Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MSC Thesis Tho Eversion
MSC Thesis Tho Eversion
Qu trnh pht trin cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v nh y t, du lch, thng
mi nc ta lm cho mi trng b nhim nghim trng, c bit s hin
din ca kim loi nng trong mi trng t, nc v ang l vn mi
trng c cng ng quan tm. Vng ca sng, ca bin, ven bin thng l ni
tch t cc cht nhim c ngun gc t ni a. Trong mi trng thy sinh, trm
tch c vai tr quan trng trong s hp th cc kim loi nng bi s lng ng ca
cc ht l lng v cc qu trnh c lin quan n b mt cc vt cht v c v hu
c trong trm tch. S tch t kim loi nng s nh hng n i sng ca cc
sinh vt thy sinh, gy nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi thng qua chui
thc n; v d nhiu loi ng vt khng xng sng s dng trm tch nh ngun
thc n, v th c th chng l ni lu gi v tch t kim loi nng. S tch t kim
loi nng trong sinh vt c th e da sc khe ca nhiu loi sinh vt c bit c,
chim v con ngi (Wright & Mason, 1999). Do vy, xc nh hm lng kim loi
nng trong mi trng l rt cn thit do bi tnh c, tnh bn vng v s tch t
sinh hc ca chng (UNEP/FAO/WHO, 1996 trch trong Carles et al., 2000).
Trong nhng nm gn y, kim loi nng c nghin cu nhiu trong trm
tch ca sng, vng ven bin, v rng ngp mn ti mt s quc gia trn th gii
(Bryan et al., 1992; Tam et al., 1995; Zheng & Lin, 1996; Zheng et al., 1997;
Saifullah et al., 2004; Defew et al., 2005; Balachandran et al., 2005; Rashida et al.,
2005; Sabine et al., 2006). Vit Nam nghin cu v kim loi nng tp trung
vng th v vng t phn (Phuong et al., 1998; Hoa et al., 2004), tuy nhin
nghin cu kim loi nng trong t vng ven bin vn cha c quan tm nhiu.
Vng ven bin BSCL c bit bn o C Mau l ni thch hp cho cc cy ngp
mn. Rng ngp mn khng ch c gi tr v kinh t, vn ha, x hi, m cn c
gi tr v sinh thi (Field, 1996 trch trong Tong et al., 2004). Rng ngp mn
cung cp thc n, ni cho nhiu loi ng vt bin nh chim, cn trng, c,v
cng l ni duy tr chui thc n phc tp (Lin, 1988 trch trong Zheng et al.,
1997). Tuy nhin, trm tch rng ngp mn rt giu sulphide v vt cht hu c,
y chnh l ni lng ng v lu gi cc cht nhim c ngun gc t t lin,
nht l kim loi nng (Zheng et al., 1997; Tam & Wong, 2000 trch trong Defew et
al., 2005). Trn c s cc vn va mi cp, ti Hm lng kim loi nng
As, Cd, Hg trong t vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, tnh C Mau c thc
hin vi mc tiu tng qut l xc nh hm lng kim loi nng As, Cd, Hg trong
trm tch, t v nc ti huyn Ngc Hin tnh C Mau. Do vy mc tiu c th
ca ti:
-
Nc
ti
Cht thi
v b
bn
cng
Thuc
bo v
thc vt
K ngh,
khai
khong v
giao thng
Xi mn t
Lng
ng t
kh
quyn
NC MT
NC NGM
Hnh 1: nhim kim loi nng do tc ng ca con ngi i vi
t v nc (Singh & Steinnes, 1994).
nguyn t kim loi nng gy c nh ch, thy ngn, nhm, arsenic, cadmium,
nickel Mt s kim loi nng c tm thy trong c th v thit yu cho sc
khe con ngi, chng hn nh st, km, magnesium, cobalt, manganese,
molybdenum v ng mc d vi lng rt t nhng n hin din trong qu trnh
chuyn ha. Tuy nhin, mc tha ca cc nguyn t thit yu c th nguy hi
n i sng ca sinh vt (Foulkes, 2000). Cc nguyn t kim loi cn li l cc
nguyn t khng thit yu v c th gy c tnh cao khi hin din trong c th,
tuy nhin tnh c ch th hin khi chng i vo chui thc n. Cc nguyn t ny
bao gm thy ngn, nickel, ch, arsenic, cadmium, nhm, platinum v ng dng
ion kim loi. Chng i vo c th qua cc con ng hp th ca c th nh h
hp, tiu ha v qua da. Nu kim loi nng i vo c th v tch ly bn trong t
bo ln hn s phn gii chng th chng s tng dn v s ng c s xut hin
(Foulkes, 2000). Do vy ngi ta b ng c khng nhng vi hm lng cao ca
kim loi nng m c khi vi hm lng thp v thi gian ko di s t n hm
lng gy c. Tnh c hi ca cc kim loi nng c th hin qua:
(1) Mt s kim loi nng c th b chuyn t c thp sang dng c cao
hn trong mt vi iu kin mi trng, v d thy ngn.
(2) S tch t v khuch i sinh hc ca cc kim loi ny qua chui thc
n c th lm tn hi cc hot ng sinh l bnh thng v sau cng gy
nguy him cho sc khe ca con ngi.
(3) Tnh c ca cc nguyn t ny c th mt nng rt thp khong
0.1-10 mg.L-1 (Alkorta et al., 2004).
1.2 NHIM KIM LOI NNG TRN TH GII V VIT NAM
1.2.1 Ti vng ca sng, vng ven bin v bin
nhim kim loi mi trng bin gia tng trong nhng nm gn y do dn
s ton cu gia tng v s pht trin cng nghip (Arellano et al., 1999 trch trong
Susana et al., 2005). nhim kim loi nng nhiu vng ca sng, vng ven bin
trn th gii c bit t lu bi tnh c hi e da n s sng ca sinh vt
thy sinh, gy nguy c cho sc khe ca con ngi.
nhim Pb v Zn l mt trong nhng iu ng quan tm do nh hng c hi
ca chng ln h sinh thi ti cc ca sng c, vi hm lng rt cao 1000g.g-1
Pb, 2000 g.g-1 Zn c th tm thy trong cc trm tch b nhim (Irvine & Birch,
1998 trch trong McFarlane & Burchett, 2002). Bryan et al. (1985) trch trong
Bryan & Langston (1992) xc nh hm lng ch v c trong trm tch ca
sng Anh bin ng t 25 g.g-1 trong khu vc khng b nhim n hn 2700
g.g-1 trong ca sng Gannel ni nhn cht thi t vic khai thc m ch. Hm
lng ca cc hp cht ch ny c l c ngun gc do s dng xng du pha ch.
Khi sinh vt sng trong mi trng b nhim, kh nng tch t cc cht nhim
trong c th chng l rt cao nht l nhim kim loi, gy nguy c cho sc khe
ca ngi tiu th chng thng qua chui thc n. Ohi et al. (1974) trch trong
WHO (1985) xc nh mc ch trong mu, trong xng i v trong thn
ca chim b cu c thu thp t nhng vng nng thn v nhng vng th
Nht. Kt qu cho thy rng mc ch cao nht trong xng i ca chim b cu
vi gi tr trung bnh bin ng t 16,5 n 31,6 mg.kg-1 vng th. Trong khi
gi tr trung bnh 2,0 v 3,2 mg.kg-1 vng nng thn. Trong mu mc ch
cng c xu hng tng t t 0,15 0,33 mg.L-1 vng th, v t 0,054
0,029 mg.L-1.
Nhng nm gn y, nh hng nghim trng ca As i vi sc khe con ngi
cng c bo co n , Trung Quc, Bangladesh. c tnh c n hng
triu ngi c nguy c b ng c do ng c As. Vit Nam c khong 10 triu
ngi ng bng sng Hng, 500 ngn n 1 triu ngi BSCL b ng c
mn tnh do ung nc ging khoang c cha arsen (Berg et al., 2007). Tng t,
s tch t Cd trong gan v thn ca ng vt chn th n c c v New Zealand
gy nh hng n tiu th sn phm tht trong nc v xut khu ra nc ngoi
(Robert et al., 1994, McLaughlin et al., 2000).
1.4 C TNH V TC HI CA MT S KIM LOI NNG
1.4.1 Asen (As)
Asen phn b nhiu ni trong mi trng, chng c xp th 20 trong nhng
nguyn t hin din nhiu trong lp v ca tri t, hin din t hn Cu, Sn nhng
nhiu hn Hg, Cd, Au, Ag, Sb, Se (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003). Ngun asen khng
l phng thch vo kh quyn bi qu trnh t nhin l s hot ng ca ni la.
Khi ni la hot ng, mt lng ln arsenic khong 17150 tn phng thch vo
kh quyn (Matschullat, 2000). Trong mi trng t nhin, asen ch yu lin kt
vi cc khong m sunfide. Hm lng arsenic t nhin trong t ni chung bin
ng t 0,1 - 40 mg.kg-1 (Tamaki & Frankenberger, 1992). Theo Murray (1994)
hm lng asen trong t trung bnh 2,2-25 ppm.
Ngun gy nhim do hot ng ca con ngi
- Khai thc qung m (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), luyn kim a vo mi trng mt
lng ln arsenic. Khong 62000 tn arsenic phng thch vo mi trng
hng nm t cc hot ng ny (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003).
- t cc nhin liu ha thch t cc h gia nh, t cc nh my in.
- S dng thuc dit nm, thuc tr c, thuc dit cn trng v cng nghip
- T khi a vo s dng DDT nm 1947 v cc loi thuc tr su hu c
khc c cha cc hp cht arsenic hu c (Bissen & Frimmel, 2003).
Tc hi ca asen i vi sc khe con ngi:
Khai thc qung m, luyn kim, mi nm trn th gii c khong 1-3 triu
tn km t cc hot ng ny i vo mi trng t.
- S dng phn bn ho hc cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gia
tng hm lng km trong mi trng (Alloway, 1990 trch trong GreenRuiz v Pez-Osuna, 2003). Lng km i vo mi trng t hng nm t
vic s dng phn bn trn th gii khong 2601100 tn.
- Ngoi ra ngun ng k km i vo mi trng t hng nm trn th gii
khong 6401914 103 tn t nhng cht thi c cha km nh cht thi
ng vt, cht thi nng nghip, phn bn, bn thi cng rnh, bi than,
nng dc (Nriagu & Pacyna, 1988 trch trong WHO, 2001).
Tc hi ca Zn i vi sc khe con ngi:
Hp th nhiu km c th gy nn, tn hi thn, lch lm gim kh nng hp thu
ng v gy bnh thiu mu lin quan n s thiu ht ng. Hp th km trong
khu phn n hng ngy > 1000 mg gy nn, st, tn hi thn v lch, t 200-500
mg/ngy gy xo trn d dy, bun nn, hoa mt. Hp th km > 100 mg/ngy gy
gim s hp th ng (Ivor E Dreosti, 1996).
1.4.5 ng (Cu)
ng c tm thy t nhin trong cc khong nh cuprite (Cu2O), malachite
(Cu2CO3.Cu(OH)2), azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite
(Cu2S), v bornite (Cu5FeS4) v trong nhiu hp cht hu c. Ion ng (II) gng
kt qua xy i vi cc tc nhn v c nh H2O, OH-, CO32-, SO42-,...i vi cc
tc nhn hu c qua cc nhm nh phenolic v carboxylic (Cotton & Wilkinson,
1989 trch trong WHO, 1998). V vy hu ht ng trong t nhin phc hp vi
cc hp cht hu c (Allen & Hansen, 1996 trch trong WHO, 1998).
- Trong nham thch ng bin ng t 4-200 mg.kg-1, trong trm tch
2-90 mg.kg-1 (Cannon et al.,1978 trch trong WHO, 1998).
- S khuch tn ng t cc ngun t nhin trung bnh trn khp th gii
hng nm t bi c mang t gi 0,9-15 103 tn, chy rng 0,1-7,5 103
tn, hot ng ni la 0,9-18 103 tn (Nriagu, 1989 trch trong WHO,
1998).
- ng hin din t nhin trong lp v tri t vi hm lng trung bnh
khong 60 mg.kg-1 (Lide & Frederikse, 1993 trch trong WHO, 1998), tuy
nhin theo (Murray, 1994) trong t bin ng t 6-80 ppm.
Tc hi ca ng i vi sc kho ca con ngi:
ng c xem l mt trong nhng nguyn t cn thit i vi s pht trin ca
con ngi, tuy nhin s tch t ng vi hm lng cao c th gy c cho c th.
Cumings (1948) trch trong WHO (1998) pht hin ng thc s l tc nhn c
10
vi 3 mt tip gip vi bin: pha ng gip vi bin ng, pha Ty v pha Nam
gip vi vnh Thi Lan. Tnh C Mau c cc huyn nm gip vi bin: huyn Nm
Cn, m Di, v huyn Ngc Hin, trong huyn Ngc Hin l mt bn
o, pha Bc tip gip vi huyn Nm Cn, cn li c 3 mt tip gip bin vi
chiu di b bin 98 km (Hnh 2).
rng (sng Ca Ln c chiu rng t 400 1000 m). Cao trnh trung bnh t 0,50,7 m, thng xuyn ngp triu bin, ring vng ven bin ng c a hnh cao
hn t 1,2-1,5m. t ai ca huyn Ngc Hin c th chia lm 4 nhm t chnh:
t phn tim tng mn, t mn, t bi bi v nhm t ct
(http://www.camau.gov.vn/index.php?o=modules&n=info&f=intro_detail&id=156
7&idmenu=118, c ngy 26/06/2006)
b. iu kin kh hu
Kh hu thi tit ca huyn mang c trng kh hu gi ma cn xch o, khu vc
huyn Ngc Hin l ni c lng ma cao nht trong tnh C Mau cng nh trong
khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long, vi lng ma trung bnh nhiu nm l 2.300
mm, lng ma gim dn v pha ng Bc ca huyn, ti khu vc tip gip vi
huyn Nm Cn c lng ma trung bnh 2.200 mm.
c. Ch thu vn
H thng sng rch trong tnh rt dy c v c ch dng chy phc tp chu
nh hng ca c ch thu triu bin ng (theo ch bn nht triu khng u)
v theo ch nht triu ca bin Ty. Bin triu ln, mc triu ln cao nht
vo thng 12, mc triu xung thp nht vo thng 6. Ch thu vn huyn Ngc
Hin chu nh hng ca ch bn nht triu bin ng, v ch nht triu
Vnh Thi Lan (ng Trung Tn, 2003).
1.5.3 Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca tnh C Mau
a. Tim nng kinh t-x hi ca tnh C Mau
c trng kinh t x hi C Mau l vic khai thc tim nng kinh t t ngp
nc, nng, lm, ng, nghip v ch bin cc sn phm t ngp nc. Thc t
din tch nui thy sn ngy cng c m rng, cng a dng v thc s tr
thnh ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca tnh. Vic quy hoch chuyn i mt s din
tch trng la nhim phn mn khng c hiu qu sang nui tm kt hp trng la,
v th dch v cung ng tm ging; cng nghip ch bin thu sn cng c
tc tng nhanh
(http://www.most.gov.vn/a_gioithieu/c_so_khcn/mldocument.2006-0705.2716090641/view, c ngy 26/08/2006).
b. S lc v huyn Ngc Hin
- Kinh t x hi
Hin nay, trn a bn huyn Ngc Hin c 22.413 h, trong sng bng ngh
sn xut nng-lm-ng khong 15.235 h. Theo Trn Ph Cng (1999) mi h
rng ngp mn c giao t khon rng bnh qun l 4,69 ha. Vic giao t rng
cho dn sn xut ci thin ng k cuc sng ca nhn dn trong vng, nhng
iu ny cng gy khng t nhng tc hi i vi mi trng.
12
13
Knh Tc Vn
Sng Gnh Ho
Ca Gnh Ho
Ca By Hp
Bi bi
Rng mm
Rng c
14
15
Chai ng
Th tch
iu kin
bo qun
Thi gian
bo qun
PE
2 lt
40 C
4h
Cd
PE
1lt
1,5 ml HNO3
24h
Pb
PE
1lt
1,5 ml HNO3
24h
Cu
PE
1lt
1,5 ml HNO3
24h
As
PE
1lt
1,5 mlHNO3
24h
Zn
PE
1lt
1,5 mlHNO3
24h
16
Chun dung dch vi FeSO4 1N cho n khi dung dch chuyn sang xanh
(da tri). Thm tip khong 0.5 ml FeSO4 n khi dung dch chuyn sang
mu xanh l cy. Thm 0.5 ml K2Cr2O7 vo dung dch, tip tc chun
vi FeSO4 cho n khi mu xanh bin mt.
- i vi mu blank, tt c cc bc u lm ging nh trn nhng ch khc
l khng c t.
c. Thnh phn c gii
Xc nh theo phng php ng ht Rhobinson, sa cu c xc nh theo phn
loi ca USDA (1998), phng php ny c tin hnh trn c s nh lut
Stock, mi cp ht s ri trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau tu thuc vo c
ht v cc mi quan h theo phng trnh. V vy thi gian ht mu xc nh
cc cp ht l rt quan trng.
d. Kim loi nng As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu trong t v trm tch
Nguyn l mu c chit sut vi hn hp axt mnh HCl v HNO3 16 gi
ti nhit phng, tip theo un si ngng t trong 2 gi. Phn chit sut
c cht i v phn cn li c lm y vi HNO3 .
Quy trnh phn tch mu t
- Cn khong 3 g mu cho vo bnh phn ng 250 ml. Lm m vi mt t
nc v thm vo 21 ml HCl, HNO3. Thm 15 ml HNO3 vo bnh ht, kt
hp bnh ht v bnh ngng t 16 gi ti nhit phng.
- un nng hn hp phn ng di iu kin chy ngc trong 2 gi m
bo phn ngng t thp hn 1/3 chiu cao ca bnh ngng t, sau lm
lnh. phn cha bn trong bnh ht v bnh ngng t sang bnh phn
ng. Trng bnh ht v bnh ngng t vi hn 10 ml HNO3 0.5 M.
- Ly nhng phn bn trong ca bnh phn ng sang bnh nh mc 100 ml
bng dung dch HNO3 0.5 M ln th tch n vch, lc b cn lng. Mu
sau khi lc c xc nh bng my hp th nguyn t u t graphic.
e. Qui trnh phn tch mu nc
Ly 200 ml mu nc cho bnh tam gic 500 ml v thm vo 5 ml HNO3, sau
un cho ti khi th tch trong bnh cn khong 15-20 ml, tip tc cho thm 10 ml
HNO3 v HClO4 v tip tc un cho ti khi bc hi khi ca cht HClO4 mt i,
dng li ngui ln th tch 50 ml bng nc ct, lc ly phn nc trong, sau
mu c xc nh bng my hp th nguyn t u t graphic (APHA, 1998).
2.2.5 Phng php x l s liu
- S dng phn mm excel v th.
- S dng phn mm SPSS x l s liu. S dng kim nh Duncan
mc ngha 5% nh gi s khc bit v hm lng kim loi nng trong
vng nghin cu theo cc im thu mu trong cng mt ma. Dng T tets
17
18
19
TV
SGH
CGH
CBH
BB
RM
Ma ma
6,3b
6,5b
6,7b
7,7a
6,7b
7,6a
6,5b
5,3c
Ma nng
6,7b
7,0b
6,9b
7,7a
6,8b
7,7a
7,6a
6,8b
Nhng s trong cng mt hng c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%
qua php th Duncan.
Ghi ch:
KPH: knh Phng Hip
CBH: ca By Hp
TV: sng Tc Vn
BB: Bi bi khng c rng
SGH: sng Gnh Ho
RM: Rng mm
CGH: ca Gnh Ho
R: Rng c
20
3.1.2 pH nc
Trong mi trng nc pH l yu t nh hng n tnh tan, pha long v hot
tnh ca cht gy c (L Huy B, 2000). Trung bnh pH nc ti cc im kho
st nm trong khong trung tnh t 7,1 - 7,2. Hu ht gi tr pH cc sng rch v
khu vc RNM nm trong khong thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi thy sinh
vt. Kt qu v pH nc ca ti ph hp vi cc nghin cu v cht lng nc
hu ht cc thy vc ven bin, c gi tr pH t trung tnh n kim (Nga, 1998;
Zitzen, 1999, Frozen & Rosenbom 1998).
Trung bnh pH t c khuynh hng thp hn so vi pH nc trong vng rng
c (Hnh 4). iu ny c th l do s phn hy cht hu c t vt rng ca rng
tch t li trong t rng, v khi cht hu c c phn hy gy cho t c tnh
chua hn (Phan Nguyn Hng, 1999; Bi Th Nga, 2004). Chng ti tm thy pH
t v nc ti cc v tr trn sng rch c mi tng quan thun (r = 0,621**).
Trong khu vc t rng ven bin tng quan thun gia pH t v pH nc thp
hn so vi trong sng rch ni vi r = 0,543*. iu ny c th thy trong khu
vc rng ngp ven bin pH t v nc b nh hng ng k bi vt ri rng
trong rng.
Vn
Ho
Ho
Hp
Bi
mm
Ma ma
5,1cd
3,9d
4,5d
6,6bc
7,8ab
7,9ab
8,9a
8,4ab
Ma nng
10,7ab
11,3a
9,1c
4,3c
9,5bc
6,6d
8,8c
8,9c
Nhng s trong cng mt hng c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%
qua php th Duncan.
22
EC trong nc tng dn t sng rch n vng ca sng ven bin. c bit cao
vng bi bi v t rng. Kt qu EC trong nc ph hp vi s phn b mn
trong vng nghin cu, mn tng dn t sng rch ra n ca sng ven bin.
iu ny cho thy vng ven bin vi ch triu ng vai tr quan trng, khng
ch nh hng n tnh cht dng chy ca sng rch v s vn chuyn ph sa, m
cn nh hng n mn ca mi trng nc trong vng. Tuy nhin, i vi
khu vc bi bi v khu vc rng do thng xuyn tip xc v trao i vi nc
bin nn chnh lch mn vng ny khng ln nh cc vng nm su trong sng
rch (Hnh 6).
23
im
KPH
TV
SGH
CGH
CBH
BB
RM
Ma ma
3,9bc
2,9cd
3,2bcd
2,4d
4,5b
3,4bcd
4,1bc
6,2a
Ma nng
3,9bc
4,2ab
2,9d
1,6e
5,0a
3,2cd
3,4bcd
4,0abc
Nhng s trong cng mt hng c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%
qua php th Duncan.
K hiu mu
Sng Gnh Ho
Ca Gnh Ho
Ca By Hp
Bi Bi
Rng c
Rng Mm
%Ct
0.05-2mm
2
0
1
1
1
2
%Tht
0.002-0.05mm
66
50
69
53
51
58
%St
<0.00mm
32
50
30
47
48
40
Phn loi
(USDA, 1998)
tht TB pha st
st pha tht
tht TB pha st
st pha tht
st pha tht
st pha tht
24
sinh vt sng (Clark et al., 1997). Do vy chng ti tin hnh thu v phn tch thy
ngn trong mu t, trm tch v mu nc, kt qu cho thy s hin din ca thy
ngn trong vng nghin cu hu nh khng c ( mc pht hin vt), nn phn
kt qu tho lun khng cp chi tit v thy ngn.
3.6 HM LNG ARSENIC (AS) TI VNG NGHIN CU
3.6.1 Hm lng arsenic (As) trong trm tch v t rng
Kt qu kho st cho thy hm lng As trong trm tch c khuynh hng tng
dn t sng rch n ca sng v ca bin, trung bnh dao ng t 3,23 -14,97
mg.kg-1. Hm lng cao nht c tm thy ti bi bi v ca sng Gnh Ho khc
bit c ngha thng k so vi cc sng rch kho st (Bng 7). Theo L Huy B
(2000), trm tch ch yu l bn lng cha nhiu kim loi nng, v c hin tng
keo t t nhin vng ca sng nn hm lng kim loi nng ti cc vng ny
kh cao. Hn na trm tch ti cc sng rch thnh ph cng l ni nhim kim
loi nng do cht thi th mang li. Kt qu nghin cu ca chng ti ph hp
vi nghin cu ca Spencer et al., (2003), ng cho ra rng vng bi bi ven bin
v vng ca sng thng l ni tch t v lu gi cc cht nhim nht l KLN.
Hm lng As trong t rng mm v rng c vo ma ma khng khc bit so
vi trong trm tch thuc sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau nhng li khc bit
vi hm lng As ti ca sng By Hp v bi bi (Bng 7). Theo Bryan &
Langston (1992) As thng i vo vng ca sng cc dng v c bi s phn
hy ca v qung m c cha As trong qu trnh phong ho. Trong qu trnh
trn ln gia nc mn v nc ngt, lng ln As v c ho tan ny hp th ln
s kt ta ca cc xi hi tr xt st dn n s gia tng As trong trm tch ti vng
ca sng. C khong 80 -100% As v c ho tan i vo ca sng Restronguet
Creek nc Anh tng ng 9,3 tn hng nm gi li trong trm tch bi qu
trnh ny.
Bng 7: Hm lng trung bnh As (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti sng
rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau
im thu
Knh Phng Hip
Knh Tc Vn
Sng Gnh Ho
Ca Gnh Ho
Ca By Hp
Bi bi
Rng mm
Rng c
.
ma nng
b
ma ma
4,10 d
8,33 c
10,77 bc
14,97 a
10,88 bc
12,50 ab
11,93 b
9,63 bc
4,47
3,23 b
4,90 b
6,07 b
10,87 a
13,53 a
5,60 b
5,40 b
Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c
ngha thng k 5% qua php th Duncan
25
Hnh 8: Hm lng trung bnh As (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti sng
rch thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau
(Ghi ch: Cc ct trong cng mt im thu mu c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c
ngha thng k 5%)
26
27
Theo nghin cu ca WHO (2001), nng As c trng cho vng bin thng l
1 2 g.L-1, ngoi ra As cn phn b rng nh nc mt v nng As cc
sng v h thng thp hn 10 g.L-1. Nhn chung qua kt qu nghin cu ca
ti cho thy nng As ti cc vng kho st nh knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn,
sng Gnh Ho vn cn thp hn so vi hm lng As nghin cu ti cc sng
h. Ring khu vc rng mm v rng c As dao ng 2,07 - 10,3 g.L-1 v
ca sng Gnh Ho v By Hp th hm lng As tng i kh cao vo ma ma
17,7 - 23,3 g.L-1 vt ngng hm lng As c trong nc bin v sng h. iu
ny cho thy mi trng nc ti vng ca sng v khu vc rng c nguy c
nhim As. Cn c vo tiu chun ca Tng Cc o lng cht lng Vit Nam
nm tp 1 (2004) th nng As trong nc ca Gnh Ho, By Hp v rng
c vo ma ma vt gii hn cho php s dng nc cho nui trng thy sn
(10g.L-1).
Nhn chung hm lng As trong trm tch, trong t v trong nc t gi tr cao
v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi trong sng, rch. Vi hm lng As trong
trm tch cao ti ca sng cho thy t c bi p bi s lng ng t cc dng
vt cht l lng c kh nng b nhim As. Hm lng As ti ca Gnh Ho v
Bi bi cao vt qu tiu chun cho t s dng mc ch nng nghip, lm
nghip v vui chi gii tr l 12 mg.kg-1 (Tng cc o lng cht lng, 2004).
Nng As trong nc ti vng ca sng vt qu tiu chun qui nh ca nc
s dng cho nui thu sn. Ngoi ra nng As trong trm tch ti ca sng c
mi tng quan thun vi nng As trong nc v gia tng ng k t cc sng
rch trong ni n ca sng ven bin. Hm lng As trong trm tch c khc bit
gia ma ma v ma nng.
3.7 HM LNG KM (Zn) TI VNG NGHIN CU
3.7.1 Hm lng km (Zn) trong trm tch v t rng
Hm lng Zn trung bnh bin ng t 66,13 - 241,13 mg.kg-1, v hin din vi
hm lng cao trong trm tch cc sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau,
nhng li thp hn ti cc vng ca sng, bi bi v vng ven bin c rng mm,
rng c (Bng 8).
Vo ma ma, hm lng km trong trm tch khng c s khc bit knh
Phng Hip, knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca By Hp, nhng li khc bit c
ngha so vi cc im ti vng bi bi, ven bin, v ti cc im ny hm lng
Zn tng i thp hn so vi cc vng khc dao ng trong khong 66,13 73,07
mg.kg-1. Hm lng Zn vo ma nng (116,13 241,13 mg.kg-1) c s dao ng
ln so vi ma ma (66,13 102,4 mg.kg-1). c bit trm tch ti knh Phng
Hip, Tc Vn c hm lng Zn t gi tr cao nht 228,13, 241,13mg.kg-1 tng
ng v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi cc im cn li. Vng ca sng v
ven bin th hm lng Zn tng i thp hn so vi trong sng rch, nhng
28
im thu
Knh Phng Hip
Knh Tc Vn
Sng Gnh Ho
Ca Gnh Ho
Ca By Hp
Bi bi
Rng mm
Rng c
Ma nng
a
228,13
241,13 a
191,97 b
141,47 cd
178,3 bc
116,13 d
146,93 cd
170,13 bc
Ma ma
93,47 ab
88,93 abc
102,4 a
66,27 c
82,03 abc
66,13 c
69,97 bc
73,07 bc
Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha
thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.
Kt qu hnh 10 cho thy hm lng Zn khc bit c ngha thng k theo ma,
vo ma nng th hm lng Zn cao hn so vi ma ma ti tt c cc im thu
mu, iu ny cho thy rng cht thi th t ni thnh ph C Mau c th l
nguyn nhn gy gia tng hm lng km. Mc khc theo Morillo et al. (2004)
trong s cc kim loi (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn) Zn l nguyn t c tnh d
di ng nht v d dng phng thch t trm tch sang mi trng nc khi iu
kin mi trng thay i. C Mau l mt trong cc tnh ven bin chu s xm nhp
mn vo ma nng v thng vo ma ma th mn c xu hng gim
29
(Nguyen, 1998 trch trong Cenci v Martin, 2004). Hm lng km trong trm tch
ti tt c cc im thu mu trong ma ma thp hn ma nng nhng nng km
trong nc ti cc im tng ng tng cao. iu ny cho thy rng c th Zn
trong trm tch phng thch vo nc, l nguyn nhn lm gim hm lng Zn
trong trm tch ma ma so vi ma nng khi mn thay i. Hm lng Zn
trung bnh 157,67 mg.kg-1 ti cc sng rch thng cao hn c ngha so vi cc
vng ca sng 117,017 mg.kg-1, bi bi 91,13 mg.kg-1 v vng ven bin c rng
mm v c 115,1 mg.kg-1.
Kt qu t bng 9 cho thy hm lng km trong trm tch sng rch mc d cao
so vi ca sng v vng ven bin nhng vn cn thp hn trong trm tch cc sng
rch ti thnh ph HCM t gi tr khong 442,3 mg.kg-1 (Phuong et al., 1998),
ring ti cc vng ca sng huyn Ngc Hin v vng ven bin c rng th hm
lng Zn tng i cao nhng vn nm trong khong pht hin ca kt qu nghin
cu ti cc ca sng v vng ven bin rng ngp mn ca mt s quc gia trn th
gii.
Theo Giesy & Hoke (1990) trch trong Cenci & Martin (2004) hm lng Zn trong
trm tch t nhin ti cc sng trung bnh < 90 mg.kg-1 th cha c du hiu
nhim, nhng t 90-200 mg.kg-1 th mc nhim nh, vi kt qu nghin cu
ca ti cho thy hm lng Zn trong trm tch v trong t ti cc im kho st
30
Ngun
Nghin cu hin ti
Nghin cu hin ti
Nghin cu hin ti
Nghin cu hin ti
Dang et al., 2005
46,6
114
17-147
15-118
442,3
Khng b nhim
< 90
nhim nh
90-200
31
Theo White & Driscoll (1987) trch trong WHO (2001) trong nc vt cht hu c
c vai tr quan trng trong vic lin kt vi km, c bit pH cao (>6,5), iu
ny cho thy ti cc sng rch ni c cha nhiu vt cht l lng, nc thi th
v nc thi cng nghip l cc yu t ng gp quan trng vo s nhim km
trong nc mt (USEPA, 1980 trch trong WHO, 2001). Ring ti cc vng bi
bi, ven bin th hm lng Zn c trong nc thp hn rt nhiu dao ng trong
khong 0,03 - 0,09 mg.L-1. Tng cc o lng Vit Nam (2004) qui nh nng
Zn trong nc bin ven b s dng cho nui thy sn khong 0,01 mg.L-1. Theo
tiu chun ny th nng km trong nghin cu ca ti vt hn tiu chun
cho php. Vi kt qu trn cho thy s hin din ca Zn ti vng nc l v mn
cao, nhng so vi kt qu ca ti ti vng nghin cu th hm lng Zn ti im
knh Phng Hip v sng Gnh Ho vo ma ma cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc
im vng ca sng v ven bin c rng, iu ny cho thy ti cc im sng rch
trong ni thnh ph chu nh hng t cc hot ng ca th, nui trng thy
sn v phng tin giao thng thy .
Nhn chung, nghin cu ca chng ti ch ra rng s hin din ca Zn trong trm
tch v trong t mc nhim nh. Nhng i vi nng km hin din
trong nc kh cao vt tiu chun cho php s dng nc bin cho nui thy sn
ln. y tht s l mi lo ngi v s tch t kim loi nng trong mt s loi thy
sinh vt thy sinh vt c bit l s, nghu, tm.
3.8 HM LNG NG (Cu) TI VNG NGHIN CU
3.8.1 Hm lng ng (Cu) trong trm tch v t rng
Tng t nh Zn ng hin din vi hm lng kh cao trong cc sng rch thuc
ni thnh ph C Mau v gim dn khi ra n ca sng, vng ven bin c rng
ngp mn. Hm lng trung bnh bin ng t 13,63 - 39,97 mg.kg-1 (Bng 10).
Vo ma nng hm lng Cu trong trm tch sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau
cao hn c ngha thng k so vi vng ca sng, v vng ven bin c rng. Vo
ma ma hm lng Cu bin ng t 15,5 - 39,97 mg.kg-1. Hm lng Cu trong
trm tch cao nht ti knh Phng Hip v khc bit c ngha so vi cc im
cn li. Hm lng Cu gim khng ng k dao ng t 25,43 28,3 mg.kg-1 ti
knh Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho.
Theo ghi nhn thc t ca chng ti knh Phng Hip l ni tp trung dn c ng
nht c rt nhiu tu ghe tp trung ti y, hu ht cc cht thi ca tu ghe v cc
h ct nh trn sng rch u thi trc tip xung sng rch. Trn cc on sng
32
im thu
Knh Phng Hip
Knh Tc Vn
Sng Gnh Ho
Ca Gnh Ho
Ca By Hp
Bi Bi
Rng mm
Rng c
Ma nng
a
28,63
29,23 a
23,87 b
14,43 d
17,5 c
13,63 d
17,4 c
19,83 c
Ma ma
39,97 a
25,43 bc
28,3 b
16,8 d
18,07 cd
15,5 d
19,13 cd
18,8 cd
Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha
thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.
34
ngp mn ca nghin cu hin ti thp hn kh nhiu hm lng Cu (56,3 mg.kg1) trong trm tch rng ngp mn vnh Punta Mala chu nh hng t cc hot
ng ca con ngi nh cng nghip v rc thi c xc nh bi Defew et al.
(2005) v nm trong khong 1-32 mg.kg-1 trm tch rng ngp mn kh sch
khng b nhim kim loi ny (Tam & Wong, 1995; Zheng et al., 1997; Dang et
al., 2005). Hm lng Cu (21,658 mg.kg-1) ti vng ven bin ca nghin cu hin
ti ging vi kt qu t c ti vng ven bin Kemaman khng b nhim kim
loi ny (Ahmad, 1996 trch trong Sahzili et el., 2006). Kt qu hin ti thp hn
hm lng Cu (47 mg.kg-1 trong thng 3; 53 mg.kg-1 trong thng 11 nm 1997
vng ven bin C Mau) c xc nh bi Cenci v Martin (2004). Hm lng
trung bnh kim loi ny cng thp hn trong vng ven bin Java Indonesia ni chu
nh hng t cc hot ng nng nghip, thy sn v cht thi th (Noverita et
al., 2004).
Tm li trm tch thuc sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau c xem nh nhim
Cu mc nh. Hm lng kim loi ny ti vng ca sng hay bi bi v rng
ngp mn nm trong khong bin ng kh thp cng gn ging nh khong bin
ng nhng vng ven bin, ca sng khc.
Bng 11: Hm lng trung bnh Cu (mg.kg-1) ti vng nghin cu v trong trm
tch mt s sng, RNM v vng ven bin trn th gii
a im
Cu (mg.kg-1)
Ngun
Sng rch thnh ph C Mau
Ca sng vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin
Bi bi ven bin huyn Ngc Hin
Rng ngp mn ven bin huyn Ngc Hin
Vng ven bin mi C Mau thng 3 nm 1997
29,27
16,7
14,57
18,79
47
Nghin cu hin ti
Nghin cu hin ti
Nghin cu hin ti
Nghin cu hin ti
Cenci & Martin, 2004
53
18,9
29,7
12,4 (1-31)
<13
9-14
Ca sng Singapore
10-80
33-72
35
99,2
Qua phn tch tng quan (h s tng quan Pearson) cho thy Cu tng quan
thun vi Cd, Zn, Pb (vi h s r tng ng 0,57**; 0,244*; 0,51**) nhng tng
quan nghch vi As (r = -0,539**). Nh vy Cu c th n t mt ngun pht sinh
vi cc kim loi Cd, Zn, Pb nhng khc ngun vi As.
3.8.2 Nng ng (Cu) trong nc
Kt qu hnh 13 cho thy nng Cu dao ng t 5,5 36,5 g.L-1. Nng ng
trong nc ti knh Tc Vn cao hn c ngha so vi ti ca sng, khu bi bi
v vng t c rng. Ring ti cc im vng bi bi v ven bin th hm lng
Cu thp hn, iu ny cho thy ti im sng rch l ni tip nhn ngun nc
thi t sinh hot, nng nghip v cng nghip, cc hot ng giao thng ng
thy. Kt qu nghin cu nng Cu ti cc bn du thuyn bn cng v cc h
thng sng chnh c mt lu thng tu thuyn cao vnh Chesapeake, M th
nng Cu hin din trung bnh dao ng trong khong < 10-80 g.L-1 ti cc bn
du thuyn, 10-14 g.L-1 ti bn cng v 10-20 g.L-1 h thng sng chnh v knh.
iu ny c th minh chng rng nng Cu ti cc im nghin cu c s nh
hng t cc hot ng i li tu thuyn.
im thu
Ma nng
Ma ma
0,057 a
0,037 ab
0,06 a
0,027 b
0,027 b
0,023 b
0,037 ab
0,037 ab
0,093 a
0,03 b
0,047 b
0,027 b
0,027 b
0,037 b
0,053 b
0,037 b
Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha
thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.
Qua hnh 14 cho thy hm lng trung bnh Cd trong vng nghin cu khng khc
bit c ngha gia ma ma v ma nng. Nhng chng ti tm thy s khc bit
ng k gia sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau v vng ca sng ven bin.
Hm lng trung bnh Cd trong trm tch ti ca sng TP. C Mau v trong t
37
Hnh 14: Hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t
vo ma ma v ma nng ti sng rch thnh ph C Mau
v vng ven bin huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau
Bng 13: Hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch mt s sng v vng
ven bin trn th gii
a im
Sng rch ni TP.C Mau
Ca sng Gnh Ho
Bi bi huyn Ngc Hin
Rng ngp mn huyn Ngc Hin
RNM vnh Yingluo, Trung Quc
RNM Jiulong, Trung Quc
RNM vnh Shenzhen, Trung Quc
RNM Kuala Kemaman, Trung
Quc
RNM Khatibp Bongsu, Singapore
Cd
(mg.kg-1)
0,054
0,027
0,03
0,041
0,077
0,094
0,136
0,091,15
0,18-0,27
38
Ngun
Nghin cu hin ti.
Nghin cu hin ti.
Nghin cu hin ti.
Nghin cu hin ti.
Zheng et al., 1996 trch trong
Zheng et al., 1997
Zheng & Lin, 1996 trch trong
Zheng et al., 1997
Federico et al., 2002
Kamaruzzaman et al., 2001 trch
trong Shazili et al., 2006
Dang et al., 2005
im thu
Knh Phng Hip
Knh Tc Vn
Sng Gnh Ho
Ca Gnh Ho
Ca By Hp
Bi Bi
Rng mm
Rng c
Ma nng
10,08 a
9,23 b
10.87a
6,17 c
7,1 c
5,9 c
9,03 b
7,1 c
Ma ma
11,3 a
11,2 a
3,57 b
2,9 b
2,07 b
2,53 b
3,13 b
2,27 b
Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha
thng k 5% qua php th Duncan.
Nhn chung, hm lng ch qua hai ma u hin din cao cc vng sng rch
trong ni thnh ph cao hn so vi ca sng, vng ven bin c rng. Hm lng
ch kh cao trong knh Tc Vn v Phng Hip c th nh hng t cc hot ng
giao thng thy, do knh Phng Hip, knh Tc Vn nm gn bn tu khch v
gn ng b giao thng. Hn na mt dn sinh sng dc 2 knh rch ny rt
dy c, do vy nhng cht thi c cha ch nh pin, nc t bnh cquy c thi
trc tip xung knh gp phn lm gia tng hm lng ch ti cc sng rch
c cp. Hm lng ch tm thy trong ma nng cao gp 2 ln c ngha
trong ma ma (Hnh 16).
Qua thc t kho st cho thy trong ni thnh ph C Mau ngoi phng tin
40
Hnh 16: So snh hm lng trung bnh Pb (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch
v trong t vo ma ma v ma nng
Ghi ch: Cc ct trong cng mt im thu mu c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c
ngha thng k 5%
Bng 15 cho thy rng qua tt c cc im thu mu Pb hin din cao nht trong
sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau (9,505 mg.kg-1) tuy nhin hm lng ny vn
thp hn rt nhiu so vi hm lng ch ni khc nh trong sng rch ni
thnh ph H Ch Minh, trong trm tch sng Danube, Serbia ni chu nh hng
t cc hot ng nng nghip, cng nghip, thng mi v giao thng (Phuong et
al., 1998; Biljana & Svetlana, 2004). Hm lng ch ti cc ca sng v rng ngp
mn hin din hm lng kh thp so vi cc vng tng ng mt s quc gia
nh Trung Quc, Singapore, Ty Ban Nha, Panama (Carman et al., 2006; Sin et
al., 1991 trch trong Noverita et al., 2004; Tarid et al., 1993 trch trong Noverita et
al., 2004; Dang et al., 2005; Zheng et al., 1997; Zheng et al., 1996 trch trong
Zheng et al., 1997; Defew et al., 2005).
41
Tm li, hm lng ch trung bnh trong vng ven bin ca nghin cu hin ti
nm trong khong pht hin ti vng ven bin ca Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan,
Kenya c xem khng b nhim ch. Hm lng ch Pb trong vng nghin cu
ca ti c tng quan thun vi Cd (r = 0,423* *), Zn (r = 0,586* * ) v Cu (r
=0,51* *). iu ny cho thy rng cc kim loi ny c th n t mt ngun pht
sinh (Soto-Jimnez & Pez-Osuna, 2001; Tam & Wong, 1995; Noverita et al.,
2004).
Bng 15: Hm lng trung bnh Pb (mg.kg-1) trong vng nghin cu v trong trm
tch mt s sng, RNM v vng ven bin trn th gii
a im
Pb (mg.kg-1)
Ngun
Sng rch thnh ph C Mau
9,505
Nghin cu hin ti
Ca sng huyn Ngc Hin
4,558
Nghin cu hin ti
4,217
Nghin cu hin ti
5,508
Nghin cu hin ti
1,0118,8
12,28-30,98
119,3
10
18,3
28,7
58,2
18-44
150
78,2
sinh hot ti cc sng rch trong ni thnh ph. Theo nghin cu WHO (2001),
nng ch cao nht trong t v sinh vt gn vi cc con ng ni m c mt
giao thng cao, bn cnh s tch ly Pb ca cc sinh vt cng gia tng t cc
vng hot ng ngnh cng nghip. Vo ma nng s hin din ca ch khng cao
nh ma ma nhng khng bin ng ng k gia sng rch, ca sng v vng
ven bin (Hnh 17). Nng ch trong nc ti vng nghin cu vn m bo tiu
chun nc bin ven b s dng cho nui thy sn ( 50 g.L-1).
43
44
litter on bacterial productivity and dissolved organic carbon fluxes in adjacent tropical
nearshore sediments. Marine Ecology Progress series 56, pp. 133-144.
APHA (1998), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th
Edition, American Public Health Association.
Astrom, M. and A. Bjorklund., (1995), Impact of acid sulfate soils on stream water
geochemistry in western Finland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 55, pp. 163170.
Athithan, S. and Ramadhas, V. (2000), Bioconversion Efficiency and Growth in the
White Shrimp Penaeus indicus (Milne Edwards), Fed with Decomposed Mangrove
Leaves. Naga, The ICLARM Quartely (Vol. 23, No. 1) January-March.
Balachandran K. K, C. M Lalu Raj, M Nair, T Joseph, P. Sheepa, P. Venugopal (2005),
Heavy metal accumulation in a flow restricted, tropical estuary, Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science 65, pp. 361-370.
Berg Michael, Caroline Stengel, Pham Thi Kim Trang, Pham Hung Viet, Mickey L.
Sampson, Moniphea Leng, Sopheap Samreth, David Fredericks (2007), Magnitude of
arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red River Deltas -Cambodia and Vietnam,
Science of the Total Environment 372, pp. 413425.
Biljana S, Svetlana C (2004), Trace Metal Distribution in Surface Soils of Novi Sad and
Bank Sediment of the Danube River, Journal of Environmental Science And HealthPart A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. Vol. A39, No. 6,
pp. 15471558.
Bishop P. L (2000), Pollution Prevention, McGraw-Hill.
Bishop P. L (2002), Pollution prevention: fundamentals and practice, Beijing: Tsinghua
University Press
Bissen M, Frimmel F. H (2003), Arsenic- a Review, Part 1: Occurrence, Toxicity,
Speciation, Mobility, Acta hydrochim, hydrobiol: 31, pp. 1, 9-18.
Bolan N S, Adriano D C, Naidu R (2003), Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and
bioavailability of heavy metal in the soil-plant system, Enviromental Contamination
and Toxicology 177, pp. 1-44.
Breemen V. (1993), Environmental aspects of acid sulfate soils. In:D.L Dent and M.E.F
van Mensvoorst (Eds.). Selected papers on the Ho Chi Minh city symposium on acid
sulfate soils. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, P.O. Box
45,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Publication 53, pp. 391-402.
Bryan G. W, Langstone W.J. (1992), Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy
metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review,
Environmental Pollution 76, pp. 89-131.
Carles Sanchiz, Antonio M. Garca-Carrascosa, Augustin Pastor (2000), Heavy
Metal Contents in Soft-Bottom Marine Macrophytes and Sediments Along the
Mediterranean Coast of Spain, Marine Ecology, 21 (1), pp. 1-16.
46
Carman C. M. Ip, Xiang-Dong Li, Gan Zhang, Onyx W.H. Wai, Yok-Sheung Li (2006),
Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding
coastal area, South China, Environmental Pollution xx (2006), pp. 1-13.
Carrasco M, J. A. Lpez-Ramrez, J. Benavente, F. Lpez-Aguayo, D. Sales, (2003),
Assessment of urban and industrial contamination levels in the bay of Cdiz, SW
Spain, Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, pp. 335345.
Cenci R. M, Martin J. M, (2004), Concentration and fate of trace metals in Mekong River
Delta, Science of the total Environment 332, pp. 167- 182.
Chau Y. K, Wong P. T. S, Bengert G. A, Dunn J. L (1984), Determination of dialkyllead,
trialkyllead, tetralkyllead and lead (II) compounds in sediment and biological
samples, Anal. Chem 56, pp. 271.
Clark R. B, Chris Frid, Martin Attrill (1997), Marine Pollution, 4th Edition. Oxford
University Press.
Dang The Cuong, Stphane Bayen, Oliver Wurl, Karuppiah Subramanian, Kelvin Kae
Shing Wong, N. Sivasothi, Jeffrey Philip Obbard (2005), Heavy metal contamination
in mangrove habitats of Singapore, Baseline / Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, pp. 1713
1744.
Defew L. H, Mair J. M, Guzman H. M (2005), An assessment of metal contamination in
mangrove sediments and leaves from Punta Mala Bay, Pacific Panama, Marine
Pollution Bulletin 50, pp. 547-552.
Edward D. Burton, Ian R. Phillips, Darryl W. Hawker (2004), Reactive sulfide
relationships with trace metal extractability in sediments from southern Moreton Bay,
Australia, Baseline / Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, pp. 583608.
Ernest Hodgson, Patricia E. Levi (2000), Modern Toxicology, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill.
Federico Spagnoli, Antonietta Specchiulli, Tommaso Scirocco, Gerardo Carapella, Paolo
Villani, Giovanni Casolino, Primiano Schiavone, Massimo Franchi (2002), The Lago
di Varano: Hydrologic Characteristics and Sediment Composition, Marine Ecology
23, pp. 384-394.
Frozen F.C.M. v Rosenbom R. (1998), Food web studies and nutrient busgets in a
mangrove-shrimp system at the Thanh Phu, Ben tre province, Viet Nam. Msc. Thesis
at Wagenningen University, The Netherlands.
Green-Ruiz. C, Pez-Osuna. F (2003), Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Sediment
from a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon System Associated with an Agricultural Basin,
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 71, pp. 52-29.
Hall, A. H (2002), Chronic arsenic poisoning, Toxicol. Lett. 128, pp. 69-72.
Hoa Nguyen My, Tran Kim Tinh, Mats Astrom and Huynh Tri Cuong (2004), Pollution
of Some Toxic Metals in Canal Water Leached Out From Acid Sulphate Soils in The
Mekong Delta, Vietnam, The Second International Symposium on Southeast Asian
Water Environment /December 1-3.
Houba V. J. G, Van Der Lee, Novozamsky (1995), Soil and Plant Analysis, Department
of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University.
47
48
49
Saifullah S. M, Sarwat Ismail, Khan S. H, Saleem M (2004), Land Use Iron Pollution in
Mangrove Habitat of Karachi, Indus Delta, Earth Interaction, Vol 8, No 17.
Shahidul Islam Md, Tanaka M (2004), Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine
ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a
review and synthesis, Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, pp. 624-649.
Shamshuddin. J, Muhrizal. S, I.Fauziah, M. H. A. Husni (2004), Effects of adding organic
materials to an acid sulfate soil on the growth of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
seedlings. Science of the Total Environment 323, pp. 3345.
Shazili Noor Azhar M, Kamaruzaman Yunus, Ahmad Shamsudin Ahmad, Norantonina
Abdullah, and Mohd Kamil Abd Rashid (2006), Heavy metal pollution status in the
Malaysian aquatic environment, Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 9 (2), pp.
137145.
Slim, F.J., Hemminga, M.A., Ochieng, C., Jannink, N.T., Cocheret de la
Moriniere,
E. and van der Velde, G., (1997), Leaf litter removal by the snail Terebralia
palustris (Linnaeus) and sesarmid crabs in an East African mangrove forest (Gazi
Bay, Kenya). J. Exp. mar. Biol. and Ecol. 215, pp. 35-48.
Soto- Jimnez M. F, F. Pez-Osuna (2001), Distribution and Normalization of Heavy
Metal Concentrations in Mangrove and Lagoonal Sediments from Mazatln Harbor
(SE Gulf of California), Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53, pp. 259274.
Spencer K. L, Cundy A. B, Croudace I. W (2003), Heavy metal distribution and earlydiagenesis in salt marsh sediments from the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK, Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science 57, pp. 4354.
Steenland K, Boffetta P (2000), Lead and cancer in humans: where are we now?, Am J
Ind Med 38, pp. 295-299.
Susana Franca, Catarina Vinagre, Isabel Cacador, Henrique N, Cabral (2005), Heavy
metal concentrations in sediment, benthic invertebrates and fish in three salt marsh
areas subjected to different pollution loads in the Tagus Estuary (Portugal), Baseline/
Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, pp. 993-1018.
Tam, N. F. Y., Wong, Y. S., Lan C. Y., Wang, L. N., (1998), Litter production and
decomposition in Subtropical mangrove swamp receiving wastewater. J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol. 226, pp. 1-18.
Tam N. F. Y and Wong Y. S (1995), Spatial and Temporal Variations of Heavy Metal
Contamination in Sediments of a Mangrove Swamp in Hong Kong, Marine Pollution
Bulletin, Vol. 31, Nos 4-12, pp. 254-261.
Tamaki, S. and Frankenberger, W. T., Jr (1992), Environmental biochemistry of arsenic,
Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 124, pp. 79-110.
Tobias Alfvn (2004), Cadmium Exposure and Distal Forearm Fracture, Journal of Bone
and Mineral Research. Volume 19, Number 6.
Tong P. H. S, Y. Auda, J. Populus, M. Aizpuru, A. AL Habshi and F. Blasco (2004),
Assessment from space of mangroves evolution in the Mekong Delta, in relation to
extensive shrimp farming, Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 25, No. 21, pp. 47954812.
50
51