Tieu Luan 5 - Chuyen Mach BURST Quang

Chuyn :
K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG
MC LC
THUT NG VIT TT.....................................................................................2
LI NI U........................................................................................................4
CHNG I............................................................................................................6
TNG QUAN V CHUYN MCH QUANG...................................................6
1. Tng quan v chuyn mch quang..............................................................6
1.1. Tm quan trng ca chuyn mch quang........................................6
1.2 Nguyn tc chung ca chuyn mch quang......................................7
1.2. Phn loi chuyn mch quang.........................................................9
1.2.1. Chuyn mch knh quang......................................................9
1.2.2. Chuyn mch gi quang........................................................9
1.2.3 Chuyn mch burst quang(OBS):.........................................11
CHNG II.........................................................................................................14
CU TRC V K THUT HOT NG MNG CHUYN MCH
QUANG................................................................................................................14
2.1 Cu trc ca mng chuyn mch burst quang (OBS)..............................14
2.1.1 Cu trc mng chuyn mch burst quang(OBS)..........................14
2.1.2 Cu trc node trong mng chuyn mch burst quang..................15
2.1.2.1 Cu trc node li................................................................16
2.1.2.2 Cu trc node bin.............................................................17
2.1.3 Hot ng ca mng chuyn mch OBS.....................................19
2.2 Cc phng thc iu khin trong chuyn mch burst quang.................21
2.2.1 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAG (Tell-And-Go)...............21
2.2.2 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAW (Tell-And-Wait)............22
2.2.3 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu IBT (In-Band-Terminater).....23
2.2.4 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu RFD (Reserve-a-FixedDuration)........................................................................................23
2.3 Cc giao thc s dng ng k ti nguyn trong OBS.......................23
2.3.1 Giao thc JIT (Just-In-Time).......................................................23
2.3.2 Giao thc JET(Just-Enought-Time).............................................26
2.4 Mt s vn lin quan n chuyn mch burst quang..........................30
2.4.1 Cc c ch ng k bc sng....................................................30
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :

2.4.1.1 Thit lp v gii phng r rng..........................................30
2.4.1.2 Thit lp r rng v gii phng c lng.........................31
2.4.1.3 Thit lp c lng v gii phng r rng.........................31
2.4.1.4 Thit lp v gii phng c lng.....................................31
2.4.2 Thi gian tr................................................................................32

2.4.2.1 Khng ng k..................................................................32
2.4.2.2 ng k mt chiu.............................................................32
2.4.2.3 ng k hai chiu..............................................................32
2.4.3 Tranh chp v gii quyt tranh chp trong mng OBS.................33
2.4.3.1 Phng php s dng b m quang.................................33
2.4.3.2 Phng php chuyn i bc sng..................................34
2.4.3.3 Phng php nh tuyn i hng...................................35
2.4.3.4 Phng php phn mnh burst...........................................35
CHNG III.......................................................................................................38
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG CU TRC VNG CHUYN MCH
BURST..................................................................................................................38
3.1 Gii thiu chung......................................................................................38
3.2 Kin trc mng v node ca mng vng OBS.........................................38
3.2.1 Kin trc mng vng OBS...........................................................38
3.2.2 Kin trc node mng trong mng vng OBS...............................40
3.3 Hot ng ca bc sng iu khin trong mng vng OBS..................41
3.4 Cc giao thc truy nhp mng vng OBS...............................................43
3.4.1 Nguyn l truy nhp mng vng OBS.........................................44
3.4.2 Giao thc quay vng vi la chn ngu nhin (RR/R)................46
3.4.3 Giao thc quay vng phc v kin tr (RR/P)..............................48
3.4.4 Giao thc quay vng phc v khng kin tr (RR/NP)................50
3.4.5 Giao thc quay vng th bi (RR/Token)....................................52
3.4.6 Giao thc quay vng c xc nhn (RR/ACK).............................54
CHNG IV.......................................................................................................56
NG DNG OBS TRONG MNG TH H SAU...........................................56
4.1 Gii thiu v mng th h sau.................................................................56
4.2 Mng truyn ti quang th h sau............................................................61
4.3 Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc c s dng OBS...................................62
4.4 OBS nh l mt vn ti u ha h thng hng i.............................65
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :
4.5 Cc kin trc OBS th h tip theo.........................................................66

4.6 OBS h tr iu khin lung...................................................................67
4.7 Kh nng ng dng ca OBS trong mng truyn ti th h sau..............68
KT LUN..........................................................................................................70
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :

THUT NG VIT TT
ACK
API
AQM
ATM
BBM
BHP
DFDP
DFSDP
DR
DWDM
DXC
FCFS
FDL
FDDI
FIFO
FRP
HDTV
IBT
IM
IN
IP
ISPs
JET
JIT
LAN
LCFS
LIB
MAN
MPLS
MUX
NGN
OADM
OBS
ODL
ODD
OLS
OM
OPR
OPS
OSM
Acknowlegment
Application Program Interface
Active Queue Management
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Buffered Burst Multiplexer
Burst Header Packet
Deflecr First, Drop Policy
Deflect First, Segment and Drop
Policy
Delay Reservation
Dense WDM
Digital Cross connect
First Come, First Served
Fiber Delay Line
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
First In, First Out
Fast Reservation Protocol
High Difinition Television
In-Band-Terminal
Input Module
Intelligent Network
Internet Protocol
Internet Service Providers
Just Enought Time
Just In Time
Local Area Network
Last Come, First Served
Label Information Base
Metro Area Network
Multi Protocol Label Switching
Multiplexer
Next Generation Network
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
Optical Burst Switching
Optical Delay Line
Only Destination Delay
Optical Lable Switching
Output Module
Optical Packet Routing
Optical Packet Switching
Optical Switching matrix
Thng tin xc nhn

Giao din trnh ng dng
Qun l hng i tch cc
Ch truyn ti khng ng b
B ghp burst c m
Gi tiu burst
i hng trc, v chnh sch loi b
i hng trc, chnh sch phn
mnh v loi b
ng k tr
WDM mt cao
Kt ni cho s
n trc, phc v trc
ng dy tr quang
Giao din d liu phn b cp
Vo trc, ra trc
Giao thc ng k trc
Truyn hnh phn gii cao
Tn giao thc
Module u vo
Mng thng minh
Giao thc Internet
Nh cung cp dch v Internet
(tn giao thc)
(tn giao thc)
Mng ni ht
n sau, phc v trc
C s thng tin nhn
Mng th
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
B ghp knh
Mnh th h tip theo
B xen r quang
Chuyn mch Burst quang
ng dy tr quang
(tn giao thc)
Chuyn mch nhn quang
Module u ra
nh tuyn gi quang
Chuyn mch gi quang
Ma trn chuyn mch quang
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :
OSN
OXC
PSE
RFD
RR/ACK
RR/NP
RR/P
RR/R
RR/Token
RS
SCU
SDH
SONET
TAG
TAW
TCP
TDM
WADM
WAN
WDM
WR-OBS

Optical Switching node
Optical Cross-Connect
Primitive Switching Element
Reserve-a-fixed-Delay
Round-Robin With Acknowlegment
Round-Robin With NonPersistent service
Round-Robin With Persistent service
Round-Robin With selection
Random
Round-Robin With Token
Random Selection
Switching Control Unit
Synchronous Digital Hierarchi
Synchronous Optical Network
Tell Ang Go
Tell And Wait
Transfer Control Protocol
Time Dvision Multiplexing
Wavelength Add/drop Division
Multiplexing
Wide Area Network
Wavelength Division Multiplexer
Wavelength-Route OBS
Nt chuyn mch quang

Kt ni cho quang
Phn t chuyn mch s cp
ng k tr c nh
Giao thc quay vng c xc nhn
Giao thc quay vng phc v
khng kin tr
Giao thc quay vng phc v kin tr
Giao thc quay vng vi la chn
ngu nhin
Giao thc quay vng vi th bi
La chn ngu nhin
Khi iu khin chuyn mch
Ghp knh cn ng b
Mng quang ng b
(tn giao thc)
(tn giao thc)
Giao thc iu khin truyn dn
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
B xen r theo bc sng
Mng in rng
B ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
OBS nh tuyn theo bc sng
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :
LI NI U
Cui th k 20 nhiu nh khai thc vin thng trn th gii chng
kin nhng bin ng ln v bn cht lu lng truyn ti trn mng. Lu
lng phi thoi dn ln t lu lng thoi truyn thng. Nguyn nhn su xa
ca vn ny l do tc pht trin vt bc ca lu lng Internet v s
gia tng khng ngng ca s ngi s dng cng cc nh cung cp dch v
Internet lm cho Internet ngy cng tr nn hu dng. Cc cuc gi truyn
thng b thay th bng cc cuc gi s liu vi c tnh lu lng bng
n, thi gian cuc gi di v c tnh bt i xng (lu lng ng ln
khc vi lu lng ng xung), to nn nhng thch thc mi cho
nh khai thc mng.
Kin trc mng IP ngy nay c xy dng theo kiu xp chng giao
thc nhng cng ngh nh ATM, SDH v WDM. Do c nhiu lp lin quan
nn c trng ca kin trc ny l d tha tnh nng; v chi ph lin quan n
vn hnh khai thc cao. Hn na, kin trc ny trc y s dng cung cp
ch tiu m bo cho dch v thoi v thu knh, khng c thit k ph hp
cho mng s liu. Do n khng tht s thch hp i vi cc ng dng
hot ng da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi v c bit l nhng ng
dng c ngun gc IP.
Mt s nh cung cp v t chc tiu chun ang xut nhng gii php
mi khai thc IP trn kin trc mng n gin, lp WDM l ni cung cp
bng tn truyn dn v cng ln. Nhng gii php ny c gng gim ti a cc
tnh nng d tha, thng tin mo u giao thc, n gin ho cng vic qun l
v qua truyn ti IP trn lp WDM (lp mng quang) cng hiu qu cng
tt.
Vic loi b cc lp mng trung gian trong kin trc mng truyn ti IP
gn lin vi s pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch quang. S m rng
chc nng ca chuyn mch quang ti lp cao hn s to ra mt kin trc
mng v cng n gin, v cng l mc tiu hng n trong tng
lai; kin trc mng ch gm hai lp: IP/quang. Hin nay cc sn phm
chuyn mch bc sng quang c thng mi ho. Chuyn mch
burst quang (OBS), chuyn mch gi quang (OPS) ang trong giai on
nghin cu pht trin. Vn v cng ngh ang l ro cn chnh trong lnh
vc ny.
Ni dung ca n bao gm 4 chng v phn kt lun, c cu
trc nh sau:
Chng 1: Trnh by tng quan v s pht trin ca cng ngh
chuyn mch quang hin ti. Thc hin i xu vo tnh hnh pht
trin ca k thut chuyn mch quang OBS.
Chng 2: Tm hiu hot ng v mt s vn lin quan k
thut chuyn mch quang OBS, cng vi mt s giao thc iu
khin ng k ti nguyn ca OBS. Ngoi ra trong chng ny cn
i vo tm hiu mt s vn lin quan n OBS.
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :
Chng 3: Chng ny i gii thiu v c ch hot ng ca mt

s giao thc truy nhp dng trong mng OBS cu trc vng.
Chng 4: Nghin cu mt s c im c trng ch yu ca OBS
ph hp vi mng truyn ti th h sau v a ra mt s cu trc
chuyn mch burst ci tin ph hp vi mng truyn ti th h
sau.
Cng ngh OBS ang trong giai on nghin cu th nghim chnh v vy
thng tin v nhng cng ngh ny cn cha nhiu. Ni dung ca chuyn tiu
lun c thc hin trn c s thu thp, nghin cu cc bi bo c cng
b trn cc tp ch khoa hc v cc ti liu thu thp c t Internet.
Xut pht t nhng c im trn nn phm vi ca chuyn ch dng li
mc nghin cu l thuyt nhm a ra mt bc tranh tng th v lnh vc
cng ngh chuyn mch ny. Nhng vn nghin cu su nh vn ng
b, QoS,... trong mng cha c cp v thi gian cng nh trnh hiu
bit cn nhiu hn ch. Nu c iu kin nhm s xin c tm hiu v nghin
cu su hn.
Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012
Chuyn :
CHNG I
TNG QUAN V CHUYN MCH QUANG
1.1. Tng quan v chuyn mch quang
1.1.1. Tm quan trng ca chuyn mch quang
Chuyn mch l mt thit b ti cn thit trong mng truyn ti, n l
thit b duy nht cho php truyn ti thng tin gia mt node ny vi mt hay
nhiu node khc, hay u cui ny vi mt hay nhiu u cui khc trong
mng truyn ti thng tin.
Trc y, do dung lng mng khng ln nn ch cn h thng chuyn
mch vi dung lng nh, tc khng cao cng c th p ng nhu cu
ca x hi lc by gi. Nhng sau ny, do nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con
ngi ngy cng tng vi nhiu dch v a dng hn gy nn s "bng n"
lu lng lm cho mng vi c s h tng c tr nn qu ti, v cn phi s
dng cc cng ngh chuyn mch mi tng tc truyn ti thng tin cng
nh s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu hn.
Mt khc do cng ngh truyn dn quang pht trin, cc mng truyn
dn quang c xy dng, em li dung lng truyn dn v cng ln do
bng tn sng mang quang c th ln ti 200 THz, nhng dung lng mng
vn khng p ng c s "bng n" lu lng do dung lng mng b gii
hn bi cc thit b chuyn mch in t c dung lng v tc hn ch.
Chuyn mch quang ra i nh mt gii php c la chn nng
cao hiu qu truyn ti thng tin tc cao m khng phi thay i hay b
sung h thng truyn dn quang sn c ca mng. ng thi cho php tng
ng k dung lng mng cng nh cht lng dch v c cung cp bi
mng c h thng truyn dn quang. Cho php cung cp nhiu dch v mi
vi bng thng rng trn h thng truyn dn quang c lp t trc y.
Gp phn lm tng li nhun ca cc nh u t vin thng, cng cc nh
khai thc dch v.
Chuyn mch quang ra i khc phc c cc hn ch ca vic x
l v chuyn mch tn hiu trong min in nh trc y. trong chuyn
mch quang ch c cc thng tin iu khin vi s lng t i l c bin i
quang-in-quang ti mi node chuyn mch x l nh tuyn, v vy
lm gim ng k tr x l do khng cn phi tn thi gian bin i quangin-quang cho phn thng tin ngi dng (khi lng ln) ti cc u vo v
u ra node mng quang.
Ngoi ra s c mt ca chuyn mch quang cho php cc nh cung cp
dch v vin thng cung cp nhiu dch v vin thng mi vi cht lng dch
v tt hn, bng thng rng hn v c cung cp mt cch mm do hn. C
nhiu mc cht lng dch v khc nhau cho khch hng la chn. Tng ng
Chuyn :
k dung lng mng vin thng hin c m khng phi b sung thm c s h
tng mi gy tn km.
Cc cng ngh chuyn mch quang mi ra i nhm nng cao hiu qu
s dng ti nguyn mng, cng nh tn dng tc truyn dn dch v tng
i cao ca cc mng truyn dn quang hin c nh chuyn mch knh quang,
chuyn mch gi quang, chuyn mch burst quang. ng thi b sung thm
cc chc nng mi ph hp hn vi cc dch v vin thng mi cht lng
cao bng thng rng, vi nhiu loi hnh dch v.
1.1.2 Nguyn tc chung ca chuyn mch quang
Nguyn tc chung ca chuyn mch quang l thc hin chuyn mch
thng tin d liu trong min quang (ti lp quang) m khng cn cn phi
chuyn i thng tin d liu sang min in nh cc node chuyn mch in
trc y. Bng cch to ra cc knh quang (knh bc sng hay khe thi
gian) truyn ti thng tin d liu.
Ngoi ra, cng ging nh chuyn mch ni chung. Chuyn mch quang
cng thc hin lu m v chuyn tip thng tin ti trng gia ngun v ch.
Nhng c mt im khc bit gia chuyn mch quang v chuyn mch in
t l: Trong chuyn mch quang d liu c "lm tr" trc khi c chuyn
tip ti node tip theo trn ng i ti ch, ch khng phi thc hin m
ti cc node trung gian nh trong chuyn mch in t.
Trong chuyn mch quang, ti cc node chuyn mch cc thng tin iu
khin c tch ring bin i quang in, v x l ly thng tin nh
tuyn, cn thng tin ti trng c lu trong cc b m quang hay cc ng
dy tr i chuyn mch ti u ra thch hp trn hng i ti ch. Nh
vy trong chuyn mch quang b i hn qu trnh chuyn i O/E/O lm
gim ng k tr x l ti cc node chuyn mch.
Di y l m hnh chung ca mt node chuyn mch quang.
Hnh 1.1: M hnh chung ca mt node chuyn mch quang
Chuyn :
Mt node chuyn mch quang ni chung bao gm 4 phn chnh:

1. Khi giao din u vo: Thu, m tn hiu quang chun b a vo
trng chuyn mch thc hin chuyn mch ti u ra, v tch thng
tin iu khin a ln khi iu khin chuyn mch.
2. Khi iu khin chuyn mch: Khi ny thc hin thu nhn cc thng
tin t module u vo v phn tch thng tin iu khin v thc hin
iu khin khi chuyn mch. Ngoi ra sau khi phn tch xong thng
tin iu khin th n cn phi c chc nng cu to li phn thng tin
iu khin a ti module u ra.
3. Khi chuyn mch quang: y l thnh phn chnh trong mi node
chuyn mch quang thc hin chc nng chuyn mch thng tin t
u vo ti u ra theo yu cu.
4. Khi giao din ra: thc hin m u ra v ghp thng tin ti trng v
thng tin iu khin mi, bin i thnh tn hiu ph hp vi ng
truyn v a ln ng truyn dn.
Cc n v thng tin truyn ti khi n node chuyn mch n c a
qua mt b phn knh (DEMUX) tch phn ti trng a vo b m
quang (ng dy tr), v thng tin iu khin a vo module u vo ca
khi iu khin chuyn mch chun b x l ly thng tin nh tuyn,
iu khin khi chuyn mch. Thc hin chuyn mch thng tin d liu ti
u ra ph hp, ri qua b ghp thng tin iu khin (MUX) v c a ln
ng truyn quang ti node tip theo trn ng i t ngun ti ch.
1.2. Phn loi chuyn mch quang
1.2.1. Chuyn mch knh quang
Trong chuyn mch knh quang, mt knh quang c thit lp trc
khi truyn tin bi mt bn tin thit lp, v c gii phng bi mt bn tin
gii phng c gi i sau khi cuc ni kt thc. n v d liu trong chuyn
mch knh thng l bn tin.
Chuyn mch knh quang hot ng theo phng php nh tuyn bc
sng. Trong mng chuyn mch knh quang nh tuyn bc sng mt knh
bc sng s c thit lp t im u ti im cui trc khi truyn tin v
knh s b chim dng trong sut thi gian din ra cuc ni.
thit lp mt cuc ni trong mng chuyn mch knh bao gm 3 pha
(thit lp kt ni, truyn tin, gii phng kt ni). Sau y l m hnh thit lp
mt kt ni i vi giao thc khng yu cu bn tin xc nhn kt thc phin
truyn tin.
Chuyn :
Hnh 1.2: M t qu trnh kt ni trong mng chuyn mch knh quang

1.2.2. Chuyn mch gi quang
mng chuyn mch gi thng tin cn truyn c ct nh thnh cc
khi c kch thc c nh hay thay i, v c cu trc thnh gi tin bao
gm thng tin ti trng (l thng tin d liu ngi dng cn truyn, trao i)
v phn thng tin iu khin mng (thng tin iu khin header) gi qua
mng ti ch. Ti pha thu phi thc hin phc hi bn tin t cc gi tin thu
c. Trong mng chuyn mch gi cc kt ni ch c thit lp khi truyn
gi tin, sau khi truyn song gi tin th kt ni c gii phng v cc ti
nguyn mng phc v kt ni ny li c cung cp phc v cho cc kt
ni khc, v vy m kt ni ch c thit lp khi thc s c thng tin cn
truyn. y l im khc bit so vi chuyn mch knh. Trong mng chuyn
mch gi khc phc c nhc im ca mng chuyn mch knh l
s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch mm do v t hiu qu cao.
Trong mng chuyn mch gi quang th cc d liu ngi s dng c
truyn dn quang hon ton t ngun n ch. Chnh iu ny lm gim
ng k thi gian tr x l nh cc mng chuyn mch gi s dng chuyn
mch in t do khng phi thc hin bin i O-E-O ti cc node trung gian.
Tu theo k thut chuyn mch c p dng m ta c cc kiu thit lp
kt ni khc nhau: Nh nh tuyn c lp (tc l, mi gi tin c nh
tuyn trn nhng ng i khc nhau ti u ti thi im ), nh tuyn ph
thuc (l phng php nh tuyn m trong cc gi tin cng i trn mt
ng i) hay nh tuyn ngu nhin (l gi tin c gi i lin tc trn mng
v ngu nhin n ch). mng chuyn mch gi cc gi tin c th i trn
cc con ng khc nhau, l con ng ti u nht ti thi im , khi con
ng ti u nht b li th mng c kh nng nh tuyn li.
Chuyn :
Hnh 1.3: M hnh mng chuyn mch gi.

Mt nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi l "lu m" v chuyn
tip, tc l mt gi tin ch c gi i khi thu c hon ton y ti
node ngun hay cc node trung gian. Chnh c im ny khin cc gi tin
b tr tng ng vi di ca mi gi ti cc node trung gian. gim tr
th ngi ta c th tin hnh s dng cc giao thc khc nh: Giao thc khng
kim tra li ti node trung gian (trong mng s dng cng ngh ATM), giao
thc khng cn bn tin xc nhn, hay c th thc hin c lng thng k
kch thc gi gi i trc thit lp bng thng v cu hnh chuyn
mch...v...v...
Tuy nhin chuyn mch gi vn khng phi l mt phng php hon
ho c th p ng mi nhu cu trong tng lai, n vn tn ti cc hn ch
kh khc phc nh: Khi tc ng truyn ln cao th thi gian truyn dn
tr nn khng ng k. V vy, nu kch thc gi nh th thi gian nh tuyn
tr nn ln hn thi gian truyn thng tin rt nhiu, hay c th xy ra tranh
chp gy tc nghn mng do qu nhiu thng tin iu khin phi x l... V
vy cn phi pht trin mt cng ngh chuyn mch khc khc phc c cc
nhc im ny, ph hp hn vi cc mng hin ti c dung lng ln tc
truyn dn cao. Chuyn mch burst quang l mt trong nhng cng ngh
chuyn mch p ng c cc yu cu .
1.2.3 Chuyn mch burst quang (OBS):
Chuyn mch burst quang ra i l s kt hp cc u im ca c
chuyn mch gi quang v chuyn mch knh quang. N c thit k cn
bng gia cc u v nhc im ca c hai loi chuyn mch ny, thc hin
truyn thng tin di dng cc burst quang. c bit hn l n khng yu cu
m cc burst quang ti cc node trung gian (thc hin truyn dn qua mng
truyn ti quang mt cch trong sut).
Chuyn :
Hnh 1.4: M hnh mng chuyn mch burst quang

Trong mng chuyn mch burst quang cc thng tin cn truyn c cu
trc vo thnh cc burst, bao gm mt gi iu khin c gi i trc ng
k s dng ti nguyn mng v phn thng tin ti trng bao gm nhiu gi tin
IP hay t bo ATM hay Frame ralay thm tr l d liu HDTV c cu trc
thnh mt burst i theo sau gi iu khin c gi i.
Cc node mng trong mng chuyn mch burst quang c phn thnh
hai loi: node li v node bin.
Node li: L node ch c chc nng thu nhn v chuyn tip cc burst n
ti cc node tip theo trn ng i trong mng. Tu theo cc phng thc iu
khin c s dng trong mng m node li c th c b m hay khng. Chc
nng chnh ca node ny ch n thun thc hin cung cp kt ni chuyn
tip burst ti node tip theo m khng c chc nng cu thnh hay phn gii
burst.
Node bin: Ngoi chc nng ca mt node li n cn phi c chc nng
cu to (thnh lp) v phn gii cc burst thng tin, l ni kt cui hay bt u
ca cc burst. y l node c c giao din tn hiu quang vi cc mng quang
v mng chuyn mch burst v giao din tn hiu in vi cc mng chuyn
mch gi in hay cc mng truy nhp. Chc nng chnh ca node ny l thu
thp thng tin cu to cc burst v phn gii cc burst ra thnh cc dng
thng tin ban u(gi hay bn tin) phn b chng ti cc mng truy nhp.
mng chuyn mch burst quang mi burst ch c mt gi mang thng
tin iu khin (gi iu khin) nn gim c ng k lng thng tin iu
khin tng hiu sut truyn tin. ng thi trong mi burst c cu to t nhiu
gi nn cng khng chim dng knh trong thi gian qua di hay gy tr qu
ln ti cc burst khc. mng chuyn mch burst c th tin hnh pht burst
Chuyn :
trong khi vn cn ang thu phn sau ca burst nn gim hin tng tr do
mt burst chin dng knh qu lu gy nh hng ti cc burst khc, nn tng
hiu qu s dng ti nguyn ng thi tng c cht lng dch v.
Chuyn mch burst quang c mt s c trng sau y:
1. Kch thc n v truyn dn ca chuyn mch burst nh hn kch
thc n v truyn dn ca chuyn mch knh v ln hn n v
truyn dn ca chuyn mch gi quang.
2. C s ngn cch gia iu khin v d liu: Thng tin iu khin ca
chuyn mch burst c truyn trn mt bc sng ring (bo hiu
ngoi bng), v khng c truyn i cng vi burst nh chuyn
mch gi m n c truyn i trc.
3. S dng ng k trc: Trc khi truyn burst th n gi i mt gi
iu khin ng k ti nguyn v cu hnh trng chuyn mch.
Node ngun khng yu cu thu nhn thng tin xc nhn t node ch
gi v trc khi truyn tin ti node ch.
4. Kch thc burst c th thay i. T kch thc burst nh nht ti kch
thc burst ln nht. c bit c th pht burst b sung.
5. Khng s dng b m: Cc node trung gian trong mng chuyn
mch burst quang khng thc hin m tn hiu. Cc burst c
truyn thng qua cc node trung gian ti node ch.
6. c bit trong chuyn mch burst quang c th ng dng k thut c
lng thng k kch thc burst gi i trc trong gi iu khin,
gim thi gian tr burst ti cc node ngun.
Mt khc chuyn mch burst quang c tc cao v cho php ng thi
truyn dn nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau (IP, ATM, Frame relay hay
HDTV...) nn c th p ng c cc dch v mi yu cu cht lng cao
bng thng rng trong tng lai. Hin nay chuyn mch burst quang ang l
mt gii php ph hp nht cho mng internet tc cao v cung cp cc dch
v a phng tin. Tuy nhin vn ng dng chuyn mch burst quang vo
mng vin thng hin nay vn ang gp nhiu kh khn, do cng ngh b nh
truy nhp quang cha pht trin, cht lng cc thit b quang lng t cha
c chnh xc,ang l vn ln nht cn gii quyt.
Chuyn :
CHNG II
CU TRC V K THUT HOT NG MNG CHUYN MCH
QUANG
2.1 Cu trc ca mng chuyn mch burst quang (OBS)
2.1.1 Cu trc mng chuyn mch burst quang(OBS)
Mng chuyn mch burst quang c cu trc nh hnh v di y.
Hnh 2.1: Cu trc mng chuyn mch burst quang

mng chuyn mch burst quang hay cn c gi l mng ton quang
c n v truyn dn l cc burst, c kch thc bng mt s gi IP hay mt
chui cc t bo ATM ... Nhng nh hn n v truyn dn ca chuyn mch
knh l bn tin. y burst c truyn i sau gi iu khin mt khong
thi gian tr m bo vn thi gian x l chuyn mch m cc burst
khng cn phi tr (m) ti bt c node trung gian no trn ng i t
ngun ti ch. Ti mi node trung gian ch c gi iu khin c phn tch,
x l cn burst c truyn thng (truyn trong sut).
Mng chuyn mch burst quang c cu trc bao gm hai loi node
mng (node li, node bin) v cc tuyn truyn dn quang.
Cc node bin, c giao tip vi cc mng truy nhp khc nh mng
chuyn mch gi, IP hay mng LAN, WAN khc thu thp thng tin sau cu
to burst, ng thi c chc nng thu thp cc burst t mng chuyn mch
burst tin hnh phn gii chng thnh cc gi tin ban u v nh tuyn chng
vo ng ngi s dng trong cc mng truy nhp nh b nh tuyn bin. V
Chuyn :
vy chc nng chnh ca cc node bin l cu to v phn gii cc burst hay

cn gi y l ni m u v kt cui cc burst.
Node bin c trang b b nh tuyn bin c kh nng nh tuyn
cc gi tin c tch ra t cc burst vo ng mng yu cu ng thi thc
hin phn tch node ch ca cc gi tin n tin hnh cu trc burst a
ln mng chuyn mch burst ng hng. c bit ti node bin thng tin n
c m trong min in ti cc b m in t n gin.
Cc node li, c chc nng chnh l chuyn tip cc burst i t ngun
ti ch yu cu. Node li thc hin phn tch cc bn tin iu khin tin
hnh cp pht ti nguyn mng phc v thit lp kt ni truyn burst tng
ng. Trong mt s trng hp cc node li c nhim v lm tr cc burst
c thi gian x l bn tin iu khin chuyn mch nu thy cn thit.
Khi mt burst ti node li th gi iu khin s c kt ni ti khi
iu khin v kt cui ti khi iu khin, cn thng tin d liu c kt cui
ti khi chuyn mch i c a ti u ra thch hp. Gi iu khin sau
khi c phn tch song chng c cu trc li c b sung cc thng tin c
s thay i nh thi gian tr, bc sng truyn burst, i ti node tip
theo.
Trong mi node li ca mng chuyn mch burst quang, tu vo kin
trc v phng php iu khin chuyn mch m n c cu trc sao cho
ph hp v t hiu qu kinh t cao. N c th c b m hay khng c b
m, v gi iu khin ca burst d liu c th c truyn trong bng (tc l,
trn cng mt bc sng vi d liu) hay ngoi bng (tc l, trn mt bc
sng ring bit) thng thng gi iu khin s c truyn i trn mt bc
sng ring bit so vi bc sng burst, ngay sau burst hay sau mt khong
thi gian tr.
Cc tuyn truyn dn, Trn cc ng truyn dn quang c th thc hin
truyn mt bc sng hay nhiu bc sng nh cng ngh WDM v DWDM,
cc knh bc sng s c gii phng ngay sau khi truyn song burst phc
v cho cc kt ni khc. Trong mng chuyn mch burst quang th trc khi
burst c truyn i n phi ng k bc sng s dng v bc sng c
gii phng ngay sau khi burst truyn qua nn cc burst t cc ngun v ch khc
nhau c th s dng cng mt bc sng theo kiu ghp knh thng k theo thi
gian.
2.1.2 Cu trc node trong mng chuyn mch burst quang
Nh ni phn trn mng chuyn mch burst c cu trc bao gm
hai loi node chuyn mch: Node li, v node bin. Sau y chng ta i phn
tch cu trc tng loi node.
2.1.2.1 Cu trc node li
Do chc nng chnh ca node li l chuyn mch cc burst n ti u
ra theo yu cu ti node tip theo nn n c cu trc bao gm khi
chuyn mch, khi iu khin chuyn mch v cc giao din u vo/ra. Tu
theo cu trc c th c thm b m quang.
Chuyn :
Node li trong mng chuyn mch burst quang c cu trc nh hnh

2.2.
Hnh 2.2: Cu trc node li trong mng chuyn mch burst quang
Mt node li trong mng OBS c cu trc bao gm khi chuyn
mch, khi iu khin chuyn mch, b m quang u vo v cc khi giao
din ng truyn dn(MUX, DEMUX, IM, OM).
Trong khi chuyn mch quang, mang ngha ch cht n quyt nh
dung lng chuyn mch ca c node chuyn mch. Khi chuyn mch bao
gm khi chuyn mch khng gian khng tc nghn v b chuyn i bc
sng cho php chuyn mch cc burst d liu t bt c u vo no ti u ra
theo yu cu m bo khng b chng ln ln cc burst d liu khc.
Khi iu khin chuyn mch, c nhim v thu nhn v phn tch gi
iu khin a ra cc thng tin iu khin, v iu khin khi chuyn mch
thc hin chuyn mch cc burst mt cch chnh xc. Cng vic chnh ca
khi ny l thc hin phn tch gi tin tiu burst (BHP: Burst Header
Packet) ri so snh vi bng tm kim nh tuyn tm lin kt u ra cho
cc burst, sp xp cc knh u ra v phc hi BHP a ti u ra pht ti
node tip theo.
Khi m u vo, c cu to t cc ng dy tr quang hay b nh
truy nhp quang nhm lm tr cc burst d liu ti cho php khi iu khin
chuyn mch c thi gian x l v a ra cc thng tin iu khin, khi
ny trong khi thc hin c th c hay khng tu vo phng thc iu khin
c s dng trong mng OBS.
Cc khi giao din u vo v u ra, thc hin thu nhn cc burst v
bin i tn hiu thu thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi cc u vo tng ng.
IM( Input module)thc hin thu BHP v bin i chng sang tn hiu in,
Chuyn :
cn OM(Output Module) th thc hin cc cng vic ngc li vi IM.

DMUX tch knh burst u vo, tch gi iu khin a ti khi giao in
u vo v ti trng a ti b m quang.
2.1.2.2 Cu trc node bin
Nh ni trn node bin do c giao tip c vi node li v cc mng
truy nhp khc nn ngoi chc nng nh node li, n cn phi c chc nng
cu to v phn gii cc burst. ng thi c trang b thm mt b nh
tuyn bin nh tuyn cc gi tin sau khi phn gii ti ng ch yu cu.
Cc node bin phc v mt s ngi s dng, mi ngi s dng c
kt ni ti node bin thng qua mt kt ni cp si quang h tr nhiu bc
sng. Mi mt bc sng tng ng vi mt tin trnh burst n ring bit
(burst arrival process) l mt hm xc sut m t tin trnh lu lng ti node.
V chng ta gi s rng qu trnh burst n l qu trnh poison, mc d n
khng ph hp vi lu lng din rng v cng khng ging vi tin trnh
burst n trong mng quang trong tng lai.
Node bin cn c cu trc thm mt b nh tuyn bin c trng
chuyn mch l chuyn mch gi in t v cc b m gi m thng tin t
v i ti cc ngi s dng trong cc mng truy nhp kt ni trc tip vi node
OBS. Ch rng thng tin node bin c m trong min in nn c thc
hin r rng.
B nh tuyn bin c nhim v nh tuyn cc gi tin ngi dng ti
ng a ch thit b u cui ca ngi dng, ng thi thu nhn thng tin v
thc hin phn b chng vo ng hng i pht theo hng ti ch c
cu trc thnh cc burst pht i.
Cc node bin trong mng chuyn mch burst quang c th c cu
trc theo hai cch sau: c b chuyn i bc sng hay khng c b chuyn
i bc sng. Hnh 2.3 di y m t mt node OBS bin.
Chuyn :
Hnh 2.3 Cu trc node bin trong mng chuyn mch burst quang
Node bin khng c b chuyn i bc sng: Trong trng hp ny
mt burst trn mt bc sng u vo ch c th c chuyn mch ti bc
sng trn mt cng u ra, v vic s dng cc burst n trn cc bc
sng khc nhau khng lm nh hng ln nhau. Do , mi node bin c th
c phn chia thnh W h thng con, s dng cho tng bc sng burst.
Trong mi h thng con w (vi w = 1,2,...,W) l mt khi chuyn mch
PxP phc v N ngi s dng, nhng mi cng u vo v mt cng u ra
ch c mt bc sng ring, tng ng vi w bc sng ca node chuyn
mch bin ngun. Do , mi mt h thng con s c N tin trnh burst n
ring bit.
Khi c mt burst n trn mt bc sng u vo, tng ng vi burst
l mt gi iu khin ti thit lp cng u ra cho burst, nu ti cng u
ra yu cu m bc sng tng ng vi bc sng u vo cn ri th burst s
c phc v ngay lp tc, nu khng cn ri (ang phc v truyn dn burst
khc) th burst s b loi b hay c lm tr trong cc ng dy tr (nu c)
v sau mt khong thi gian ngu nhin s tin hnh truyn li gi iu khin
v nu ln ny vn tht bi th n li tip tc c lm tr cho ti khi thc
hin truyn dn thnh cng burst th thi. Khong thi gian tr ca cc
burst l khng xc nh, v c phn b theo hm m.
Chuyn :
Node bin c b chuyn i bc sng: Trong trng hp ny th khi

mt burst n trn cng u vo tng ng vi mt gi iu khin ti thit lp
cho cng u ra i ca trng chuyn mch c chp nhn nhanh nht trn
mt bc sng no cn ri trn cng u ra . Nu khng, gi iu khin
b loi b, v burst phi tr mt khong thi gian trc khi gi iu khin
c truyn li. R rng, s phn chia mt node chuyn mch bin thnh cc
h thng con tng ng vi mi bc sng l khng th thc hin c na.
V vy burst ngi s dng n trn nhng bc sng khc nhau c th gy
nh hng ln cc burst ca nhng ngi s dng khc.
Trong phng php ny, s tr gi cho vic phc tp trong cu trc ca
node chuyn mch l lm gim xc sut loi b burst hay vic phi tr burst.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny khng loi b c hon ton vic cc burst b
loi b hay phi tr ti cc node trung gian.
2.1.3 Hot ng ca mng chuyn mch OBS
Trong mng chuyn mch burst quang, khi c mt burst cn truyn i th
trc tin mt gi iu khin s c gi i, sau burst d liu cng c
gi i sau mt khong thi tr, m khng cn nhn c bn tin xc nhn
thit lp kt ni (i vi giao thc TAG) y c gi l phng php ng
k mt chiu hoc i nhn bn tin xc nhn (vi giao thc TAW) y l
phng thc ng k hai chiu c xc nhn.
c im chnh ca chuyn mch burst quang l chuyn thnh cng
mt burst c di t 1 ti vi gi m ch s dng mt gi iu khin, kt qu
l phn mo u iu khin trn mt n v d liu nh hn lm tng c
hiu qu truyn tin. Chuyn mch burst quang thng s dng bo hiu ngoi
bng, tc l gi iu khin c truyn i trn mt knh bc sng ring bit,
nh vy gi iu khin v burst d liu kt hp vi nhau khng cht ch ti
mt thi im. Tc l chng b phn chia ti node OBS ngun bi thi gian
tr (offset time) c gi tr ln bng tng thi gian x l gi iu khin ti cc
node trung gian trn ng truyn dn. m bo burst d liu khng cn
phi m ti bt k node trung gian no, m c truyn dn trong sut t
node OBS ngun ti node OBS ch.
Ngoi ra, c mt cch khc m giao thc OBS c th khng s dng thi
gian tr ti node ngun, nhng ngc li, n yu cu burst d liu ti mi
node trung gian phi tr i mt khong thi gian c nh khng nh hn thi
gian nh nht cn thit x l mt gi iu khin v thi gian cu hnh
chuyn mch ti node trung gian. Nh m khi chuyn mch c thi
gian phn tch thng tin nh tuyn trong gi iu khin v thc hin
chuyn mch burst d liu.
h tr IP qua WDM trong OBS, chng ta phi khi ng phn mm
IP cng vi cc phn mm iu khin khc nh mt b phn ca giao din
gia lp mng v lp WDM trong chuyn mch quang. Trong WDM, mt
bc sng iu khin ring c s dng truyn gi iu khin. gi d
liu, thng qua a ch IP ch thit lp mt gi iu khin v c nh tuyn
Chuyn :
t node ngun ti node ch da trn a ch IP n mang theo thit lp mt

kt ni bng cch thit lp cu hnh chuyn mch ton quang trn ng
truyn dn. Khi mt burst s c pht i m khng cn truy nhp a ch
IP ti bt c node trung gian no, v vy gim phc tp cng nh x l ti
lp IP.
Trong OBS, bc sng ca mt lin kt m burst s dng s b gii phng
ngay sau khi burst i qua lin kt , ng thi t ng ng k hay gii phng
bng thng ng k. iu ny c ngha l cc burst t cc ngun khc nhau
ti cc ch khc nhau c th cng tn dng mt cch hiu qu rng bng
ca cng mt bc sng trn mt lin kt theo kiu ghp knh thng k phn
chia theo thi gian. Trong trng hp gi iu khin ng k bc sng ti mt
node trung gian sai, burst s khng c nh tuyn, v n s b mt. Khng
phi tt c cc giao thc OBS u ging nhau, mt s giao tc OBS h tr cho
truyn dn mt cch tin cy (giao thc TAW), khi c mt bn tin khng xc
nhn c gi tr v node ngun, th sau gi iu khin v burst s c gi
li.
Chuyn mch burst quang c mt s c im sau y:
Tnh cht ht (granularity), kch c n v thng tin truyn dn trong
OBS nm gia chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
S phn chia thng tin iu khin v d liu, Thng tin iu khin
c truyn trn mt bc sng hay mt knh ring bit i vi
burst.
S ng k mt chiu, Cc ngun c ch nh s dng ng k
mt chiu. Do mt node ngun khng cn i n khi nhn c
bn tin xc nhn gi v t node ch trc khi n bt u truyn
burst.
di cc burst khc nhau, Kch thc cc burst l khc nhau tu
theo lng thng tin trong cc hng i pht ti thi im cu trc
burst. Nm trong khong t kch thc burst nh nht ti kch thc
burst ln nht.
Khng cn m quang, Ti cc node trung gian trong mng OBS
khng cn s dng cc b m m thng tin d liu.
Thc hin truyn trong sut d liu ngi dng, Thng tin ngi
dng c m trong min in ti node OBS ngun m khng cn
m ti bt c node OBS trung gian no.
c bit, n v truyn dn ca mng OBS l burst, 1 burst bao gm mt
s gi IP, hay mt chui cc t bo ATM, hay cc khung HDTV hay mt chui
cc bit ban u, thm ch c th l nhiu loi thng tin ngi dng khc nhau.
Chuyn :
2.2 Cc phng thc iu khin trong chuyn mch burst quang

Trong mng chuyn mch burst quang c s dng mt trong 4 phng
thc iu khin sau y: Tell-and-go (TAG), Tell-And-Wait (TAW), In-BandTerminater (IBT) v Reserve-a-fixed-duration (RFD). Trong c 3 loi phng
thc iu khin TAG, IBT v RFD th rng bng c ng k mc burst,
s dng x l mt chiu v quan trng hn l cc burst c "i tt" qua
cc node trung gian, khc vi phng thc TAW c s dng bn tin xc nhn
kt ni. iu quan trng hn c l 4 loi giao thc ny u thc hin truyn
dn trong sut cc thng tin ngi dng qua mng, ch khng thc hin lu
m v chuyn tip nh trong chuyn mch gi quang.
2.2.1 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAG (Tell-And-Go)
phng thc ny thc hin truyn dn mt burst, th mt gi tin
iu khin s c gi i trc thc hin ng k bc sng v cu trc
trng chuyn mch. Sau , burst s c gi i ngay sau m khng cn
phi i bn tin xc nhn kt ni ACK t pha ch gi v. Do m thi gian
tr ca cc burst l rt nh c th bng 0. Sau khi burst c gi i hon ton
s c mt bn tin thng bo gii phng kt ni.
Hnh 2.4: M t qu trnh ng k ti nguyn theo phng thc TAG

Nu s thit lp m khng thnh cng th burst s b mt ti mt node
trung gian no khng cn tn ti bc sng burst ri. V vy cn phi c
s dng cng vi cc giao thc m bo tin cy cao (JET chng hn).
Trong phng thc ny cc burst cn phi c m ti mi node trung
gian node c thi gian x l v cu hnh chuyn mch, chnh iu ny
gy tr cho cc burst ti cc node trung gian, v yu cu cc node trung
gian phi c b m quang hay cc ng dy tr.
Chuyn :
2.2.2 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAW (Tell-And-Wait)

Khc vi phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAG. Mt burst s ch c
pht ln mng bi mt node OBS u vo khi chc chn c mt ng quang
o c thit lp thng qua mng ti node u ra. ng quang o c
nh ngha l mt s lin kt cc bc sng theo mt trt t xc nh, tng kt
ni lin tip nhau trong khong thi gian thit lp cho trc. Chnh v c
im ny m ta thy phng thc iu khin TAW ph hp cho m hnh
chuyn mch knh truyn thng hn l m hnh chuyn mch burst.
Hnh 2.5: M t qu trnh ng k ti nguyn theo phng thc TAW

Khi m mt node bin ngun c mt burst cn pht i th n thc hin
gi i trn bc sng iu khin mt bn tin iu khin thit lp ti node bin
ch, bn tin ny nhm ng k trc mt bc sng burst trn mi lin kt
dc theo ng i t node bin ngun ti node bin ch. Ti cc node trung
gian sau khi thu bn tin iu khin th khi iu khin thc hin ng k mt
bc sng burst cn ri c nh tuyn ti u ra. V sau khi burst c
truyn qua tng kt ni s c mt bn tin gii phng kt ni c gi i
gii phng bc sng ng k ti kt ni .
Nu qu trnh thit lp l khng thnh cng ti mt node OBS trung gian
no th ngay lp tc s c mt bn tin thng bo khng thnh cng c
gi v t node cui cng cu hnh thnh cng trng chuyn mch v burst s
khng c pht i. Nu khng th bn tin thng bo s b tr i mt khong
thi gian no ti node bin ch trc khi gi v node bin ngun.
im c bit ca phng thc ny l thc hin thit lp ton b tuyn
quang trc khi truyn dn burst. Cc burst mt c th c khi phc li
bng vic s dng giao thc lp cao hay giao thc lp knh quang.
Chuyn :
2.2.3 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu IBT (In-Band-Terminater)

Trong phng thc iu khin theo kiu IBT (Kt cui trong bng), mi
burst u c tiu ring ca mnh (ging nh chuyn mch gi), v vy mt
b phn nh c bit hay b kt cui s ch ra im kt thc ca burst. IBT
khng s dng lu m v chuyn tip m n s dng mt ng tt o
(virtual cut through). c bit mt node ngun hay node trung gian c th gi
phn trc ca burst trc khi node thu phn cui burst. Khi tr
burst s t hn v kch thc b m ti mt node cn thit cng nh hn, tr
trng hp ton b burst phi i ti mt node khi khng c bc sng kh
dng.
2.2.4 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu RFD (Reserve-a-FixedDuration)
Trong phng thc ny, mt gi iu khin s c gi i trc ng
k rng bng v thit lp cu hnh chuyn mch, burst d liu c gi i
sau mt khong thi gian bng thi gian tr T. rng bng c ng k
cho mt khong thi gian c th c xc nh bi gi iu khin. Gi iu
khin c vai tr nh tiu ca gi c di khc nhau, trong n cho bit
di burst, a ch node ch, thi gian tr burst.... Tuy nhin kch thc
burst trong RFD ch c th bin thin trong khong t gi tr kch thc burst
nh nht n gi tr kch thc burst ln nht.
Vi phng thc iu khin ny th rng bng tn ch c cung cp
phc v cho kt ni khi bt u tin ca burst n, cn k c trong khong
thi gian tr (khong thi gian t khi gi iu khin ng k bc sng ti khi
bit u tin ca burst n) rng bng vn c th phc v kt ni khc.
Chnh iu ny lm tng ng k hiu qu s dng bng tn. Tuy nhin, vic
phi tr gi cho s phc tp trong qun l bng thng, v iu khin
chuyn mch m bo khng gy ra chng ln hay xung t ti nguyn.
2.3 Cc giao thc s dng ng k ti nguyn trong OBS
Trong OBS c s dng mt s cc giao thc khc nhau ng k ti
nguyn nh: JET (Just Enought Time), JIT (Just In Time), ODD (Only Delay
Destination), horizo ... nhng sau y chng ta ch i vo phn tch hai loi
giao thc in hnh l giao thc JIT v JET.
2.3.1 Giao thc JIT (Just-In-Time)
Giao thc JIT l mt trong nhng giao thc ng k ti nguyn theo kiu
ng k trc tip. Trong giao thc ny mt bc sng c ng k cho mt
burst ngay lp tc sau khi bn tin thit lp tng ng n; Nu bc sng
khng c ng k ti thi im , th bn tin thit lp c loi b v
burst tng ng b loi b.
Chuyn :
Hnh2.6: M t qu trnh hot ng ca giao thc JIT

Hnh 2.6 m t hot ng ca giao thc JIT. Cho t l thi im bn tin
thit lp n ti mt node chuyn mch no dc theo ng i t ngun
n ch. Hnh 2.6 ch ra rng, mt tin trnh x l bn tin thit lp c hon
thnh ti thi im t+Tsetup, ngay lp tc mt bc sng c ng k cho
burst, v mt qu trnh cu hnh kt ni cho quang (OXC: Optical Crossconnect) chuyn mch burst c bt u. Khi qu trnh ny hon thnh ti
thi im t+Tsetup+Toxc, OXC sn sng mang burst. Ch rng burst s
khng n node OBS ang xt cho ti thi im t+Toffset. Kt qu l, cc
bc sng cn ri trong mt khong thi gian bng Toffset-Tsetup-Toxc. Nh
vy, gi tr thi gian tr c gim i dc theo cc node trn ng i t node
ngun ti node ch, cng i ti cc node OBS gn pha ch hn, th khong
thi gian ri gia thi im m cu hnh chuyn mch (kt ni chuyn mch)
c thit lp v burst n cng ngn.
Chuyn :
Hnh 2.7: M t hot ng ca mt bc sng ti node OBS

Hnh 2.7, cung cp mt cch khc m t hot ng ca JIT hiu qu hn.
Bng cch xem st hot ng ca mt bc sng ra ti node OBS. Mi bc
sng nh vy c th c hai trng thi: c cung cp(reserved) v ri (free).
Hnh 2.7 ch ra rng 2 burst lin tip i v i+1c truyn dn thnh cng trn
cng mt bc sng ra. Chng ta cng c th thy rng, bn tin thit lp
tng ng vi burst th i n ti thi im t1, khi gi s rng bc sng
ang ri. Bn tin thit lp c chp nhn, v trng thi ca bc sng
chuyn sang trng thi c cung cp, sau khong thi gian bng thi gian
tr th bt u tin ca burst n ti thi im t2. Bt cui cng ca burst ti ti
thi im t3. Ti thi im trng thi ca bc sng ngay lp tc c
thit lp tr li trng thi ri. Ch rng, bt c bn tin thit lp no ti trong
khong thi gian gia t1 v t3 trng thi ca bc sng l ang c cung cp
th u b loi b. V vy, bc sng khng th c cung cp phc v mt
kt ni khc. di khong thi gian t3-t1, trong khong thi gian cc bn
tin thit lp mi n u b loi b, bng tng gi tr thi gian tr v di
burst th i.
By gi cho rng, bn tin thit lp cho bc sng ny n ti thi im
t4>t3, trong khi bc sng vn cn ri. Do burst tng ng vi bn tin
thit lp ny l burst th i+1 c bc sng ny vn chuyn thnh cng; ch
rng burst ny c th khng phi l burst th i+1 n node ang xt, c th
mt vi bn tin thit lp (s) b loi b do ti chuyn mch trc thi im
t3. Sau mt khong thi gian bng thi gian tr, burst n ti thi im t5, v
s truyn dn n kt thc ti thi im t6, ti thi im bc sng c
thit lp l trng thi ri li mt ln na.
Nh hnh 2.7, s ng k trc tip l kh n gin. Thi gian c phn
chia ra thnh cc khong phn bit, khong thi gian c cung cp v
theo sau l khong thi gian ri. di ca khong thi gian c cung
cp bng di burst cng vi thi gian tr tng ng. Trong khi th thi
gian ri bng t cho ti thi im trc khi bn tin thit lp tip theo n.
S phc v trn mi bc sng cng theo kiu FCFS(first-come, firstservice), trong burst c phc v theo ng th t m cc bn tin thit lp
ti chuyn mch.
giao thc ny vn tn ti khong thi gian m bc sng c cung
cp nhng vn cha c thng tin truyn gy nn tnh trng lng ph ti
nguyn mng. Tn ti trng hp trn thc t bc sng ang ri nhng nhng
gi iu khin n ti thi im ny li khng c chp nhn. khc phc
tnh trng ny th ta cn phi thc hin qun l thi gian tr burst mt cch cht
ch, giao thc JET c trnh by di y l mt trong cc giao thc thuc
kiu .
2.3.2 Giao thc JET(Just-Enought-Time)
Giao thc JET (Just Enough Time) l mt giao thc hot ng theo kiu
ng k tr c nh ging nh giao thc RFD (Reserved-a-Fix-Duration) xut
hin u tin vo nm 1997, l giao thc c s dng ch yu trong OBS.
Chuyn :
Giao thc ny c hai c trng c bn l: s dng s ng k tr DR (Delayed

Reservation) v kh nng tch hp DR vi cc b ghp burst m m bng
ng dy tr quang FDL.
Hot ng ca giao thc ny nh sau:
Ti node ngun: D liu u vo t cc ngi s dng trong cc
mng truy nhp c m theo hng ti ch ca n. Sau c
chun b sn sng pht i trn mt burst quang. Khi y node ngun
ang cha mt burst d liu cn truyn i, n s gi i mt gi iu
khin trn mt knh iu khin c bc sng ring khc vi bc
sng mang burst d liu i ti node ch. Ti mi node trn ng
truyn, gi iu khin s c x l thit lp mt ng dn quang
cho burst d liu. Mi node trn ng dn la chn mt bc sng
thch hp trn lin kt u ra, ng k rng bng trn lin kt ,
v thit lp cu trc chuyn mch quang. Trong thi gian ny, burst
d liu i mt khong thi gian tr Toffset ti node bin ngun trong
min in trc khi burst c truyn i.
Ti node trung gian: Mt tn hiu iu khin c gi ti trc
ng k bng thng cng vi thi gian tr burst ca n v cu hnh
chuyn mch, sau khi c phn tch ly thng tin nh tuyn
gi iu khin c cu trc li c thm thng tin nh tuyn mi,
nh thi gian tr burst mi, bc sng mang burst Sau gi iu
khin li c gi ti node k tip, v sau khong thi gian tr T burst
c truyn trn bc sng xc nh trong tiu . Khong thi
gian T l tr gia tiu v burst d liu tng ng ca n. Thi
gian tr T s c tnh ton sao cho ln cc node trung gian
hon thnh vic x l tiu burst ti node trn knh iu khin,
xc nh bc sng hay cc khe thi gian phc v cho truyn burst ti
ch ca n. Kh nng bin dch ton b bc sng ti mi lin kt l
cn thit bt k burst no cng c th c nh tuyn ti bt k
bc sng ri no trn lin kt u ra. Do , bc sng ca mt
burst ch mang ngha cc b. Node trn ng thun sau gi mt
gi tiu mi ti node k tip. Mi ln gi iu khin i qua mt
node trung gian, gi tr T ti cc node trung gian gim i mt lng
bng gi tr thi gian x l tiu ti mi node gi l Tpro (per-hopoffset). Do , burst khng phi m ti bt k node trung gian no
th T > n Tpro vi n l s node m burst phi i qua.
Chuyn :
Hnh 2.8: M t hot ng ca giao thc JET

S dng thi gian tr trong giao thc JET
Ta gi s, thi gian x l gi iu khin v thit lp cu trc chuyn
mch ti mi node trung gian l n v thi gian, nh vy trong mng OBS
s dng phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAG, cc burst i ngay sau gi
iu khin m khng c tr nn ti mi node chuyn mch trung gian burst s
phi tr i mt khong bng , gy nh hng ti tr iu khin ca burst.
V vy tr burst nh nht s l p+.H, vi p l tr truyn v H l s hop
trn ng i t ngun ti ch.
Trong giao thc JET chn T=.H cho cc node trung gian c thi
gian x l gi iu khin v burst khng phi tr ti bt c node trung gian
no. y c bao gm hai khong thi gian.
1, Khong thi gian node trung gian thc hin song cc cng vic
x l gi iu khin v cu hnh chuyn mch l n v thi gian.
2, L khong thi gian s = - , l khong thi gian yu cu thc
hin song cc cng vic trc khi burst n.
Nh vy gi iu khin s c gi ti node tip theo sau mt khong thi
gian hay trc khi burst n mt khong s. Do thi gian thit lp chuyn mch
v thi gian pht gi iu khin ti node k tip c th c chng ln ln nhau
Chuyn :
nn ta c th lm gim thi gian tr x l ca burst cn li l T' = .H + s, v thi

gian tr burst l p+T'< T.
Do giao thc JET khng phi i bn tin xc nhn ACK gi v t node
ch nn cng gp phn lm gim ng k thi gian tr burst. V d ti tc
2.5 Gbps, 1 burst kch thc 500 Kbyte c th truyn i trong khong 1.6 ms.
nhn c mt bn tin xc nhn phi mt 2.5 ms truyn trn khong
cch 500 Km. Do giao thc JET c bit thch hp p dng truyn burst
khong cch xa. Mt khc cc burst khng phi tr ti bt c node trung
gian no nn tr m n gp phi cng nh chuyn mch gi.
S dng ng k thi gian tr trong giao thc JET
Nh ta c trong khong thi gian tr gia gi iu khin v bit u tin
ca burst n, phn bng thng c ng k vn cn ang ri. Chnh v
vy ta c th thc hin truyn mt burst nu di burst l nh hn khong
thi gian tr nh vic ng k tr.
Gi s xt ti node i, mt gi iu khin ti v ng k rng bng
thng ti thi im t1 v thi im bt u tin ca burst tng ng n l t1',
v vy khong thi gian tr t khi ng k rng bng ti khi truyn burst l
t1'-t1 v rng bng c ng k cho burst tng ng ny ti thi im
t1'', thi gian t1' c xc nh cn c trn thi im burst ti v thi gian tr,
t1'' c xc nh thng qua thi gian tr v di burst.
Cng gi s, c mt gi iu khin khc n node ang xt ti thi im
t2, tng t t2' tng ng l thi bt u tin ca burst th 2 n, v yu cu
ng k rng bng cho burst ca n ti thi im t2''. Ta c thi gian tr
ca burst ny l t2'-t2.
thy tc dng ca vic s dng ng k tr ta i xt hai trng hp
xy ra nh hnh v 2.9 ch ra di y.
Hnh 2.9: Tc dng ca vic ng k tr
Chuyn :
Nh hnh 2.9 a ra ta thy trong hai trng hp trn nu khng s dng

ng k tr v s dng phng thc iu khin TAG th burst th 2 n s b
loi b. Nhng nu s dng giao thc JET v ng k tr th burst th hai n
vn c phc v nu t1<t2<t2''<t1' hay t1<t2<t1''<tt2'.
Trong giao thc JET s dng ng k thi gian tr T, Thay v n l v
hn s c tc dng lm gim thi gian tr burst do phi truyn li, ng thi
s dng hiu qu hn bng thng ng truyn.
giao thc ny vic pht gi iu khin lun c thc hin ti thi
im sm nht c th bng cch thc hin c lng burst, nu ti thi im
pht burst m kch burst ln hn kch c c lng mt bn tin gii phng
c gi i gii phng bng thng ng k, nu burst l nh hn th
phn d liu cn li c gi i nh cc burst b sung. Tuy nhin, giao thc
ny cha khc phc c hon ton s loi b burst do sung t. gii
quyt trit cn kt hp mt s phng php ng thi.
Qun l b m thng minh
Trong mng OBS khng s dng b m, tuy nhin cng vi vic s
dng giao thc JET th vic s dng thm cc b m l cc ng dy tr
nhm lm tr d liu ti cc u vo c th lm tng thm hiu qu s dng
bng tn v lm gim ng k vic phi truyn li do burst b loi b.
Cc b tr c cu to t cc si quang c chiu di khc nhau c
kt ni ph hp, c th to ra cc khong tr ph hp khong vi trc s,
cc ng y tr c th cu trc theo 2 kiu: dng chung hay dng ring cho
cc u vo khi chuyn mch quang.
Nh c b m m cc burst n ti cc thi im node khng cn bc
sng ri (khng thc hin ng k c bng thng) th cc burst ny c th
c tr li ti thi im ph hp m khng b loi b. Nh c giao thc JET
khng quy nh kch thc burst v thi gian tr burst ti mi node m vic s
dng cc ng dy tr tr nn tin li hn. Gp phn lm gim ng k xc
sut loi b burst do ti khng ng lc.
nh tuyn i hng v cc phng php u tin
Trong chuyn mch burst quang s dng giao thc JET cn c th nng
cao hiu qu s dng bng thng v gim xc sut loi b burst bng cch s
dng nh tuyn i hng v s dng u tin khc nhau cho cc burst.
Chuyn mch burst quang s dng giao thc JET c h tr nh tuyn a
ng vi thng tin v s node trn mi ng i c xc nh, t ti
cc node c th thc hin nh tuyn i hng ti cc ng i khc khi m
burst ti khng th ng k c bng thng trn tuyn lin kt ban u la
chn.
ng thi vi vic nh tuyn i hng trong phng thc iu khin
TAG khng s dng thi gian tr nn trong giao thc JET cn phi thay i
thi gian tr ca burst sao cho ph hp trn ng i mi bng cch s dng
cc ng dy tr, tr burst ti cc node trung gian khi m thi gian tr ca
Chuyn :
burst ti node cha bng 0. V thc hin vic s dng u tin cao cho
cc burst c tr ln s lm gim xc sut loi b burst.
Ngoi ra cn c th s dng thi gian tr b sung ti node ngun xc
nh tng thi gian tr do nh tuyn i hng.
Tm li: giao thc JET l mt giao thc ph hp tng hiu qu s
dng bng thng cng nh tin cy ca mng OBS v lm gim ng k
thi gian tr khi n c s dng cng vi phng thc iu khin TAG. Mt
khc n cng cho php nng cao tin cy khi s dng phng thc iu
khin TAG bng cch lm tng ti a kh nng m mt burst c th c
truyn i m khng b loi b.
2.4 Mt s vn lin quan n chuyn mch burst quang
2.4.1 Cc c ch ng k bc sng
vic s dng bng thng trong mng chuyn mch burst t hiu qu
cao cn c mt c ch ng k ti nguyn hp l c th l ti nguyn bng
thng. Trong phn ny cung cp 4 kiu ng k bng thng da trn phng
php ng k v gii phng bng thng ng k.
2.4.1.1 Thit lp v gii phng r rng
Trong c ch ny, bn tin thit lp (gi iu khin) c cha gi tr thi
gian tr ca burst, nhng khng c khong thi gian tn ti ca burst. Vic
ng k bc sng c bt u ngay sau khi chuyn mch thu bn tin thit
lp v kt thc sau khi bn tin gii phng ti. V vy ch cn mt bit on/off
ghi li trng thi ca mt bc sng. On tc l bc sng ang bn, Off
tc l bc sng ang ri. Trng thi ca bit on/off c iu khin bi
trng tng ng trong cc bn tin thit lp hay gii phng bng thng.
Hnh 2.10: M t c ch thit lp v gii phng r rng
Chuyn :
Bc sng ng k s c dnh cho burst ngay sau khi bn tin thit lp

ti cho n khi nhn c bn tin gii phng t node ngun, phng php ny
hiu qu s dng bng thng thp, khng mm do.
2.4.1.2 Thit lp r rng v gii phng c lng
Trong c ch ny bn tin thit lp bao gm c gi tr thi gian tr v thi
gian tn ti ca burst. Mi bc sng c kt hp vi mt gii hn
(deadline) cho bit khi no bc sng s ri. S ng k bc sng bt u ti
thi im sau khi chuyn mch thu c bn tin thit lp hoc sau mt gii
hn. S ng k bng thng s kt thc ti thi im cui cng burst cn tn
ti, c xc nh qua gi tr thi gian tn ti burst m khng cn gi bn tin
gii phng ti.
2.4.1.3 Thit lp c lng v gii phng r rng
Trong c ch ny, bn tin thit lp c cha gi tr thi gian tr ca burst,
nhng khng c khong thi gian tn ti ca burst. Bng thng bc sng
c ng k ti im bit u tin ca burst n, c xc nh da trn gi
tr thi gian tr ca burst. Bng thng bc sng c ng k s c gii
phng khi node ch thu c bn tin gii phng c gi i t node ngun.
2.4.1.4 Thit lp v gii phng c lng
Trong c ch ny bn tin thit lp bao gm c gi tr thi tr v khong
thi gian tn ti ca burst ( di burst). Vic ng k c thc hin ti im
bit u tin ca burst n v kt thc ti thi im bit cui cng ca burst ti
node ch, c xc nh thng qua thi gian tr burst v di burst. Do ,
c th ni mi bc sng s c kt hp vi mt vector thi gian, vector ny
cho bit khong thi gian bc sng bn (ang phc v).
Tm li: Kt qu ca s so snh cc c ch ng k bc sng, vi cc
khong thi gian tr khc nhau, kiu th 4 cho xc sut loi b burst nh nht, tip
theo l n kiu 2 v kiu 1cho xc sut loi b burst cao nht. Nu thi gian tr
khng i, xc sut loi b burst khi hot ng ng k bc sng theo kiu 2 v 4
l nh nhau.
2.4.2 Thi gian tr
Trong chuyn mch burst c th s dng thi gian tr nh JET, TAW, hay
khng s dng thi gian tr nh JIT, TAG. Thi gian tr c nh ngha nh l
khong thi gian t khi gi iu khin n cho ti khi bt u tin ca burst
n, Trong OBS c 3 kiu s dng thi gian tr sau da vo di ca thi
gian tr.
- Khng ng k
- ng k mt chiu
- ng k hai chiu
2.4.2.1 Khng ng k
Burst c gi i ngay sau gi iu khin. V vy thi gian tr y ch
l thi gian truyn gi iu khin. Kiu ny ch ph hp khi thi gian thit lp
Chuyn :
cu hnh chuyn mch v thi gian x l chuyn mch ca gi iu khin l

rt nh. Loi ny c s dng nhiu trong chuyn mch gi quang. Chuyn
mch burst quang theo kiu Tell And Go (TAG) cng thuc loi khng ng
k.
2.4.2.2 ng k mt chiu
Sau khi gi iu khin gi i mt khong thi gian nh th node ngun s
gi burst i m cn khng i nhn c bn tin xc nhn (ACK) t node ch.
Thi gian tr trng hp ny ln hn thi gian truyn dn gi iu khin nhng
nh hn tng thi gian truyn dn v tr chu trnh ca gi iu khin. Cc c cu
chuyn mch burst quang khc nhau c th la chn cc gi tr thi gian tr khc
nhau.
Cc chuyn mch burst s dng phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAG
cng vi giao thc JET thuc loi ng k mt chiu.
2.4.2.3 ng k hai chiu
kiu ny, sau khi mt gi iu khin c gi i ng k rng
bng thng th burst c tr cho ti khi nhn c bn tin xc nhn t node
ch th burst mi c pht i, nu qu thi gian time out m vn khng nhn
c gi tin xc nhn th burst s khng c pht i v chuyn mch tip tc
phc v burst khc.V vy thi gian tr nh nht l thi gian yu cu thu mt
bn tin xc nhn (ACK) t node ch.
ng k hai chiu c s dng ch yu trong chuyn mch knh quang.
Trong burst phi chp nhn mt khong tr chu trnh (round-trip) thit
lp tuyn truyn dn v khi gi iu khin ng k cc ngun, nhng y s
phn phi cc burst c m bo. Chuyn mch burst quang s dng phng
thc iu khin theo kiu TAW (Tell And Wait) thuc loi ng k hai chiu.
Mt kiu chuyn mch burst quang s dng ng k hai chiu l kiu
chuyn mch burst quang nh tuyn theo bc sng WR-OBS. Trong kiu WROBS, node s gi gi iu khin i trong khi vn ang tp hp burst, khc vi
cc loi ng k hai chiu khc l gi burst i sau khi tp hp burst. c bit
ti mt s thi im trong khi x l tp hp burst, node ngun s gi i mt
gi iu khin ng k ti nguyn trn ng truyn ti node ch. Node
ngun tip tc tp hp cc gi to thnh burst n khi thu c bn tin xc nhn,
sau burst s c gi ti node ch. V vy s gim c tr trung bnh ca
burst d liu. Tuy nhin, node ngun phi xc nh kch c cui cng ca burst
bng cch kim tra thng k thng tin trong b m y, khi node ngun xc
nh c kch thc burst, node ngun s c gng gi gi iu khin i mt
cch sm nht c th.
2.4.3 Tranh chp v gii quyt tranh chp trong mng OBS
Tranh chp trong chuyn mch burst quang, Trong mng OBS vn
tn ti nhng trng hp gy tranh chp ti nguyn mng gia cc burst ca
cc ngi dng khc nhau vi nhau (vi tranh chp ti nguyn c nh
ngha l 2 hay nhiu burst cng yu cu c phc v bi mt ti nguyn
Chuyn :
mng) gy ra hin tng tc nghn, chng ln, loi burst, lm gim hiu qu
truyn tin.
Chnh v vy, vic gii quyt tranh chp trong mng chuyn mch burst
quang l rt quan trng, gii quyt tranh chp v tc nghn trong mng
OBS c mt s phng php nh:
- S dng cc b m burst
- Thc hin vic chuyn i bc sng
- nh tuyn i hng
- Phn mnh burst
2.4.3.1 Phng php s dng b m quang
Trong cc mng s dng chuyn mch in t th vic m d liu c
thc hin trong min in, cn trong mng OBS l mng s dng chuyn
mch quang nn vic m cc burst l mt vn kh khn do cng ngh b
nh truy nhp quang cha pht trin, do vy vic m cc burst c thc
hin bng cc ng dy tr quang c kt ni vi nhau mt cch ph hp
cung cp c cc khong thi gian tr theo yu cu.
Di y a ra mt m hnh b m quang c s.
Hnh 2.11: Cu trc b m s dng ng dy tr (FDL)

y nu thi gian tr gy ra bi mt vng l , th thi gian tr ti a
ca b tr l D = (20+21+.....+2N) x .
C th s dng cc b m quang cng nghip c ln (SLOB) n bao
gm m u vo v m u ra, burst c th ra mt u ra bt k no vi mi
u vo xc nh. B m SLOB c cu trc gm m b m, vi mi b
c lin kt ti mt u ra lm nhim v nh b m o thc hin m burst
xc nh tr, n hot ng theo nguyn tc FIFO lu gi cc burst. Gi
tr b m gim i 1 n v khi c mt burst ri khi u ra v tng ln 1 khi
c mt burst ti cng u vo. Nu burst ti ti thi im b m c gi tr l
0 (b m rng) th burst s c truyn thng, Khi b m c gi tr max (b
m y) th burst ti b loi b.
Nu c nhiu burst n cng cng u ra trn cng mt khe thi gian th
chng s ln lt ng k tr, tng thi gian tr m burst phi chu l gi tr
b m khi burst n.
Sau y l cu trc b m SLOB
Chuyn :
Hnh 2.12: M hnh b m SLOB

T hnh v trn cho thy thi gian tr ti a l D max=mk - 1 khe thi gian
vi k l s tng chuyn mch khng tc nghn c s c s dng trong b
m.
2.4.3.2 Phng php chuyn i bc sng
Chuyn i bc sng c nh ngha l vic x l lm thay i bc
sng ca mt burst t mt knh u vo ti mt knh u ra trn mt bc sng
khc.
Trong mng OBS trn mt u ra c th thc hin ghp knh WDM
truyn tn hiu quang trn nhiu bc sng. V vy, da trn im c bit ny
thc hin gii quyt tranh chp gia cc burst vi nhau. Khi c hin tng
tranh chp xy ra th mt burst s c truyn trn bc sng ca n, cn cc
burst khc s c chuyn i sang bc sng khc ri truyn ti u ra yu
cu m khng gy tranh chp. Nh , c th truyn hai hay nhiu burst ti
cng mt u ra nhng trn cc bc sng khc nhau.
C mt s phng php chuyn i bc sng sau y
- Bin i hon ton, bt k bc sng no trn u vo cng c th
chuyn i ti mt bc sng trn u ra cn kh dng, vi phng php ny
th cc knh lun c kt ni m khng k ti bc sng.
- Bin i gii hn, phng php ny th mi bc sng trn knh u
vo ch c th bin i ti mt nhm bc sng trn knh u ra, v vy
khng phi kt ni no cng thc hin c.
- Bin i c nh, y l mt trng hp c bit ca bin i c gii
hn, ti mi node mi knh u vo ch c th kt ni ti mt knh c nh
trn u ra.
Chuyn :
- Bin i bc sng ri rc, l trong mng OBS c nhng node c th

thc hin bin i c nhng node khng th thc hin bin i.
Mc d phng php ny t hiu qu kh quan trong thc nghim cng
nh k thut nhng n vn cha c s dng rng ri v thc hin cc b
chuyn i bc sng i hi chi ph cao v phc tp trong cu trc.
2.4.3.3 Phng php nh tuyn i hng
Trong mng chuyn mch burst cng c th dng phng php nh
tuyn i hng lm gii quyt vn tranh chp, trnh gy nn hin
tng tc nghn. OBS s dng giao thc JET cho php h tr nh tuyn a
ng t ngun ti ch.
Khi c xy ra hin tng tranh chp th mt burst s c nh tuyn
trn cng u ra ng, cc burst cn li s c nh tuyn trn cc cng u
ra khc kh dng. Cc burst c nh tuyn i hng s phi i trn cc con
ng khng ti u hn nn c th gy tr ln hn. V vy, cn phi tnh ton
li thi gian tr cho cc burst v phi thc hin sp xp li v tr cc burst thu
c ti node ch.
nh tuyn i hng (nh tuyn nng) l mt phng php l tng
i vi cc mng khng s dng tr hay khng gian b m nh ng thi n
cng lm gim xc sut loi b burst v thi gian tr burst.
2.4.3.4 Phng php phn mnh burst
gii quyt tranh chp trong mng OBS ta cng c th s dng
phng php phn mnh burst. Phng php phn mnh burst c nh
ngha l s phn chia cc burst thnh cc n v truyn ti c bn gi l cc
mnh (segment), mi mnh c th l mt hay nhiu gi c thng tin tiu b
sung ( di mnh v checksum)... Tt c cc mnh ny lc u c truyn
i nh mt burst.
Hnh 2.13: M t gii quyt tranh chp bng phn mnh burst
Khi xy ra tranh chp th ch c cc mnh ca burst b chng ln mi b
loi b. Cn cc mnh khc vn c truyn i. V vy, ta ch phi thc hin
truyn li cc mnh mt di dng cc burst b sung, ch vic phn
Chuyn :
mnh burst khng lm gim xc sut xy ra hin tng tranh chp ti nguyn
nhng lm gim kh nng mt d liu trong burst gim.
C hai phng php loi b cc mnh b chng ln, hoc loi b
mnh ca cc burst ban u hoc loi b cc mnh ca burst tranh chp. Khi
s dng phng php ny cn phi c lng thi gian chuyn mch da vo
phn cn li ca burst ban u xc nh c di burst u ra tng ng
vi thi gian chuyn mch, v khi cu hnh chuyn mch cng c th gy ra
mt mnh do u ra c th chuyn mch ti mt u ra khc.
KT LUN:
Chuyn mch burst l s cn bng gia cc u im ca chuyn mch
knh quang v nhc im ca chuyn mch gi quang. Ph hp tn dng
mt cch hiu qu bng thng cc ln m h thng truyn dn quang cung
cp.
- Trong chuyn mch knh th do c ch thit lp c inh cc knh lin
kt t u cui ti u cui nn n t c tin cy cao tuy nhin hiu qu
s dng bng thng khng cao do khng c tn dng.
- Trong chuyn mch gi quang th mi gi c tiu ring nn ti mi
node u phi lu m x l tiu gy tr ln, v thi gian x l
chuyn mch tr nn qu ln so vi thi gian truyn tin khi m tc truyn
dn cao.
- Cn trong OBS th khng yu cu lu m ti mi node trung gian do
s dng thi gian tr, m mi burst c mt tiu ring nn khng yu cu
mt bc sng cho mt knh kt ni u cui ti u cui, cc knh kt ni
c thit lp trn tng lin kt mt. Khi burst i qua th lin kt ngay lp tc
c gii phng.
Ngoi ra, OBS cn thc hin truyn dn thng tin ngi s dng mt
cch trong sut qua mng (tc l khng quan tm ti loi thng tin cha trong
ni dung burst d liu), iu ny cho php mng OBS c th thc hin cung
cp nhiu dch v khc nhau vi QoS m bo ph hp cho tt c cc loi
dch v.
OBS hin nay ang l mt gii php ph hp nht cho Internet tc
cao v mng truyn ti th h tip theo, thc hin cung cp nhiu loi dch v
trn cng mt c s h tng mng. Tuy nhin, n vn cn mt s kh khn
trong vic thc hin trn cc mng din rng do vic tnh ton thi gian tr
cn phi xc nh c s node trn ng i t ngun n ch m vi cc
mng din rng th iu ny l khng th, mt khc trong OBS ti u ho
vic s dng bng thng cn s dng cc b tr quang y l mt kh khn do
cng ngh b nh truy nhp quang cha pht trin.
Chuyn :
CHNG III
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG CU TRC VNG CHUYN MCH
BURST
3.1 Gii thiu chung
Trong nhng nm gn y do s pht trin mnh m cc mng quang,
m ch yu l cc mng vng quang SONET/SDH do c tin cy cao, v
tc ln nn to ra ng lc thc y vic nghin cu pht trin cc cu
hnh mng vng quang. Hin nay cc m hnh mng ny ang ng vai tr
chnh trong cc mng truyn ti quang, ang ngy cng c nng cao cht
lng h tr cho cc h thng s dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo
bc sng (WDM). Vi cng ngh hin nay th OBS c xem l mt k
thut tt nht em li nhng hiu qu to ln cho ngi s dng v c s
dng rng ri trong cc mng vng quang. Mng vng OBS cho php truyn
ti cc loi lu lng khc nhau nh lu lng IP, ATM, Frame relay, cng
nh HDTV, ngoi ra cn c cc loi lu lng khc khng phi l IP, ATM
hay Frame relay.
Trong chng ny nghin cu mt s giao thc truy nhp cho mng
vng WDM, m tiu im l cc m hnh vng c thc y bi s pht
trin ca vng SONET/SDH. Cc mng ny a ra mt hng u t hiu
qu trn phn sng mang quang v hin ti c pht trin h tr WDM.
3.2 Kin trc mng v node ca mng vng OBS
3.2.1 Kin trc mng vng OBS
Cho mng vng quang bao gm N node OBS c kt ni n hng
nh hnh v di y. N c th l mt mng th (MAN) ng vai tr nh
l mng xng sng k ni cc mng truy nhp vi nhau v truyn dn cc
loi lu lng khc nhau t ngi s dng nh lu lng IP, ATM, Frame
relay hay lu lng HDTV, v cc loi lu lng khc khng phi l IP, ATM,
Frame relay thm ch c loi lu lng m mng IP khng th truyn ti c.
Mi lin kt cp quang gia hai node OBS lin tip nhau trong vng c th h
tr N+1 bc sng. Trong N bc sng c s dng truyn ti cc
burst d liu v bc sng th N+1 c s dng truyn ti gi iu khin
(cn gi l bc sng iu khin hay knh iu khin).
Chuyn :
Hnh 3.1: M hnh mng vng OBS

Mi node OBS trong vng c lin kt vi mt hay nhiu mng truy
nhp. Trong cc kt ni trc tip t cc mng truy nhp ti vng, node OBS
ng vai tr nh l mt b tp trung. Thc hin tp trung v m d liu trong
min in, c truyn dn bi ngi s dng trn cc mng truy nhp
truyn ti trn vng OBS. Vic m d liu l thc hin tp hp d liu li ri
sau c truyn dn trong mt burst ti node OBS ch. Kch thc mt
burst c th thay i bt k trong khong kch thc burst nh nht v kch
thc burst ln nht. Burst c truyn ti dc theo vng m khng phi bin
i quang in O-E-O ti bt c node trung gian no.
Trong kt ni trc tip t vng ti cc mng truy nhp, mt node OBS kt
cui cc burst quang ca chnh n, thc hin x l in cc d liu v phn b
chng ti cc ngi s dng trong cc mng truy nhp c lin kt vi node
.
Nh vy hot ng ca mng vng OBS c mt s c im sau:
1- Cho php truyn ti nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau v kt ni trc
tip vi nhiu mng truy nhp ng thi.
2- Thc hin truyn ti quang hon ton d liu ca ngi s dng t
node ngun ti node ch. ti node ngun d liu c tp trung truyn i
trn cc burst ri sau chng c tch ra ti node ch phn b ti cc
ngi s dng trong cc mng truy nhp lin kt trc tip vi node .
3- Cc burst c truyn ti trn vng c kch thc thay i t gi tr
kch thc burst nh nht ti gi tr kch thc burst nh nht. Tu theo lu
lng d liu ti t cc kt ni trc tip vi cc mng truy nhp ca node .
Chuyn :
4- Do d liu ngi s dng c truyn ti trn vng nn ti cc node

OBS trong vng phi c cu trc b xen/r quang OADM
5- Thng tin iu khin c truyn ti trn mt bc sng ring bit
gi l bc sng iu khin hay knh iu khin (y gi l phng thc iu
khin ngoi bng).
6- mi node c mt bc sng ring truyn ti cc burst ca mnh ti
cc node ch trong mng vng OBS, v n cng c th thu c tt c N bc
sng.
3.2.2 Kin trc node mng trong mng vng OBS
Kin trc node mng trong mng vng OBS c cho nh hnh v 3.2
di y. Mi mt node OBS trong mng vng c trang b mt b tch xen
cc bc sng quang (OADM) bao gm hai cp thu pht quang v cc b m
d liu cng vi mt b lp lch.
Hnh 3.2: Kin trc node mng trong mng vng OBS
Do d liu ngi dng c truyn ti lin tc trn vng quang nn ti
cc node mng vng OBS cn phi c cu trc cc b xen/r quang
OADM, mi b OADM phi c cu trc bao gm hai cp thu pht.
Cp thu pht th nht, c iu chnh thu mt bc sng c nh
dng thu cc khe iu khin trong khung iu khin trn bc sng iu
khin, b pht thc hin ghp cc khe iu khin vo cc khung iu khin
trn bc sng iu khin sau khi c, phn tch song thng tin iu khin
v cp nht cc thng tin iu khin mi. Trn hnh 3.2 n tng ng l
module iu khin.
Cp thu pht th hai, bao gm mt b thu pht c iu khin trc ti
mt bc sng ring ca node , n cng c th thu c tt c N bc sng
Chuyn :
truyn ti burst. Mi node OBS trong mng vng OBS c mt bc sng

ring truyn ti cc burst ca n. OADM ti mi node OBS thc hin ly
ra cc tn hiu quang trn bc sng ring ca n bng cch tch ra mt bc
sng tng ng, nh trong hnh 3.2. OADM cng thc hin tch cc tn hiu
quang trn cc bc sng burst khc, mi khi m ni dung ca burst l dnh
cho node ny. Trong trng hp c nhiu burst cng n mt node trn cc
bc sng khc nhau s gy ra hin tng va chm (tranh chp) ti module
thu, Module thu phi giao vic cho khi qun l va chm quyt nh burst
no s c chp nhn.
h tr giao thc ODD (Only Destination Delay), mt ng dy tr
m rng c thm vo trong node (khng c trong kin trc hnh 3.2) tr
cc burst ra trn tt c cc bc sng tr bc sng iu khin v bc sng
ring ca node.
D liu ang i pht c sp xp trong cc hng i pht tng ng
i ti ch yu cu. B m d liu ti mi node OBS c chia s bi N-1
hng i pht, mi hng i pht s tng ng vi mt node OBS ch trong
mng vng OBS. Vic sp xp s phc v cc hng i pht c xc nh
bi mt module lp lch nh trong hnh 3.2. S phc v cc hng i c
iu khin (qun l) theo mt kiu quay vng (Round-Robin).
Cc d liu ngi s dng n c sp xp vo cc hng i pht theo
a ch cc ch n ca chng, B lp lch s c nhim v xc nh xem hng
i pht no s c phc v trong thi im hin ti.
3.3 Hot ng ca bc sng iu khin trong mng vng OBS
Trong mng vng OBS s dng ring mt bc sng truyn ti thng
tin iu khin ca cc burst d liu ngi dng, v cc thng tin iu khin
mng. Cc thng tin ny c truyn i trc trn cc gi iu khin.
Bc sng iu khin trong mng OBS, truyn ti cc gi iu khin
trong mt cu trc khung iu khin. Mi khung iu khin, li c phn
chia theo thi gian thnh cc khong thi gian nh hn, m trong mt khong
thi gian bc sng iu khin ch thc hin phc v mt node OBS. Sao
cho, trong mi khung iu khin th bc sng iu khin phc v tt c cc
node OBS trong mng vng c mt ln. Mi khong thi gian c gi
l mt khe iu khin (control slot).
Gi iu khin ca mi burst d liu tng ng c truyn ti trn cc
khe iu khin ca cc node ngun tng ng vi burst d liu . Mt mng
vng OBS N node tng ng c N khe iu khin, chng c tp hp to
thnh khung iu khin (control frame), v c truyn ti lin tc trn vng
OBS. Ph thuc vo chu vi (kch c) ca vng m c th mt hay mt vi
khung iu khin c truyn ng thi lin tc nhau, trong trng hp ny
th khung iu khin c truyn ti song song trn bc sng iu khin.
Mi node s hu mt khe iu khin trong khung iu khin, mi mt
khe iu khin bao gm mt vi trng cha thng tin iu khin, nh minh
ho trong hnh 3.3. Kiu v nh dng cc trng trong khe iu khin ph
thuc vo giao thc OBS c s dng (chi tit c trnh by trong mc 3.4).
Chuyn :
Ni chung mi khe iu khin gm c cc trng nh a ch node ch, thi

gian tr, di burst v phn dng cho cc trng khc nh trng th, n c
th c cu trc cho mt vi giao thc th phi c thm trng nh dng giao
thc.
Hnh 3.3: Cu trc ca mt khung iu khin

Khi mt node c nhu cu pht burst th n s phi i cho ti khung iu
khin tip theo v ghi thng tin burst (a ch ch, thi gian tr burst, ...) ln
khe iu khin ca n. Ngc li, nu khng c burst cn truyn i n s xo
tt c thng tin burst trong khe iu khin ca n. Ti mi node, khi khung iu
khin n node , u tin node c cc khe iu khin xc nh xem c
khe iu khin no ch ra rng c burst truyn ti n node ny hay khng. Nu
tm thy, v gi s rng node ang ri ( tc l khng thc hin thu burst khc ti
thi im ) th node s tin hnh iu chnh b thu ti bc sng ca burst
thc hin thu burst; Ni cch khc, s u tin l khng c php. Trong
trng hp b thu b xung t (v d, khi c nhiu burst cng lc yu cu kt
cui ti node ny hay a ch ca node ny ng thi xut hin trong nhiu khe
iu khin hay node ang tin hnh thu burst t mt node khc, c th dn n
tnh trng chng ln trong tuyn dn hay xung t thu), node ch s la chn
ly mt burst thc hin thu. Trong giao thc da trn c s c xc nhn, th
node cng s thay i trng tng ng thng bo ti node ngun c
php truyn burst ca n ti node ch hay khng, node ngun thc hin
pht burst.
y phi ch rng, quyn hn ca mt node ngun trong vic a
burst vo trong bc sng ring ca n cng ging nh bt k node trung gian
no trong vic a burst i qua ti node tip theo, v cng ging nh quyn
hn ca node ch trong vic kt cui cc burst gi ti n. Kt qu l mi
node phi c khung iu khin a n n trc khi xc nh hnh ng no
c thc hin tip theo (c ngha l, node s phi c cc khe iu khin
xc nh xem tip theo n s thc hin lm g, nh ghi thng tin burst vo khe
iu khin ca mnh ch th c nh pht burst hay khng, hay xc
nhn s cho php c truyn dn burst). Trong mng vng thi gian x l
khung iu khin ti cc node trung gian v node ch l nh nhau (T i(P) =
Td(P)). V vy, m khung iu khin s b tr i mt khong thi gian bng
khong thi gian khi i qua mi node, khong thi gian tr ny l tng thi
gian truyn dn khung iu khin cng vi thi gian x l khung iu
khin (Ti = Ti(p) + Ti(T)), v n c th c lm gim i bi mt phn t giao
Chuyn :
thc n gin c thc hin bng phn cng. Cc giao thc s dng trong
mng vng OBS c c im nh phn tch s c m t trong phn sau
y.
3.4 Cc giao thc truy nhp mng vng OBS
Nh ni phn trn mi node OBS c gn mt bc sng ring
truyn burst ca minh, v cng ch c mt b thu duy nht thu cc burst kt
cui ti node ny. V vy, burst c th b mt nu xy ra xung t b thu. Tnh
trng ny s xy ra nu c hai hay nhiu hn cc node ngun pht burst trn bc
sng ring ca mnh (mi burst c pht trn cc bc sng khc nhau) ti
cng mt node ch, v s truyn dn burst ny s gy ra hin tng chng ln
burst. Trong phn ny a ra mt vi giao thc truy nhp khc nhau, m s khc
nhau chnh l cch gii quyt xung t b thu. Cc giao thc ny c th c
phn chia vo trong 3 lp sau y, ph thuc vo ch th ng ra gii quyt xung
t b thu.
Lp 1: Node ngun, trong lp giao thc ny node ngun chu chch
nhim gii quyt xung t b thu s dng thng tin c truyn dn trong cc
khung iu khin trn bc sng iu khin.
Lp 2: Node ch, trong lp giao thc ny node ngun phi nhn c
s cho php ca node ch trc khi gi burst trn bc sng ring ti node
ch. Node ch thc hin lp lch tt c cc yu cu pht burst ti n. V vy,
trnh c s xung t b thu.
Lp 3: Khc, trong lp giao thc ny khng phi node ngun hay node
ch c nhim v gii quyt xung t b thu. V d nh mt phng php
chung trong mng vng l s dng cc th bi (token) ngn nga nhng
nguyn nhn lm xy ra xung t b thu.
y chng ta nhn mnh cc giao thc c s dng mt vi chun n
gin thc hin trong phn cng (c ngha l chng c th hot ng ti tc
ng dy), v c phn b theo t nhin (c ngha l mi node cc b
thc hin s sao chp nh dng giao thc v quyt nh pht i bi s hiu
bit cc b ca n). Tt nhin, ta trnh cc giao thc c tp trung phn
tch trc y, hay yu cu tp trung cc kch c b m pht, hay yu cu
ng b ng dy mng (v d nh cu trc TDM truyn thng).
Trong phn ny chng ta i tm hiu 5 giao thc truy nhp (RR/R, RR/P,
RR/NP, RR/ACK, v RR/Token). Trong ta c th chia ra cc giao thc ra thnh
cc nhm nh sau: RR/R, RR/P, RR/NP thuc lp "node ngun", giao thc
RR/ACK thuc lp "Node ch", v cc giao thc cn li thuc lp cc giao thc
khc.
tin cho vic m t sau ny, th trc tin ta coi mt burst l s ng
gi ca cc gi IP, ATM, Frame relay hay l ca mt vi loi gi khc nhau c
cha d liu ngi dng. Tuy nhin, burst cn phi c nh dng ti
node ch c th ly d liu ra mt cch chch xc t burst thu c. Tuy
nhin, trong phm vi nghin cu ca n khng i xu v vn ny, nhng
trong bt c mt nh dng burst no cng phi bao gm phn mo u
Chuyn :
(overhead) l phn m n gy nh hng trc tip ti php o hiu nng (hiu

sut) ging nh l kh nng thng qua v thi gian tr burst.
Mt hng i pht c cho l ph hp i vi s phc v nu kch thc
ca n ln hn kch thc burst nh nht (MinBurstSize) hay d liu u tin
ca hng i pht phi i trong mt khong thi gian ln hn gi tr
TimeOut. Nu kch thc ca hng i pht ph hp cn nh hn kch thc
burst ln nht (MaxBurstSize) th mt burst bao gm tt c d liu c trong hng
i pht ph hp c to thnh. Cn nu khc, tc l nu kch thc ca hng
i pht ph hp m ln hn kch thc burst ln nht (MaxBurstSize) th mt
burst c kch thc ln nht c to thnh, d liu cn li s c phc v
trong ln sau.
3.4.1 Nguyn l truy nhp mng vng OBS
Nh tm hiu mng vng l mng m trong cc node lin tip c
kt ni im - im (point to point) vi nhau to nn mt s vng kn.
Thng tin trong cc burst c truyn dn t node ny ti node khc vng
quanh trong vng, cc kt ni c th l mt si hay nhiu si (2, 4 si ) n
hng hay hai hng song cng. Giao din truy nhp ti mi node mng l cc
thit b tch cc c kh nng xc nh a ch ca node trong cc gi iu khin
nu c burst mun kt cui ti y, M mc ch l truy nhp bn tin. Giao
din phc v khng ch ging nh mt im truy nhp ngi s dng m n
cn l b lp tch cc truyn dn cc bn tin c nh a ch ti cc
node khc.
Hnh 3.4: M hnh kt ni cc node trong mng vng

T hnh 3.4 ta thy giao din node mng c th hot ng mt trong
cc ch sau y:
Chuyn :
Ch lng nghe (listen mode), tc l node c nhu cu truyn thng tin

ang yu cu c cho php truyn. Trong ch ny mt dng bt thch hp
ging nh mt th hay mt a ch mu c s c gim st. V vy dng
bt n c sao chp x l ri sau c a ra ngoi sau mt thi gian
tr. V ng thi cc bt ny cng c truyn tip tc ti trm tip theo.
Ch truyn (transmit mode), tc l node chim c quyn s
dng ti nguyn ng truyn, c php pht thng tin ln mng ng thi
nhn thng tin kt cui ti . Giao din c kt ni ti u vo v u ra
ca node a d liu vo trong vng, ng thi nhn d liu t vng.
Ch b qua (bypass mode), c ngha l node tm thi khng c nhu
cu trao i thng tin vi cc node khc trong vng v vy n c th b qua
khng quan tm n vic chim dng ti nguyn ng truyn m ch thc
hin chuyn tip thng tin qua n ti cc node tip theo tng tc x l.
Hnh 3.5: Cc trng ch hot ng ca mt node trong vng

Trong cu trc vng c th s dng cc giao thc khc nhau t c
cc mc ch khc nhau nh truyn dn im - a im, a im - a im, a
im - im ....
Do trong mng vng khng tn ti cc lin kt vt l gia cc node
khng k nhau m cc lin kt ch l cc lin kt o, chnh v vy khi mt
node c nhu cu truyn gi ti node khc n phi nghe xem node ang
trng thi ri hay khng, nu khng ri m node thc hin pht gi th s gy
ra hin tng xung t ti pha thu hay truyn dn chng ln cc burst.
mt node i truyn d liu ti node j no th vic u tin l n
phi lm l lng nghe xem ti nguyn ng truyn c cn ri hay khng, c
kh nng phc v yu cu ca node hay khng thng qua giao thc iu khin
truy nhp m mng s dng. Chnh v vy m tu vo giao thc iu khin
truy nhp m mng s dng m ta c cc hnh ng truyn d liu khc nhau.
Sau y ta s i m t tng loi giao thc truy nhp thng c s
dng trong mng vng OBS.
3.4.2 Giao thc quay vng vi la chn ngu nhin (RR/R)
y l giao thc quay vng vi la chn ngu nhin (RR/R) c s dng
b lp lch quay vng ti mi node OBS phc v cc hng i pht v cho
php mi b thu la chn ngu nhin mt burst n trong cc burst n node
Chuyn :
ng thi. Do n c gi l giao thc quay vng vi la chn ngu nhin.

Gi s khi node i c nhu cu truyn burst ti node j th hot ng c trnh
by nh sau.
- Ti pha pht, b lp lch ca node i s tin hnh kim tra tt c cc
hng i pht theo mt kiu quay vng xc nh. Cho rng, ti thi im t 1 th
hng i pht th j c phc v, sau node i s phi i cho ti khi khe
iu khin u tin ca n ti sau thi im t1 ghi thng tin burst v a ch
node j ln khe iu khin tng ng sau khi tr mt khong bng gi tr thi
gian tr n s tin hnh pht burst trn bc sng ring ca mnh ti node j.
- Ti pha thu, khi m khung iu khin n node j n c cc khe iu
khin ca khung iu khin tm ra khe iu khin c a ch ch l a
ch ca mnh trong trng a ch ch. Nu xy ra trng hp nhiu hn mt
khe c tm thy th n s tin hnh la chn ngu nhin mt khe trong s
chng. Gi s rng burst ti t node k c chp nhn. Trong trng hp ny,
tt c cc burst ti node j ti thi im ny tr burst ti t node th k s b
loi. Sau node j kim tra xem b thu c cn ri ti thi im burst t node
k n node j khng, v kim tra xem b thu c cn thi gian iu chnh ti
bc sng khc khng. Nu ng, th n s thc hin iu chnh b thu ti
ng bc sng ring ca node k thu burst c truyn dn, ngc li,
node j s loi b burst t node k ti.
Hnh 3.6: M t giao thc truy nhp RR/R

Nguyn nhn ca s la chn ngu nhin c bao hm trong vic gii
quyt xung t thu, RR/R l mt giao thc cng bng. Tuy nhin, s mt burst
c th xy ra tr gi cho s xung t.
Chuyn :
Hnh 3.7: Thut ton m t hot ng giao thc RR/R

Trong giao thc ny cha gii quyt trit tnh trng loi b burst do
xung t thu. khc phc hin tng mt burst th ta cn phi lp lch thu cho
b thu ca node ch hay qun l thi gian ri ca cc b thu. t a ra
quyt nh c nn pht burst hay khng. iu ny c ci tin trong giao thc
sau y.
3.4.3 Giao thc quay vng phc v kin tr (RR/P)
Giao thc RR/P (round-robin with persistent service) gn ging vi giao
thc RR/R, nhng n c thit k loi tr tnh trng xung t thu nh
vic pht hin trc quyt nh pht burst. Hot ng ca giao thc ny
c trnh by di y. Gi s rng node i ang c nhu cu truyn burst ti
node j.
- Ti pha pht, node i duy tr mt bin gi l EarliestFreeTime(j) tng
ng vi mi node ch j, EarliestFreeTime(j) l mt bin ch th thi gian ri
sm nht ca b thu node ch j. Bin ny c cp nht nh s kim tra
thng tin burst trong khe iu khin c a ch node ch j trng a ch
ch.
B lp lch ti mi node i kim tra tt c cc hng i pht ph hp theo
mt kiu quay vng. Cho rng, ti thi im t 1 hng i pht j c la chn
phc v, sau node i i ti khung iu khin u tin n sau thi im
t1. Gi s, khung iu khin n ti thi im t 2 node i thc hin cp nht bin
EarliestFreeTime(j) da vo cc thng tin c lin quan trong khung iu
Chuyn :
khin. Node i thc hin tnh ton thi im t 3 l thi im bt u tin ca

burst do node i gi i c th n node j. t3 c tnh ton nh sau.
t3 = t2 + Ti(P) + thi gian tr + ij
(3.1)
Trong : Ti(p) l thi gian x l ti node i, ij l thi gian tr truyn dn

t node i ti node j. Nu EarliestFreeTime(j) cng vi thi gian chuyn i
bc sng ca b thu ti node j nh hn t3, th sau n ghi thng tin burst vo
trong khe iu khin ca n, v gi burst sau mt khong thi gian tr bng gi
tr thi gian tr (offset). Mt khc nu EarliestFreeTime(j) cng vi thi gian
chuyn i bc sng b thu ti node j ln hn t3, th node i bit c rng nu
gi burst s gy ra xung t b thu. Trong trng hp ny node i s khng thc
hin pht burst; thay v pht burst th node i i n khung iu khin tip
theo v lp li tin trnh truyn dn burst ti node j. y chnh l c im kin
tr (persistent) ca giao thc RR/P, b lp lch ngng tip tc phc v cc hng
i pht ph hp tip theo cho ti khi burst c truyn ti node j thnh
cng.
Ch rng, vic lm chm qu trnh truyn dn burst da trn c s tnh
ton thi gian ri sm nht ca b thu node ch khng hon ton loi tr
c s xung t b thu. Gi s rng, hai node cng ng thi quyt nh
(da trn thng tin m chng cp nht 2 khung iu khin khc nhau (lin
tip nhau)) gi burst ti cng mt node ch j. S truyn dn ng thi ny c
th gy ra hu qu xung t b thu, m khng node no bit d bo trc.
Sau khi cc node dc theo ng i t node ngun n node ch nhn c
khung iu khin v thng tin burst t cc node pha gn ngun hn (trc
n), n s pht hin thy xung t. Mc d vy, cc node xa ngun hn vn
tip tc truyn burst ca , b lp lch ca node i cng tip tc phc v cc
hng i pht ph hp tip theo sau hng i pht th j gy ra s mt burst
m khng node no (node ngun, node ch) bit thc hin gii quyt s
xung t ny.
- Ti pha thu, hot ng ca giao thc ny c nh ngha ging nh
trong giao thc RR/R.
Chuyn :

Hnh 3.8: M t giao thc truy nhp RR/P
T s phn tch hot ng ca giao thc RR/P ta thy nhim v pht

hin xung t thu hon ton thuc v chch nhim ca node ngun da trn
vic lp lch cho b thu cc node ch thng qua bin EarliestFreeTime(j).
y vic ngn nga xung t c thc hin bng cch ngn nga tnh trng
dn ti xung t, khng nh giao thc RR/R trnh xung t b thu th node
ch la chn thu mt burst trong cc burst c pht. l im khc bit
ca RR/P so vi RR/R.
Hnh 3.9: Thut ton m t hot ng ca giao thc RR/P

RR/P loi tr c phn no xung t b thu, nhng n khng gii
quyt mt cch trit tnh trng gy ra xung t b thu, nn vn tn ti mt
xc sut loi b burst no m khng bng 0.
Chuyn :
3.4.4 Giao thc quay vng phc v khng kin tr (RR/NP)

Hot ng ca giao thc phc v quay vng khng kin tr (RR/NP)
c nh ngha ging nh giao thc RR/P c ci tin i mt vi im. Cho
rng, ti thi im t1 node i c la chn hng i pht th j phc v
bng cch s dng b lp lich quay vng. Cng gi x rng, c mt khung
iu khin u tin n sau thi im t 1, v nu node quyt nh truyn burst
ti node ch j th c th gy ra xung t b thu ti node ch j. Nn node
ngun i ngng vic truyn burst, nhng thay v vic c gng phc v hng i
pht th j ( nh trong giao thc phc v quay vng kin tr RR/P), th giao
thc RR/NP b lp lch ca node i s tip tc phc v cc hng i pht ph
hp tip theo trn khung iu khin tip theo n.
Hnh 3.10: Thut ton m t giao thc RR/NP
Chuyn :
Giao thc RR/NP c th em n mt thi gian tr nh hn giao thc

RR/P. Tuy nhin, bi v mt node s b i qu trnh truyn burst ca node
ti bt c node ch, nu n c xc nh rng qu trnh truyn dn s gy
ra mt s xung t, nn giao thc RR/NP c th gy ra s thiu thn hng i
pht gi to, chnh v vy giao thc RR/NP c vn v s u tin. c bit, s
u tin mt node pht burst ti node ch ph thuc vo mi lin h cc b
ca node trong vng. Node i c u tin cao nht (hay thp nht) pht
burst ti burst ti node (i-1) v (tng ng node i + 1).
im khc bit r nht ca giao thc RR/NP so vi RR/P l RR/NP
khng c gng phc v mt hng i no khi n pht hin vic truyn
burst ti node ch tng ng c th gy ra xung t. Nh m lm gim
s xut hin ca hin tng xung t thu gy ra tnh trng loi b burst m
vn thc hin truyn burst khc trong khung iu khin tip theo khng lng
ph ti nguyn mng. Nhng cng chnh im ci tin ny li gy ra tnh trng
thiu hng i pht ph hp gi to, tc l trong khi thc t c th vn cn
bng thng truyn dn u ra nhng cc hng i pht ph hp li khng
c phc v m li b b qua.
Ging nh trong giao thc RR/R v RR/P, giao thc RR/NP cng khng
loi tr c hon ton s xung t thu. Tuy nhin, giao thc ny lm
gim thi gian tr burst ti cc node trung gian khng gy lng ph ti nguyn
truyn dn trong mt s trng hp c th.
3.4.5 Giao thc quay vng th bi (RR/Token)
Giao thc RR/Tocken s dng mt th bi gii quyt s xung t b
thu ti im thu. S khc bit so vi cc giao thc da trn c s th bi
truyn thng, nh vng th bi IBM v FDDI l nhng giao thc s dng truy
nhp mt th bi, cn trong giao thc RR/Token s dng truy nhp nhiu th
bi (giao thc truy nhp nhiu th bi c xut cho kin trc mng vng
WDM). C N th bi, mi th tng ng vi mi node ch. Mt th bi cng
c th l ang sn sng hay ang c s dng, trng thi ca th c ch th
bi mt trng nh phn c t trong trng cc trng thng tin khc
"other fields" ca khe iu khin tng ng node ch . Nu n ang sn
sng th trng nh phn c thit lp l 1, cn nu ang c s dng th
trng c gi tr l 0. Nu mt th bi ang sn sng th trng nh phn
trong khe iu khin tng ng s c thit lp l 1 ch trong mt khung
iu khin, cn trong cc khung cn li n c thit lp l 0. Mt node i no
ch c th c php truyn burst ti node ch j nu n chim c th
bi tng ng th j. Cc hng i pht ti mi node c phc v theo mt
kiu quay vng. V vy, giao thc RR/Token c gi l giao thc quay vng
th bi.
Hot ng ca giao thc ny c m t nh sau. Gi s rng, node i
ang c yu cu truyn burst ti node j.
- Ti pha pht, node i gim st mi khung iu khin nhn c. Nu
node i tm c mt th bi sn sng, n di chuyn th vo hng i th ca
mnh hot ng theo kiu FIFO. Node i cng phc v hng i pht tng
Chuyn :
ng vi th va nhn c (va ti). c bit hn, gi s th u tin trong

hng i th l th j, node i kim tra hng i pht j c ph hp phc v
khng. Nu khng ph hp, node i s b th j, c ngha l node i chuyn th j
t hng i th ca mnh ra khe iu khin tng ng trong khung iu khin
tip theo, v sau tip tc qu trnh vi th tip theo trong hng i th.
Ngc li, hng i pht th j l ph hp c phc v, node i cu trc
burst truyn ti node j, tin hnh ghi thng tin burst ln khe iu khin
tng ng trong khung iu khin tip theo ri gi burst sau mt khong thi
gian tr cho trc (c xc nh trc). Sau khi qu trnh truyn dn burst
c hon thnh, node i tr th li trong khung iu khin tip theo. Node i
tip tc phc v hng i pht tng ng vi th tip theo trong hng i th
ca mnh. V vy tt c cc node c mt hng i th theo kiu FIFO, th t
cc th tun hon xung quanh vng c n nh. S lp li N th bi, mi th
tng ng vi mi node ch. Do , cc hng i pht c phc v quay
vng theo mt kiu.
- Ti pha thu, node j kim tra cc khung iu khin n c bt c mt
khe iu khin no ch th burst truyn ti node j, nu nh mt khe iu khin
c tm thy. Node j cu trc b thu ti bc sng ring thu burst.
Chuyn :
Hnh 3.11: Thut ton m t hot ng ca giao thc RR/Token

T hot ng ca giao thc ny cho ta thy hu ht ti mi mt thi
im ch c mt burst duy nht truyn ti mi node. Do , giao thc
RR/Token l giao thc gii quyt c trit tnh trng xung t b thu.
Tuy nhin, iu phi tr gi bng s phc tp trong qun l, thc hin v
gii hn s node trong vng.
3.4.6 Giao thc quay vng c xc nhn (RR/ACK)
Giao thc quay vng c xc nhn (RR/ACK) da trn s TAW (Tell
And Wait), u tin mt node ngun i gi mt yu cu (bao gm a ch ch
v kch c burst) pht mt burst ti node ch j. Khi node j nhn c yu
cu, node j tnh ton thi gian tr v gi n v node i trong trng thi gian
tr trong khe iu khin i. Ch rng, mt node ngun i khng cho php c
nhiu hn mt yu cu cng tn ti (cha gii quyt song): Ni cch khc,
node ngun khng cho php gi i mt yu cu ti mt node ch khc trong
khi n ang ch thng tin xc nhn (acknowledgment) t node ch j. Chnh
Chuyn :
nh tiu chun ny trnh c s xung t b pht, c ngha l tnh trng

mt node ngun ang i nhn thng tin xc nhn t hai hay nhiu hn hai
node ch khc nhau c th gy ra s chng ln trong vic truyn burst.
Qu trnh truyn burst t mt node ngun i ti node ch j s dng giao
thc truy nhp RR/ACK c m t nh di y.
- Ti pha pht, node i la chn mt hng i pht j trong nhm cc
hng i pht ph hp. Sau node i i ti khe iu khin ca mnh trong
khung iu khin tip theo, v thc hin ghi yu cu ln khe iu khin .
Yu cu c cha a ch ca node ch (trong trng hp ny l node j) v
di burst. Ch rng, node ngun i khng ghi gi tr thi gian tr trong trng
thi gian tr ca khe iu khin i, m gi tr thi gian tr c cung cp bi
node ch j trong thng tin xc nhn. Sau khi node i nhn thng thng tin xc
nhn t node j sau mt chu trnh (round-trip). N cu trc b pht ca mnh
gi i mt burst ti thi im c xc nh thng qua gi tr thi gian tr
do node ch j gi v trong bn tin xc nhn.
Gi l tr chu trnh (round-trip) ca khung iu khin (c ngha l thi
gian tr truyn dn xung quanh mt vng cng vi tng thi gian tr x l
khung iu khin ti mi node trong vng). V gi t l thi gian ti s
truyn burst ti node ch j s hon thnh. S RR/ACK c s dng ct
ci thin s s dng vng, nh ngha im yu cu an ton tip theo (next
safe request point) i vi node i l (t - ). Node i s i sau mt khong thi
gian (t - ) trc khi n quyt nh a ra mt yu cu truyn burst mi ti
node k no . Do , node i nhn thng tin xc nhn t node k ti thi im
(t - ) + = t lc th node i thc hin song qu trnh truyn burst ti
node j cho nn b pht ca n ang ri thc hin pht burst ti node k.
- Ti pha thu, node j chp nhn cc yu cu truyn burst ti node j theo
kiu n trc, phc v trc (first-come, first-server). c bit, sau khi n
chp nhn yu cu t node i th node j tnh ton thi t ' ti thi im n s
nhn c bit u tin ca burst t node i ti. B thu ca node j ri sau thi
gian t'. Khi yu cu tip theo n t node k, node j gi ti node k, mt gi
tr thi gian tr c tnh ton da trn thi gian m bt u tin ca burst
ca node k n node j ( t' ) cng vi thi gian iu chnh b thu ca node j.
Chuyn :
Hnh 3.12: S hot ng ca giao thc RR/ACK
Chuyn :
CHNG IV
NG DNG OBS TRONG MNG TH H SAU
4.1 Gii thiu v mng th h sau
Trong nhng nm gn y, do lu lng thng tin cn truyn dn tng
vt bc, cc dch v c cung cp ti ngi s dng ngy mt a dng hn,
khng ch nh trc y ch c thoi truyn thng, m nay cn c thm cc
dch v yu cu bng thng rng nh truyn video thi gian thc, d liu, truy
nhp Internet tc cao,..v...v... ang c cung cp trn cc c s h tng
mng khc nhau iu ny gy bt tin cho vic cung cp dch v. V vy, phi
thc hin duy tr nhiu h tng mng khc nhau khng ti u trong mng truy
nhp, cng nh vic truy cp cc dch v phi thc hin trn nhiu kt ni
khc nhau gia ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v. Chnh s bt tin
thc y cn phi nhanh chng hp nht cc mng hin c to thnh mng
mi c gi l mng th h sau (NGN). Tuy nhin, iu ny cng s dn ti
s ra i ca hng lot cng ngh mi nhng do khng thuc lnh vc nghin
cu ca n nn trong phm vi n ny khng i su phn tch cc cng
ngh mi c s dng trong mng th h sau.
NGN c th c m t l mng thc hin d dng 4 vn sau:
1 Truy nhp c lp ti ni dung v cc ng dng.
2 kh dng cao, mng li v mng truy nhp c bng thng ln,
h tr a dch v.
3 L mt bng cho php pht trin v trin khai nhanh chng cc ng
dng tch hp vo ngi dng u cui.
4 Mi trng mng l mi trng m d dng pht trin v m rng
cc dch v c cung cp bi mng.
Chnh iu ny thc y mng vin thng hin nay ang chuyn dn
sang mng th h sau. Mng th h sau (Next Generation Network-NGN), c
th c hiu mt cch tng qut l mt mng hp nht cc mng hin c,
cho php truyn dn tt c cc loi lu lng hin ti v trong tng lai trn
cng mt h tng mng nh lu lng thoi, d liu, video, ....
Chuyn :
M hnh cu trc kt ni ca NGN:
Hnh 4.1: M hnh m t cu trc kt ni ca NGN

Mng th h sau c cu trc gm hai phn, phn mng qun l iu
khin tng thch v mng truyn ti tc cao.
- Mng qun l iu khin tng thch, c nhim v qun l v iu
khin hot ng ca mng truyn ti, thc hin thit lp cc kt ni v iu
khin giao din kt ni ph hp vi cc mi trng mng khc. Thc hin
iu khin cc node chuyn mch thit lp mi cuc gi trong NGN.
- Mng truyn ti tc cao, c cu trc thnh cc ring t mng cp
quang s dng cc cng ngh ATM, WDM, SDH, hay SONET vi cc thit b
tng i dung lng ln. C kh nng truyn ti cc loi lu lng khc nhau
m bo cht lng dch v ph hp cho tt c cc loi lu lng.
V vy, NGN l mt mi trng hp nht c s dng cung cp cc
dch v vin thng ch trn mt c s h tng mng duy nht.
Cu trc phn lp NGN
NGN c phn chia thnh 4 phn lp chnh vi cc chc nng c ch
ra nh hnh 4.2 di y.
Chuyn :
Hnh 4.2: Cu trc phn lp ca NGN

Ngoi ra, cn c mt lp qun l xuyn sut t lp 1 n lp 4 ca m
hnh phn lp NGN. Thc hin qun l mi hot ng v iu khin giao din
kt ni ca NGN vi cc mng truy nhp v gia cc phn lp vi nhau.
Lp ng dng v dch v mng
- Lp ny m bo nhim v cung cp cc ng dng v dch v nh
dch v mng thng minh (IN), tr tin trc, dch v gi tr gia tng
Internet .v..vcho ngi s dng trong cc mng truy nhp.
- H thng ng dng v dch v mng ny lin kt vi lp iu khin
thng qua cc giao din lp trnh m API (Application Program
Interface). Chnh nh lin kt qua giao din lp trnh m ny to iu
kin thun li pht trin cc dch v mi mt cch nhanh chng d
dng, ng thi cho php nng cao cht lng v ci tin cc dch v
cng nh cu hnh mng mt cch nhanh chng v d dng, ch cn
ci t li phn mm m khng cn thay i cu hnh phn cng.
Lp iu khin
- Lp iu khin c chc nng iu khin kt ni ngi s dng trong
cc mng truy nhp vi lp ng dng v dch v, nhm a cc dch
v c cung cp ti ngi s dng. Cc chc nng nh qun l,
chm sc khch hng, tnh cc, Cng c tch hp trong lp
iu khin.
- Lp iu khin, bao gm cc h thng iu khin kt ni cuc gi
gia cc thu bao thng qua iu khin cc thit b chuyn mch
Chuyn :
(ATM + IP) ca lp truyn ti v cc thit b truy nhp ca lp truy

nhp.
Lp truyn ti (lp media)
- Mng ng trc c chc nng chnh l truyn ti mi loi thng tin
di dng gi IP di s iu khin ca giao thc iu khin hay cc
h thng iu khin trong lp iu khin.
- Lp truyn ti bao gm cc node chuyn mch, cc b nh tuyn,
cc thit b truyn dn c dung lng ln.
- Lp ny kt ni vi lp truy nhp thng qua cc cng phng tin
(Media Gateway). V kt ni vi lp iu khin thng qua cc b
iu khin cng phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controler).
Lp truy nhp
- Lp ny thc hin thu thp cc loi hnh thng tin t cc u cui ca
ngi s dng trong cc mng truy nhp, thc hin ng gi thng tin
thu thp c thnh cc gi IP truyn qua mng truyn ti ng
trc.
- Lp ny bao gm cc thit b truy nhp, cung cp cc giao din
kt ni cc thit b u cui thu bao trong cc mng truy nhp vi
mng truyn ti gi tc cao trong lp truyn ti, thng qua h
thng mng ngoi vi nh: Cp ng, cp quang hoc mi trng v
tuyn. Cc thit b truy nhp c th cung cp cc loi giao din cng
truy nhp nh: POTS, VOIP, IP, FR, X.25, ATM, xDSL, di ng v.v..
- Lp truy nhp kt ni vi lp truyn ti thng qua cc cng phng
tin (Media gateway).
Chuyn :
Cu trc cc khi chc nng ca NGN
Hnh 4.3: Cu trc cc khi chc nng ca NGN theo khuyn ngh ca MSF
Media Gateway (MG)
- L thit b phi hp nm gia mng li chuyn mch gi ca NGN
v mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Tc dng chnh ca n l
chuyn i thng tin t dng tin ca mng chuyn mch knh l cc
bn tin sang dng tin ca mng chuyn mch gi l cc gi thng tin
ngi dng v ngc li.
- N cung cp cc dch v nh VoIP, VoATM, Dial-In (RAS, LAC),
knh o (Virtual Trunking), v cc dch v gi gia tng khc... cho
ngi s dng trong cc mng PSTN.
- H tr QoS vi thi gian tr nh nht cho cc ng dng yu cu thi
gian thc nh thoi, video thi gian thc...
MGC (Media Gateway Controller)
- L thit b trung tm thc hin ton b chc nng gim st, iu
khin cc cuc gi trong NGN.
- Giao din m cho php nng cp m rng d dng.
- H tr cc giao thc chun MGCP, MEGACO, SIP, H323, v.v...
Signaling Gateway (SG)
- Cung cp SS7 trn TDM, ATM, IP ... nhm phi hp bo hiu gia
mng TDM truyn thng v NGN.
- Cung cp cc c tnh mi nh SMS, WAP ..
Chuyn :
- H tr cc lin kt bo hiu tc cao, nhiu mng bo hiu s 7

ng thi, gim st qun l bo hiu nhm ti u ho ti nguyn
mng
H thng thit b truyn ti (Mng li mng chuyn mch gi)
- Node chuyn mch IP-ATM tc cao (ATM Switch, IP Switch ..)
- Thit b nh tuyn li, bin (Router, LSR..)
- Thit b truyn dn quang dung lng ln (SDH, DWDM, SONET)
H thng thit b truy nhp
- H tr ton b cc giao din truy nhp pha xa nh VoDSL,
ADSL/SDSL, ISDN-BA, v.v... v tch ring cc ng dng thoi v truyn
d liu a vo cc mng xng sng ring bit (mng TDM v mng li
NGN).
- Cung cp cc loi giao din cng truy nhp khc nhau nh: POTS,
VOIP, IP, FR, X.25, ATM, xDSL, di ng v.v..
4.2 Mng truyn ti quang th h sau
Nh ta trnh by phn trn mng truyn ti quang th h sau c
cu trc thnh cc vng ring s dng cc k thut truyn dn tc cao
SONET/SDH hay WDM,.... Cng vi cc node chuyn mch tc cao dung
lng ln. Cho php truyn ti cc gi tin tc cao v khng ph thuc vo
loi thng tin cha trong gi.
Cng ngh WDM l mt cng ngh in hnh cho php truyn thng tin
trong mng cp quang vi tc cao. Mt khc trong nhng nm gn y do
s "bng n" ca lu lng Internet, cng vi su hng IP ho mng li ca
mng vin thng. V nhng l do trn y m mng IP dn tr thnh mng li
thc hin truyn ti thng tin di dng gi.
Mng IP s dng k thut WDM cung cp bng thng cc ln ti lp vt
l, do vy cn phi ch trng pht trin cc giao thc lp cao h tr s
dng mt cch hiu qu bng thng cc ln ny ti lp quang.
Hin nay WDM c ng dng ch yu ti cc mng li ng trc ca
cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng, lm giao din chun cho cc lp cao
hn.
Cng ngh chuyn mch s dng trong WDM
Trong cc mng WDM s dng cc cng ngh chuyn mch in t IP,
ATM hay Frame relay cn phi c cu trc cc b chuyn i O/E/O ti cc
node chuyn mch, chnh iu ny lm mt i u im ca kh nng nh
tuyn bc sng v rng bng thng m cng ngh WDM cung cp, ng
thi lm gim hiu qu ca vic s dng truyn dn quang m mng cung cp,
do s hn ch trong tc x l ca cc chuyn mch in t. Chnh v vy
cn phi nghin cu pht trin mt cng ngh chuyn mch mi loi b
hon ton vic x l in t ti cc node chuyn mch. V OBS nh mt cng
ngh chuyn mch ph hp vi cc yu cu trn.
Chuyn :
Sau y a ra cu trc ca mng IP da trn cng ngh WDM c s

dng OBS (IP Over WDM).
Hnh 4.4: Cu trc mng IP Over WDM s dng OBS

OBS cho php chuyn mch cc burst thng tin qua trng chuyn mch
burst mt cch hon ton trong sut, v khng ph thuc vo ni dung thng
tin c mang i trong burst. V vy, n c bit ph hp thc hin cung
cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau trn cng mt c s h tng mng.
Vi OBS, cho php thc hin truyn dn quang hon ton t node ngun
ti node ch nh vic cp pht ti nguyn trong min in thng qua gi iu
khin c truyn i trc burst. Ngoi ra, OBS loi b c hon ton
vic x l in ti cc node trung gian thng tin c truyn trong sut t
node ngun ti node ch.
OBS l mt cng ngh c kh nng cung cp c ch trin khai IP trn
WDM. Coi mng IP vn hnh trn mng ng trc OBS nh l mt c ch
truyn dn, cc gi IP ti cc node bin c m v tp hp li to nn cc
burst truyn qua cc kt ni cho quang c thit lp nh gi iu khin
c gi i trc . c bit OBS c kh nng cung cp kiu chuyn
mch theo kiu chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS. Thng tin nhn c
lu trong cc gi iu khin ca burst tng ng.
4.3 Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc c s dng OBS
Mi kt ni cho trong mng OBS s c thng tin trao i nhn v cc
tuyn tnh ton trc trong c s thng tin nhn (LIB) ca n. LIB c th
c thit lp bng cch s dng cc k thut chun nh cc giao thc nh
tuyn vi cc m rng ca k thut lu lng phn phi thng tin v min
quang (bng tn kh dng trong bc sng, s bc sng trn cp quang)
phn phi cc nhn. Bt c khi no router vo c burst d liu cn pht th n
Chuyn :
s tham chiu LIB ca n xc nh nhn ph hp. Nhn ny c trong gi

iu khin n trc burst d liu ny. Khi gi iu khin i ti mt nt
trung gian bt k th cc hnh ng sau s c thc hin:
- Nhn trong gi iu khin c s dng ch ra thng tin chuyn
tip burst trong LIB nh giao din ra v u tin hoc thng tin v QoS.
- Kt ni cho quang c thit lp chuyn mch burst tng ng
vi gi iu khin trong phm vi ton quang. lm iu ny, thng tin
trong gi iu khin v chiu di v thi gian tr (offset) ca burst c s
dng b sung vo thng tin chuyn tip ly ra t LIB. c bit, thi
gian tr c s dng xc nh vic chuyn i t bc sng vo trn
mt si cp quang ti bc sng ra trn mt si cp quang khc.
chuyn tip cc burst lin tip ca cng mt kt ni (LSP) trn cc bc
sng khc nhau ti mt si cp quang, nhn ch xc nh vic chuyn i
cp quang vo sang cp quang ra, cn thng tin v bc sng s c a
thm vo nhn ra ti tng node. LIB cng cung cp nhng thng tin QoS
khc (nh nh ngha tp cc bc sng trn si cp quang ra, xc nh
kh nng ca burst d liu s dng chuyn i bc sng, ch ra trong
trng hp c va chm th gi iu khin vi yu cu t trc c c
php u tin hay khng).
Hnh 4.5: s chc nng kt ni cho quang h tr OBS

- Gi iu khin sau phi tri qua vic trao i nhn (v gn thm
thng tin v bc sng) ri c chuyn tip trn knh iu khin ring
ca si cp quang ra do LIB ch nh ti node tip theo.
S chc nng ca kt ni cho quang h tr OBS v s dng chuyn
tip kiu MPLS c ch ra trong Hnh 4.5.
Chuyn :
vic thc hin c vic truyn ti IP qua lp quang trong mng

ng trc quang WDM c s dng OBS th cn phi cu trc mt lp lin kt
gia lp IP v lp truyn ti quang c s dng OBS. Cu trc lp vt l lin kt
gia lp IP v lp truyn ti quang s dng OBS c ch ra nh hnh 4.6 di
y.
Nh hnh 4.6 cho thy cc gi IP n ti cc node chuyn mch bin
c m trong min in chun b a vo b kt hp burst to cc burst
a vo mng truyn ti c s dng chuyn mch burst.
Hnh 4.6: S khi chc nng lp lin kt gia lp IP v lp quang

Cc burst sau khi c cu trc th c xp vo hng i burst
chun b c pht i, khi n lt burst no c pht (ng u hng i
burst) th b pht Offset s tin hnh tnh ton gi tr offset v a ra cho b
pht gi iu khin cu trc gi iu khin c cha cc thng tin nh gi tr
offset, di burst, thng tin nh tuyn ( nhn)... a xung lp quang.
Cc burst sau khi c t vo khung i cho n khi ht thi gian
offset th c a vo lp quang.
Ti cc node trung gian th ch c gi iu khin c phn tch cu
trc chuyn mch v chuyn i nhn.
Ti node ch ch n gin l g burst ra khi khung v thc hin tho
burst ly ra cc gi tin a ln lp IP.
4.4 OBS nh l mt vn ti u ha h thng hng i
Qua vic nghin cu dung lng ti a ca h thng chuyn mch vi s
quan tm chnh l tc ca cc b x l iu khin ca chuyn mch burst.
Mt cu hi t ra l: Thng lng ca mt h thng chuyn mch OBS c
t ti a khng, nu chng ta yu cu hng i gi iu khin l khng ang
Chuyn :
k v mong mun gii hn t s loi b burst? Chng ta a ra cu hi ny

bi v la chn mt gi tr di burst trung bnh B thch hp m n khng
gy ra tnh trng qu nhiu gi iu khin phi gi i. V nu cc gi iu
khin lm tc nghn b x l iu khin, chng phi xp hng v tt nhin
thi gian tr ca cc gi iu khin tr nn khng xc nh c. M OBS
yu cu nghim ngt quan h thi gian gia burst v gi iu khin (gi tr
thi gian tr). V vy, iu l khng mong mun.
Chng ta m hnh ho mt cng ra ca chuyn mch ging nh mt h
thng hng i M/G/k/k, v b x l iu khin ging nh l hng i G/G/1,
v chng ta t vo trong mt h thng nh di y.
Pr {Q 0}
(4.1)
E k A B 2
(4.2)
y, l tc n ca gi iu khin v burst ti cng ra, l tc

phc v ca cc gi iu khin, A(B)=xB l lu lng thng qua ca knh
d liu v Ek A l xc sut burst tnh bng Erlang cho mt h thng hng
i lu lng c cung cp l A. Q l di ca hng i b x l iu
khin. Cc tham s 1, 2 >0 c la chn m bo h thng hng i
trong b x l v s lng burst b mt l nh.
T ch ra rng thng lng vo A(B) ln nht ti
Amax Ek1 ( 2 )
(4.3)
1
V t c i vi B l B ( 2 )
1
( Ek1 ( 2 ) l thng lng vo yu cu
M/G/k/k c xc sut nghn l 2).
(4.5)
i vi h thng hng i
Vic m hnh ho lu lng cho thy rng, s la chn B thch hp ph

thuc vo iu kin lu lng v tin trnh tp hp burst, c bit s ngun N,
tr tp hp burst ln nht cho php l t *, v kch thc burst ln nht cho php
l Bmax ng thi lu lng tng thm i vi mi ngun l A(B)/N.
H thng c th thc hin c nu (N/t*)1.
CH THCH:
Vi mt h thng hng i c s xc nh A/B/n/K/N/X:
Trong
A- L tin trnh n
B- Phn b thi gian phc v
n- L s server
K- Dung lng tng cng ca h thng
X- L nguyn tc hng i
Chuyn :
4.5 Cc kin trc OBS th h tip theo

Hn ch ln nht ca OBS l vn lm gim thi gian tr T(i) khi burst
i ngang qua mng, vic gy ra t s mt burst ln. Trong khi hu ht cc
cng ngh khc bao gm c Metri-base QoS li tp trung lm gim i cc tnh
trng xu qua lm gim xc sut nghn, khng ti kh nng c th cn
tn ti cc kin trc chuyn mch mi c th cho php loi b tr hay cn
bng i vi tt c cc hng n. Mt phm vi iu tra chnh i vi vic
nghin cu ny s tp trung trn nhng vn ny v c gng tm ra cch s
dng mi cho cng ngh quang lng t gip vic loi b thi gian tr
nhng y l vn kh khn.
Hnh 4.7: Cu trc chuyn mch OBS c ng dy tr pha sau

Mt xut l t mt ng dy tr (FDL) trn cng ra ca chuyn
mch, tng ng mt khong tr giy, cng vi mt si cp ngn c s
dng ghp u ra ca khi iu khin chuyn mch (SCU) vi si cp sau
ng dy tr (FDL) xem trong hnh 4.7. y ch xem st cu trc mt u
vo v mt u ra. Trong cu trc ny, SCU cho php chuyn i gi iu
khin n vo trong min in, c th m gi v gii phng n a ra
thi gian tr chnh xc gia burst v gi iu khin. N cng c th gii phng
gi trn si cp trc FDL sau thi gian tr c th c lm tng hay gim
i. Vic nghin cu xut ny v c s dng tt nht thi gian tr no
(c th qun l c thi gian tr) s l vn c ngha cn phi lm sng
t.
Mt phng php tip cn khc l lm lch i thi gian tr c c
(nh hng). OBS iu khin tch nh vic c cc burst theo th t ng vi
cc gi iu khin ca chng m khng c tr v trn cng mt bc sng.
Mt khong thi gian tr c th c cung cp nh vic t mt ng dy
tr gia li vo v ma trn chuyn mch, nhng nh vic tch mt phn nh
bc sng ti trc FDL, thng tin iu khin cho mi burst c th c phn
tch trong min in v c cho trc tip vo khi SCU khng cn tr nh
c ch ra trong hnh 4.8 di y.
Chuyn :
Hnh 4.8: Cu trc chuyn mch OBS c ng dy tr pha trc

Trong cu trc ny h tr ng dy tr giy, by gi tt c cc burst
c gi tr thi gian tr l giy so vi gi iu khin ca n ang c s l
v d liu ti trng ang a vo chuyn mch.
Sau khi chuyn mch song thng tin iu khin ca cc burst c ngay
lp tc ghp tr li vo trong si cp trn cng bc sng vi burst. Cc
chuyn mch gi thng thng t ch thi gian x l phn header,
tuy nhin, khi t =100 s b lp lch bc sng c mt khong thi gian
ri ng k.
Cc thut ton lp lch bc sng v cc lut hng i gi iu khin
mi s c kim tra trong s ny cho php c lng kh nng ca n
ci thin xc sut nghn ca OBS.
Nhng s ny cng l cha kho thm d s tn ti ca OBS v
OPS thng qua cc yu t khch quan.
4.6 OBS h tr iu khin lung
Mt kha cnh quan trng ca OBS l khng kim tra c hiu qu ca
n i vi cc giao thc lp cao nhng ci m n s mang i. V d nh, mt
giao thc thch hp nht c mng i bi OBS l giao thc IP. Giao thc IP
mang giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP), v giao thc truyn ti end-toend thng thng.
Tuy nhin, TCP l mt giao thc iu khin lung, s dng s mt mt
gi nh mt tn hiu biu hin s nghn mng iu chnh tc ca mnh.
Tuy nhin, y s mt trong cc b nh tuyn IP dc theo ng i, cng
vi cc lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn c cho l gn nh l tng (khng
b mt). Trong mt mng truyn ti nh tuyn bc sng hay mng truyn ti
chuyn mch knh iu ny c th xy ra, mc d OBS a s mt mt b
Chuyn :
sung trong mng truyn ti. Mt cu hi t ra l: S mt mt b sung ny s

nh hng ti cc hot ng ca TCP nh th no, v c th l cn thit cho
cc b nh tuyn v ngun khi iu chnh cc hot ng ca mnh b p
s mt mt b sung hay khng? Nu s thay i cc b nh tuyn c th
b p c th iu ny thch hp hn l s thay i bi chnh giao thc
TCP, Chng c ci t trong phn ln cc my tnh cng nh cc b
nh tuyn.
Tm hiu su hn na, c th no chnh bn thn cc OBS tham gia vo
trong cc tin trnh iu khin lung TCP lm gim bt nhng hnh ng
khng mong mun hay khng? c th no khi thc hin mt giao thc iu
khin lung th 2 khc trong mng OBS th s tt hn l tng tc vi TCP
khng. Cc b tp hp burst c th s phi s dng mt thut ton qun l
hng i tch cc (AQM) khc so vi cc b nh tuyn IP thng thng
xc nh cc c trng ca OBS.
Nhng s m phng cc cu trc s c gng tr li c nhng cu
hi trn. Cng vi s phn tch da trn c s nhng thng tin phn tch
trong phng php iu khin lung truyn thng, nh m hnh kinh t v n
nh nht.
4.7 Kh nng ng dng ca OBS trong mng truyn ti th h sau
OBS c s dng cng vi WDM lm c s cho mng IP th h sau,
ch yu cho cc mng ng trc quang. K thut MPLS c dng
chuyn tip cc burst d liu cho cu trc ny. Chin lc thit lp offset c
tc ng ng k ln cht lng hot ng ca mng IP vn hnh trn nn
OBS WDM. Phng php phn loi lu lng thit lp offset (mt tham s
h thng quan trng ca OBS) gia cc burst d liu lin tip ca mt dng
d liu cho (ng chuyn mch nhn LSP) v cc gi iu khin ca
chng, lm cho mng c vn hnh n nh v thc hin k thut lu lng
c d dng. T c th thc thi cc c ch QoS cho IP nh DiffServ trong
mng ng trc quang s dng OBS. Do t c s cn bng gia nh
tuyn bc sng v chuyn mch gi quang, OBS thc y vic hp nht IP
vi WDM, h tr vic cung cp nhanh chng, truyn dn ng b cc gi kch
thc khc nhau cng nh c hiu qu s dng ti nguyn cao m khng cn
m lp WDM.
OBS l mt cng ngh tip theo khc phc c s hn ch ca vic x
l in t ng thi c nhng ci tin mi so vi cc cng ngh cng loi nh
(chuyn mch knh v gi quang) khng yu cu b m ti cc node trung
gian v phn b ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu. p ng c s bng
n lu lng Internet trong thi im hin nay, ng thi tho mn c cc
nhu s dng dch v vin thng cu mt cch hon ho. Mang li cho nh sn
xut cng nh nh khai thc v cc khch hng s dng s va lng i vi
nhng cng sc phi b ra.
Nhn chung trong tng khng xa, chuyn mch burst quang c kh
nng thng mi hn chuyn mch gi quang nu c thit k vi yu cu
khng c b m quang. Nhiu hng v trung tm nghin cu trn th gii
Chuyn :
ang gia tng mi quan tm n thit b quang, vic trin khai trong mt
tng khng xa cc sn phm mng da trn chuyn mch quang l mt iu
tt yu.
Chuyn :
KT LUN
Sau thi gian su tp, tm hiu ti liu v vit tiu lun "K thut
chuyn mch burst quang" gip nhm em hiu c mt cch tng quan
v chuyn mch burst quang, v su hng pht trin ca mng vin thng tin
ln mng th h tip theo(NGN).
Tiu lun hon thnh cc ni dung v cp c nhng vn nh:
- Trnh by tng quan v cc th h chuyn mch quang v i su phn
tch chuyn mch Burst quang.
- Tm hiu mt s c ch gii quyt xung t trong chuyn mch burst
quang, cc giao thc ng k ti nguyn trong chuyn mch Burst.
- cp ti mt s giao thc truy nhp c s dng trong mng
OBS cu trc vng.
- Ngoi ra n trnh by mt s ci tin OBS c th c ng
dng trong mng truyn ti ca mng th h sau (NGN).
Do y l mt lnh vc cn kh mi, nn vic tm hiu v chuyn mch
burst quang mi ch dng li mc l thuyt tng qut, cha i su vo phn
tch, nh gi c th. Nhm rt mong nhn c s nh gi, ng gp kin
ca gio vin hng dn v cc bn n c hon thin hn na, ng
thi c th lm tin tip tc nghin cu, pht trin cc cng ngh mi
hn sau ny.

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Chuyn :

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

2.4.2 Thi gian tr................................................................................32

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

4.5 Cc kin trc OBS th h tip theo.........................................................66

Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Thng tin xc nhn

Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Nt chuyn mch quang

Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Chng 3: Chng ny i gii thiu v c ch hot ng ca mt

Nhm 1.5 CNTT K2012

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 1.1: M hnh chung ca mt node chuyn mch quang

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Mt node chuyn mch quang ni chung bao gm 4 phn chnh:

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 1.2: M t qu trnh kt ni trong mng chuyn mch knh quang

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 1.3: M hnh mng chuyn mch gi.

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 1.4: M hnh mng chuyn mch burst quang

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc mng chuyn mch burst quang

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

vy chc nng chnh ca cc node bin l cu to v phn gii cc burst hay

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Node li trong mng chuyn mch burst quang c cu trc nh hnh

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

cn OM(Output Module) th thc hin cc cng vic ngc li vi IM.

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Node bin c b chuyn i bc sng: Trong trng hp ny th khi

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

t node ngun ti node ch da trn a ch IP n mang theo thit lp mt

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

2.2 Cc phng thc iu khin trong chuyn mch burst quang

Hnh 2.4: M t qu trnh ng k ti nguyn theo phng thc TAG

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

2.2.2 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu TAW (Tell-And-Wait)

Hnh 2.5: M t qu trnh ng k ti nguyn theo phng thc TAW

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

2.2.3 Phng thc iu khin theo kiu IBT (In-Band-Terminater)

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh2.6: M t qu trnh hot ng ca giao thc JIT

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 2.7: M t hot ng ca mt bc sng ti node OBS

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Giao thc ny c hai c trng c bn l: s dng s ng k tr DR (Delayed

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG

Hnh 2.8: M t hot ng ca giao thc JET

K THUT CHUYN MCH BURST QUANG