1.

A speaker in a hall says Hitler

was right to exterminate the
Jews during World War II.
Outside the hall, several
hundred people are shouting
threats against the speaker,
breaking windows with rocks,
and preventing others from
going inside.

2. About 25 Ku Klux Klan

members choose a neighborhood
with predominantly African
American residents to hold a
march protesting the observance
of Martin Luther King Jrs birthday.
Before the march begins, the
police receive phone calls from
several individuals threatening to
shoot the Klan members if they
show up.

3. The British Sun newspaper

4. About 30 anti-abortion
hinted that Diaz had an affair with protesters march in a circle on a
Shane Nickerson, a friend. When
sidewalk in front of a clinic where
the article was published, she and abortions are performed, chanting
Nickerson were in relationships
slogans and carrying signs. As
and the hardly recognizable image women attempt to enter the clinic,
posted with the article caused
the protesters try to block the
damage to both relationships
entrance and verbally harass the
women, trying to persuade them
not to have an abortion.
5.

An out-of-control influx of near-naked

women jockeying for tips has turned Times
Square into the XXX-Roads of the World
shocking children and incensing legions of
tourists and New Yorkers alike.
The expanding cadre of topless talent
wearing only a thong, a thin layer of paint
and a smile fight it out with the usual
cast of amateur Buzz Lightyears and
Spider-Men for souvenir photographs at
$10 to $20 a pop. Its inappropriate, fumed
Odessa
Leitch,
38,
watching
the
provocative parade of ladies with her 12year-son and 3-year-old daughter at her
side. Odessa calls the police.

6. In 1984, during a protest

against the policies of the Reagan
administration in Dallas, Texas,
Gregory Lee Johnson doused an
American flag that was given to
him by a fellow demonstrator with
kerosene and set it alight while
those around him chanted
"America the red, white and blue,
we spit on you."

Incitement: The courts decided that they could not punish mere advocacy.
That means that they cannot limit speech that advocates, supports or
describes a particular viewpoint. EVEN if that viewpoint is violent. They can
only limit speech that expresses an immediate or imminent call to violence.
In other words, they can limit speech that incites violence.
Fighting words: In Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), the Supreme
Court held that speech is unprotected if it constitutes "fighting words".
Fighting words, as defined by the Court, is speech that "tend[s] to incite an
immediate breach of the peace" by provoking a fight, so long as it is a
"personally abusive [word] which, when addressed to the ordinary citizen,
is, as a matter of common knowledge, inherently likely to provoke a violent
reaction". Additionally, such speech must be "directed to the person of the
hearer" and is "thus likely to be seen as a 'direct personal insult'". Along
with fighting words, speech might be unprotected if it either intentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly inflicts severe emotional distress.
Miller test: Under the Miller test (which takes its name from Miller v.
California [1973]), speech is unprotected if (1) "the average person,
applying contemporary community standards, would find that the [subject
or work in question], taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest" and
(2) "depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, contemporary
community standards, sexual conduct defined by the applicable state law"
and (3) "the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political,
or scientific value".

Defamation: is the communication of a false statement that harms the

reputation of an individual person,business, product, group, government,
religion, or nation as well as other various kinds of defamation that retaliate
against groundless criticism.Under common law, to constitute defamation,
a claim must generally be false and have been made to someone other

than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish
between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other
media such as printed words or images, called libel.
False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false
but misleading.
In some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than
a civil wrong. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ruled in
2012 that the criminalization of libel violates freedom of expression and is
inconsistent with Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights.
A person who defames another may be called a "defamer", "famacide",
"libeler" or "slanderer".

Symbolic Speech: Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law

used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a
particular message or statement to those viewing it. Symbolic speech is
recognized as being protected under the First Amendment as a form of
speech, but this is not expressly written as such in the document. One
possible explanation as to why the Framers did not address this issue in
the Bill of Rights is because the primary forms for both political debate and
protest in their time were verbal expression and published word, and they
may have been unaware of the possibility of future people using non-verbal
expression.

Content neutral: No speech may be limited based on the content of the

speech. All rulings must be neutral toward opinions.