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Kaji Ulang Status Gizi Anak 0-59 Bulan Atmarita
Kaji Ulang Status Gizi Anak 0-59 Bulan Atmarita
Atmarita
KAJI ULANG STATUS GIZI ANAK 0-59 BULAN (BERAT BADAN MENURUT UMUR)
MENGGUNAKAN DATA NASIONAL: SUSENAS 1989-2005
PERBANDINGAN STANDAR NCHS/WHO DAN RUJUKAN WHO 2005
Atmarita
Sekretariat Litbangkes, Depkes RI
ABSTRACT
REASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS (WEIGHT OF AGE) FOR
CHILDREN 0-59 MONTHS USING NATIONAL DATA SUSENAS 1989-2005
COMPARISON OF WHO STANDARDS AND NCHS REFERENCE
In April 2006, the World Health Organization has launched new standards for assessment
growth and development of children 0 to 5 years of age. This new standards should be
adopted in all countries. Nationally, Indonesia has been collecting anthropometric data for
children under five since 1989 up to 2005 through periodic socio-economic national survey
(SUSENAS). The nutritional status based on weight for age using NCHS reference has been
assessed to monitor the change of underweight prevalence, especially at provincial and
national level. The new standards need to be applied for reassessing the underweight
prevalence as part of adoption process. The primary source of data is the 1989-2005
Susenas Surveys, both the household data, and the individual data, along with the
nutrition module. Weight for Age data on nutritional status is described in Z scores from
both the NCHS international reference and new WHO standards. Descriptive analyses were
carried out reviewing the trend of underweight prevalence from 1989 to 2005, mean weight
of children under five both for sexes, the prevalence of underweight across the provinces
and by age groups as well both sexes, mean z-scores by age and quintiles, and distribution
by quintiles. The results from reassessment showed that the prevalence of moderate
underweight generally higher using new WHO standard compared to NCHS/WHO
referenceduring the first half infancy 0-5 months and lower for the age above 6 months.
However, the prevalence of severe underweight generally higher based on WHO standard
compared to NCHS/WHO reference. Differences in prevalence between WHO standard and
NCHS reference vary by location (urban, rural), economic status depend, age group, sex, or
other population characteristics.
Keywords: comparison, reassessment, underweight prevalence
PENDAHULUAN
ecara
berkala
Indonesia
mengumpulkan
data
antropometri indeks berat badan
menurut umur (BB/U) pada anak
balita 0-59 bulan melalui integrasi Survei
Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) dari
tahun 1989 sampai dengan 2005.
Informasi berat badan menurut umur
sudah dianalisa menjadi status gizi
menggunakan rujukan the US National
Tabel 1
Jumlah sampel anak 0-59 bulan, Susenas 1989-2005
Susenas
tahun
Anak
laki-laki
Total
1989
7227
6874
14101
1992
17094
16650
33744
1995
13194
12944
26138
1998
13050
12570
25620
1999
40581
38273
78854
2000
36381
34221
70602
2001
6121
5572
11693
2002
38072
36465
74537
2003
39982
37292
77274
2005
48530
46307
94837
Proses
kaji
ulang
berikut
ini
dikelompokkan menjadi 5 yaitu:
1. Melakukan kaji ulang prevalensi
status gizi tingkat nasional
untuk data antropometri tahun
1989 sampai dengan 2005
2. Melakukan kaji ulang prevalensi
status gizi tingkat provinsi dan
prevalensi menurut tempat
tinggal untuk data antropometri
tahun 2000.
3. Melakukan kaji ulang prevalensi
status gizi menurut kelompok
Anak
perempuan
Grafik 1
Prevalensi Status Gizi anak 0-59 bulan menurut NCHS/WHO dan Standar WHO 2005
NCHS/WHO
WHO 2005
Tabel 2
Angka prevalensi status gizi anak 0-59 bulan menurut NCHS/WHO dan WHO 2005
serta perbedaannya.
Tahun
Survei
NCHS/WHOGizi Buruk
1989
1992
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
6,3
7,2
11,6
10,5
8,1
7,5
6,3
8,0
NCHS/WHOGizi Kurang
31,2
28,3
20,0
19,0
18,3
17,1
19,8
19,3
WHO 2005
Gizi Buruk
7,2
8,1
12,3
11,3
8,9
8,4
6,8
8,6
Beda
(Gizi
Buruk)
0,9
0,9
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,5
0,6
Beda
(Gizi
Kurang)
-7,4
-6,6
-4,6
-4,2
-4,4
-3,9
-4,8
-4,7
8,3
8,8
19,2
19,2
8,7
9,7
14,5
14,8
0,4
0,9
Grafik 2
Beda Prevalensi Gizi Kurang Anak 0-59 bulan tingkat provinsi
menurut WHO 2005 dan NCHS/WHO, tahun 2000
Provinsi
Bali
Bengkul
u
Riau
Jogjakar
ta
Jateng
Sumbar
WHO
2005
-4,7
-4,4
NCHS/W
HO
Beda
11.6%
14.2%
-2.6%
12.6%
14.1%
15.2%
16.9%
-2.6%
-2.8%
14.6%
18.0%
18.5%
17.5%
21.2%
21.8%
-2.9%
-3.2%
-3.3%
18.5%
19.3%
19.4%
19.9%
21.5%
22.8%
-1.4%
-2.2%
-3.4%
20.0%
20.0%
20.3%
21.4%
23.2%
23.2%
23.4%
23.4%
24.0%
24.7%
25.2%
25.3%
25.4%
27.1%
29.5%
29.7%
35.7%
22.2%
22.4%
23.0%
24.3%
26.5%
25.7%
27.3%
26.8%
27.9%
26.6%
29.1%
26.0%
29.2%
30.1%
30.2%
33.6%
38.6%
-2.2%
-2.4%
-2.7%
-2.9%
-3.3%
-2.5%
-3.9%
-3.4%
-3.9%
-1.9%
-3.9%
-0.7%
-3.8%
-3.0%
-0.7%
-3.9%
-2.9%
21.6%
24.6%
-3.0%
Tabel 3
Beda Prevalensi Gizi Kurang Anak 0-59 bulan berdasarkan Tempat Tinggal (Kota-Desa)
menurut WHO 2005 dan NCHS/WHO, tahun 2000
Kota (N=25864)
Desa (N=44738)
Provinsi
Provinsi
WHO 2005
NCHS/WH
O
Beda
NTB
Sumut
Kaltim
Sumsel
NTT
Sulsel
Bali
Sumbar
Jogjakart
a
Sultra
Jateng
Kalsel
Bengkulu
NAD
Jatim
Sulut
Papua
Jambi
Lampung
Jabar
Sulteng
Kalteng
DKI
Jakarta
Kalbar
Riau
Maluku
Indonesia
19.9%
19.8%
19.2%
18.6%
23.7%
22.5%
9.1%
15.1%
11.9%
24.8%
23.9%
23.2%
22.6%
27.5%
26.2%
12.6%
18.4%
15.0%
-4.9%
-4.1%
-4.0%
-4.0%
-3.8%
-3.7%
-3.5%
-3.3%
-3.1%
18.7%
16.8%
23.7%
10.1%
22.9%
17.7%
20.3%
26.5%
18.6%
20.0%
17.7%
16.7%
24.0%
18.5%
21.8%
19.6%
26.5%
12.8%
25.6%
20.2%
22.6%
28.4%
20.4%
21.8%
19.4%
18.4%
25.6%
19.9%
-3.1%
-2.8%
-2.8%
-2.7%
-2.7%
-2.5%
-2.3%
-1.9%
-1.8%
-1.8%
-1.7%
-1.7%
-1.6%
-1.4%
19.8%
15.3%
25.8%
18.4%
21.1%
15.8%
23.1%
21.1%
-1.3%
-0.5%
2.7%
-2.7%
WHO 2005
Kalbar
Maluku
Riau
Kalsel
Sulsel
NTT
Sultra
Jateng
Papua
27.0%
24.6%
13.4%
26.0%
24.6%
30.8%
24.8%
18.9%
27.3%
NCHS/WH
O
31.7%
29.1%
17.5%
30.1%
28.5%
34.7%
28.4%
22.4%
30.8%
Beda
-4.7%
-4.5%
-4.1%
-4.1%
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.6%
-3.5%
-3.5%
24.6%
20.4%
21.9%
25.8%
40.9%
19.7%
19.8%
26.5%
20.6%
19.8%
22.8%
20.0%
14.0%
27.5%
13.5%
32.3%
23.5%
28.0%
23.7%
24.9%
28.7%
43.8%
22.4%
22.5%
29.1%
23.1%
22.3%
25.2%
22.4%
16.4%
29.6%
15.4%
32.6%
26.7%
-3.4%
-3.3%
-3.0%
-2.9%
-2.9%
-2.7%
-2.7%
-2.6%
-2.5%
-2.5%
-2.4%
-2.4%
-2.4%
-2.1%
-1.9%
-0.3%
-3.2%
Grafik 3
Beda Prevalensi Gizi Kurang berdasarkan Kelompok Umur
menurut WHO 2005 dan NCHS/WHO, tahun 2002
10
Umur
0-5
6-11
12-23
24-35
36-47
48-59
0-59
Beda
10.5%
-2.4%
-8.5%
-6.8%
-4.0%
-3.4%
-4.1%
Tabel 4
Beda Prevalensi Gizi Kurang Anak 0-59 bulan berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin
menurut WHO 2005 dan NCHS/WHO, tahun 2002
Anak Laki-laki
Anak Perempuan
Umur
(bulan)
11
WHO
2005
NCHS/
WHO
Beda
0-5
22.3%
9.2%
13.1%
6-11
23.4%
24.7%
-1.3%
Umur
(bulan)
12-23
26.0%
34.8%
-8.8%
24-35
28.9%
35.2%
-6.3%
36-47
24.7%
27.2%
-2.5%
48-59
23.6%
28.2%
-4.6%
0-59
25.4%
29.0%
-3.6%
NCHS/
WHO
WHO
2005
0-5
16.5%
8.6%
7.9%
6-11
15.0%
18.6%
-3.6%
12-23
19.2%
27.7%
-8.5%
24-35
22.7%
30.0%
-7.3%
36-47
22.4%
27.7%
-5.3%
48-59
23.8%
26.0%
-2.2%
0-59
20.9%
25.5%
-4.6%
Beda
12
Kuintil 1 (Q1)
496.189,48
Kuintil 2 (Q2)
642.531,42
Kuintil 3 (Q3)
770.049,94
Kuintil 4 (Q4)
971.026,67
Kuintil 5 (Q5)
1.594.038,82
Grafik 4
Distribusi status gizi anak 0-59 bulan berdasarkan tingkat pengeluaran rumah tangga terendah (Q1)
dan tertinggi (Q5) menurut Standar WHO 2005 dan NCHS/WHO
Nilai mean z-score dari masing-masing distribusi di atas adalah sebagai berikut:
Tingkat Pengeluaran
Q1
Q5
WHO 2005
-1,10
-0,82
13
NCHS/WHO
-1,32
-1,05
tinggi
dibanding
Tabel 5
Beda Prevalensi Gizi Kurang berdasarkan Kelompok Umur
menurut WHO 2005 dan NCHS/WHO, tahun 2003
Umur
(Bulan)
0-5
6-11
12-23
24-35
36-47
48-59
Q1-WHO
2005
13.4%
16.1%
23.6%
27.3%
26.6%
26.9%
Q1-NCHS/
WHO
8.9%
20.3%
34.1%
36.7%
32.4%
31.1%
14
Beda
4.5%
-4.2%
-10.5%
-9.4%
-5.8%
-4.2%
Q5-WHO
2005
17.2%
13.6%
15.4%
21.2%
19.4%
18.7%
Q5-NCHS/
WHO
10.3%
17.1%
24.1%
29.0%
23.7%
21.9%
Beda
6.9%
-3.5%
-8.7%
-7.8%
-4.3%
-3.2%
KESIMPULAN
Dari hasil kaji ulang prevalensi status gizi
anak 0-59 bulan menggunakan standar
WHO 2005 dan membandingkan dengan
NCHS/WHO, dapat diambil beberapa
catatan sebagai berikut:
1. Standar WHO/2005 memberikan
gambaran prevalensi status gizi
kurang anak balita lebih rendah
dibanding
dengan
rujukan
sebelumnya,
NCHS/WHO,
kecuali prevalensi gizi buruk.
2. Menggunakan standar WHO
2005,
secara
konsisten
prevalensi pada kelompok di
bawah 6 bulan cenderung lebih
tinggi, bisa sampai dua kali lipat
atau
lebih
dibanding
NCHS/WHO.
3. Data anak Indonesia, dimana
menyusui
eksklusif
relatif
rendah dengan sebagian besar
umumnya penduduk hidup
dengan lingkungan yang kurang
baik, nampak tercermin dari
prevalensi status gizi yang
tinggi, terutama pada kelompok
anak di bawah 6 bulan.
dikaji
ulang
dari
data
antropometri di Susenas ini,
pada
umumnya
konsisten
rendah, akan tetapi besar beda
prevalensi bervariasi tergantung
karakteristik penduduk, jumlah
sampel yang dinilai menurut
kelompok umur.
Grafik 5
Posisi Nilai rata-rata Berat Badan anak Indonesia usia 0-59 bulan terhadap nilai standar
WHO 2005: 3 persentil, 50 persentil, dan 97 persentil
Anak laki-laki: 48395
15
RUJUKAN
1.
16
3.