I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH
TRNG H CNG NGH THNG TIN
----------

TIU LUN
H THNG UWB

Gio vin hng dn: Th.S Chu Tin Dng

Nhm SV thc hin:

1. Trn Thanh Tng

2. Trn nht Tin
3. Nguyn L Hoi Anh

Nha Trang, 09/2015

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

MC LC
I.
1.1.

TNG QUAN V H THNG UWB...........................................................

Gii thiu v h thng UWB...........................................................................
a Lch s pht trin ca UWB..........................................................................6
b Cc u im ca UWB...................................................................................7
c Nhng thch thc ca UWB..........................................................................7

1.2.

Cc thuc tnh ca h thng v tn hiu UWB...............................................

a Mt n ph cng sut.....................................................................................8
b Mu xung........................................................................................................9
c Chui xung....................................................................................................13
d a ng.......................................................................................................14
e Cc c im khc........................................................................................17

1.3.

Cc lnh vc ng dng ca UWB..................................................................19

1.4.

Tng kt..........................................................................................................22

II.
2.1.

M HNH KNH V TUYN TRONG UWB..........................................24

M u............................................................................................................24

2.2.

M hnh knh.................................................................................................29
a S dng m hnh...........................................................................................30

2.3.

Tng kt..........................................................................................................31

III.
3.1.

TRUYN THNG UWB.............................................................................31

Cc phng php iu ch trong truyn thng UWB.................................32
a iu ch v tr xung (PPM)...........................................................................34
b Tng kt v cc phng php iu ch........................................................36

3.2.

B pht............................................................................................................39

3.3.

Cc k thut a truy nhp p dng trong UWB..........................................40

IV.
4.1.

NH GI V H THNG UWB.............................................................42
Dung lng ca cc h thng UWB..............................................................42

4.2.

So snh vi cc h thng truyn thng bng rng.......................................45

4.3.

nh hng nhiu qua li gia h thng truyn thng UWB v cc h

thng truyn thng khc..........................................................................................51

1

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

a Cc mng ni ht khng dy (WLAN)........................................................52

b Bluetooth.......................................................................................................53
c GPS................................................................................................................54
d Cc h thng thng tin t bo......................................................................54
4.4.

Tng kt..........................................................................................................54

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

LI NI U

So vi cc lnh vc truyn thng khc, thng tin v tuyn c s tng trng

nhanh chng. Xu hng hin nay l s dng cc thit b di ng
truy cp cc dch v Internet tc cao. Mt trong nhng hng i ca
vn ny l s dng cng ngh UWB. Cng ngh ny cho php cc
kt ni v tuyn c tc cao hn hn so vi cc kt ni v tuyn khc.
y l mt cng ngh mi khng ch mi Vit Nam m cn l mt
cng ngh mi m trn th gii v l mt cng ngh c nhiu tim nng
ng dng cao.
Vn x l tn hiu c mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong cc h thng v
tuyn no. Cng nh bt k mt h thng truyn thng no khc, vn
x l tn hiu trong truyn thng UWB l mt trong nhng vn
quyt nh n s thnh cng ca h thng, qua c th xem xt y
hiu nng ca h thng ln cc gii hn c th. Trong ni dung n
ny em s nghin cu tng quan v h thng truyn thng UWB v
nh gi h thng di quan im x l tn hiu.
V ni dung n c chia thnh IV:
I Tng quan v h truyn thng UWB: gii thiu tng quan v h thng UWB,
cc c tnh c bn ca tn hiu v h thng UWB t cho thy tim
nng ng dng ca UWB l rt ln. Cc c im c bit quan tm
ca h thng UWB l cc quy nh v ph tn ca FCC a ra. Li th
v bng thng, kh nng chng a ng ca tn hiu UWB lm tn
hiu UWB tr ln rt hp dn i vi lnh vc vin thng. Ngoi ra cc
c tnh khc ca tn hiu UWB nh kh nng m xuyn, nh v lm
lnh vc ng dng ca n tr nn rt rng v linh hot.
II M hnh knh cho UWB: trnh by mt m hnh knh v tuyn trong nh p
dng cho truyn thng UWB.
III Truyn thng UWB: trnh by cc thnh phn quan trng h thng truyn
thng, nhn mnh vo cch kha cnh quan trng ca h thng nh
iu ch, a truy nhp v s dng my thu Rake thu tn hiu.

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

IV nh gi mt s kha cnh ca h thng truyn thng UWB: xem xt cc

vn quan trng c ngha quyt nh n s thnh cng ca h
thng truyn thng UWB nh dung lng; nh hng nhiu qua li
vi cc h thng
truyn thng v tuyn khc; so snh hiu nng vi mt s h thng truyn
thng bng rng hin ti; v cc trng hp ng dng c th ca n.

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

I.
I.1.

TNG QUAN V H THNG UWB

Gii thiu v h thng UWB

Chng ny gii thiu cc khi nim chung v UWB v gii thch m khng
s dng qu nhiu cng thc chng minh UWB l mt k thut hp dn v c
tnh t ph. Trc ht ti trnh by v lch s pht trin ca UWB thy rng
UWB khng hon ton l k thut mi c v phng din khi nim ln cc k
thut x l tn hiu c s dng. Vi cc u th nh tc cao, cng sut tiu th
thp, gy nhiu nh v,v, cc ng dng UWB rt hp dn c hin ti v trong
tng lai vi cc ng dng khng dy. Trc khi tm hiu v truyn thng UWB
trc ht ti trnh by nh ngha v truyn thng UWB.
nh ngha:
UWB m t cc h thng truyn dn tri ph ti 500 MHz hay t s bng
tn ln hn 20%.

fH fL
0.2
fc

(1.1)

Trong B:=fH-fL ch bng tn 10 dB ca h thng, v tn s trung tm h

thng UWB vi fc=(fH+fL)/2 vi fH l tn s cao vi cng sut thp hn 10 dB so
vi tn s c cng sut cc i, v fL l tn s thp vi cng sut thp hn 10 dB
so vi tn s c cng sut cc i.
V mt lch s, cc h thng rada UWB c pht trin ch yu phc v
mc ch qun s bi v chng c th nhn xuyn qua cy ci v mt t. Tuy
nhin, gn y k thut UWB ch yu s dng trong lnh vc dn s nh cc ng
dng in t vin thng. Cc c im l tng ca cc h thng UWB l cng
sut tiu th thp, gi thnh thp, tc cao, kh nng nh v chnh xc v gy
nhiu cc nh.
Mc d cc h thng UWB ph bin nhiu nm trc nhng gn y
mi thc s c ch trong ngnh cng nghip v tuyn. K thut UWB c khc
bit so vi cc k thut truyn dn khng dy bng hp thng thng- thay bng
truyn dn trn cc knh tn s ring bit, UWB tri tn hiu trn mt di rng tn
s. Dng truyn thng in hnh da trn sng v tuyn dng sin c thay th bi

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

cc chui xung vi tc hng triu xung trn mt giy. Vi bng tn rng v

cng sut rt nh lm tn hiu UWB ging nh tp m nn.
a Lch s pht trin ca UWB
Phn ln mi ngi ngh rng UWB l mt cng ngh mi, do n l cng
ngh cho php thc hin nhng iu trc khng th c. l tc cao, kch
c thit b nh hn, tiu th cng sut thp hay cung cp cc ng dng mi. Tuy
nhin, ng hn UWB l cng ngh mi theo ngha cc thuc tnh vt l mi ca
n c pht hin v c a vo ng dng.
Tuy nhin, phng php chim u th trong truyn thng v tuyn hin nay
da vo cc sng dng sin. Truyn thng da vo sng in t dng sin tr nn
ph bin trong truyn thng v tuyn n ni nhiu ngi khng bit rng h
thng truyn thng u tin thc t da trn tn hiu dng xung. Nm 1893
Heirich Hertz s dng mt b pht xung to sng in t cho th nghim ca
ng. Cc sng hin nay c th c gi l cc tp m mu. Trong khong 20 nm
sau nhng th nghim u tin ca Hertz, cc b to sng ch yu l cc b pht tia
la in gia cc in cc cacbon.
Tuy nhin, truyn thng da trn sng dng sin tr thnh dng truyn thng
ch yu v ch n nhng nm 1960 cc ng dng UWB mi c khi ng li
mt cch nghim tc v tp trung ch yu vo pht trin cc thit b rada v truyn
thng. ng dng trn lnh vc rada c ch rt nhiu v c th t c cc kt
qu chnh xc vi cc h thng rada da trn truyn dn xung cc ngn. Cc thnh
phn tn s thp ca tn hiu UWB c c tnh m xuyn vt th to c s pht
trin cc loi rada quan st nhng vt th che khut nh rada lng t. Nm 1973
c bng sng ch u tin cho truyn thng UWB. Lnh vc ng dng UWB
chuyn theo hng mi. Cc ng dng khc, nh iu khin giao thng, cc h
thng nh v, o mc nc v cao cng c pht trin. Phn ln cc ng dng
v pht trin din ra trong lnh vc qun s hay nghin cu c ti tr bi chnh
ph M di cc chng trnh b mt. Trong qun i, cc chng trnh nghin cu
ng dng cng ngh UWB nh rada chnh xc hot ng di danh ngha cc
chng trnh nghin cu v pht trin. iu ch l trong nhng nm u, UWB
c gi l k thut bng gc, k thut khng sng mang, v k thut xung. B Quc
phng M c coi l ni u tin s dng thut ng ultra wideband.
6

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Nhng nm cui thp k 90 bt u thng mi ho cc h thng v thit b

truyn thng UWB. Cc cng ty nh Time Domain v c bit l XtremeSpectrum
c thnh lp quanh tng truyn thng s dng tn hiu UWB.
b Cc u im ca UWB
Cc u im ca UWB c th tng kt l:
1. Tc cao
2. Gi thnh thit b thp
3. Chng a ng
4. o c (nh v) v truyn thng trong cng mt thi im
Ti s trnh by chi tit hn nhng u im ny trong cc mc tip theo,
nhng trc tin ti mun ni n kha cnh hp dn nht ca truyn thng UWB
l tc cao. Tc cao cho php a ra cc ng dng v cc thit b mi m
hin ti cha c. Tc ln hn 100 Mb/s t c v c kh nng vt qua
tc trn khong cch ngn.
Biu thc Shannon c biu din:
S

C B log 1
N

(1.2)

Trong C l dung lng ti a ca knh, vi n v [b/s]; B l bng tn

knh [Hz]; S l cng sut tn hiu [W] v N l cng sut tp m [W].
Biu thc ny ni cho thy c ba cch c th lm tng dung lng knh.
C th tng bng tn, tng cng sut tn hiu hay gim tp m. C th thy rng
dung lng knh tng tuyn tnh vi bng tn B nhng ch theo hm loga vi cng
sut tn hiu S. Knh UWB c bng tn rt ln v thc t c th hy sinh (tng)
rng bng tn gim cng sut pht v nhiu n cc ngun v tuyn khc. Qua
biu thc Shannon c th thy cc h thng UWB c kh nng cung cp tc rt
cao cho cc h thng truyn thng khng dy. Vn ny s c xem xt t m
hn chng 4.
c Nhng thch thc ca UWB
UWB c nhiu l do lm n rt hp dn cho truyn thng v tuyn cng nh
nhiu ng dng khc trong tng lai, n cng c mt s thch thc phi vt qua
tr thnh mt k thut c s dng ph bin.
7

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Cc h thng v tuyn lun phi tun th cc iu l trnh nhiu gia cc

ngi dng khc nhau. Do UWB chim mt bng tn ln, c nhiu ngi cng s
dng c bng tn nm trong di tn ny c th b nh hng v cn phi chc chn
rng UWB s khng gy nhiu cho cc dch v hin ti ca h. c bit l trong
trng hp nhng ngi dng ny c c quyn s dng di tn ca h. Do
gii quyt vn ph tn l c bit quan trng trong h thng UWB.
Nhng thch thc khc bao gm c vic cc nh sn xut chp nhn cc tiu
chun m bo s tng thch gia cc thit b UWB. Hin nay cha c s nht
tr hon ton v cc chun th kh nng c s xung t gia cc tiu chun cng
nh cc thit b l rt r rng.
Gi thnh thp nhng thm vo l s phc tp ca thit b UWB loi
b nhiu v vn hnh cng sut thp c th li y gi thnh thit b UWB ln
tng ng vi cc thit b v tuyn hin ti.
I.2.

Cc thuc tnh ca h thng v tn hiu UWB

Phn ny trnh by cc c im c bn ca h thng v tn hiu UWB. Chi

tit ca mi c im c trnh by trong cc chng tip theo. Trc ht ta
nghin cu mt n ph cng sut c p dng cho UWB.
a Mt n ph cng sut
Ph ca tn hiu UWB l mt trong nhng vn chnh gy tranh lun gia ngnh
cng nghip v tuyn v chnh ph thng mi ho UWB. Thc t, tn ca
cng ngh l siu bng rng cho thy vn ph l trung tm ca cng ngh
UWB. Tt c cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn phi tun th cc iu l v quy
nh khc nhau v cng sut pht trong cc bng tn cho trc trnh nhiu ti
cc ngi dng khc gn hoc chung di tn s.

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 1.1: Mt n ph do FCC p t cho cc h thng truyn thng UWB

Cc h thng UWB chim bng tn rt rng v gy nhiu ti cc ngi dng
hin ti. gi nhiu mc ti thiu FCC v cc nhm chun ho khc nh
ngha cc mt n ph cho cc ng dng khc nhau vi cng sut pht c php
mi di tn s khc nhau. Trong hnh 1.1 ch ra mt n ph ca FCC cho cc h
thng UWB trong nh. Bng tn ln lin tc 7.5 GHz nm gia tn s 3.1 GHz v
10.6 GHz cng sut pht ti a cho php l -41.3 dBm/MHz.
L do chnh ca cng sut u ra cho php v cng nh cc bng tn 0.96
GHz-1.61 GHz l do cc nhm i din cho cc loi hnh dch v hin ti, nh
thng tin di ng, h thng nh v ton cu (GPS), v cc ng dng trong quc
phng gy p lc trnh gy nhiu ln cc dch v . Cng sut cho php -41.3
dBm/MHz l kh thp so vi nh hng nhiu thc t h thng UWB c th gy
ra v nhiu nhm chun ho hi vng t c cng sut pht cao hn.
b Mu xung
Dng xung c bn c s dng trong UWB thng c gi l monocycle (n
chu trnh) v n ch c mt chu k v c th l bt k hm no tho mn yu cu v
mt n ph. Cc dng xung ph bin l cc xung Gaussian, Laplacian, Rayleigh v
Hermittian ,v,v thng s dng cc dng o hm ca xung Gaussian. L do s
dng xung Gaussian l cc k thut s dng to cc xung Gaussian l tng i
n gin v chng c ph tn kh ph hp vi mt n ph. Trong ni dung n
ny ti ch nghin cu h thng v phn tch h thng s dng xung Gaussian (bao
gm xung Gaussian v cc o hm ca n).
Monocycle px(t) c gi thit l o hm bc x ca xung Gaussian p(t):
9

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB
t 2
1
exp
2
2
2
d x p (t )
px (t )
dt x

p (t )

(1.3)
(1.4)

Trong 2 l phng sai ca xung Gaussian. Mt ph cng sut (PSD)

ca xung Gaussian l:

( f ) P( f )

p(t ) exp( j 2 ft )

exp((2 f ) 2 )

(1.5)

Vi P(f) l bin i Fourier ca p(t). PSD ca monocycle px(t) nhn c l :

px

( f ) (2 f )

2x

(f)

(1.6)

Kt qu a ra trong cng thc (1.6) ch ra o hm xung c bn c th l

mt cch iu chnh PSD ca monocycle trong trng hp ny c gi thit l
xung Gaussian. Mt vn khc l phi xc nh rng xung, bi v xung
Gaussian l tng c di khng xc nh. R rng y l mt iu khng thc
t v cn phi gii hn rng xung thc t. Mt phng php hp l xc nh
rng xung l chn rng xung ph hp vi phn trm nng lng trong
khong thi gian rng xung chim. Trong ni dung n ny rng xung pw
c nh ngha l:
pw
2
p
w
2

px2 (t )dt
2
x

p (t )dt

99.9%

(1.7)

Trong hnh 1.2 cc monocycle px(t) vi x=0,1,2 v rng xung pw=0.9 ns

c ch ra ng thi vi mt ph cng sut tng ng v c th thy s thay
i ph ca monocycle ph thuc vo bc ca o hm. Nu ng dng khc vi
mt tiu chun khc th gii hn chim 99.9% cng sut trong n c th phi
thay i cho ph hp vi nhng tiu chun ny.
By gi coi nh rng xung bit, s lng mu trn mt xung c th c
xc nh. y l iu quan trng biu din tn hiu s s dng trong s
Mt dng xung UWB in hnh l Gaussian doublet (x=2). Kiu xung l tn
hiu s v m phng. i vi p2(t), thng s dng trong l thuyt m phng, c
10

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

th biu din bi 10 mu trn mt xung, nu c chnh lch c 50 dB nm gia cc

i PSD v mt na PSD cc i th tc ly mu l hiu qu.

Hnh 1.2: Cc monoycle px(t) vi x=02 vi PW=0.9 ns v cc dng ph mt cng

sut ca chng
Mt c im cn ch khc l cc anten s dng trong cc b pht v thu.
L do l anten hot ng vi tn hiu UWB khc vi cc tn hiu bng hp. C th
thy t cc phng trnh Maxwell cc anten tng tc vi tn hiu UWB s c
khc bit [7p.33-34]. Thnh phn in bc x s t l vi o hm ca xung pht
v xung thu c s t l vi o hm bc hai ca xung c a n anten.
Nhng nh hng ny phi c tnh n thc hin gii iu ch hiu qu.
To xung Gaussian

.
11

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 1.3: M hnh Matlab n gin to tn hiu Gaussian doubletny

thng c s dng trong cc h thng UWB bi v dng xung ca n to ra d
dng. Xung dng ch nht c th to ra d dng bng cch tt m nhanh transistor

Hnh 1.4: Chi tit ca vic to xung trong h thng truyn thng UWB: (a) Chui xung
ch nht; (b) Chui xung dng Gaussian; (c) xung o hm bc 1; (d) cc xung
Gaussian doublet
Hnh 1.3 v 1.4 a ra mt m hnh to xung n gin, n m t qu trnh
to xung Gaussian doublet, cc nh hng ca anten pht v thu tn hiu. Chng ta
bt u vi xung ch nht hnh 1.4(a). Cc xung UWB c rng c ns hay ps.
Chuyn mch tt m nhanh to cc xung khng c dng ch nht m c dng xp
x dng xung Gaussian. l l do ca tn xung Gaussian, monocycle hay
doublet. Mch n gin to xung Gaussian doublet c trnh by trn hnh 1.3.
Pht xung trc tip n anten cc thnh phn xung b lc tu thuc vo cc c
tnh ca anten. Qu trnh lc ny c th m hnh nh l qu trnh o hm [8]. nh
hng tng t cng xy ra anten thu. y ti ch m hnh knh l tr v gi
thit xung c khuych i pha thu.
c Chui xung
Mt xung bn thn n khng th truyn nhiu thng tin. Thng tin hay d
liu cn c iu ch vo mt chui cc xung c gi l mt chui xung nh
12

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

hnh 1.5 minh ho. Khi cc xung c pht cc khong thi gian lp li, thng
c gi l lp xung hay t l thi gian chim, ph thu c s bao gm cc
nh ph cc tn s ng vi lp . Nhng tn s ny l bi s ca nghch
o ca tc lp xung. Cc ng cng sut nh ny gi l cc ng rng lc
bi v n trng ging mt chic lc. Xem hnh 1.6 (a).

Hnh 1.5: Chui xung UWB

Cc nh xung gii hn cng sut pht ng k. Mt phng php to dng
ph ging tp m l lm nho ph tn hiu bng vic thm vo mt dch ngu
nhin vo mi xung: hoc lm tr xung hoc pht xung trc mt khong nh so
vi thi im pht xung thng thng (thi im danh nh). Dng ph thu c
t s dng dch ngu nhin c ch ra trn hnh 1.6 (b) v c th so snh vi hnh
1.6 (a) thy rng cc ng rng lc c lm gim i rt r rt. Chng ta s
thy chng sau, vic to tr ny khng hon ton ngu nhin nhng lp theo
m gi ngu nhin bit (PN)
d a ng
Mc ny s xem xt nh hng ca hin tng a ng, c bit trong knh
v tuyn trong nh. Do b rng xung cc nh, nu cc xung c x l trong min
thi gian th cc nh hng ca hin tng a ng, nh giao thoa k hiu (ISI),
c th gim nh. a ng l hin tng pha thu thu c nhiu phin bn khc
13

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

nhau ca mt tn hiu in t c truyn n bng cc ng khc nhau ti u

thu. Xem hnh 1.7 cho v d v truyn dn a ng trong mt phng. Nguyn
nhn ca hiu ng ny l do phn x, hp th, tn x, v nhiu x nng lng in
t bi cc vt th gia cng nh xung quanh b thu v b pht.

Hnh 1.6: Ph ca chui xung cha c lm trn (a) v ca chui xung c lm trn
bng cch dch ln pha trc hoc sau mt khong nh (TH)
14

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Nu khng c vt th no hp th hay phn x nng lng th hin tng ny

c th khng xy ra v nng lng bc x bc x t b pht ch ph thuc vo c
im ca anten pht. Tuy nhin, trong thc t cc vt nm gia b pht v thu to
ra cc hiu ng vt l nh phn x, hp th, tn x, nhiu x v chng gy nn hin
tng a ng. Do chiu di ca cc ng khc nhau, cc xung s n b thu
cc khong thi gian tr khc nhau vi t l vi di ng i.
Cc h thng UWB thng c c im chng a ng. Kim tra cc xung
m t phn trc, chng ta c th thy rng nu cc xung n trong khong
mt rng xung chng s gy nhiu v nu chng tch bit t nht rng mt
xung chng s khng gy nhiu. Nu cc xung khng b chng ln, chng c th
c lc ra trong min thi gian hay ni cch khc c th b qua. Gi thit rng
mt k hiu iu ch trn mt xung th chng s khng gy giao thoa trong cng
mt k hiu. Mt khc nng lng t cc thnh phn a ng li c th cng li
trong mt b thu Rake. Hnh 1.8 v 1.9 m t cc xung khng chng ln v chng
ln tng ng.

Hnh 1.7: M hnh a ng in hnh trong nh, xung pht b phn x bi cc vt

th trong nh to ra cc phin bn ca xung b thu vi cng , tr khc nhau
15

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

T biu thc: d c.t . Trong d , t l chnh lch qung ng, thi

gian n b thu gia hai thnh phn a ng tng ng. hai thnh phn a
ng khng chng ln nhau th t pw . Do khong thi gian tch bit cn
thit gia cc ng trnh hin tng chng ln gim khi rng xung gim
i. y l l do rng xung cng nh cng tt c bit trong mi trng trong
nh.
Mt phng php khc gim nhiu a ng l gim thi gian chim
dng (duty cycle) ca xung. Bng cch pht nhng xung vi khong thi gian ln
hn tr a ng ln nht, nhng phn x khng mong mun c th b loi b
d dng u thu. Cch ny r rng l khng hiu qu v to ra gii hn tc
truyn dn d liu ti a i vi mt h thng vi phng php iu ch cho
trc. Trong trng hp gii hn nu cc xung c pht lin tc th h thng s
tng t vi h thng truyn dn sng dng sin.

Hnh 1.8: Hai xung n vi khong thi gian ln hn rng mt xung s khng
chng ln v s khng gy nhiu
e Cc c im khc
Tc pht d liu

16

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Mt trong nhng li ch ca truyn dn UWB cho truyn thng l tc cao

ca n. Hin ny tc chip lin tc c ci thin, phn ln cc ng dng nhm
t tc trong khong 100 Mb/s ti 500 Mb/s [9], tng ng Ethernet c dy
ti USB 2.0. Tc tng ng vi 100 n 500 ln tc ca Bluetooth,
khong 50 ln tc ca 802.11b hay 10 ln tc ca WLAN.
Nh thy bng 1.1 tc d liu hng ti cho truyn dn UWB trong
nh l trong khong 110 Mb/s n 480 Mb/s, kh ln so vi cc chun khng dy
hin nay. Thc t tc truyn dn hin ti c chun ho vo ba tc : 110
Mb/s vi khong cch c l 10 m, 200 Mb/s vi khong cch c 4 m v 480 Mb/s
vi khong cch nh hn 4m.
L do ca cc loi khong cch ny da trn ch yu cc ng dng khc
nhau. V d, 10m ph hp vi kch thc ca mt phng. Khong cch nh hn
4m ph hp vi cc thit b nh home server v ti vi. Khong cch nh hn 1m
ph v cho cc thit b trong my tnh c nhn.

17

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 1.9: a) Hai xung chng ln v b) dng sng thu c bao gm cc xung chng ln
Mt trong nhng li th quan trng ca k thut UWB l phc tp t v
gi thnh h, vi lng rt t thit b RF. S lng thit b t dn n gi thnh
thp. B pht UWB n gin nht ch bao gm b tch phn xung, mch nh thi,
v mt anten.
Bng 1.1: So snh tc ca UWB vi cc chun khng dy cng nh c dy
Chun
UWB, USB 2.0
UWB (khong cch c 4 m), 1394a (4.5 m)
UWB (khong cch c 10 m)
18

Tc (Mb/s)
480
200
110

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Fast Ethernet
802.11a
802.11b
Ethernet
Bluetooth

90
54
11
10
1

Cng sut tiu th thp

Vi thit k hp l thit b UWB c cng sut tiu th tng i thp. Cng
sut tiu th mc tiu ca cc chip UWB l nh hn 100 mW. Bng 1.2 a ra s
liu ca v cng sut tiu th ca cc chip truyn thng di ng khc
Bng 1.2: Cng sut tiu th ca UWB v cc chip truyn thng di ng khc
Chip ng dng
802.11a
LSI 1394 tc 400 Mb/s
MPU 32 bit RISC di ng
B ADC camera s
UWB (mc tiu)
Bng hin th mu TFT trong thit b di ng
LSI gii m MPEG-4
LSI m ho trong thit b di ng
I.3.

Cng sut tiu th (mW)

1500-2000
700
200
150
100
75
50
19

Cc lnh vc ng dng ca UWB

R&O (Report and Order) nh ngha ba loi h thng UWB l: Cc h

thng chp nh, cc h thng truyn thng v o c, v cc h thng rada giao
thng. Ph tn p dng cho cc ng dng trn c lit k ra bng 1.3.
Cc mng WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network): y l lnh vc ng
dng ch yu ca UWB. c hiu l cc mng v tuyn trong nh. WPAN kt
ni trong mt khong cch ngn (thng l t 10-20 m) gia cc thit b di ng,
cc thit b truyn thng. Chng cho php truyn thng video v audio thi gian
thc cht lng cao, truyn file gia cc h thng lu tr, thay th dy cp cho cc
h thng gii tr ti nh. iu ny c th chng t mt c im th v l xy dng
h thng vi cc thit b ton s trong tng lai gn. Mt im khc na l tt c
cc thit b c th c kt ni tc cao vi nhau qua giao din v tuyn. N kt
ni tt c cc loi thit b a dng nh: cc PDA, my di ng, TV, t lnh, my
19

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

tnh v tt c cc b cm bin ng thi cc thit b ny c th bit c v tr ca

cc thit b khc do kh nng nh v ca tn hiu UWB. iu ny m ra mt lot
cc kh nng p dng cc dch v mi. Chng hn nh iu khin t xa t thit b
di ng cc ng dng trong nh hay h thng an ninh thc hin nhn din v m
ca cho bn v.v. Do , k thut UWB pht trin c th xy dng lp vt l y
ha hn cho cc h thng WPAN do c im tc cao trn khong cch ngn, vi
gi thp, cng sut thp v t l thi gian chim thp.

Hnh 1.10: Kt ni cc thit b s dng UWB

Mng cm bin (sensor network): Mng cm bin bao gm mt s lng
ln cc trm tri trn mt vng no . Cc trm c th c nh, v d trin khai
theo di tnh trng nhim; hoc di ng, nu c trang b cho binh lnh, lnh
cu ho, hoc robot trong qun i v trong gii quyt cc tnh trng khn cp.Yu
cu quan trng cho mng cm bin vn hnh trong cc iu kin kh khn trn l
gi thnh r, tiu tn t nng lng, v a chc nng. Cc h thng truyn thng
20

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

UWB tc cao cho php thu thp, phn phi v trao i mt lng ln thng tin
cm bin trong thi gian ngn. c bit, nng lng l rt hn ch trong mng
cm bin so vi cc mng WPAN bi kh khn trong vic np li acqui cho cc
thit b cm bin. Cc nghin cu ch ra p dng cng ngh UWB cho mng cm
bin p ng nhng yu cu v nng lng v gi thnh. Hn na, c th khai
thc kh nng nh v chnh xc ca UWB c bit ti nhng ni GPS cha c
s dng.
Cc h thng chp nh: Khc vi cc h thng rada thng thng nhim
v ch yu l xc nh cc ngun pht x, cc xung rada UWB nh v khong
cch nh hn. Tn hiu phn x t vt th cn nh v khng ch thay i v bin
, thi gian m cn thay i c v dng xung. Kt qu l tn hiu UWB c
nhy cao hn nhiu so vi cc tn hiu rada thng thng. c tnh ny c
p dng cho cc h thng rada. Mt khc do cc thnh phn tn s thp ca tn
hiu UWB c kh nng m xuyn nn c th m rng vi cc ng dng khc nh
chp nh xuyn tng, lng t, v i dng; hay cc thit b chn on y t,
gim st ng bin gii.
Cc h thng rada giao thng: Cm bin da trn UWB c kh nng ci
thin vn ca cc sensor chuyn ng khong cch ngn. Da vo kh nng
nh v c chnh xc cao ca UWB, c th xy dng cc h thng iu khin
giao thng v trnh tai nn thng minh. Cc h thng ny c th ci thin hot
ng ca cc ti kh bo him trong phng tin giao thng v h tr iu khin
giao thng cng nh t thay i ch hot ng ph hp tnh trng giao thng.
K thut UWB cn c th tch hp vo cc h thng gii tr v dn ng trong
phng tin giao thng bng cch download d liu t cc b pht UWB hng
dn dc theo hai bn ng.
I.4.

Tng kt

Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v h thng cng nh tn hiu UWB, v

phn tch mt s kha cnh ca tn hiu UWB nh ph tn, dng xung ca xung
UWB. iu c bit quan trng ca h thng UWB l cng sut pht cng nh
mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu UWB b gii hn bi mt n ph cng sut do
FCC a ra. Chng ta thy rng do cng sut pht trn ph tn rt thp -41.3 dB/
21

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

MHz, trong iu kin ca phading, chng rt t c kh nng gy nhiu n cc h

thng truyn thng v tuyn khc. rng xung cc nh nn cc xung c th
phn bit vi cc thnh phn a ng khng mong mun khc d dng do kh
nng phn gii thi gian cao. iu ny dn n c im chng a ng ca tn
hiu UWB. Ngoi cc u im ng dng trong lnh vc truyn thng cc c tnh
khc ca tn hiu UWB nh kh nng m xuyn vt th v kh nng nh v cao
lm cho cng ngh UWB c phm vi ng dng rt rng nh truyn thng, rada,
chp nh v.v cng nh tch hp hiu qu ng thi nhiu ng dng trn nn tng
cng ngh ny. Chng hn nh tt c cc thit b trong phng c th thc hin truyn
thng v tuyn tc cao vi nhau ng thi c th bit c v tr ca nhau.
Hn na, do c im cc b thu v pht khng cn cc linh kin ln v t
ca tng trung tn do khng phi thc hin chuyn i trung tn (IF) nn c th
gim gi thnh, kch c, trng lng, v cng sut tiu th ng k ca cc h
thng UWB so vi cc h thng truyn thng bng hp khc.
Bng 1.3: Di tn quy nh cho cc lnh vc ng dng UWB khc nhau
Truyn
thng
trong nh
[GHz]

Truyn
Chp nh Chp nh Chp nh
thng
tn thp tn cao tn trung
cm tay [GHz]
[GHz]
bnh
[GHz]
[GHz]

[3.1,10.6] [3.1,10.6] <0.960

Rada
giao
thng
[GHz]

[3.1,10.6] [1.99,10.6] [22,29]

II.
M HNH KNH V TUYN TRONG UWB
II.1. M u
Mt trong nhng kha cnh quan trng nht ca truyn thng da trn UWB
l m hnh ho knh ngoi tri v trong nh v cc hiu ng truyn dn cn phi
c nghin cu t m trc khi thc hin mi ci tin hay ng dng trn cc h
thng UWB. B qua nhng iu ny khng th nh gi chnh xc c hiu nng
ca h thng v nh hng nhiu gia h thng UWB v cc h thng truyn
thng v tuyn khc.

22

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Truyn dn cc tn hiu UWB trong cc mi trng trong nh hay trong nhngoi nh l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht, ni chung c tc ng r
rng n nh hng, mc tiu tng lai v s pht trin ca cng ngh UWB.
Nu knh c m t tt, cc nh hng nhiu gia cc h thng UWB v cc h
thng v tuyn khc c th c gim thiu bng cc b thu pht thch hp. Do
, m t knh truyn dn v tuyn UWB l yu cu ch yu cho thit k cc h
thng truyn thng UWB.

Hnh 2.1: M hnh knh v tuyn UWB a ng n gin trong nh

Mt kha cnh quan trng ca bt k hot ng m hnh ho knh v tuyn
no l nghin cu cc hm phn b ca cc tham s knh. in hnh, cc phn b
thu c t cc php o kim hoc cc m phng da trn cc c im chnh
xc hoc n gin ho ca mi trng. Tuy nhin cc phng php thng ch
hiu r hot ng thng k ca knh v khng th a ra gii thch vt l ca cc
c im ca knh c quan st. Do cc c tnh thng k ny thng to ra cc
hm phc tp, c cc c tnh truyn dn v dng a hnh c th cng c m
hnh knh m phng li, cc m hnh chnh xc tng qut l rt him.

23

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hinh 2.2: Dng xung pht v thu vi Tp=0.55 ns v minh ho trong 10 ns u.

Trong m hnh mi trng knh v tuyn mt s kha cnh phi c a
vo tnh ton s thay i ton b hot ng ca knh truyn. S khc bit gia
UWB v cc k thut m hnh ho truyn thng l do thc t trong mi trng
UWB, cc hiu ng ph thuc tn s khng th b qua. Cc tham s lin quan n
m xuyn, phn x, suy hao ng truyn, v nhiu hiu ng khc c th coi l
tham s ph thuc tn s cn c nghin cu t m. Hnh 2.2 minh ho dng sng
pht v thu trong mi trng knh v tuyn a ng.
Mt cch ph bin m hnh ho knh v tuyn l biu din knh nh l mt
b lc c cc tr cch u nhau v c trng s khc nhau nh trong hnh 2.3.
tr gia cc nhnh (N) ca b lc l c nh vi mt m hnh v cc h s b
lc l cc gi tr ngu nhin ly ra t mt phn b thch hp ca m hnh knh.
p ng xung tr thnh:
N 1

h ( k ) (t ) ai( k ) (t ) (t iTch )
i 0

(2.1)

24

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 2.3 Knh v tuyn c m hnh bi b lc FIR vi cc trng s ngu nhin

Trong k ch m hnh knh ph thuc vo ngi dng th k ang hot
ng. H s ca b lc c th c gi thit l t bin i khi di chuyn cc vt
trong mi trng vt l. Cc h s ca b lc do c gi thit l khng i
(k )
(k )
trong thi gian quan trc v c biu din l ai (t ) ai . S tham gia ca mi

ngi dng vo tn hiu thu r(t) c th tnh c nh sau:

r ( k ) (t )

N 1

s ( k ) (t )h ( k ) ( ) d ai( k ) s ( k ) (t tTch )

(2.2)

i0

V tn hiu thu c do l
K N 1

r (t ) r ( k ) (t ) z (t ) ai( k ) s ( k ) (t iTch ) z (t )
k 1

(2.3)

k 1 i 0

vi z(t) l tp m Gaussian vi phng sai 2 . u thu r(t) c ly mu vi

khong ly mu thch hp Ts c vecto ct r(n) gi cc gi tr thu c
rj (n) r nT f jTs

, j 0,1, 2,...P 1

(2.4)

T f ( N 1)Tch
. Mc d trong biu thc (2.3)
Ts

vi di P c xc nh bi P

bao gm tt c cc bit pht, ch c mt lng xc nh bt, N1 trc v N2 sau

bit thng tin s ng gp nng lng vo r(n). Mt bit n khng iu ch ng
gp vo tn hiu thu:
v

N 1

t ai
k

i 0

25

t iT

ch

(2.5)

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

vi di vecto ct P ca cc mu v(k)(m), tng t nh (2.4) ta c

v j

m v k mT f

jTs

, j 0,1,..., P 1

(2.6)

n m v m z n

(2.7)

By gi c th biu din r(n)

K

r ( n)

N2

k 1 m N1

vi z(n) cha cc mu tp m. S lng bit ti a trc v sau ng gp nng

lng vo r(n) l
N 1 Tch

T f

N1 N 2

(2.8)

Do c im chng a ng nh trnh by chng 1 nn c th gi

thit m hnh knh c cc thnh phn a ng ri rc ngha l cc xung khng
chng ln. iu ny dn n b thu bao gm mt tp hp cc phin bn tr ca
monocycle pht mi phin bn nhn vi bin tng ng ca n ai( k ) .
Phn b bin ca mt m hnh knh v tuyn c m t tt nht bi c
tnh cng tr (PDP: Power Delay Profile) th hin lin h gia cng sut thu
c ca thnh phn a ng thu c vi tr ca cc thnh phn a ng.
PDP c chia thnh cc cc bin vi rng nht nh v cng sut thu c tp
hp trong khong thi gian ny. Cng sut thu trung bnh suy gim dng hm m
theo bin l s th t bin v cng sut thu c thc s l phn b Gamma vi k
vng l gi tr cng sut thu trung bnh. L do l phn b Gamma ph hp vi cc
kt qu o kim thc t c th hiu l do c tnh chu k xung rt nh lm s thnh
phn a ng c kt hp nh. Nu s lng thnh phn a ng ln nn s
dng phn b Rayleigh hay phn b Rican.
Hnh 2.4 l mt v d ca m hnh PDP c m t vi cc ct ch gi tr
trung bnh ca cng sut thu c suy gim theo hm m v ng lin nt ch
cng sut thu c thc t l phn b Gamma vi cng sut thu c trung bnh
lm k vng. s dng PDP tm cc h s b lc, cc thuc tnh v du ca
cc h s phi bit. R rng l s phn x lm o cc ca xung v n phi c
tnh vo m hnh. Trong cc h thng v tuyn bng hp thng thng hin tng
ny thng c tnh bng cch pha ca tn hiu bng gc phc phn b u
26

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

trong khong [ 0, 2 ], nhng vi tn hiu UWB du ca cc thnh phn a

ng n l +1 hoc -1 vi xc sut bng nhau s hp l hn.
Mt iu khng c tnh vo m hnh PDP l thc t cc bin c th tng
quan vi nhau theo mt cch no . iu ny xy ra khi cc sng nhiu x quanh
mt vt cn no v to ra cc sng tng quan vi nhau vi tr thay i rt t
vi nhau.

Hnh 2.4: Minh ho m hnh ho PDP ca tn hiu UWB

II.2. M hnh knh
M hnh knh c la chn trong n ny c m t bi [12]. M hnh
ny da trn nhng o kim trong cc to nh. N c th khng chnh xc lm
nhng c th dng m t bn cht vt l ca knh UWB. hiu r m hnh
ngh c thm [12], y ti ch a ra kt qu.
M hnh c chia thnh hai phn:
M hnh phm vi ln
M hnh phm vi nh

27

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

M hnh u tnh cho s thay i ca knh khi di chuyn my thu mt

khong cch ng k so vi khong cch gia my thu v pht, v d di chuyn t
phng ny sang phng khc. M hnh th hai ngc li xc nh thay i ca knh
khi di chuyn my thu mt khong cch nh m khng lm thay i mi trng
knh tng th.
a S dng m hnh
M hnh hon thin v cc h s b lc ngu nhin ca ngi th dng
th k c th c rt ra t Gk, v cc h s tm c l
ak( l ) b Gk

(2.22)

Trong b l gi tr ngu nhin Bernoulli vi xc xut +1 v -1 l nh nhau

tnh ton s o xung do phn x. Ch rng cc h s ca b lc tnh ton t
(2.22) m hnh knh s cho cng sut tn hiu ra lin quan n khong cch 1m t
b pht. V d p ng xung ti khong cch 10 m c a ra hnh 2.5. Khi s
dng m hnh knh m phng mi ngi nhn tn hiu ca n vi p ng
xung.

Hnh 2.5: p ng xung UWB in hnh khong cch 10 m

II.3. Tng kt
28

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Trong chng ny khi nim m hnh knh v tuyn a ng c gii

thiu v a ra hai m hnh s dng cho m phng. Tu tng trng hp m p
dng m hnh phm vi nh hay ln. T tnh ra c cc h s ca knh l c s
thit k b thu vi cc tham s thch hp.
III.

TRUYN THNG UWB

Truyn thng ni chung c nh ngha l s truyn dn thng tin t ngun

ti ch. Trong ni dung n ny c th nh ngha theo ngha hp hn, gii hn
cc lung thng tin d liu s c truyn dn bi cc chui xung c rng cc
ngn. Chng ny s xem xt cc vn ca truyn thng UWB. Bao gm cc
phng php iu ch nh iu ch v tr xung, iu ch pha hai trng thi, iu
ch xung trc giao, v s kt hp ca chng. Cu trc v hot ng ca b thu v
b pht. V cp ti cc k thut a truy nhp cho truyn thng UWB.
III.1. Cc phng php iu ch trong truyn thng UWB
Nh chng 1 trnh by, mt xung UWB n bn thn n khng cha
thng tin. Chng ta cn a thng tin s vo cc xung, bng cc phng php iu
ch. Trong cc h thng UWB c mt vi phng php iu ch c bn. Ti phn
loi phng php iu ch thnh hai loi c bn. Chng c ch ra trong hnh 3.1
l cc k thut da trn thi gian v da trn dng xung.
Phng php iu ch ph bin nht trong l thuyt v UWB l iu ch v
tr xung (PPM) trong mi xung c tr c iu chnh lch so vi v tr
truyn dn danh nh mt khong thi gian chnh xc. Do , c th thit lp h
thng truyn thng nh phn bng cch dch cc xung chnh xc ln pha trc
hoc v pha sau. Mt khc, bng vic xc nh cc tr xc nh cho mi xung,
c th to h thng iu ch M trng thi.

29

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 3.1: Phn loi cc phng php iu ch trong truyn thng UWB
Mt phng php iu ch ph bin khc l o xung: l, to mt xung
vi pha ngc li. y l phng php iu ch pha hai trng thi (BPSK). Mt
k thut iu ch th v l iu ch xung trc giao, n yu cu cc dng xung c
bit c to ra trc giao vi nhau. c cc phng php ni ting khc. V d,
kho bt tt (OOK) l k thut trong s c mt hay vng mt biu th thng tin
s l 1 hay 0 tng ng. iu ch bin xung (PAM) l mt k thut trong
bin ca xung khc nhau mang thng tin. Mt vi k thut iu ch truyn
thng khng thch hp vi truyn thng UWB. V d, phng php iu tn (FM)
kh p dng cho UWB bi v mi xung mang rt nhiu thnh phn tn s lm n
rt kh iu ch. Ch rng khng nn nhm vi ghp knh phn chia theo thi
gian (FDM-frequency division multiplexing) l k thut hon ton khc phn
bit cc knh truyn thng da vo cc khong tn s ln.

30

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 3.2 Minh ho PPM v BPSK trong truyn thng UWB

Chng ta hy kim tra cc k thut iu ch ln lt c th: Th nht, chng
ta kim tra hai k thut ph bin nht: PPM v BPSK. Mt so snh n gin ca
hai phng php c ch ra trn hnh 3.2. Trong hnh 3.2(a) a ra mt chui
xung khng iu ch so snh. Mt v d cho PPM, xung biu din thng tin 1
c pht cc khong thi gian c xc nh bng chu k lp xung. Xung biu
din thng tin 0 c pht tr so vi v tr thng thng ny mt khong nh
nh trong hnh 3.2(b). Vi BPSK xung o biu din bit 0 trong khi xung khng
o biu din bit 1. iu ny c minh ho trong hnh 3.2(c)
Trc y UWB l h thng bng gc khng s dng sng mang. Tuy nhin
vic s dng sng mang dch cc monocycle, vi bng tn khong 500 MHz ,
n tn s trung tm cao c ngh p dng vi cc h thng UWB gn y,
l c s ca phng php OFDM i vi UWB. Phng php OFDM thc
hin i vi h thng UWB rt hiu qu do ph tn ca h thng UWB rt ln. N
chia bng tn rt ln ca UWB ra thnh cc bng c rng c 500 MHz, v thc
hin truyn dn d liu song song trn cc bng tn ny. Tuy nhin, phng php
ny khng c cp nhiu trong ni dung n ny.
a iu ch v tr xung (PPM)

31

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Xt trng hp iu ch nh phn, trong khi bit 0 c biu din bi mt

xung thi im quy nh, bit 1 c tr mt khong thi gian tng i so
vi thi im quy nh (bit 0).
V mt ton hc c th biu din tn hiu l :
x(t ) w tr (t d j )

(3.1)

Trong wtr(t) l dng xung v:

0, j 0
1, j 1

dj

(3.2)

Gi tr ca c th chn thu thuc vo c im t tng quan ca xung.

Hm t tng quan ca xung c th nh ngha
t

tr

( )w tr (t ) d

(3.3)

Hnh 3.3: Cc dng xung PPM vi cc bit 1 v 0

Chng hn khi chng ta mun ci thin PPM chun vi cc tn hiu trc
giao, gi tr ti u ca gi tr (chng ta gi l opt ) l gi tr tho mn
( opt )

tr

( )w tr ( opt )d 0

(3.4)

Hnh 3.3 ch ra trng hp c bit trong bit d liu 1 c pht thi

im tr so vi thi im danh nh mt lng Tp , trong quy nh bit 0 c
pht thi im danh nh. H s iu ch ti u thay i khi s dng cc dng
xung khc nhau. Hiu nng l thuyt trong knh AWGN c th t c vi cc
32

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

xung khng chng ln, trc giao vi h s iu ch 1 . Tuy nhin hiu nng BER
v tc d liu cao t c nu h s iu ch 1 vi .Tp ti nhng gi tr
ca tr lm cho hm t tng quan cc tiu. H s iu ch ti u opt khng ph
thuc vo rng xung bi v nh ngha ca t l tng i ca rng xung. Khi
bc o hm tng ln, gi tr BER cc tiu t c vi gi tr nh hn, v do
t c hiu nng BER tt hn. Hnh 3.4 a ra hm t tng quan chun ho ca
mt s loi xung khc nhau, v xem xt c vi cc rng xung khc nhau.
Bng 3.1: Cc gi tr dch thi gian ti u vi BPPM trong knh AWGN
Dng sng

ti u

o hm bc hai

0.292683Tp

o hm bc ba

0.243902Tp

o hm bc bn

0.219512Tp

o hm bc nm

0.195122Tp

Hai c im c bit ca PPM:

Cc h s t tng quan ca cc dng sng Gaussian c c cc gi tr
dng v m. iu ny gii thch ti sao n c th t c hiu nng BER tt
hn vi gi tr nh hn Tp so vi trng hp iu ch cc xung trc giao v thi
gian c ln hn Tp ( 1 ng cc tn hiu trc giao thi gian do gi tr ca
hm t tng quan coi nh bng 0, hnh 3.4).
Cc h s t tng quan cc tiu ti mt s gi tr , tng ng vi
cc trng hp hiu nng BER cc i.
Dng ca hm t tng quan cung cp phng php la chn gi tr ti u
ca trong trng hp knh AWGN. Gi tr ca c th c nh mt gi tr u
tin vi mt dng xung UWB c chn. Gi tr tt nht s dng c th xc
nh khi tnh ton h s t tng quan ca xung chn. Gi tr ti u ca cho
mi dng sng c ch ra trn Bng 3.1.

33

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 3.4: Hm t tng quan chun ho ca cc dng sng khc nhau, v vi mt s

rng xung khc nhau trong tp1=0.7521 ns, n=2,5,14; tp2=0.5 ns, n=2,5; vi n l
bc ca xung Gaussian.
b Tng kt v cc phng php iu ch
trn ti cp n cc loi iu ch hai trng thi c th c s dng
trong truyn thng UWB, phng php iu ch nhiu trng thi cng c th p
dng cho truyn thng UWB t cc phng php iu ch trn (ngoi tr trng
hp OOK). Khi s dng M-PAM iu ch tn hiu, cc xung pht vi M bin
khc nhau mang log2(M) bit thng tin, trong khi M-PPM dch xung ti mt
trong M v tr khc nhau trong mt chu k xung v mang cng mt lng thng tin
nh trn. Trong M-PPM t xung M v tr khc nhau c th gy ra chng ln.
iu ny c th dn n gim dung lng knh khi nhy i vi tp m tng
ln do khi cc k hiu t qu gn nhau s lm gim chnh lch gia cc ngng
quyt nh u thu. Trong ni dung ti ny ti ch xem xt M-PPM v 2-PPM
vi mc chng ln ti u thu c bng cch cc tiu hm t tng quan.
Mt iu th v khc na l c th s dng kt hp c M-PAM v M-PPM. C
th thc hin iu ny l do bn cht xung ca tn hiu UWB lm cho hai phng
php iu ch trc giao vi nhau. Loi iu ch c bit ny gi l iu ch bin
v v tr M- trng thi (M-PPAM). Trong cc h thng truyn thng bng hp thng
34

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

thng la chn tham s M trong iu ch M trng thi l tng i phc tp ph

thuc vo cc tham s ca knh nh SNR. iu ny dn n cc phng php iu
ch thch ng trong c th iu chnh M ti a hiu nng ca h thng. Mt v
d l mt h thng modem dial up hin nay trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni thc
hin xc nh gi tr ln nht ca M c th s dng truyn thng tin cy.
Hiu nng ca cc phng php iu ch trong knh AWGN
Theo ph lc C [11] b thu tng quan l ti u trong knh AWGN khng
nh v t c b thu ti u phi c M b tng quan vi cc hm trc chun
c s ca cc dng sng sm(t), trong M l chiu ca tn hiu v m=1M. Quyt
nh cng c th c thc hin xc nh gi tr ca m ti thiu khong cch
Euclidian gia cc dng sng thu c v sm(t).
Trong trng hp BPSK v BPPM ch cn b mt b tng quan v c
lng bit thng tin t biu thc:

( n 1) N sT f

sgn
d

(k )

( n)

nN sT f

s ( k ) (t ).scorr (t nN sT f )dt 1

(3.26)
Trong scorr(t) l dng xung mu (template waveform). Nu iu ch BPSK
th scorr(t)=prx(t), trong prx(t) l monocycle thu c v BER c th tnh c
(xem ph lc C.2 [11]). Tnh ton n c t s tn hiu trn tp m tng ln mt
lng bng h s tri ph th BER tr thnh:

1
BERBPSK erfc
2

SF .N s .SNR

(3.27)

Vi iu ch BPPM scorr (t ) prx (t ) prx (t ) v BER thu c (xem ph lc C.3

[11])

1
BERBPPM erfc
2

(3.28)

35

SF .N s (1 ( )).SNR

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

rx

( )

Trong

(t ) prx (t )dt

rx

(t ) prx (t )dt

(3.29)
L hm t tng quan chun ho ca monocycle vi tr .
C th so snh t (3.27) v (3.28) l BPSK li 3 dB so vi BPPM khi
( ) 0 . iu ny khng c g l v thi gian tch phn hiu dng trong trng

hp BPPM ln gp hai ln so vi trong BPSKv do cng sut nhiu thu c

ln gp hai ln trong khi c cng cng sut tn hiu thu. Nu s dng BPPM c
chng ln th li th ca BPSK s gim i cng khng th t c BER nh trong
BPSK.
Khi s dng QPPAM cn hai b tng quan. Mt c xung mu l prx(t) v
mt c xung mu l prx (t ) . Cc tnh ton v BER c thc hin ph lc C.4
[11], ch ra rng khng th biu din BER trong trng hp ny mt cch chnh
xc. Thay vo c xp x:
BER QPAM

3
1

BERBPPM BERBPPM BERBPSK

2
2

(3.30)

Vi gi thit l ( ) 0 v SNR ? 1 .
M phng cc phng php iu ch khc nhau c thc hin hnh 3.9
kim tra cc kt qu phn tch trn. C h thng TH v DS u s dng xung
Gaussian bc 7.
L do s dng ( ) 0.67 trong trng hp BPPM chng ln l tng
ng vi gi tr chng ln ny lm cc tiu hm t tng quan chun ho
( ) . Gi tr ny ca ( ) do tng ng vi hiu nng ti nht c th t c

khi s dng h thng BPPM chng ln.

36

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 3.8: m phng cc h thng mt ngi dng UWB trong knh AWGN
Kt lun thu c l ti a hiu nng ca h thng UWB, nn s dng
BPSK. Phn tip theo ca n ny s trng tm vo iu ch BPSK. Cc phng
php iu ch cho truyn thng UWB trn bng 3.2 tng kt cc u im v
nhc im ca cc phng php iu ch.
Bng 3.2: u im v nhc im ca cc phng php iu ch khc nhau
Phng php
iu ch
PPM
BPSK
PSM
PAM
OOK

u im

Nhc im

n gin
n gin, hiu qu
a truy nhp trc giao
n gin
n gin

Cn x l thi gian chnh xc

Ch iu ch nh phn
Phc tp
nh hng bi tp m
Ch iu ch nh phn, nh
hng nhiu bi tp m

III.2. B pht
S khi b pht UWB tng qut c ch ra trn hnh 3.10. Th
nht, d liu c to bi cc ng dng tch bit tng vt l ca b pht.
Cc ng dng c th l thu bao e-mail hoc duyt web trong mt my tnh c
nhn, ng dng lch trong thit b PDA, hoc d liu s t my chi DVD. T
37

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

c im ca tng vt l d liu c th l bt c th g. Phn ny ca thit b

v tuyn thng gi l back end.

Hnh 3.9 S khi thu pht UWB chung

Dng thng tin nh phn c vt qua phn front end, l mt phn
ca b pht chng ta cp. Cc phng php iu ch cao hn l c s dng
iu ch nh phn c th chuyn cc bit vo k hiu, vi mi k hiu biu din
nhiu bt. Cc k hiu ny c nh x ti mt dng xung. Cc dng xung c
to ra bi b to xung. Cn thit c mch nh thi chnh xc gi cc xung ra
tng khong yu cu. Nu PPM th cn nh thi cn chnh xc hn, thng nh
hn mt rng xung.
Cc xung sau c th c iu chnh bin trc khi pht. Ni chung,
t c yu cu ph cng sut thng thng khng cn h s khuych i ln
v c th b qua.
y l mu b thu pht cc k n gin, n b qua phng php sa li
trc, n phc v mc ch m t cc b thu pht tng i n gin.
III.3. Cc k thut a truy nhp p dng trong UWB
38

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Xc sut c nhiu ngi dng truy nhp vo h thng l vn quan trng

trong truyn thng UWB, bi v cc ng dng thc t s yu cu nhiu hn mt
ngi s dng hot ng trong mi trng mt thi im. Mc ny qua s
nghin cu cc phng php khc nhau gii quyt vn ny.
C bn l c 3 phng php cho cc ngi dng ring bit h s dng cng
mt mi trng.
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA): Cc ngi s dng ring
bit c node trung tm gn cho mt bng tn c nh cho mi ngi dng.
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA): Knh c chia thnh
mt s khong thi gian khng chng ln gi l khe thi gian, chng c chu k.
Mi ngi dng sau c gn mt khe thi gian bi node trung tm.
a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA): Mi ngi dng c mt m
duy nht, m ho truyn dn sao cho u thu c th gii iu ch. Do mi
ngi dng phn bit vi nhau bi m ca chng. C ba cch c bn thc hin
CDMA:
Nhy tn (FH): Hot ng ging nh FDMA ngoi tr bng tn s
dng c xc nh bi m ti mi thi im truyn dn.
Nhy thi gian (TH): Hot ng ging nh TDMA ngoi tr khe thi
gian s dng c xc nh bi m ti mi thi im truyn dn.
Tri ph trc tip (DS): D liu c nhn vi m c hai pha pht
v thu v cc c tnh m cho php ngi dng thch hp gii iu ch tn hiu.
Cc h thng FH-CDMA khng c quan tm nhiu hn trong n ny,
bi v hiu nng ca FH tng ng vi TH, nhng s cn h thng phc tp hn
thc hin nhy tn. Trng tm ca n l nghin cu cc h thng a truy
nhp da trn CDMA TH v DS.
Phi hp cc phng php a truy nhp a ra trn c th thc hin ph
thuc vo h thng. Mt v d l h thng TH pht mt vi xung trn mt bit v
ng thi m ha mi xung ny nh l mt chip trong h thng DS. S phn bit
ngi dng c th thc hin bng cch s dng m TH v DS hoc c hai. Phng
php kt hp c v ngy cng c chp nhn trong IEEE 802.15a. u im ca
phng php kt hp nm thc t l c thm nhiu tham s iu chnh dung
lng ca h thng mt cch mm do hn. Bng cch s dng phng php ny
39

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

mt chun c th c to ra bao gm nhiu cu hnh khc nhau ca cc h thng

UWB c th tng thch. Hiu nng ca cc thit b UWB do c th p ng
tt hn nhu cu v gi c ca th trng. V d mt h thng vi tng vt l a
bng c a ra bi cng ty General Atomics ti nhm IEEE 802.15a [13].
Trong ngh ny bng tn c chia thnh 20 knh trong FH v h thng UWB
c th c nh gi da vo c bao nhiu bng v loi iu ch no l thch hp.
Gii php kt hp khng phi l gii php c trnh by trong n ny.
Thc t cc gii php da vo TH hoc DS CDMA trong mi piconet c nghin
cu. Nhim v nghin cu cc h thng a bng l ni dung tng lai.

IV.

NH GI V H THNG UWB

Trong chng ny ti s xem xt mt s kha cnh c bit quan trng ca h

thng UWB. Cc vn : nh dung lng ca h thng UWB; nh hng nhiu
qua li gia cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn vi h thng UWB; thc hin so
snh hiu nng hot ng ca h thng vi mt s h thng bng rng khc; v
nghin cu cc trng hp ng dng truyn thng UWB c th. Nhng vn ny
c ngha quyt nh n s thnh bi ca h thng truyn thng UWB. Trc ht
ti cp n vn dung lng ca h thng UWB.
IV.1. Dung lng ca cc h thng UWB
Xt trng hp dng xung n gin ho v ch c th p dng cho h thng
iu ch v tr xung, n phc v mc ch minh ho v dung lng h thng
UWB. Th nht, xy dng mt vi gi thit. n gin m khng mt tng qut,
mi xung UWB c gi thit biu din mt tn hiu. Do , s xung trn mt k
hiu l Np=1. iu ny ngha l chu k tn hiu v chu k xung l bng nhau (tc l,
Tf=Ts) v nng lng mi xung Ep l ging vi nng lng trn mt k hiu Es.
Tip theo, ti s dng cng thc dung lng Shanon C=Wlog2(1+SNR)
tnh ton. n gin, dng xung l ch nht p(t) trong

40

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

p (t )

1
;0 t Tp
Tp

(4.1)
V Tp l thi gian xung.
Hm tng quan h( ) cho p(t) l
Tp
T , Tp 0
p

h( ) Tp
, 0 Tp

Tp

(4.2)

Trong phn tch ny ti m hnh dch thi gian khc bit gia cc ngi dng,
vi k hiu phn b u trong khong [-Tf, Tf]. N tun theo cng thc sau:
P (Tp 0) P(0 Tp )

Tp
2T f

1
2

(4.3)

Trong T f / Tp l t l tri ph thay th tham s SF thng s dng

trn biu thc ton gn hn, c nh ngha l t s thi gian ca khung chia
cho thi gian ca xung.
Gi tr trung bnh ca h() c th c tnh nh sau:
E[h()]=E[h()| -Tp 0]P(-Tp 0)
+ E[h()| 0 Tp ]P(0 Tp )
1
=
2

(4.4)

Phng sai ca h() c k hiu l

1
E[h ( )]-

2
2
h

E[h 2 ( )|-Tp 0]P(-Tp 0)

+E[h()| 0 Tp ]P(0 Tp )

1
1
2
3 4

C th xp x l
41

1
4 2

(4.5)

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

1
3

(4.6)

vi gi tr h s tri ph ln.
Phng sai I2 ca nhiu a truy nhp k hiu NI c th tnh
Nu

Nu

A( v )
A
v2
v 2 3
2
I

( v )2

2
h

(4.7)

Trong v l ch s ca ngi dng v Nu ch tng s ngi s dng.

SNR u ra ca b thu vi mi k hiu c th tnh l:
2

A(1)
I 2
I N0 / 2

A(1)

Nu

A
v 2

( v )2

(4.8)

/ 3 N 0 / 2

Hnh 4.1: Dung lng ngi dng vi nhiu ngi s dng l hm ca s ngi s
dng Nu vi h s tri ph 50 IEEE 2002

42

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Trong trng hp knh nhiu Gaussian trng cng (AWGN) v iu khin

(1)
(v)
cng sut tt, A A E p v I c th biu din l:

3
( N u 1) 3 / 0

(4.9)

Trong 0 2 E p / N 0 . T biu thc ny c th thy rng vi s lng nh

ca ngi s dng (v d N u 3 / 0 ) hiu nng b gii hn bi tp m, trong khi
vi nhiu ngi s dng (v d N u 3 / 0 ) hiu nng b gii hn bi nhiu.
S dng biu thc (4.9) dung lng mt ngi dng CM-PPM l hm ca trng
thi knh SNR I l
M

CM PPM ( I ) log 2 M Ev x1 log 2 e

I ( vm v1 )

(4.10)

m 1

c o bng s bit trn mt k hiu. y, vm l gi tr ngu nhin vi m nm

trong khong 1 v M v c phn b iu kin trn tn hiu pht x1
v1 : N ( I ,1)
vm : N (0,1), m #1

(4.11)
Trn hnh 4.1 cc nh hng ca nhiu nhit c b qua, chng ta c th
coi nh ch c nhiu a truy nhp. Knh a truy nhp s t cung cp dung lng
ngi dng khi s ngi dng Nu<15, v khi ngi s ngi dng tng ln,
dung lng ca ngi dng c th gim.
IV.2. So snh vi cc h thng truyn thng bng rng
Trong mc ny chng ta s cp mt vi khc bit v tng t ca cc h
thng truyn thng UWB vi cc h thng tri ph (SS). L do l trong mt
khong cch rt ngn (chng hn phm vi trong phng) chng ta khng th hi
vng s dng bt c dng no ca truyn thng tri ph hay OFDM. C th hn
cc ng dng trong lnh vc truyn thng tri ph thng thng cng nh OFDM
cng khng c s dng hay d nh s dng trong phm vi ny. a ra mt
s v d, tri ph c s d0ng trong h thng dch v thng tin di ng v s
liu th h th ba (3G). Truyn thng t trm gc n thit b di ng c th nm
43

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

trong khong vi trm mt n hng kilomt. Trong khi , OFDM ang c

xem xt s dng trong h thng di ng th h th t (4G). Thc t OFDM cng
ang c s dng trong truyn hnh s Nht Bn. Cc k thut UWB hin nay
thng t c cp s dng truyn thng ngoi nh, v cc ng dng truyn
thng khong cch ln.

Hnh 4.2: So snh cc phm vi ng dng ca cc cng ngh truyn thng v tuyn khc
nhau theo khong cch
Tuy nhin, cc mng LAN v tuyn trong nh c th nm trong cng phm
vi ng dng ca UWB v do s dng so snh v nh gi n vi truyn
thng UWB l hp l nht.
Chun IEEE 802.11b p dng cho cc mng WLAN s dng tri ph chui
trc tip (DSSS) c tn s trung tm 2.4 GHz, v chun 802.11a cho cc mng
WLAN s dng OFDM c tn s trung tm 5GHz. Sau y ti s so snh h thng
UWB vi h thng WLAN tun theo chun IEEE 802.11b. y l mt trong
nhng chun ph bin nht cho truyn thng khng dy trong nh. N hot ng
di tn khng cp php 2.4-GHz. Trong 802.11b, cc k thut tri ph trc tip
c s dng chuyn tn hiu d liu bng hp ln ton b di tn cho trc,
loi b nhiu t cc ngi dng khc hay cc ngun tp m. Bng tn 2.4 GHz
c bit l bng tn ISM, n dng cho cng nghip, khoa hc v y t.

44

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 4.3: Quan h thi gian-tn s ca hai ngi dng s dng tri ph nhy tn

Hnh 4.4: Quan h thi gian-tn s ca hai ngi dng s dng tri ph chui trc tip.
Hai ngi dng phn bit vi nhau bi hai m khc nhau
C hai k thut tri ph ph bin l: tri ph nhy tn (FHSS) v tri ph
nhy thi gian (THSS). Tng quan v quan h tn s thi gian c ch ra trn
hnh 4.3 v 4.4. Trong hnh 4.3 chng ta c th thy hai ngi s dng chim mt
bng tn hp trong mt khong thi gian ngn. C 79 knh nhy tn trong chun
IEEE 802.11 v mi knh rng 1 MHz. Cc bc nhy thc hin mi 224 s. Tri
li, hnh 4.3 ch ra rng mi ngi dng chim ton b di tn ti mi thi im v
cc ngi dng khc nhau phn bit bi cc m gi ngu nhin (PN). Do DSSS
45

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

cn c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). C DSSS v FHSS u

c m t trong cc chun WLAN IEEE 802.11, v gn y l chun IEEE
802.11b, DSSS mi ch nh ngha c lp vt l.
So snh UWB vi DSSS v FHSS
So snh gia ba k thut iu ch: DSSS, FHSS, v UWB. Thit lp cho mi
phng php chim bng tn 3.2 MHz, truyn dn tc 3.125 Mb/s, v cung
cp cho 30 ngi dng ng thi. Vi h thng DSSS SNR c th vit l:
SNRDSSS

1
( K 1) / 3 N N 0 / 2 Eb

(4.12)

Trong K l s ngi dng v N l s chip trn mt bit. BER c th tnh

c t

1
BER DSSS erfc
2

SNR DSSS

(4.13)

Trong erfc l hm li b, c nh ngha l:

erfc(z)=

2
exp -z 2 dz

(4.14)
Trong khi BER ca FHSS tnh c nh sau:
1
1
BER= 1
2
k

M 1

1 1
Ci erfc

2 i 1 k M 1

M 1

erfc

2N

2N+Si

(4.15)
Trong k l s khe nhy tn, M l s lng ca ngi dng, S l cng sut tn
hiu, v N l cng sut tp m. Do , Si biu din cng sut nhiu t cc ngi
dng.
Vi UWB, SNR u ra trung bnh c th c tnh vi gi thit chui nhy
thi gian ngu nhin. s ngi dng (c kch hot) l Nu. T [14] SNR l:

46

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB
SNR

N Am
s

Nu

2
rec
N s a2 Ak2
k 2

(4.16)
2
Trong rec
l phng sai ca thnh phn tp m thu u ra b tch phn
2
chui xung. Cc tham s ph thuc vo dng sng monocycle mp v a c tnh:

mp

rec

( x )v( x)dx

(4.17)
V

1
f

T rec ( x s )v( x )dx ds

2
a

(4.18)

Tng ng, trong A1 l bin momocycle, Tf l chu k khung gi thit

bng 10 ns, v Ns l s xung trn mt k hiu.

Hnh 4.5: So snh BER ca ba h thng bng rng DSSS, FHSS, v UWB trong
trng hp mt ngi dng
Kt qu th nht c ch ra trong hnh 4.5 vi trng hp mt ngi dng
chng ta c th d dng thy rng c ba phng php c cng ng cong BER
theo SNR. Khi 30 ngi dng ng thi pht tn hiu s thy s khc bit. iu
ny c minh ho trn hnh 4.6.

47

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 4.6: So snh BER ca ba h thng khi 30 ngi dng ng thi truyn dn
Chi tit hn hnh 4.6, hnh 4.7 ta so snh hiu nng ca hai phng php
DSSS v UWB, c th thy r rng v mt l thuyt vi cc gi thit ny hiu nng
ca DSSS cao hn ca UWB.

Hnh 4.7: So snh BER theo s ngi dng vi cc h thng UWB v DSSS
Tuy nhin, bng tn chip gi thit cho DSSS l 0.37 ns, c ngha l vic x l
tn hiu rt phc tp (v do rt t) so vi cc h thng UWB. Do , chng ta
c th tng qut ho vi pht biu rng hiu nng t c l tng t nhau i
vi cc h thng bng rng DSSS v UWB, vi bng tn ging nhau. Tuy nhin,
trn thc t UWB c th thc hin vi gi c thp hn, mt khc nu bng tn lm
48

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

vic tng ln th x l tn hiu i vi cc h thng DSSS v FHSS s phc tp

hn, nn cc h thng UWB hp dn hn. Hn na chng ta ch rng bng tn
gi thit trong v d ny ch l 3 MHz, trong khi bng tn hot ng thc t ca
UWB ln hn rt nhiu: ti thiu l 500 MHz.
IV.3. nh hng nhiu qua li gia h thng truyn thng UWB v cc
h thng truyn thng khc
Bi v cc tn hiu UWB c bng tn rt rng, ph tn hot ng ca chng
chng ln ph tn vi cc phng php truyn thng khng dy khc. Hnh 4.8 ch
ra mt s h thng c th gy kh khn cho UWB. Vn c gi gn lm hai.
Th nht, UWB c th hot ng trong iu kin xut hin nhng nhiu ny. Th
hai, UWB phi khng gy nhiu ng k cho cc ngi dng thuc cc h thng
ny.
Chng ta c th d dng thy rng mt trong nhng l do trnh bng tn
nh l qu nhiu dch v khng dy m UWB c th ng chm ti. Di tn gia 3
GHz v 10 GHz l ngun nhiu cho cc h thng khng dy trong nh chnh c
gi thit l cc mng WLAN 5-GHz da trn OFDM.

49

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 4.8: Cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn khc vn hnh trn di tn ca h thng
UWB gy nhiu ln h thng UWB v ngc li
a Cc mng ni ht khng dy (WLAN)
Vi nhng h thng tn s trung tm 5.2 GHz v tn s trung tm h thng
UWB 4.2 GHz, nh hng ln hiu nng BER l ti thiu khi cng sut ca tn
hiu 802.11a nh hn tn hiu UWB 10 dB. H thng UWB m phng s dng
dng xung s0(t) iu ch bi sng dng sin(2 f 0t ) tn s f0 Hz v dn n biu thc
s0 (t ) e at

2 / 2

sin(2 f 0t )

(4.19)

M phng vi a=loge10 v 0.5 ns. Cc xung c gi mi 5 ns v thc

hin iu pha hai trng thi. Cng sut ca h thng UWB vi Eb/N0 (nng lng
mi bit chia cho mt cng sut tp m) v t l mong mun vi khng mong
mun (DU) c nh ngha l cng sut ca mt xung n loi b nh hng
ca khong cch gia cc xung. Khi tn hiu 802.11a mnh hn, nh khi b pht
WLAN gn b thu UWB, xy ra nhiu ng k. loi b nhiu ny, hai k thut
c ngh. Mt l s dng b lc loi b nhiu khng mong mun. V d, c
th s dng b lc Chebyshev bc su vi tn s ct 4 GHz, gn nh hn 0.2
dB, v suy hao -20 dB 5.18 GHz. B lc ny lm tn hao 1-dB khi khng c
nhiu; tuy nhin n ci thin hiu nng ng k khi khng c nhiu.
ngh th hai l s dng h thng UWB a bng. Cc sng mang con tn
s cao nht b loi b bi v chng chng ln vi ph tn 802.11a. S dng mt h
thng vi 11 sng mang con vi khong cch l 200 MHz t 3.2 n 5.2 GHz
s0 (t ) e at
11

X n e at

/ 2
2

sin(2 f 0t )

/ / 2

n 1

sin(2 f 0t )

(4.20)

Trong / 0.5 ns.

Tm li, t s DU l 0 dB, loi b hai sng mang ln nht c hiu nng
tt nht, trong khi vi DU l -10 dB loi b ba sng mang thu c hiu nng tt
nht. Mt th nghim thc hin c m t hnh 4.9 xc nh hot ng ca
card mng WLAN vi di tc dng ca cc tn hiu UWB cng sut cao, v c
th tng kt l 802.11b c th chu nhiu t UWB khi cng sut truyn dn cao v
khong cch gn gia cc my pht UWB v b thu WLAN.
50

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hnh 4.9 Thit lp th nghim xc nh nh hng ca nhiu t cc b pht UWB

cng sut cao ti card WLAN
Trong th nghim ny, cc xung vi rng 500 ps c to ra t vi b pht
UWB. Tn s lp xung c c nh 87 MHz. Tn s trung tm khong 1.8
GHz. Cng nh-nh o xung t cng ra ca bng mch xp x 300mV.
Cc anten ng hng c s dng v c EIRP t -2 dBm ti 3 dBm ph thuc
vo tn s lp xung. Cu hnh ny khng ph hp vi quy nh ca FCC, phn m
rng mt n ph cho truyn dn trong nh c 30 dB bng tn 2.4 GHz
Cc php o ph trn knh 1 (fc=2.412 GHz) ch ra nh nhiu UWB nh
hn c 20 dBmV nh tn hiu 802.11b vi 20 b pht UWB khong cch 100
cm. khong cch 15 cm t anten o nh UWB thp hn nh tn hiu WLAN
c 5 dBmV. Cc php o SNR c tin hnh, v kt qu l vi nu khong cch
t b thu WLAN n cc b pht UWB ln hn 50 cm, s khng c suy gim
ng k vi SNR. Vi khong cch nh hn 50 cm, SNR suy gim c 10-15 dB.
Thng qua nhng php o ch ra mt s xu hng: vi cch khong cch nh hn
30 cm, dung lng WLAN gim r rt khi c 15 b pht UWB cng sut cao hoc
nhiu hn v nu khong cch ln hn 40 cm nh hng c th b qua.
b Bluetooth

51

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

Hiu nng ca cc mng WLAN Bluetooth c xem xt di nh hng

ca cc tn hiu UWB cng sut ln. C th tng kt l kt ni Bluetooth chu nh
hng t hn cc knh 802.11b tng ng.
Bi v cc thit b Bluetooth c th iu chnh trng thi cc knh ring
trnh cc knh xu. Ch suy gim dung lng khong 530 kb/s xung 490 kb/s
cc b thu pht Bluetooth cch nhau 10 m, v khng suy gim dung lng khi cc
thit b Bluetooth t cch nhau c 3 m, trong th nghim cc thit b UWB t
cch b thu Bluetooth 15 cm.
c GPS
GPS ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nhiu lnh vc nh thng mi, qun
s, v x hi. V d cc h thng hng khng cng nh cc thit b giao thng hin
i, hng hi v,v nhn thng tin dn ng t h thng GPS. Cc thit b thng tin
di ng trang b b thu GPS cng ang c thng mi ho. Do nh hng
ca tn hiu UWB ln tn hiu GPS cn c c bit quan tm. iu ny cng
c th hin r trong mt n ph cng sut do FCC a ra khi cng sut pht
c php ca tn hiu UWB trong di tn ny l thp nht ch khong -76
dBm/MHz nn c th b qua nh hng ca tn hiu UWB nn tn hiu GPS.
d Cc h thng thng tin t bo
Xem li hnh 4.7 d thy rng phn ln cc h thng di ng hot ng di
tn di 1 GHz v do khng nm trong di tn m phn ln cc h thng
truyn thng UWB s dng. Bng tn 1.5 GHz c bo v mnh bi cc iu l
ca FCC. Cc dch v di tn 2 GHz c th chu mt s nh hng; tuy nhin n
nm ra ca bng tn UWB trung tm v khng ph bin nh cc dch v di
ng t ong khc ti thi im hin nay. Trong mt s th nghim v nh hng
ca h thng UWB (tho mn yu cu ca FCC) ln dch v di ng PCS 1.9
GHz. V nhn thy khng c nh hng r rt ca tn hiu UWB i vi cc dch
v thoi di tn ny. Trong th nghim cc thit b di ng t khong cch 1.5
m so vi anten pht UWB.
IV.4. Tng kt
Chng ny trnh by mt s kha cnh quan trng ca h thng truyn
thng UWB. Thc hin tnh ton dung lng h thng UWB trong iu kin n
52

TIU LUN H THNG

UWB

gin; so snh hiu nng ca h thng UWB vi h thng WLAN chun IEEE
802.11b; xem xt nh hng nhiu qua li gia h thng UWB vi cc h thng
v tuyn khc c bit l h thng WLAN IEEE 802.11a, v chng minh khong
cch hot ng hiu qu thc t ca h thng UWB l c 10m. Nhng kha cnh
ny l ht sc quan trng khi trin khai h thng truyn thng UWB. N quyt
nh mc hin thc hay thnh cng ca h thng. Tuy nhin trong ni dung
n ny cc kha cnh ny cng cha c xem xt tht s t m.

53