Reference intervals

Clinical chemistry

Dog

Cat

Cow

Sheep

Horse

Albumin (g/l)

26 - 35

28 - 39

28 - 36

24 - 35

23 - 35

Ammonia (umol/l)

25 - 73

59 - 110

Bile Acids (umol/l)

0-7

0-7

13 - 67

1 - 33

1.0 - 15

Bilirubin Total (umol/l)

0 - 6.8

0 - 6.8

0 - 6.8

0 - 6.8

17 - 34

Bilirubin Conjugated (umol/l)

0 - 4.5

0 - 4.5

Cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.8 - 7.0

2.0 - 3.4

1.0 - 3.1

1.0 - 2.6

2.3 - 3.6

Cortisol (nmol/l)

20 - 230

10 - 250

25 - 140

25 - 140

25 - 140

Creatinine (umol/l)

40 - 132

40 - 177

44 - 165

40 - 150

40 - 150

Fibrinogen (g/l)

2.0 - 4.0

2.0 - 4.0

4.5 - 7.5

Fructosamine (umol/l)

49 - 225

100 - 350

Glucose (mmol/l)

3.0 - 5.0

3.3 - 5.0

2.0 - 3.0

2.0 - 3.0

2.8 - 5.5

Globulins

18 - 37

23 - 50

27 - 50

34 - 55

30 - 50

BHB (mmol/l)

0 - 0.5

0.3 - 1.0++

0.1 - 1.0++

0.2 - 0.4

Lead (blood) (ug/ml)

0.5 - 2.4

15 - 90

2.0 - 4.0

0 - 1.21

NEFA (mmol/l)

< 0.7 ++

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.57 - 1.14

0.57- 1.14

0.17 - 0.51

0.15 - 0.79

0.12 - 0.35

Total Protein (g/l)

58 - 73

69 - 79

59 - 73

73 - 89

58 - 75

Urea (mmol/l)

1.7 - 7.4

2.8 - 9.8

2.0 - 6.6

2.6 - 6.6

2.5 - 8.3

++ Depends on stage of pregnancy

Enzymes

Dog

Cat

Amylase (U/l)

225 - 990

525 - 960

AP (Amp) (U/l)

20 - 60

AP (Dea) (U/l)

38 - 108

SIAP (Dea) (U/l)

Less than 35% of total AP (DEA) activity

ALT (U/l)

21 - 102

6 - 83

AST (U/l)

15 - 65

CK (U/l)

Cow

Sheep

Horse

10 - 100

14 - 75

16 - 200

84 - 180

18 - 180

22 - 142

50 - 300

180 - 390

17 - 27

3 - 16

5 - 20

15 - 50

53 - 105

45 - 134

258 - 554

50 - 200

50 - 200

82 - 196

34 - 190

150 - 385

GGT (U/l)

2-8

1-5

20 - 46

34 - 100

13 - 44

GLDH (U/l)

0-5

0-5

2 - 23

1 - 12

1 - 12

LDH (U/l)

50 - 320

80 - 360

508 - 956

200 - 600

192 - 482

Lipase (U/l)

13 - 200

0 - 83

Electrolyte/
trace elements

Dog

Cat

Cow

Sheep

Horse

Calcium (mmol/l)

2.3 - 3.0

2.1 - 2.9

2.0 - 3.0

2.1 - 2.8

2.6 - 3.3

Chloride (mmol/l)

99 - 115

117 - 140

94 - 111

98 - 115

98 - 118

Copper (umol/l)

15.7 - 19.0

9.4 - 19.0

9.4 - 18.8

19.1 - 27.9

Inorganic Phosphate (mmol/l)

0.9 - 2.0

1.4 - 2.5

1.2 - 2.3

0.9 - 2.5

0.8 - 1.8

Magnesium (mmol/l)

0.69 - 1.18

0.82 - 1.23

0.7 - 1.23

0.65 - 1.23

0.6 - 1.0

Potassium (mmol/l)

3.6 - 5.6

4.0 - 5.0

3.6 - 5.6

4.0 - 5.5

2.7 - 5.9

>40

>40

136 - 145

142 - 160

134 - 150

10.0 - 24.0

9.0 - 14.0

10.0 - 20.0

Selenium (GSH Px) (U/ml cells)

Sodium (mmol/l)

139 - 154

Zinc (umol/l)

9.0 - 18.0

145 - 156

Serum protein
electrophoresis

Dog

Cat

Cow

Sheep

Horse

Albumin (g/l)

27 - 37

27 - 41

28 - 37

26 - 36

24 - 34

Alpha globulin (g/l)

5 - 20

6 - 22

8 - 11

11 - 17

11 - 18

Beta globulin (g/l)

11 - 20

5 - 14

11 - 15

4 - 10

10 - 22

Gamma globulin (g/l)

5 - 10

12 - 20

8 - 17

19 - 33

9 - 18

Intestinal tests

Dog

Cow

Sheep

Vit B12 (ng/l)

>215

>150

>200

Folate (ug/l)

3.5 - 8.5

Trypsin- like immunoreactivity (ug/l)

>5.0

Therapeutic drugs

Dog

Cat

Digoxin (ng/ml)

0.5 - 1.5

0.8 - 1.5

(Therapeutic range)

Phenobarbitone (ug/ml)

15 - 40

12.5 - 33.0

(Therapeutic range)

Potassium Bromide (mg/ml)

0.5 - 1.9

0.5 - 2.5

(Therapeutic range)

Thyroid hormones

Dog

Cat

Cow

Total T4 (nmol/l)

15 - 48

13 - 48

20 - 88

Haematology
9

WBC (x10 /l)

Dog

Cat

Cow

Sheep

Horse

6 - 15

7 - 20

4 - 10

4 - 10

5.5 - 12.5 Hot

6.0 - 12.0 Cold

Neutrophils
9
(segmented) x10 /l (%)
9
Lymphocytes x10 /l
(%)

3.6 12.0
(40 80)
0.7 4.8
(10 36)
0 1.5
(0 13)
0 1.0
(2 10)
0 0.2
(0 1)

2.5 12.8
(35 75)
1.5 7.0
(20 55)
0.07 0.85
(1 10)
0 1.0
(2 10)
0 0.2
(0 1.0)

0.6 4.6
(15 46)
1.8 7.5
(55 75)
0.08 0.7
(2 7)
0 2.0
(0 20)
0 0.2
(0 2)

0.4 5.0
(10 50)
1.6 7.5
(50 75)
0 0.6
(0 6.0)
0 1.0
(0 10)
0 0.3
(0 3)

RBC (x10 /l)

5.5 - 8.5

5.5 - 10.0

5.0 - 9.0

5.0 - 11.0

PCV (l/l)

0.39 - 0.55

0.24 - 0.45

0.24 - 0.38

0.26 - 0.38

Monocytes x10 /l (%)

9

Eosinophils x10 /l (%)

9

Basophils x10 /l (%)

12

2.7 - 6.8 (30 - 67) Hot

3.0 6.4 (35 75) Cold
1.5 5.5 (25 70) Hot
1.3 4.25 (15 50) Cold
0.16 0.8 (1 7) Hot
0.17 0.85 (2 10) Cold
0.16 1.0 (1 11) Hot
0.16 1.0 (2 12) Cold
0 0.17 (0 3) Hot
0 0.25 (0 3) Cold
8.0 - 12.0 Hot
5.5 9.5 Cold
0.37 - 0.48 Hot
0.24 - 0.42 Cold

Hb (g/dl)

12 - 18

8 - 14

8 - 14

8 - 14

10.0 - 18.0 Hot

8.0 - 14.0 Cold

MCV (fl)

60 - 77

39 - 55

40 - 60

28 - 48

40 - 50 Hot
40 - 56 Cold

MCHC ( %)

32 - 36

30 - 36

30 - 36

31 - 38

33.8 - 39.2 Hot

34 - 38.4 Cold

Platelets (x10 /l)

200 - 500

300 - 600

200 - 600

250 - 750

200 - 600

Reticulocytes ( %)

0 - 0.5

0 - 0.6

Prothrombin time
(secs)

5 12

5 12

APTT (secs)

10 - 20

10 - 20