I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH
TRNG H CNG NGH THNG TIN
----------

K THUT OFDM V NG DNG

Gio vin hng dn: Th.S Chu Tin Dng

Nhm SV thc hin: 1. V Minh Ton
2. Phan Nguyn Th Bo
3. Nguyn Th Thy

Nha Trang, 09/2015

LI NI U
X hi ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu ca con ngi v trao i thng tin
ngy cng ln. p ng nhng nhu cu , i hi mng li vin thng phi c
tc cao, dung lng ln, c bit l i vi cc h thng thng tin truyn
thanh, truyn hnh do tnh linh hot, mm do v tin li ca n. Cc h thng
thng tin v tuyn hin ti v tng lai ngy cng i hi c dung lng cao
hn, tin cy tt hn, s dng bng thng hiu qu hn, kh nng khng
nhiu tt hn. Trong nhng nm gn y, k thut thng tin v tuyn c
nhng bc tin trin vt bc. S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh hnh
truyn s liu ngy cng pht trin v nhiu tin ch nhu cu v truyn thng
a phng tin ngy mt cao. Vic nghin cu v pht trin ang din ra trn ton
cu a ra cc gii php k tip p ng yu cu ca h thng truyn thng a
phng tin. Cng ngh truyn hnh khng n thun l ng truyn mt chiu
nh trc. n nay, nhu cu s dng dch v truyn hnh tng tc ca ngi
dng ngy mt cao, ng thi cc nh cung cp cng t bc xy dng h thng
truyn hnh tr tin t yu cu nng cao cht lng cng nh a dng ha
dch v ngy cng tr ln cp thit. Trong bi cnh , vic pht trin cc h thng
vi nhiu dch v tch hp, bng thng ln, tit kim ph tn v c hiu nng. Cc
cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn ln lc ra i nh FDMA, TDMA nhm p ng
c nhu cu v tc v cht lng truyn. Mc d cc yu cu cho cc dch v
ny rt cao song vn yu cu cc gii php thch hp thc hin cho tng th h.
K thut OFDM ln u tin c gii thiu nm 1966. Tuy nhin cho n thi
gian gn y, k thut OFDM mi c ng dng trong thc t nh c nhng tin
b trong lnh vc x l tn hiu s v k thut vi x l. OFDM (l vit tt ca l
vit tt ca Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) l k thut tri ph v
ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao. OFDM s dng k thut to ra cc
sng mang con trc giao truyn d liu, gip cho vic s dng bng tn knh ti
u. K thut OFDM c a vo cc ng dng trong thc t v ang ng gp
rt ln vo s pht trin bng n ca Cng ngh thng tin v Vin thng ti Vit
Nam... trong lnh vc qung b, truyn hnh tng t ang dn c thay th bng
cc h thng truyn hnh s. K thut ny ang c nghin cu, trin khai v ng
dng vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: Wimax, Wlan, ADSL, DVB-Tvv. K
thut ny cng l ng c vin quan trng nht cho th h di ng th 4 (4G). Vit
Nam K thut OFDM c ng dng thnh cng trong lnh vc ADSL v cng
ang c trin khai th nghim trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh: DVB-T, Wimax
vv
Theo l trnh s ha ca Vit Nam, n nm 2020 chng ta s hon thnh
chuyn i sang truyn hnh s. R rng nhng u vit ca truyn hnh s so vi
truyn hnh tng t c chng ta nhn thy qua qu trnh s dng.
Tng t vy, cc h thng truyn thanh qung b cng c xu hng chuyn sang
truyn thanh s nhm thm cc dch v gia tng cng nh ci tin cht lng. V
mt li ch qung b s mang li li ch to ln v mt ph tn v kinh t. Vi nhng

l do nu trn chng ti s trnh by v k thut OFDM v cc ng dng ca n

v ang c trin khai trn th gii v c Vit Nam.

I. GII THIU V K THUT IU CH OFDM

1.1. Lch s pht trin:
OFDM l mt phng php truyn kh phc tp trn knh vt l, nguyn l
c bnca phng php l s dng k thut a sng mang truyn mt lng ln
k t ti cng mt thi im. S dng k thut OFDM c rt nhiu u im, l
hiu qu s dng ph rt cao, kh nng chng giao thoa a ng tt (c bit trong
h thng khng dy) v rt d lc b nhiu (nu mt knh tn s b nhiu, cc tn s
ln cn s b b qua, khng s dng). Ngoi ra, tc truyn Uplink v Downlink
c th thay i d dng bng vic thay i s lng sng mang s dng. Mt u
im quan trng ca h thng s dng a sng mang l cc sng mang ring c th
hot ng tc bit nh dn n chu k ca k t tng ng s c ko di. V
d, nu mun truyn vi tc l hng triu bit trn giy bng mt knh n, chu
k ca mt bit phi nh hn 1 micro giy. iu ny s gy ra kh khn cho vic
ng b v loi b giao thoa a ng. Nu cng lng thng tin trn c tri ra
cho N sng mang, chu k ca mi bit s c tng ln N ln, lc vic x l vn
nh thi, a ng s n gin hn.
K thut OFDM do R.W Chang pht minh nm 1966 M. Trong nhng
thp k va qua nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut ny c thc hin
khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cng trnh khoa hc ca Weistein v Ebert
chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c thng qua cc php
bin i IDFT v php gii iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c bng php bin
i DFT. Vo u nhng nm 80, i ng k s phng th nghim CCETT (Centre
Commun d'Etudes en Tldiffusion et Tlcommunication) da vo cc l thuyt
Wienstein v Ebert xut phng php iu ch s rt hiu qu trong lnh vc
pht thanh truyn hnh s, l OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Divionsion
Multiplex). Pht minh ny cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s lm cho k thut
iu ch OFDM c s dng ngy cng tr nn rng ri. Thay v s dng IDFT v
DFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT cho b iu ch OFDM, s
dng FFT cho b gii iu ch OFDM. Ngy nay k thut OFDM cn kt hp vi
cc phng php m knh s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Cc h thng ny cn
c gi vi khi nim l COFDM (Coded OFDM). Trong cc h thng ny tn
hiu trc khi c iu ch OFDM s c m knh vi cc loi m khc nhau
vi mc ch chng li cc li ng truyn. Do cht lng knh ( fading v t l
tn hiu trn tp m) ca mi sng mang ph l khc nhau, ngi ta thc hin iu
ch tn hiu trn mi sng mang vi cc mc iu ch khc nhau. H thng ny m
ra khi nim v h thng truyn dn s dng k thut OFDM vi b iu ch tn
hiu thch ng (adaptive modulation technique). K thut ny hin c s dng

trong h thng thng tin my tnh bng rng HiperLAN/2 Chu u. Trn th gii
h thng ny c chun ha theo tiu chun IEEE.802.11a.
1.2. S ng dng ca k thut OFDM Vit Nam:
C th ni mng internet bng rng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line) rt quen thuc Vit Nam, nhng t ngi bit rng s nng cao tc ng
truyntrong h thng ADSL chnh l nh cng ngh OFDM. Nh k thut iu ch
a sng mang v s cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang m tc truyn dn
trong h thng ADSL tng ln mt cch ng k so vi cc mng cung cp dch v
internet thng thng.
Bn cnh mng cung cp dch v ADSL hin ang c s dng rt rng ri
VitNam hin nay, cc h thng thng tin v tuyn nh mng truyn hnh s mt
t DVBT cng ang c khai thc s dng. Cc h thng pht thanh s nh DAB
v DRM chc chn s c khai thc s dng trong mt tng lai khng xa. Cc
mng v thng tin my tnh khng dy nh HiperLAN/2, IEEE 802.11a, g cng s
c khai thc mt cch rng ri Vit Nam.
1.3. Cc hng pht trin trong tng lai:
K thut OFDM hin c c lm phng php iu ch s dng trong
mng thng tin thnh th bng rng Wimax theo tiu chun IEEE 802.16a v h
thng thng tin di ng th h th t. Trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th
t, k thut OFDM cn c th kt hp vi cc k thut khc nh k thut a anten
pht v thu (MIMO technique) nhm nng cao dung lng knh v tuyn v kt
hp vi cng ngh CDMA nhm phc v dch v a truy cp ca mng. Mt vi
hng nghin cu vi mc ch thay i php bin i FFT trong b iu ch
OFDM bng php bin i Wavelet nhm ci thin s nhy cm ca h thng i
vi hiu ng dch tn do mt ng b gy ra v gim di ti thiu ca chui bo
v trong h thng OFDM. Tuy nhin kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh ny cn
phi c kim chng c th hn na trong tng lai.
1.4. Cc ct mc v ng dng quan trng ca OFDM:
1957: Kineplex, multi-carrier HF modem
1966: Chang, Bell Labs: thuyt trnh v a ra m hnh OFDM
1971: Weinstein & Ebert ngh s dng FFT v khong bo v
1985: Cimini m t ng dng ca OFDM trong thng tin di ng
1987: Alard & Lasalle: p dng OFDM cho digital broadcasting
1995: Chun ETSI DAB: chun OFDM c bn u tin
1997: Chun ETSI DVB-T
1998: D n Magic WAND trnh din OFDM modems cho mng WLAN
1999: Chun IEEE 802.11a v ETSI BRAN HiperLAN/2 cho Wireless LAN
2000: c dng trong truy cp v tuyn c nh (V-OFDM, Flash-OFDM)
2001: OFDM c c cho nhng chun mi 802.11 v 802.16
2002: c dng trong chun IEEE 802.11g chun cho WLAN

2003: OFDM c c cho UWB (802.15.3a)

2004: c dng trong chun IEEE 802.16-2004 chun cho mng WMAN
(WiMAX)
c dng trong chun Chun ETSI DVB-H
c c cho chun IEEE 802.15.3a, mng WPAN (MB-OFDM)
c c cho chun IEEE 802.11n, th h k tip ca mng WLAN
2005: c c cho chun di ng t bo 3.75G (3GPP & 3GPP2)
c c cho chun 4G (CJK)
1.5. So snh mt s k thut OFDM
1.5.1. S khc nhau gia OFDM v OFDMA hnh di y

K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA chia bng
tn thnh cc bng con, mi bng con l mt sng mang con. Khc vi OFDM,
trong OFDMA mi trm thu bao khng s dng ton b khng gian sng mang
con m khng gian sng mang con c chia cho nhiu thu bao cng s dng
mt lc. Mi trm thu bao s c cp mt hoc vi sng mang con gi l knh
con ho. Khi cc trm thu bao khng s dng ht khng gian sng mang con th
tt c cng sut pht ca trm gc s ch tp trung vo s sng mang con c s
dng. Trong qu trnh truyn dn mi trm thu bao c cp pht mt knh con
ring. OFDMA l k thut a truy cp vo knh truyn OFDM, mt dng ci tin
ca OFDM.
1.5.2 S khc nhau gia OFDMA v SOFDMA:
Tht ra th SOFDMA cng l OFDMA ch khc nhau l trong SOFDMA
th kch tht FFT c th thay i tu theo rng bng tn nhng khong cch
gia cc sng mang con l khng i 10.94KHz. Cn trong OFDMA c kch
thc FFT c nh l 2048.
Nh vy trong SOFDMA, rng ph ca cc bng con l nh nhau
trong cc h thng khc nhau, gip qu trnh chuyn giao thun li hn. Ngoi

ra vic tng thch gia cc h thng s lm gim chi ph thit k, xy dng

mng.

II. CC PHNG PHP IU CH:

2.1. iu ch (Modulation) l g ?
- iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt
thng s no nh bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc.
Do tin tc c tn s thp nn khng th t bc x truyn i xa c nn
thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao
bc x, truyn i xa.
Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch.
Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn.
Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu
ch gc, trong iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha.
V d: tn hiu ting ni c tn s thp, khng th truyn i xa c. Ngi
ta dng mt tn hiu hnh sin c tn s cao ( c th truyn i xa c) lm sng
mang. Bin i bin ca tn s sin theo tn hiu ting ni. u thu ngi
ta da vo s thay i bin ca tn hiu thu c ti to li tn hiu ting ni
ban u.
2.2. V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin:

Transmitter
Ngun tin

Bin i tin
tc - tn hiu

My pht:
iu ch
Khuch i

Receiver
Nhn tin

Bin i tin
tc - tn hiu

2.3. Mc ch ca iu ch:

My pht:
Khuch i
Gii iu ch

 c th bc x vo khng gian di dng sng in t.

Cho php s dng tn hiu qua knh truyn.
Tng kh nng chng nhiu cho h thng.
2.4. Cc phng php iu ch:
C 3 phng php iu ch: iu ch tng t, iu ch sung, iu ch s.
Cc phng php iu ch

iu ch tng t

Bin

AMAM
SC

SSB
SSB VSB
-SC

Gc
pha

FM

iu ch s

iu ch xung

Tng
t

PM

ASK PSK FSK

PAM PPM PDM PCM DelTA

2.4.1. Phng php iu ch tng t:

Trong iu ch tng t, vic iu ch c thc hin lin tc theo tn hiu
thng tin tng t.
Cc phng php iu ch tng t thng dng l:
iu bin (Amplitude modulation)
iu ch hai bng (DSB-Double-sideband modulation)
iu ch hai bng khng trit sng mang (DSB-WC) (dng trong
radio bng AM)
iu ch hai bng trit sng mang (DSB-SC)
iu ch hai bng nn sng mang (DSB-RC)
iu ch n bng
iu ch n bng (SSB hoc SSB-AM), rt ging vi
iu ch n bng trit sng mang (SSB-SC)
iu ch Vestigial sideband (VSB hoc VSB-AM)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Angle modulation
iu tn - Frequency modulation (FM)
iu pha-Phase modulation (PM)
a. iu ch AM:
- u im:
Tnh kinh t, my thu pht thit k n gin, khng tn km.

Khng cn cng sut pht ln, nu sng mang c bc sng di c th

truyn i rt xa, vt chng ngi vt tt.
- Nhc im:
Tnh chn lc khng cao.
D b bin dng tn hiu nn khng trung thc.
b. iu ch FM:
- u im:
Tn hiu khng b nhiu v khng b bin dng.
Tnh chn lc cao.
Tn s cao nn lng thng tin chuyn ti nhiu hn
- Nhc im:
V bc sng ngn nn iu ch FM khng truyn i xa c.
D b chn bi chng ngi vt.
Thit k tn km, tnh kinh t khng cao (v d nh: ct anten cao).
2.4.2. Phng php iu ch xung:
Phng php chuyn i thng tin thnh nhng xung truyn dn
- PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): rng xung t l vi bin tn hiu
tng t.
- PPM (Pulse Position Modulation): V tr xung thay i theo bin tn
hiu tng t trong mt khe thi gian.
- PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation): Bin xung thay i theo bin
ca tn hiu tng t.
- PCM (Pulse Code Modulation): chuyn i chui xung iu ch bin
thnh dng tn hiu nh phn. PCM l phng php ph bin trong h thng vin
thng, ch yu l trong mng PSTN
a. u im:
- C th s dng cc mch s khng t lm trong h thng
- Khi truyn tin qua khong cch xa, tn hiu c th khi phc hon ton ti
mi trm lp trung gian.
- nh hng ca nhiu khng b tch ly m ch cn quan tm n nhiu
truyn dn gia hai trm lp cnh nhau.
- Tn hiu d lu tr.
b. Nhc im:
- i hi bng thng truyn dn rng.
2.4.3. Phng php iu ch s:
Trong iu ch s, mt sng mang tng t s c bin i theo mt
chui bit c chiu di c nh hoc thay i. y cng c th c coi l mt
dng bin i tng t-s. Hnh dng ca sng mang c ly t mt tp hp
hu hn cc symbol.
Sau y l nhng phng php c bn:
Trong CW, ngi ta dng on-off keying ca tn hiu c chiu di thay i.

Trong PSK, ngi ta dng mt s hu hn pha.

Trong FSK, ngi ta dng mt s hu hn tn s.
Trong ASK, ngi ta dng mt s hu hn bin .
Trong QAM, tn hiu ng pha (tn hiu I, v d tn hiu cos) v tn
hiu trc pha (tn hiu Q, v d tn hiu sin) c iu bin. N cng c th c
coi l hai knh ring. Tn hiu thu c l s kt hp ca PSK v ASK vi ti thiu
l hai pha v ti thiu hai bin .
- iu ch s ASK:
+ S dng iu ch c tn hiu c bin trc giao nn d thit k v n gin
+ iu ch theo bin nn rt nhy vi nhiu tp m
+ Tc truyn ca ASK B gii hn do tnh cht vt l ca mi trng
+ Nu bt "0" c quy c mc 0 Vn suy gim c nng lng truyn
- iu ch s FSK:
+ Vi FSK khng kt hp, s dng tn hiu c tn s trc giao nn n gin,
d thit k.
+ Pha thu tm ra s thay i tn s nhn bit gi tr ca bit tin m khng
cn ch n gi tr mc in th ca tn hiu nn trnh c li tp m
m ASK mc phi.
+ Kh nng p ng tn s ca mi trng l mt mt hn ch ln ca FSK
+ Khong cch gia 2 tn s f1, f2 phi ln v ln theo gi tr ca chng
rng bng .
- iu ch s PSK:
+ Cng sut pht yu cu thp hn so vi ASK v PSK vi cng mt xc sut li
+ t b nh hng ca nhiu
+ Nu khng kt hp vi FSK th khng b gii hn rng bng (ging
vi ASK)
+ Cng iu ch nhiu mc th d liu chuyn ti cng c nhiu hn,
ngha l tc truyn tng ln (tuy nhin, s mc vn b gii hn)
+ Thit b thu phi khi phc sng mang, phi tch sng kt hp phc tp
hn, kh thc hin hn, max hn (Tuy nhin, kinh t ta c th s dng cch m
ha vi sai trc khi iu ch cch ny gi l DPSK, nhng xc sut li tr li)
d. u im:
- Ch dng mt sng mang duy nht
- Ph hp trong truyn s liu vi tc thp (khong 1200bps trn
knh truyn)
e. Nhc im:
- D b nh hng bi nhiu
- Kh ng b (i vi iu ch ASK)
- Tn s tn hiu cao gy nhiu ngoi v hn ch kh nng tc truyn
T cc u nhc im trn nn iu ch theo phng thc no l tt hn c.
V trong thc t th ngi ta thng s dng 3 cch iu ch: FSK khng kt
hp, PSK v DPSK (khng phi ch ring FSK)

III. IU CH OFDM

3.1. Khi nim OFDM:

OFDM l k thut ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao. OFDM phn ton
b bng tn thnh nhiu knh bng hp, mi knh c mt sng mang. Cc sng
mang ny trc giao vi cc sng mang khc c ngha l c mt s nguyn ln lp
li trn mt chu k k t. V vy, ph ca mi sng mang bng khng ti tn s
trung tm ca tn s sng mang khc trong h thng. Kt qu l khng c nhiu
gia cc sng mang ph.
3.2. Gii thiu k thut OFDM:
K thut OFDM l mt k thut c s dng rt nhiu (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) tc l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao l vic chia lung d liu trc khi pht i thnh N lung d liu song song c tc
thp hn v pht mi lung d liu trn mt sng mang con khc nhau. Cc
sng mang ny l trc giao vi nhau, iu ny c thc hin bng cch chn
dn cch tn s gia chng mt cch hp l v trng ng thi trn cng mt knh
truyn. OFDM c ng dng rt nhiu nh: Pht qung b s (pht thanh s
(DAB), truyn hnh s (DVD)); Thng tin Hu tuyn (ADSL, HDSL); Thng tin v
tuyn (WLAN:802.11a/g/n (Wifi), WMAN: 802.16 (Wimax), di ng 4G).
3.3. H thng v c im c bn ca k thut OFDM:
Vi cch truyn OFDM, nhng tn hiu thng tin t nhiu trm c kt hp
trong mt dng d liu ghp knh n. Sau d liu ny c truyn khi s dng
khi OFDM c to ra t gi dy c nhiu sng mang. Tt cc cc sng mang
th cp trong tn hiu OFDM c ng b thi gian v tn s vi nhau, cho php
kim sot can nhiu gia nhng sng mang. Cc sng mang ny chng lp nhau
trong min tn s, nhng khng gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI) do bn
cht trc giao ca iu ch.

3.4. Nguyn l ca phng php iu ch OFD M:

Tc
R

B
phn
chuy
n i
ni
tip /
song
song

D liu

D liu 2

B iu ch

D liu 1

Chn chui bo v

Trong OFDM chui d liu u vo ni tip c tc cao (R) c chia

thnh N chui con song song (t chui d liu 1 n chui d liu N) c tc thp
hn (R/N). N chui con ny c iu ch bi N sng mang ph trc giao, sau
cc sng mang ny c cng vi nhau v c pht ln knh truyn ng thi,
c m t nh hnh 1 pha qu trnh thu tin th ngc li.

D liu
N
Tc
R/N

Hnh 1. S qu trnh pht tin

D liu
tng

Tin

Bn cht trc giao ca cc sng mang ph OFDM cho php ph ca cc

chui con sau iu ch chng ln ln nhau m vn m bo vic tch ring bit tng
thnh phn ti pha thu. Nh vy m hiu qu s dng bng tn tng ng k v
trnh c nhiu gia cc sng mang ln cn ICI (Inter-carrier Interference). Ta c
th thy c iu ny qua ph ca tn hiu OFDM v tn hiu FDM trn hnh 2.

Hnh 2. Ph ca tn hiu FDM v OFDM

Mt khc, do chui d liu ni tip tc cao c chia thnh cc chui con
c tc thp nn tc k hiu ca cc chui con nh hn rt nhiu so vi tc
ca chui ban u, v vy cc nh hng ca nhiu lin k t ISI, ca hiu ng tr
tri u c gim bt. Nh vy c th gim phc tp ca cc b cn bng
pha thu.

Hnh 3. a.Tc ng ca nhiu i vi h thng n sng mang

b.Tc ng ca nhiu n h thng a sng mang

Mt u im na ca k thut OFDM l kh nng chng li fading chn lc

tn s v nhiu bng hp. h thng n sng mang, ch mt tc ng nh ca
nhiu cng c th gy nh hng ln n ton b tn hiu (Hnh 3a). Nhng i vi
h thng a sng mang, khi c nhiu th ch mt phn trm nh ca nhng sng
mang con b nh hng (Hnh 3b), v v vy ta c th khc phc bng cc phng
php m ho sa sai.

3.5. Tnh trc giao:

Cc tn hiu l trc giao nhau nu chng c lp vi nhau. Tnh trc giao l
mt tnh cht cho php nhiu tn hiu thng tin c truyn v thu tt trn mt knh
truyn chung v khng c xuyn nhiu gia cc tn hiu ny. Mt i tnh trc giao
s lm cho cc tn hiu thng tin ny b xuyn nhiu ln nhau v u thu kh khi
phc li c hon ton thng tin ban u. Trong OFDM, cc sng mang con c
chng lp vi nhau nhng tn hiu vn c th c khi phc m khng c xuyn
nhiu gia cc sng mang k cn bi v gia cc sng mang con c tnh trc giao.
Mt tp cc tn hiu c gi l trc giao tng i mt khi hai tn hiu bt k trong
tp tha iu kin.

K i j
*
T Si(t).Sj(t)dt 0 i j
S

(3.1)

vi S*(t) l k hiu ca lin hp phc S(t). Ts l chu k k hiu. K l hng

s.Tp N sng mang ph trong k thut OFDM c biu thc:

k
sin(2 t )
f k (t) TS
0

0 t TS

(3.2)

t (0,TS )

vi k = 0, 1, , N-1
1

Cc sng mang ny c tn s cch u nhau mt khong FS T v trc giao

S
tng i mt do tha iu kin (3.1).

1
Ta xt hai sng mang Sin 2
TS

TS

Sin
0

k1
TS

k
t .Sin 2 2
TS

k
t v Sin 2 2
TS

TS

1
t
t
t dt cos2 k 1 k 2 cos2 k 1 k 2 dt 0 (3.3)
2 0
TS
TS

Hnh 4. Ph ca cc sng mang trc giao

Nh vy, cc sng mang thuc tp (3.2) l trc giao tng i mt hay cn
gi l c lp tuyn tnh. Trong min tn s, ph ca mi sng mang ph c dng

hm sincx do mi k hiu trong min thi gian c gii hn bng mt xung ch

nht. Mi sng mang ph c mt nh tn s trung tm v cc v tr null ti cc
im cch tn s trung tm mt khong bng bi s ca FS. V vy, v tr nh ca
sng mang ny s l v tr null ca cc sng mang cn li (Hnh 3). V do cc
sng mang khng gy nhiu cho nhau.
3.6. S dng FFT/IFFT trong OFDM:
Nh bit, OFDM l mt k thut iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu
c truyn song song nh v s sng mang ph mang cc bit thng tin. Bng cch
ny ta c th tn dng bng thng tn hiu, chng li nhiu gia cc k t,....Tuy
nhin, iu bt li l mt s sng mang cn c mt my pht sng sin, mt b iu
ch v gii iu ch ca ring n, iu ny l khng th chp nhn c khi s sng
mang ph rt ln i vi vic thi cng h thng. Nhm gii quyt vn ny, thut
ton IDFT/DFT c vai tr ging nh hng lot cc b iu ch v gii iu ch.
Gi s tn hiu x(n) c chiu di l N (n = 0,1, 2, , N-1). Cng thc ca
php bin i DFT l [10]
N 1

X ( k ) x ( n )e

j 2 Nkn

n 0

, k = 0, 1,, N-1

(3.4)

- Cng thc ca php bin i IDFT l

x (n)

1
N

N 1

X ( k )e

j 2 Nkn

k 0

, k = 0, 1,, N-1

(3.5)

- Chuyn i Fourier nhanh (FFT) l thut ton gip cho vic tnh ton DFT
nhanh v gn hn.T cng thc (3.4), (3.5) ta thy thi gian tnh DFT bao gm:
+ Thi gian thc hin php nhn phc.
+ Thi gian thc hin php cng phc.
2
+ Thi gian c cc h s e j N .
+ Thi gian truyn s liu.
Trong ch yu l thi gian thc hin php nhn phc. V vy, mun gim
thi gian tnh ton DFT th ngi ta tp trung ch yu vo vic gim thi gian thc
hin php nhn phc. M thi gian thc hin php nhn phc t l vi s php
nhn. Do gim thi gian tnh DFT th ngi ta phi gim c s lng php
tnh nhanh bng cch s dng thut ton FFT. tnh trc tip cn N 2 php nhn.
Khi tnh bng FFT s php nhn ch cn

N
log 2 N . V vy tc tnh bng FFT
2

2N

nhanh hn tnh trc tip l log N .

2
Ngoi ra FFT cn c u im gip tit kim b nh bng cch tnh ti ch.
3.7. Nhiu giao thoa k t v nhiu giao thoa sng mang:
3.7.1 Khi nim:
Trong mi trng a ng, k t pht n u vo my thu vi cc khong
thi gian khc nhau thng qua nhiu ng khc nhau. S m rng ca chu k k
t gy ra s chng ln gia k t hin thi vi k t trc v kt qu l c nhiu

lin k t (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng cp n nhiu ca mt k t OFDM

vi k t trc .

Hnh 5. Ph ca bn sng mang trc giao

Bin

Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln nhng vn trc giao vi sng

mang khc. iu ny c ngha l ti tn s cc i ca ph mi sng mang th ph ca
cc sng mang khc bng zero. My thu ly mu cc k t data trn cc sng mang ring
l ti im cc i v iu ch chng trnh nhiu t cc sng mang khc. Nhiu gy ra
bi k t trn sng mang k cn c xem l nhiu xuyn knh (ICI).
Tnh cht trc giao ca sng mang c th c nhn thy trn gin trong
min thi gian hoc trong min tn s. T gin min thi gian, mi sng mang
c dng sin vi s nguyn ln lp vi khong FFT. T gin min tn s, iu ny
tng ng vi mi sng mang c gi tr cc i tn s trung tm ca chnh n v
bng khng ti tn s trung tm ca sng mang khc. Hnh 5 biu din ph ca bn
sng mang trong min tn s cho trng hp trc giao.
Tnh trc giao ca mt sng mang vi sng mang khc b mt nu gi tr ca
sng mang khng bng khng ti tn s trung tm ca sng mang khc. T gin
min thi gian, tng ng hnh sin khng di hn s nguyn ln lp khong FFT.
Hnh 6 biu din ph ca bn sng mang khng trc giao.

tn s

Hnh 6. Ph ca bn sng mang khng trc giao

ICI xy ra khi knh a ng khc nhau trn thi gian k t OFDM.

Dch Doppler trn mi thnh phn a ng gy ra b tn s trn mi sng
mang, kt qu l mt tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi mt k t
OFDM tri qua ISI. S b tn s sng mang ca my pht v my thu cng gy
ra ICI n mt k t OFDM.
3.7.2. Phng php chng nhiu lin k hiu:

Hnh 7. nh hng ca ISI

Hnh 7 cho ta thy mt k hiu v phin bn tr ca n. Chnh thnh phn tr
ny gy ra nhiu nh hng n phn u ca k hiu tip theo. y chnh l nhiu
lin k hiu ISI.

Hnh 8. Chn khong bo v l khong trng

loi b s nh hng ca ISI, chng ta di k hiu th i ra xa k hiu
trc (k hiu i 1) mt khong bng khong tr tri ( max). Mt khong rng do
s c chn vo gia hai k hiu (Hnh 8), nhng nh vy tn hiu s b thay
i t ngt v mt tnh lin tc. V vy, trong thc t ngi ta chn khong bo v
G c copy t phn cui ca k hiu v dn vo phn u k hiu nh hnh 9
Khong bo v ny c gi l cyclic prefix. Chiu di ca khong bo v cn c
hn ch m bo hiu sut s dng bng tn, nhng n vn phi di hn khong
tr tri ca knh truyn nhm loi b c nhiu ISI.
my thu, khong bo v ny c loi b trc khi thc hin gii iu ch

Hnh 9. Chn khong bo v Cyclic prefix

3.8. Cc vn k thut trong OFDM:
- OFDM l gii php k thut rt thch hp cho truyn dn v tuyn tc
cao. Tuy nhin, c th em p dng vo cc h thng, c ba vn cn phi gii
quyt khi thc hin h thng s dng OFDM:
+ c lng tham s knh.
+ ng b sng mang
+ Gim t s cng sut tng i cc i PAPR (Peak to Average
Power Ratio)
- Vn th nht lin quan trc tip n ch tiu cht lng h thng
OFDM nu dng phng php gii iu ch lin kt, cn hai vn sau lin quan
n vic x l cc nhc im ca OFDM. Ngoi ra, nng cao ch tiu cht
lng h thng, ngi ta s dng m ha tn hiu OFDM.
3.8.1. c lng tham s knh:
c lng knh (Channel estimation) trong h thng OFDM l xc nh
hm truyn t ca cc knh con v thi gian thc hin gii iu ch bn thu khi
bn pht s dng kiu iu ch kt hp (coherent modulation). c lng knh,
phng php ph bin hin nay l dng tn hiu dn ng (PSAM-Pilot signal
assisted Modulation). Trong phng php ny, tn hiu pilot bn pht s dng l tn
hiu c bn thu bit trc v pha v bin . Ti bn thu, so snh tn hiu thu
c vi tn hiu pilot nguyn thy s cho bit nh hng ca cc knh truyn dn
n tn hiu pht. c lng knh c th c phn tch trong min thi gian v
trong min tn s. Trong min thi gian th cc p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh
con c c lng. Trong min tn s th cc p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh
con c c lng. C hai vn chnh c quan tm khi s dng PSAM :
- Vn th nht l la chn tn hiu pilot: Phi m bo yu cu
chng nhiu, hn ch tn hao v nng lng v bng thng khi s dng tn hiu
ny. Vi h thng OFDM, vic la chn tn hiu pilot c th c thc hin trn
gin thi gian-tn s, v vy k thut OFDM cho kh nng la chn cao hn

so vi h thng n sng mang. Vic la chn tn hiu pilot nh hng rt ln

n cc ch tiu h thng.
-Vn th hai l vic thit k b c lng knh: Phi gim c
phc tp ca thit b trong khi vn m bo c chnh xc yu cu. Yu cu v
tc thng tin cao (tc l thi gian x l gim) v cc ch tiu h thng l hai yu
cu ngc nhau. V vy, khi thit k cn phi dung ha hai yu cu trn.
3.8.2. ng b trong OFDM:
ng b l mt trong nhng vn ang rt c quan tm trong k thut
OFDM bi n c ngha quyt nh n kh nng ci thin cc nhc im ca
OFDM. Chng hn, nu khng m bo s ng b v tn s sng mang th s dn
n nguy c mt tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh, khin h thng OFDM
mt i cc u im c trng nh s trc giao ny. Trong h thng OFDM, ngi
ta xt n ba loi ng b khc nhau l : ng b k t (symbol synchronization),
ng b tn s sng mang (carrier frequency synchronization), v ng b tn s
ly mu (sampling frequency synchronization).
a. ng b k t:
ng b k t nhm xc nh chnh xc thi im bt u mt k t
OFDM. Hin nay, vi k thut s dng tin t lp (CP) th ng b k t c
thc hin mt cch d dng hn. Hai yu t cn c ch khi thc hin ng b
k t l li thi gian (timing error) v nhiu pha sng mang (carrier phase noise).
* Li thi gian:
Li thi gian gy ra s sai lch thi im bt u mt k t OFDM. Nu li
thi gian nh sao cho p ng xung ca knh vn cn nm trong chiu di
khong tin t lp (CP) th h thng vn m bo s trc giao gia cc sng mang.
Trong trng hp ny th thi gian tr ca mt k t c xem nh l dch pha
ca knh truyn v dch pha ny c xc nh nh k thut c lng knh.
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu chiu di ca CP nh hn li thi gian th h thng
s xut hin li ISI. C hai phng php thc hin ng b thi gian, l:
ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot v ng b thi gian da vo tin t lp.
Phng php ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot c p dng cho cc h
thng OFDM m tn hiu c truyn i bng k thut iu tn. Trong phng
php ny, bn pht s m ha mt s tn hiu bit trc thng tin v pha v bin
trn mt s sng mang ph. Phng php ny sau c iu chnh s
dng cho c h thng OFDM m tn hiu truyn i c truyn theo k thut iu
bin. Thut ton ng b thi gian s dng tn hiu pilot gm 3 bc l : nhn bit
cng sut (power detection), ng b th (coarse synchronization)v ng b tinh
(fine synchronization).
* Nhiu pha sng mang:
Nhiu pha sng mang l hin tng khng n nh v pha ca cc sng mang do
s khng n nh ca b to dao ng bn pht v bn thu.
b. ng b tn s sng mang:
Trong ng b tn s sng mang, hai vn chnh c quan tm n l :

Li tn s (frequency error) v thc hin c lng tn s.

* Li tn s
Li tn s c to ra do s khc bit v tn s gia hai b tao dao ng
bn pht v bn thu, do dch tn Doppler, hoc do nhiu pha xut hin khi knh
truyn khng tuyn tnh. Hai nh hng do li tn s gy ra l : suy gim bin
tn hiu thu c (v tn hiu khng c ly mu ti nh ca mi sng mang hnh
sin) v to ra nhiu xuyn knh ICI (v cc sng mang b mt tnh trc giao).
* c lng tn s
Tng t nh k thut ng b k t, thc hin ng b tn s, c th s
dng tn hiu pilot hoc s dng tin t lp. Trong k thut s dng tn hiu pilot,
mt s sng mang c s dng truyn nhng tn hiu pilot (thng l cc
chui gi nhiu). S dng nhng k t bit trc v pha v bin s gip ta
c lng c quay pha do li tn s gy ra. tng chnh xc cho b c
lng, ngi ta s dng thm cc vng kha pha (Phase Lock Loop-PLL).
Nhn xt: Mt vn cn c quan tm n l mi quan h gia ng b
k t v ng b tn s sng mang. gim nh hng ca s mt ng b tn s
sng mang th c th gim s lng sng mang, tng khong cch gia hai sng
mang cnh nhau. Nhng khi gim s sng mang th phi gim chu k ca mi k
t trn mi sng mang, dn n vic ng b k t rt kh khn v phi cht ch
hn. iu chng t hai vn ng b trn c quan h cht ch ln nhau, cn
phi c s dung ha hp l h thng t c cc ch tiu k thut ra.
c. ng b tn s ly mu
Ti bn thu, tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian thu c ly mu theo ng h
bn thu, v vy s xut hin s bt ng b gia ng h bn pht v bn thu.
Ngi ta a ra hai phng php khc phc s bt ng b ny. Phng php
th nht l s dng b dao ng iu khin bng in p (Voltage Controlled
Oscillator-VCO). Phng php th hai c gi l : Ly mu khng ng b.
Trong phng php ny, cc tn s ly mu vn c gi nguyn nhng tn hiu
c x l s sau khi ly mu m bo s ng b.
3.8.3. Gim PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
- T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh l mt trong nhng hn
ch c bn ca tn hiu OFDM. Khi t s ny cao, vic s dng b khuych i cng
sut s khng t hiu sut cao v phi dnh d tr cng sut trnh nhiu phi
tuyn. Nh vy, gim PAPR l yu cu quan trng ca h thng s dng OFDM.
- PAPR ca mt k t OFDM l t s gia gi tr ln nht ca bnh
phng mt mu n l trn min thi gian vi gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca
mu ny:

PAPR

max

m 0 ,1,... N 1

Xm

Xm
2

(3.6)

- PAPR biu din di bin ca cc mu to ra bn my pht tn hiu

OFDM. Ni cch khc, PAPR biu din khong cch n gc ca k t trong khng
gian tn hiu
- H thng iu ch pha M mc (M-PSK) : Do cc k t trong khng gian
tn hiu ch khc nhau v pha trong khi ln bng nhau nn PAPR=1.
H thng dng 16QAM PAPR=1.8
- C hai phng php gim PAPR chnh :
+ a thm mt s thng tin h tr (data, m) vo k t OFDM.
+ S dng cc x l khng gian tn hiu (QAM, DPSK) sao cho
tn hiu min thi gian sau b IDFT c PAPR thp.
3.9. H thng OFDM:

Nhiu

Hnh 10. S mt h thng OFDM

S h thng OFDM c cho nh hnh 3.10. my pht, chui d liu
ni tip qua b S/P c bin i thnh N chui con song song, mi chui ny qua
mt b iu ch. ng ra cc b iu ch, ta thu c mt chui s phc D 0, D1,
, DN-1, trong Dk = Ak + jBk. Chui s phc ny i vo b IFFT:
d n

(do
mang)

k
j 2
n
j 2f t
1 N 1
1 N 1
N
k n

D
k
.
e

D k .e
N k 0
N k 0

(3.7)

f
k
n k n f k nTs f k t n vi Ts l chu k k hiu, f k l tn s cc sng
N
fs

Ng ra b IFFT l cc mu ri rc ca k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian.

1 N 1
y (n) Re{d[n]}
Re{( Ak jBk ).(cos2f k t n jsin2f k t n )}
N k 0

1
N

N 1

( A cos 2f
k

t Bk sin2f k t n )

k n

(3.8)

k 0

Cc mu y(n) ny c chn thm khong bo v, cho qua b bin i D/A

tr thnh tn hiu lin tc y(t), c khuch i, a ln tn s cao ri pht ln
knh truyn.
y (t )

1
N

N 1

( A cos2f
k

t Bk sin2f k t )

(3.9)

k 0

Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s c cc ngun nhiu gy nh hng

nh nhiu Gausian trng cng AWGN.
my thu, ta lm qu trnh ngc li: Tn hiu OFDM c i tn xung,
bin i A/D, loi b khong bo v, ri c a vo b FFT. Sau gii iu
ch, bin i t song song sang ni tip thu li chui d liu ban u.
N 1

D k d n .e

j 2

k
n
N

(3.10)

n 0

3.10. u im v khuyt im ca OFDM:

3.10.1 u im:
+ Tng hiu qu s dng bng thng.
+ Bn vng vi fading chn lc tn s do cc k hiu c bng thng hp nn
mi sng mang ph ch chu fading phng.
+ Chng c nhiu lin k hiu ISI do chu k k hiu di hn cng vi vic
chn thm khong bo v cho mi k hiu OFDM.
+ S phc tp ca my pht v my thu gim ng k nh s dng FFT v IFFT.
+ C th truyn d liu tc cao.
3.10.2. Khuyt im:
+ Nhy vi offset tn s
- Ch cn mt sai lch nh cng c th lm mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng
mang ph. V vy OFDM rt nhy vi hiu ng dch tn Dopler.
- Cc sng mang ph ch tht s trc giao khi my pht v my thu s dng
cng tp tn s. V vy, my thu phi c lng v hiu chnh offset tn s sng
mang ca tn hiu thu c.
+ Ti my thu, s rt kh khn trong vic quyt nh v tr nh thi ti u
gim nh hng ca ICI v ISI.
+ T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR (Peak to Average
Power Ratio) l ln v tn hiu OFDM l tng ca N thnh phn c iu ch bi
cc tn s khc nhau. Khi cc thnh phn ny ng pha, chng to ra ng ra mt
tn hiu c bin rt ln. Ngc li, khi chng ngc pha, chng li trit tiu nhau
lm ng ra bng 0. Chnh v vy, PAPR trong h thng OFDM l rt ln.

IV. NG DNG CA OFDM:

4.1. Cc ng dng quan trng ca OFDM trn th gii:
K thut OFDM l nn tng ca cc k thut truyn dn v tuyn. Cc ng
dng c th ca OFDM trn th gii.
- H thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T (digital video broadcasting for
terestrial transmission) (1995)
- H thng pht thanh s ng di DRM ( Digital Radio Mondiale)
- Truy cp internet bng thng rng ADSL ( Asymmetric Digital ubscriber line)
- Cc chun IEEE 802.11a (1999) IEEE 802.11g.
- Mng my tnh khng dy vi tc truyn dn cao HiperLAN/2 (High
Pefomance Local Area NetWork type 2)(2000)
- c bit OFDM l ng c vin trin vng nht cho h thng thng tin 4G
(h thng truy cp Internet khng dy bng rng theo tiu chun Wimax)
CC NG DNG CA OFDM (OFDM Appliscations)
Wireless-LANs (IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN/2)
Digital Audio&TV Broadcasting (DAB , DVB)
Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL, VDSL)
Point-to-Point (Fixed) Wireless Access
4G Cellular Systems?
Do thi gian v kh nng kin thc cn hn ch nn trong phn ny nhm
lm tiu lun ch nu ng dng ca OFDM trong mt vi lnh vc
l: OFDM trong truyn hnh di ng T-DMB; OFDM trong DVB-T.
Khng a ra cc thng s c bn lm c s so snh gia cc cng ngh,
cc gii php cung cp dch v, khng phn tch cc yu t v mt k thut ca
tng cng ngh.
4.2. ng dng OFDM trong truyn hnh di ng T-DMB:
OFDM c ng dng rt nhiu nh:
+ Truyn hnh di ng s dng cng ngh video s qung b (DVB),
pht thanh s (DAB), truyn hnh s (DVD)
+ Truyn hnh di ng s dng cng ngh DMB
+ Dch v Truyn hnh di ng Media FLO
+ Dch v DAB-IP cho truyn hnh di ng

+ Truyn hnh di ng s dng dch v ISDB-T

+ Truyn hnh di ng cung cp qua cng ngh WMAN:802.16
(Wimax), di ng 4G
+ Thng tin Hu tuyn (ADSL, HDSL);
+ Thng tin v tuyn (WLAN:802.11a/g/n (Wifi)

4.3. ng dng OFDM trong DVB-T

S khi tng quan.

H pht s theo tiu chun DVB-T s dng k thut COFDM (Code

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao c m sa sai) nh mt phng thc iu ch d liu

KT LUN
Tri qua mt thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu v k thut iu ch a
sng mang trc giao OFDM, chng em c thm nhiu hiu bit mi phc v
cho qu trnh hc tp mn cng ngh vin thng cng nh nhiu mn hc v
chuyn ngnh vin thng v s gip ch rt nhiu sau khi ra trng. Cc kt qu
chnh thu c sau tiu lun l:
+ Hiu thm v phng php iu ch a sng mang trc giao OFDM- mt
phng php ngy cng c ng dng nhiu trong k thut vin thng hin i.
y l ln u lm tiu lun, thi gian c hn v kin thc cn hn ch, phi
tip cn vi mt lnh vc tng i mi m l phng php iu ch OFDM v
cc ng dng nn tiu lun ca nhm em khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.
Chng em hi vng s nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca thy gio
chng em c th hon thin tiu lun ny v thc hin tt hn cho ln bo co ti.
Cui cng chng em xin cm n s gip , hng dn ca Thy gio
Chu Tin Dng v kin ng gp ca cc bn trong lp.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Bi Ngc Li, n tt nghip Cng ngh OFDM v ng dng trong

truyn hnh s mt tt DVB-T, Trng i hc Cng ngh Thnh ph H Ch
Minh.

[2] Website http://luanvan.co/luan-van/tong-quat-ve-cong-nghe-ofdmva-cac-ung-dung-trong-thong-tin-vo-tuyen-30759

[3]Website https://vi.wikipedia.org
[4] Website http://tailieu.vn/doc/dieu-che-xung-638317.html
[5]Website https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi