, ,

.
.
, MB :
=
, , ,
( ).
!!!
, .. 4
, , .
, , ,
, .

100.000.
, , 100.
100 100.000,

100.000
100

= 1.000.

&
.
1 ,
= . , ,
(
). 2
.

[1]


(, )
.
2 .
;
2 1 ,
.
( )
( ).

2 1 . 3
2 . ,

1.

1 .

100 .
;
2 1 . 100
99 .
!!!
,

.

.
1 ( )
2 ( ) .
, . ,
:
(.. RNA).
.
(.. DNA ).
(.. DNA ).

[2]

!!!
DNA RNA .
,
.

, (

).

1. ,

1.

, 1
. 3
3 .

4 4. ,
. ,

.

2
.
1. , 2
2 2. ,
,
- 2.

.
.
[3]

 2 . ,
,
.
!!!
/
/, .

2 1 ().
, 1
.
2 () 1
. , 1 .
, .
=
,


. ,
.

100

;
2 1 . 100
99 .
1 .
, 99 99
.

DNA (), (), (C)
(G).
[4]

 RNA (), (U),

(C) (G). , RNA U.

DNA (
RNA).
DNA,
. C
G . , A = T C = G ( RNA,
U, , A = U).


, .
=++C+G
RNA, :
=+U+C+G

DNA A = T & C = G. , ,
:
= 2A + 2G
:
= 2A + 2C = 2T + 2C = 2T + 2G
RNA
U.

[5]


50 C 30,
.
. , , = & C = G.
, :
= + + C + G
= 2 + 2 G
= 250 + 230
= 160
%
20%
, = 0,2.
= 0,2 , 0,2,
. %
(, ).
%
.
. , .

20%
200 .
. , , = & C = G.
= 0,2200 = 40. , = = 40.
, :
= + + C + G
= 2 + 2 G
200 = 240 + 2G
G = 60 = C

[6]

 %
%
.
.
x % , :
100% x

x=

100%

100. 100,

A 100%

N
!!!

DNA
2
C G 3. DNA
:
.. = 2 / + 3 C/G
2 , . :
1 / 1 1 .
2 / 2 2 .
/ .
/ = . ,
/ 2 2. C/G. ,
:
.. = 2A + 3G

[7]


1.

4
2 (, , 2 ).
5.000. 1.
2. 50,
. ;

4 (1 , 1 2 ).
.
= 5.000 & = 50.

5.000
50

= 100.

, , 2100 = 200.
, , 2200 = 400.
1 , 1 2 .
1()100 + 1()200 + 2()400 = 1.100.
1.10050 = 55.000.
2.

4 2 .
100.000.
200 . 100,
2 .

4 2 .
= 100.000 & = 100.
1 2 200 .
MB 100.000
100,

[8]

100.000
100

= 1.000.

 4 2 .
200 . , 2 200 + 200
= 400 .
1.000, 2
1.000 400 = 600 .

2 , ,

600
2

= 300 .

2 300100 = 30.000.
3.

4 2 .
60.000 200.
,
;

4 2 .
= 60.000 & = 200.
.

60.000
200

= 300.

x ,
2x.
2 2 .
x + x + 2x + 2x. :
x + x + 2x + 2x = 300
6x = 300
x = 50
50 250 = 100.

[9]

4.

DNA 100 ;

DNA 100 .

1. , 2
2 2. , DNA
100 , 100 2 = 98.
5.

, 100 ,
. ;
;

100 .
.


1. , 100 99
. , 99 .

.
, 100 100
. , 100 .

()

1 . 99
100 .

[10]

6.

tRNA 86 . tRNA 86
.
;

tRNA 86 .

tRNA

1. ,
86 85 . ,
85 .
() 1
. 85 85
.
7.

3 90 ;

3 .
90.
3 ,

90
3

= 30 .

30 29
. 329 = 87.
() 1 .
87 87 .

[11]

8.

DNA 200 .
1.000, .

DNA.
1.000 200.
DNA . , , = & C = G.
, :
= + + C + G
= 2 + 2 G
1.000 = 2200 + 2G
G = 300
, = = 200 C = G = 300.
9.

DNA 500 .
G 100, %
.

DNA 500 .
G = 100.
DNA . , , = & C = G.
, :
= + + C + G
= 2 + 2 G
500 = 2 + 2100
= 150
x G C, :
100% G x
500

G 100

x = 20%
[12]

 y , :
100% y
500

150

y = 30%
10. DNA 1.000 .
G 300,
.

DNA 1.000 .
G = 200.
DNA . , , = & C = G.
, :
= + + C + G
= 2 + 2G
1.000 = 2 + 2300
= 200
/ 2 .. C/G 3. ..
:
.. = 2 + 3G
.. = 2200 + 3300 = 1.300
11.

C 20% DNA
1.200, .

.. 1.200.
C 20% .
DNA . , , = & C = G.
C = 0,2

[13]

 / 2 .. C/G 3. ..
:
.. = 2 + 3C
, :
= + + C + C
= 2 + 2C
.. = 2 + 3C
1.200 = 2 + 2C + C = 2 + 2C
1.200 = + C C = 0,2N
1.200 = N + 0,2N
1.200 = 1,2N
N = 1.000

[14]


1.

3 2 . 60.000
100. 300
10.000, .

2.

mRNA 2 . 2 1.500
1. mRNA
20.000. ;

3.

2 . 2
1. 100
1

250

;
4.

4 2
( 2 2 ). 5
57.400,
; 100.

5.

10.000.
100,
;

6.

2 , 1 3 ( 3 ).
500.000. 200.000

100.

;
7.

DNA C 200,
.

8.

DNA 30% .
1.000, %
.

9.

DNA 3.500 700,

.

10. DNA 1.300. + = 400,

G;
11.

C 25% DNA
1.000 , .

[15]