSR S4.

- Hnh 2-18: chuyn tip gi trong MPLS.

V LSR S4 l Hop p cui ca LSP-1 nn thao tc c ch th trong LFIB ca
n l g nhn (pop) v gi gi i ra trn giao tip s 4. Cui cng, ch l LER E4,
entry FIB thao tc trn FECa.b.c/24 v chuyn pht gi n hop k trn giao tip ra
s 3.
i vi v d LSP-2, cc entry trong FIB v LFIB cng c th hin tng t
nh trnh by i vi LSP-1.

2. U IM V NG DNG CA MPLS.
1.2. u im ca MPLS.
- Tch hp cc chc nng nh tuyn, nh a ch, iu khin, v.v trnh
mc phc tp ca NHRP, MPOA v cc cng ngh khc trong IPOA truyn thng.
24

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

- C th gii quyt vn phc tp v nng cao kh nng m rng ng k.

- T l gia cht lng v gi thnh cao.
- Nng cao cht lng. C th thc hin rt nhiu chc nng nh tuyn m cc
cng ngh trc y khng c kh nng, nh nh tuyn hin, iu khin lp, v.v
Khi nh tuyn thay i dn n kha mt ng no , MPLS c th d dng
chuyn mch lung d liu sang mt ng mi. iu ny khng th thc hin c
trong IPOA truyn thng.
- S kt hp gia IP v ATM cho php tn dng ti a thit b, tng hiu qu u
t.
- S phn cch gia cc n v iu khin vi cc n v chuyn mch cho php
MPLS h tr ng thi MPLS v B-ISDN truyn thng. V thm cc chc nng
mng sau khi trin khai mng MPLS, ch i hi thay i phn mm n v iu
khin.
2.2. Nhc im ca MPLS.
- H tr a giao thc s dn n cc vn phc tp trong kt ni.
- Kh thc hin h tr QoS xuyn sut trc khi thit b u cui ngi s dng
thch hp xut hin trn th trng.
- Vic hp nht cc knh o ang cn tip tc nghin cu. Gii quyt vic chn t
bo s chim nhiu ti nguyn b m hn. iu ny chc chn s dn n phi u t
vo cng vic nng cp phn cng cho cc thit b ATM hin ti.
2.3. ng dng ca MPLS.
2.3.1. K thut lu lng:
u im ln nht ca MPLS l kh nng thc hin k thut lu lng (TE:
traffic Engineering), n m bo lu lng c nh tuyn i qua mt mng theo mt
cch thc tin cy v m bo hiu qu nht. K thut lu lng cho php cc ISP nh
tuyn lu lng theo cch h c th cung cp dch v tt nht cho khch hng kha
cnh thng lng v tr. MPLS-TE cho php lu lng c phn b hp l qua
tn b h tng mng, ti u ha hiu sut s dng mng.
2.3.2. nh tuyn QoS t ngun:
nh tuyn Qos t ngun l mt c ch trong cc LSR c xc nh trc
nt ngun (LSR li vo) da vo mt s thng tin v kh dng ti nguyn trong
mng cng nh yu cu Qos ca lu lng. Ni cch khc, n l mt giao thc nh
tuyn c m rng ch tiu chn ng bao gm cc tham s nh bng thng kh
dng, vic s dng link v ng dn end-to-end, chim dng ti nguyn ca nt,
tr v bin ng tr.
BNG SO SNH GIA CC CNG NGH:
Cng
ngh

IP

ATM

MPLS
25

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

Bn cht - L mt giao thc

cng
chuyn mch gi c
ngh
tin cy v kh
nng m rng cao.
- Do phng thc
nh tuyn theo tng
chng nn iu
khin lu lng rt
kh thc hin.
u im
- n
gin,
hiu qu

- S dng gi tin
c chiu di c
nh 53byte gi l
t bo (cell).
-Nguyn tc nh
tuyn: chuyn i
VPI/VCI.
- Nn tng phn
cng tc cao.
-Tc chuyn
mch cao, mm
do, h tr QoS
theo yu cu

Nhc
im

- Gi thnh cao,
khng mm do
trong
h
tr
nhng ng dng
IP, VoA

Khng h tr
QoS

-Tch hp ATM v IP.

-Chuyn gi tin trn c s nhn
qua cc ng chuyn mch
nhn LSP.
-C th p dng trn nhiu mi
trng mng khc nhau nh IP,
ATM, Ethernet, FR.

- Tch hp cc chc nng nh

tuyn, nh a ch, iu khin.
- Kh nng m rng tt.
- T l gia cht lng v gi
thnh cao.
- Kt hp gia IP v ATM cho
php tn dng ti a thit b,
nng cao hiu qu u t.
- S phn tch gia iu khin
v chuyn mch cho php
MPLS c trin khai trn
nhiu phng tin.
- H tr a giao thc dn n
phc tp trong kt ni.
- Kh thc thi QoS xuyn sut
cho n khi thit b u cui
thch hp cho ngi s dng
xut hin trn th trng.
- Vic hp nht cc knh o
cn ang tip tc nghin cu.
Gii quyt vic chn t bo s
chim nhiu ti nguyn b m
hn, dn n cn phi nng cp
cho cc thit b ATM hin ti.

26

Tiu lun Cng ngh mng vin thng

KT LUN
Nh vy, trong tiu lun ny chng ta tm hiu v cng ngh MPLS, cc khi
nim, t chc v hot ng c bn ca cng ngh ny. C th thy rng, cng ngh
MPLS c thit k ban u ch nhm mc ch tng hiu nng ca chuyn mch lp
3, nhng sau nhng li ch m MPLS em li cn hn c mc ch ban u thit
k.
MPLS c dng rt hu hiu cho cc mng a dch v, tch hp cc mng k
tha, k thut lu lng, bo v path/link, h tr QoS v CoS, tng cng kh nng
m rng ca IP v c bit l cc ng dng trong mng ring o. MPLS c th h tr
cung cp mng ring o c lp 2 v lp 3.

27