PolarLNGFeedGasPipeline

BasisofDesign
Preparedfor:

Revision1
September03,2013

MichaelBakerJr.,Inc.
1400WestBensonBlvd.,Suite200
Anchorage,Alaska99503
9072731600
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PolarLNGFeedGasPipelineProject

BasisofDesign

RevisionHistory
Comments

Rev

Date

09/14/2011

09/21/2011

10/13/2011

11/21/2012

01/08/2013

IncorporatedSPCOcommentsdated
December21,2012.

02/08/2013

IssuedForPublicComment

09/03/2013

UpdatedAlignmentatPolarPad

BakerApproval

PolarLNGLLCApproval

Draft
Updatedpercommentsreceived.
Updatedsection5.3.1toASCE710
previouslywas705.
Removedreferencetousingexisting
VSMandupdatedroutenearthe
HalliburtonPad
Updatedprojectpersonneland
incorporatedcommentsfromClient
andSPCO

Title

Name

MichaelBakerJr.,Inc.
ProjectManager

JasonGardner

MichaelBakerJr.,Inc.
ProjectEngineer

JoshGreenhill

MichaelBakerJr.,Inc.
CivilEngineer
PolarLNG,LLC
ProjectDirector
WesternIndustrialResources
Company
ProjectLead

Signature

Date

TobyLovelace,PE
DougSmith,PMP
EricFranklin,PMP

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BasisofDesign

TableofContents
1.0

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1

2.0

PROJECTOVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................3
2.1 PIPELINEROUTE................................................................................................................................3
2.2 PIPELINECONFIGURATION...................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 EXPANSIONLOOPS.......................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 SUPPORTS..................................................................................................................................5
2.3 LAUNCHERANDRECEIVERBARRELS.......................................................................................................5

3.0

DESIGNPARAMETERS.......................................................................................................................6
3.1 PIPELINEDATA..................................................................................................................................6
3.2 DESIGNLOADS..................................................................................................................................6
3.2.1 INTERNALDESIGNPRESSURE.........................................................................................................7
3.2.2 HYDROSTATICTESTLOADS............................................................................................................7
3.2.3 TEMPERATUREDIFFERENTIAL........................................................................................................7
3.2.4 GRAVITYLOADS..........................................................................................................................8
3.2.5 SNOWLOAD...............................................................................................................................8
3.2.6 WINDLOADANDWINDINDUCEDVIBRATION(WIV)........................................................................8
3.2.7 LOSSOFSUPPORT........................................................................................................................8
3.2.8 EARTHQUAKELOADS....................................................................................................................9
3.2.9 LOADCOMBINATIONS..................................................................................................................9

4.0

PIPESTRESS..................................................................................................................................10
4.1 ALLOWABLESTRESSCRITERIA............................................................................................................10
4.2 PIPELINESTRESSANALYSIS................................................................................................................11

5.0

PIPELINESUPPORTS........................................................................................................................12
5.1 SUPPORTDESCRIPTIONS....................................................................................................................12
5.2 SUPPORTDESIGN.............................................................................................................................13
5.3 STRUCTURALANALYSISOFPIPELINESUPPORTS.....................................................................................14
5.3.1 SUPPORTLOADING....................................................................................................................14

6.0

CIVILDESIGN................................................................................................................................16
6.1 ROADCROSSINGS............................................................................................................................16

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ListofTables
TABLE1.1
TABLE3.1
TABLE3.2
TABLE3.3
TABLE4.1
TABLE5.1

FEEDGASCOMPOSITION..............................................................................................................1
PIPELINEPARAMETERS.................................................................................................................6
DESIGNLOADING.........................................................................................................................7
LOADCOMBINATIONS..................................................................................................................9
ALLOWABLESTRESSFORABOVEGROUNDPIPELINES........................................................................11
ALLOWABLEADFREEZESTRESSESFORVSM...................................................................................14

ListofFigures
FIGURE1.1
FIGURE2.1
FIGURE2.2
FIGURE5.1
FIGURE5.2
FIGURE5.3

POLARLNGPIPELINEBETWEENSEAWATERINJECTIONPLANT(SIP)PADANDPOLARLNGFACILITY.........2
TERMINATIONATPOLARPAD........................................................................................................4
TYPICALZLOOPCONFIGURATION...................................................................................................4
TYPICALSLIDINGSUPPORT..........................................................................................................13
TYPICALGUIDEDSUPPORT..........................................................................................................13
TYPICALANCHORSUPPORT.........................................................................................................13

Appendices
APPENDIXA CODES,STANDARDSANDSPECIFICATIONS..................................................................................A.1

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BasisofDesign

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

AISC

AmericanInstituteofSteel
Construction

SMYS

Specifiedminimumyieldstrength

TOS

TopofSteel
Tunedvibrationabsorber

ANSI

AmericanNationalStandards
Institute

TVA

API

AmericanPetroleumInstitute

UHMWPEUltraHighMolecularWeight
Polyethylene

ASCE

AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers

ASME

AmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers

BOP

Bottomofpipe

BPXA

BPExploration(Alaska),Inc.

CFR

CodeofFederalRegulation

CVN

CharpyVNotch

DF

Designfactor

DOT

DepartmentofTransportation(U.S.)

DS12

DrillSite12

FBE

Fusionbondedepoxy

FNG

FairbanksNaturalGas,LLC

FS1

FlowStation1

Gravity

GPB

GreaterPrudhoeBay

HSM

Horizontalsupportmember

IBC

InternationalBuildingCode

ILI

Inlineinspection

LNG

Liquefiednaturalgas

LRFD

LoadandResistanceFactorDesign

MAOP

Maximumallowableoperating
pressure

VSM

Verticalsupportmember

WIV

Windinducedvibration

MMscfd Millionstandardcubicfeetperday
PBU

PrudhoeBayUnit

pcf

Poundspercubicfoot

PPM

PartsperMillion

psf

Poundspersquarefoot

SIP

SeawaterInjectionPlant

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1.0 Introduction
ThePolarLNG,LLC(PolarLNG)programwillconstructafeedgaspipelineandanaturalgasliquefaction
plantinDeadhorse,Alaska,adjacenttothePrudhoeBayOilFieldonAlaskasNorthSlope.Theliquefied
naturalgas(LNG)willbetransportedbytrucktoFairbanks,Alaska,whereitwillbestoredandvaporized
on demand. The LNG will provide Fairbanks Natural Gas (FNG) with a larger supply to increase gas
servicewithinitsservicearea.
PolarLNGisplanningtoinstallthefeedgaspipelinebythesecondquarterof2014.Thepipelinewilltie
into the Seawater Injection Plant (SIP) 10inch nominal diameter fuel gas line at an existing flanged
connection.Fromthistiein,thepipelinewillpassthroughameteringskid,tobedesignedbyothers.On
the downstream side of the metering skid, the pipeline will proceed crosscountry to the Polar LNG
facilitynearDrillSite12(DS12).ThepipelinewillbeincompliancewithDOT(49CFR192)regulations.
Thepipelinewillberoutedwithinanewrightofway.
The new pipeline will be NPS 8 (8inch nominal diameter), API 5L X65 carbon steel, and have a total
lengthofapproximately18,600feet.Thepipelinecapacitywillbe32millionstandardcubicfeetperday
(MMscfd)offeedstockgas.Table1.1showsthefeedgascomposition.Thepipelinewillbedesignedfor
a maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) of 1480 psig, with a normal operating pressure of
approximately 650 psig. The pipeline will be coated with two layers (approximately 40 mils) of fusion
bonded epoxy (FBE) for corrosion resistance. The pipeline will only be insulated for short distances at
each anchor support. The pipeline will be installed on new vertical and horizontal support members
(VSM/HSM).
AmapoftheprojectareaispresentedinFigure1.1.
Table1.1

FeedGasComposition

Components

DesignGas(Mole%)

RichGas(Mole%)

LeanGas(Mole%)

Methane,C1

80.1

80.6

79.4

CarbonDioxide,CO2

12.05

12.4

11.8

Ethane,C2

5.25

5.6

5.2

Propane,C3

1.65

1.9

1.5

Nitrogen,N2

0.61

0.64

0.58

Butane

0.28

0.35

0.26

Pentane

0.04

0.05

0.04

Hexane

0.02

1.02

2.02

12PPM

40PPM

20PPM

HydrogenSulfide,H2S

Water,H2O
3PPM
6PPM
3PPM
Note:CompositionsarefromthePolarLNG, FeedGasPipelineDesignBasis,RevB,receivedfromPeakOilfield
Services.

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Figure1.1

BasisofDesign

PolarLNGPipelinebetweenSeawaterInjectionPlant(SIP)PadandPolarLNGFacility
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2.0 ProjectOverview
2.1

PipelineRoute

ThepipelinewillfollowthealignmentshowninFigure1.1.Anewpipelinerightofwaywillbeobtained
byPolarLNG.ThepipelinealignmentwillstartneartheoriginoftheSIP10inchnominaldiameterfuel
gas line, travel to the metering skid, and head south along a new rightofway until turning east at a
location north of the Halliburton Pad. The pipeline will turn south toward DS12, remaining east of
Halliburton Pad, until reaching the north shore of McDermott Lake. The pipeline will then follow the
northernandeasternshoresofthelaketoitsterminusatthePolarLNGPadnearDS12.
To support the construction of the new pipeline, an ice road approximately 30 feet wide will be
required. Work and turnaround areas, roughly 120 by 120 feet, will be spaced along the route. A
minimum 7 feet of clearance will be maintained between the tundra surface and the bottom of pipe,
exceptatroadcrossingswherethepipelinewilldescendbeforeenteringasteelcasing.
AmeteringskidwillbeinstalledattheSIPPadtodeterminethevolumeofgaspurchasedbyPolarLNG.
TheportionofthelinebetweenthetieinandthemeteringskidisoutsidethejurisdictionoftheU.S.
DepartmentofTransportation(USDOT)andthereforeisnotgoverned49CFR192.Thissectionwillbe
designedinaccordancewithASMEB31.8.PolarLNGwillbetheresponsiblepartyfortheoperationand
maintenance,andtheemergencyresponseforthissectionoftheline.
The pipeline will terminate at the Polar LNG Facility pad as shown in Figure 2.1. Receiver barrel
connectionswillbeinstalledatthislocation.

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Figure2.1

2.2

PipelineConfiguration

2.2.1

ExpansionLoops

BasisofDesign

TerminationatPolarPad

Toaccountfortheeffectsofthermalexpansion,Zstyleexpansionloopswillbeused,showninFigure
2.2. Two 90degree bends will be used in typical sections. Stresses and displacements calculated will
governtheallowabledistancebetweenanchors.

Figure2.2

TypicalZLoopConfiguration
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Pipe bends used at expansion loops and piping intersections will be prefabricated induction bends.
Routingandconfigurationoptimizationwillbeconductedtominimizethenumberofinductionbends.
All pipe bends will have a minimum radius requirement of three times the nominal pipeline diameter
(3D)toaccommodatetheuseofinlineinspection(ILI)tools.
2.2.2

Supports

Aminimumspacingof3.5feetwillbemaintainedbetweentheendsoftheexistingHSMbeamsandthe
newpipesupportbeamsintheareaneartheSIPpad.
Typicalsupportspacingwillbeapproximately55feet.Considerationwillbegiventoaccommodatefield
changesupto5feetresultingfrommassiveiceorotherconditionsencounteredduringinstallationof
thesupports,variationsinsurveyinformation,andavoidanceofanynaturalormanmadestructuresnot
previouslyaddressed.
North Slope Borough regulations require a minimum clearance of 7 feet from bottom of pipe to the
tundrasurface.Thesaddleseachwillprovideadditionalelevationtothebottomofpipeandwillraise
the pipeline to an elevation to allow the midspan sag of the pipeline to exceed the clearance
requirement.Thiseliminatestheneedforcariboucrossingsalongthealignment.

2.3

LauncherandReceiverBarrels

Thepipelinewillbedesignedtoaccommodateconnectionoftemporary/portablelauncherandreceiver
barrels to allow deployment of inline inspection (ILI) and maintenance tools. The launcher barrel
connections will be located downstream of the metering skid and receiver barrel connections will be
locatedatthePolarLNGfacilityforusebyoperations.

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BasisofDesign

3.0 DesignParameters
3.1

PipelineData

ThePolarLNGpipelinewillbedesignedaccordingtothecodes,standards,andspecificationsasoutlined
in Appendix A of this report. The pipeline will not be insulated for the majority of the alignment. The
pipelinewillinsteadbecoatedwithtwolayersofFBEcoating,approximately4050milsthick.AsFBEis
notUVresistant,thisthicknesswillallowfortheoutersurfaceofthepipetochalkwhilestillaffording
adequate corrosion protection of the pipe steel. The pipeline will be insulated for short distances at
eachanchorsupport.Thiswillallowatypicalanchorsaddledesignthatclampsaroundtheinsulationto
beused.
ThepipelinedesignparametersaresummarizedinTable3.1.
Table3.1

PipelineParameters

Parameter

TieintoMeter

CrossCountry

HalliburtonPadto
PolarLNGPad

Product

FeedGas

FeedGas

FeedGas

GoverningCodes

ASMEB31.8

CFR49Part192

CFR49Part192

LocationClass

CodeDesignFactor(DF)

0.60

0.72

0.50

NominalPipeDiameter

8inch

8inch

8inch

MinimumWallThickness

0.226inch

0.199inch

0.259inch

DesignWallThickness

0.322inch

0.322inch

0.322inch

CorrosionAllowance

0.0625inches

0.0625inches

0.0625inches

MaterialGrade

API5LX65

API5LX65

API5LX65

SpecifiedMinimumYield

65,000psi

65,000psi

65,000psi

ASMEB16.5Rating

Class600

Class600

Class600

MaximumAllowable
OperatingPressure(MAOP)

1480psig

1480psig

1480psig

AllbendswillhaveminimumradiiofthreetimesthenominaldiametertofacilitatepassageofILIand
maintenancetools.

3.2

DesignLoads

Detailed industry requirements regarding allowable internal pressure and other loads, loading
combinations,orlimitationsoncombinedstatesofstressarepresentedinASMEB31.8,ASCE710,and
projectdesignspecifications.
The design operating conditions are defined to include all normal operating conditions and
environmentalloadings.Designloadsincludeinternalpressure,temperaturedifferential,deadandlive
loads,windload,hydrostatictestloads,andloadsimposedbyearthquakes.Pipelinedesignloadingsare
summarizedinTable3.2.
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Table3.2

DesignLoading

OperationalLoadingsforPipeline
1480psig

MAOP
MaximumOperatingTemperature
MinimumTemperature
TieInTemperature

100F
50F
25F
None

InsulationThickness
SpecificGravityofContents(Air=1.00)
PipeGuideSaddleFrictionCoefficient
(UHMWPElinerandFBE)
PipeSlideSaddleFrictionCoefficient
(PTFEandStainlessSteel)

0.72
0.251
0.101

DeadLoads
PipeSteelUnitWeight

489pcf
OccasionalLoads

Wind
SnowLoad(ground)

110mph
50psf

EarthquakeAcceleration
0.213g
1
Actualfrictioncoefficientsreportedbythemanufacturer(s)are
lower(0.18forguidesand0.04forslides).Analysiswillberunfor
eachsetoffrictionvaluestodeterminecontrollingcase.

3.2.1

InternalDesignPressure

The pipeline will be designed to 1480 psig (based on ASME B16.5 Class 600 flange rating) which is
greater than the MAOP of the PBU Field Fuel Gas pipeline (1440 psig). The operating pressure of the
PBUFieldFuelGaspipelineis575650psig.
3.2.2

HydrostaticTestLoads

Thepipelinewillbetestedtoatleast1.5timestheMAOP.Onehydrostatictestwillbeperformedfrom
the flange connection off the 10inch SIP fuel gas line to the metering skid, and the other will be
performed from the metering skid to the Polar LNG pad. The southern portion of the pipeline will be
Location Class 3. The maximum hoop stress during hydrostatic testing will be less than 95% of the
specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). The pipeline design is expected to accommodate the test
conditions as a contingency load. The load combination for modeling hydrostatic testing on installed
pipetypicallyincludesinternalpressure,gravity,thermaldifferential(duringtesting),and1/3windspeed
(approximately37mph).
3.2.3

TemperatureDifferential

Pipestressesfromtemperaturedifferentialwillbecalculatedperminimumdesigntemperatureandthe
maximumpipewalltemperature.

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BasisofDesign

PipestressesfromtemperaturedifferentialswillbecalculatedperASMEB31.8.Theoperationalrange
forthepipelineis50Fto100F,whichhasbeenverifiedwithPolarLNG.Theoperativeparagraphof
ASMEB31.8states:
The total range in temperature from minimum design temperature to the maximum
design temperature shall be considered, whether piping is coldsprung or not. Should
installation,startup,orshutdowntemperaturesbeoutsideofthedesigntemperature
range,additionalanalysiswillberequired.Inadditiontoexpansionofthelineitself,the
linear and angular movements of the equipment to which it is attached shall be
considered.
Forcesandmomentsactingonpipelinesupportswillbecalculatedbasedonacoldspringtemperature
of 25F. These forces will be determined using a temperature range specified from 25F to 50F
(contraction)and25Fto100F(expansion).
3.2.4

GravityLoads

Thegravityloadsincludetheweightofthepipe,contents,andexternalcoating.Thehighestfluidweight
thatthepipelinewillexperiencewilloccurduringhydrostatictesting.
3.2.5

SnowLoad

A minimum design ground snow load of 50 psf per Polar LNG design criteria will be converted to a
comparabledesignsnowloadasperASCE710.Itisassumedthatsnowloadingonlyappliestolocations
identifiedbyfieldoperationswheresignificantsnowdriftisexpected.Typically,snowdriftaccumulates
adjacenttopadsandroads,andanywherethepipelineisnotadequatelyelevatedfromthetundra(at
least5feetapproximately).
3.2.6

WindLoadandWindInducedVibration(WIV)

Designwindspeedforabovegroundpipelinesis110mph.Thedesignwindpressurewillbecalculated
usingASCE705asrequiredbytheInternationalBuildingCode(IBC).ThedesignwindexposureisC,
theimportancefactoris1.00,andthetopographicfactorKztisequalto1.00.Theforcecoefficientis
takentobe0.8.Thegusteffectfactoristakenas0.85.ThevelocitypressureexposurecoefficientKzis
definedas0.85.Thepipelinesareanticipatedtobebetween7and15feetabovegradeforthemajority
of the alignment. This results in a wind pressure of approximately 18 pounds per square foot on the
pipeline.
Thenewpipelinewillbeevaluatedforsusceptibilitytowindinducedvibration.Segmentsidentifiedas
susceptiblewillbemitigatedusingtunedvibrationabsorbers(TVA),reducingdistancebetweenVSM,or
other suitable techniques. Baker will perform a simplified screening analysis to determine the
susceptibility of the pipeline to WIV. If susceptibility is confirmed by this calculation, SSD, Inc. will be
consultedtouserefinedanalysistechniquestodeterminetheproperTVAconfigurationtodampenthe
predictedvibrations.
3.2.7

LossofSupport

Thedesignloadanalysiswillincludescenariosinvolvinglossofsupportduetofrostjackingorsettlingof
at least one VSM. This will ensure the pipeline will not buckle or rupture if one support is no longer
contactingthepipeline.

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3.2.8

BasisofDesign

EarthquakeLoads

TheNorthSlopeisconsideredalowseismicriskzone;therefore,simplifiedstaticearthquakeloadsare
usedintheanalysis.
Seismiccriteriaforpipelinedesignarebasedonmappedspectralaccelerationvalueswithanestimated
2percentprobabilityofexceedanceduringa50yearreturninterval(2500yearreturninterval),andSite
Class B soils. Based on USGS data, the project area has approximate maximum short period and
1secondspectralaccelerationsofSS=0.319gandS1=0.109g,respectively.ASCE710,Table11.41,gives
the site coefficient for Site Class B as 1.00 for short period spectral accelerations of less than 0.50.
Designspectralaccelerationisspecifiedtobe2/3ofthefactoredspectralacceleration,whichresultsin
designshortperiodand1secondspectralaccelerationsof0.213gand0.073g,respectively.Theshort
periodspectralaccelerationwillbeusedinpipestressanalysesoftheabovegroundpipelines.
3.2.9

LoadCombinations

LoadsonthepipelinesandsupportswillbeanalyzedfortheloadcombinationspresentedinTable3.3.
Table3.3

LoadCombinations
PipelineLoadCombinations

LoadType

Description

Testing
1

Primary

InternalPressure(Hoop)

Primary

InternalPressure
(Longitudinal)

Primary

HydrostaticTestPressure

Primary

GravityLoads

Primary

Operating

Contingency
4

X1

OccasionalLoad
(Wind,Seismic,Etc.)

X2

Secondary

TemperatureDifferential
(50Fto100F)

X3

Primary

LossofSupport

Secondary

TemperatureDifferential
(50Fto25F,25Fto100F)

Gravityloadforhydrostatictestincludestheweightofthehydrostatictestfluid.
Onethirdofthedesignwindspeedisincluded.
3
Temperaturedifferentialforhydrostatictestisbasedonanassumedhydrostatictesttemperatureof60F.
4
Combination7isappliedtowardsforces,moments,anddisplacementsonlyanddoesnotapplytowardsinternal
pipelinestress.
5
Stressresultingfromworstcaseoccasionalloadwillbereported.
Reference:ASMEB31.8,GasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSystems
2

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4.0 PipeStress
ASME B31.8 addresses detailed industry requirements for gas pipelines. Based on the nature and
durationoftheimposedloads,pipelinestressesarecategorizedasprimaryorsecondarystresses.The
primaryandsecondarystresscriteriaaresummarizedasfollows:
Primary Stresses Primary stresses are stresses developed by imposed loads with sustained
magnitudesthatareindependentofthedeformationofthestructure.Thebasiccharacteristicofa
primarystressisthatitisnotselflimiting.Thestressescausedbythefollowingloadsareconsidered
as primary stresses: internal pressure, external pressure including overburden, and dead and live
loads.
Secondary Stresses Secondary stresses are stresses developed by the selfconstraint of the
structure.Generally,theysatisfyanimposedstrainpatternratherthanbeinginequilibriumwithan
external load. The basic characteristic of a secondary stress is that it is selflimiting. The stresses
caused by the following loads are considered as secondary stresses: temperature differential,
differentialsettlement,andearthquakemotion.
Combined Stresses The three principal stresses acting in the circumferential, longitudinal, and
radialdirectionsdefinethestressstateinanyelementofthepipeline.Limitationsareplacedonthe
magnitude of primary and secondary principal stresses and on combinations of these stresses in
accordancewithacceptablestrengththeoriesthatpredictyielding.

4.1

AllowableStressCriteria

Circumferential, longitudinal, shear, and effective stresses are typically calculated taking into account
stresses from all relevant load combinations. Calculations consider flexibility and stress concentration
factors of components other than straight pipe. Allowable stresses for aboveground pipeline are
presentedinTable4.1.

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Table4.1

BasisofDesign

AllowableStressforAbovegroundPipelines

Criterion

Value

Basis

LoadComb.

HoopStress(hydrostatictestpressure)

0.95SMYS

ProjectDefined1

LongitudinalStress(hydrostatictestpressure,
hydrostatictesttemperature,hydrostatictestlive,
gravityloadandtheoccasionalload)

0.95SMYS

ProjectDefined1

HoopStress(designpressure)

(DF)SMYS2

B31.8,805.2.3

LongitudinalStress(designpressure,gravityload)

0.75SMYS

B31.8,833.6

LongitudinalStress(designpressure,gravityload,and
otheroccasionalloads)

0.75SMYS

B31.8,833.6

0.75*T
SMYS

B31.8,833.6,
841.1.8,841.1.81

EffectiveStress(sustainedloads,i.e.,pressure,gravity,
andtemperaturedifferential)

0.90SMYS

ProjectDefined

EffectiveStress(sustainedloads,i.e.,pressure,gravity,
temperaturedifferential,andlossofsupport)

0.90SMYS

ProjectDefined

Testing

Primary

Secondary
ExpansionStress(temperaturedifferential)
Combined

Sincetestpressureisstipulatedas1.25timesthedesignoperatingpressure,theminimumtestpressurefor
themajorityofthelinewouldcorrelateto0.90SMYS(1.250.72);thereforetheprojectdefinedvalueof0.95
SMYSwaschosentoaccountforhydrostaticheadeffectsduetoelevationchangesalongthepipelineroute.

DF=0.50,0.72

4.2

PipelineStressAnalysis

Acompletestressanalysiswillbeperformedtoassurethatthedesignwillperforminaccordancewith
specifications,codes,andstandardstocovereachPipelineLoadCombination(Table3.3)andAllowable
StressesforAbovegroundPipelines(Table4.1).

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BasisofDesign

5.0 PipelineSupports
NewpipesupportswillbeevaluatedinaccordancewiththeLoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD)
methodpresentedinAISCSteelConstructionManual,13thEdition.Thestressesinthesupportswillbe
evaluated using the interaction formulae presented in Chapter H of AISC 36005 within the Steel
ConstructionManual.

5.1

SupportDescriptions

Typically,threevarietiesofpipesupportsareusedinabovegroundarcticpipelines:sliding,guided,and
anchorsupports.
Sliding supports allow lateral and longitudinal movement of the pipeline (to relieve stresses due to
thermalexpansion(andcontraction).Slidingsupportsaremostoftenusednearbends.Forthisproject,
sliding supports will be designed as a single VSM (typically pipe) with a welded cap plate, to which is
boltedanHSM(typicallyawideflangedbeam).Aslidebearingplate(PTFE,e.g.,Teflon)isweldedviaa
carbonsteelmountingplatetothetopsurfaceoftheHSM.Thepipelinesaddleisfixedtothepipeline
andfreetoslideonthebearingplate(polishedstainlesssteelstripsweldedtothebottomofthesaddle
furtherreducefrictiononthebearingplate).SeeFigure5.1
Guidedpipesupportsallowlongitudinalmovementofthepipeline,butrestrictlateralmovement,and
areusedinstraightrunsofthealignment.ConstructedofasingleVSMandHSMwithcapplatesimilar
to the sliding support, the guided saddle is attached to the beam and the pipeline rests on a liner
(UHMWPE,e.g.,Tivar)withinthesaddle.SeeFigure5.2.
Anchorsupportshavetheprimaryfunctionofresistingthelongitudinalmovementofthepipeline,but
are also designed to resist rotations and lateral movement. Due to the fixed boundary condition the
anchorsupportprovidesforthepipeline,anchorsrequiremorestrength;assuch,theyaredesignedto
be constructed of two VSM and cap plates connected to a single HSM. Typical moment resistance
required necessitates an HSM able to resist torsion. Since wideflanged beams do not economically
resist torsion and rectangular tube shapes are not able to meet low temperature Charpy impact
requirements,abuiltupbeamusuallyconsistingofawideflangedbeamwithplatesteelboxinginthe
flanges,isusedinstead.SeeFigure5.3.

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Figure5.1

TypicalSlidingSupport

Figure5.3

5.2

BasisofDesign

Figure5.2

TypicalGuidedSupport

TypicalAnchorSupport

SupportDesign

VSM will be installed vertically in oversized, drilled holes and backfilled with dense sandwater slurry.
TheVSMdesignwillincludeevaluationofthethermalregimeandgeotechnicalconditions.
The capacity of a VSM to support longterm loads in adfreeze is temperature and soil property
dependent. A lower temperature below freezing corresponds to higher adfreeze strength. A design
temperatureprofiletofullembedmentwillbebasedontypicalactivelayerdepthmeasurements,VSM
skinmeltallowance,andinsitusoiltemperature.ThedesignsoilstrengthvaluesappliedtoresistVSM
loads, both long term and short term, will be for icerich soils and will be dependent on the soil
temperatureprofile.
The VSM design is limited by the strength of the VSM steel, the strength of the steel/sand adfreeze
bond,andthestrengthoftheinsitusoils.DesignadfreezecapacityforVSMiscalculatedassumingthe
bond strength profile presented in Table 5.1. Minimum embedment will be 15 feet. No adfreeze
strength is allowed for embedment in massive ice. Embedment will be increased 1 foot per foot of
massiveiceencountered,ificeinexcessof3feetisencountered(thebasedesignprovidesforupto3
feetofmassiveice).

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Table5.1

BasisofDesign

AllowableAdfreezeStressesforVSM

Depth (Feet)
Design Adfreeze

5.3

From

To

Land Surface

40 psi jacking (upward)

12.5 psi

14

18.75 psi

14

25

25 psi

25

Bottom of VSM

31.25 psi

StructuralAnalysisofPipelineSupports

The typical descriptions of new pipeline supports are assumed based on previous experience. New
pipelinesupportswillbecategorizedintogroupsbasedonsimilarstickupheights(fromtundratoTOS),
depth of active layer, support type, and magnitude of pipeline operating forces. A model of each
support group will be created using RISA Structural Analysis software. A structural analysis of each
modelwillverifycompliancewithAISC36005coderequirements.
The structural connections for each type of support will be designed to adequately resist the applied
loadings,alsoinaccordancewithAISC36005.
VSMfoundationdesignistypicallybasedonstrengthaswellasdeflectionrequirements.Inadditionto
thestrengthrequirementsofAISC36005,theVSMwillbedesignedtoresistlateraldeflectionsdueto
environmentalforces,andlongtermcreepunderoperationalloadingassociatedwiththerelaxationof
the soil VSM interface. As detailed geotechnical investigation of each VSM location is not practical,
standardassumptionswillbeusedtodeterminethedesigndeflectionduetoeachoftheseeffects;as
such,thedeflectionscalculatedwillnotbefieldverifiable.
5.3.1

SupportLoading

PipelinesupportswillbeanalyzedwithconsiderationtoloadingperASCE710andthissection.Seven
loadcombinationsarelistedinsection2.3.2ofASCE710,forusewiththeLRFDmethod.
Severalloadtypesdonotapplytopipelinesupports,suchasfloodload,lateralearthpressureload,roof
liveload,andrainload.Gravityloadsfromthepipelinecontentsaretreatedasdeadloads;therefore,
live loads also do not apply. Fluid load is considered part of dead load and therefore is included
whereverdeadloadisincludedperASCE710.
Loadingfromthermaleffectson thepipelineisnot specificallyaddressedin ASCE710.LoadcaseT
referstoselfstrainingloads,whichareequivalenttothermaleffectsonstructuralmembers,butdonot
pertain to external loads applied to the structure. Section 2.3.5 of ASCE 710 elaborates on the
applicationofselfstrainingloads,effectivelyleavingtheapplicationofthermalloadstotheengineers
discretion.Forthepurposeofpipelinesupports,thermalloadingfromthepipelinewillbeappliedasa
dead load with the corresponding load factors. This assumption is based on the high probability of
thermaleffectsandthesustainednatureofthermalloadingduringpipelineoperation.

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BasisofDesign

Removingloadsthatdonotapplyandotherassumptionsleavesthefollowingloadcombinationsfrom
ASCE710:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.4D
1.2D+0.5S
1.2D+1.6S+0.5W
1.2D+1.0W+0.5S
1.2D+1.0E+0.2S
0.9D+1.0W
0.9D+1.0E

Loadcombinations6and7willnotbeincludedintheanalysisastheyareintendedtoconsiderwindand
earthquakeloadonastructurewithreducedweight.Toaccomplishthisinamoreconservativemanner,
load combinations 4 and 5 will be modified to have a dead load corresponding to that of empty
pipelines.
HydrostatictestloadingisnotspecificallyaddressedinASCE710;however,sinceitisatransientevent,
itisassumedthatequation4isthemostappropriateloadcombination.Inthiscase,deadloadisbased
on water with a specific gravity of 1 and will not include thermal loading from the pipeline. Thermal
effects are considered negligible since it is assumed the hydrostatic test medium will be at ambient
temperature. Wind loading is reduced since hydrostatic tests are not conducted during high wind
events.Itisalsoassumedthehydrostatictestwilloccurduringthesummerseason,andthereforesnow
loading,S,doesnotapply.Basedontheseassumptions,theloadcombinationforthehydrostatictestis:
4a. 1.2D+1.0((1/9)W)
Operating,thermal,test,earthquake,anddeadloadswillbedeterminedfromtheresultsofthepipeline
stressanalysis.
SnowloadingwillbedeterminedaspreviouslydescribedinSection3.2.5.
Windloadingwillbedeterminedbytheformula

Where: qZ=Velocitypressureevaluatedattheelevationofthepipe(Equation29.3.1ofASCE710)
G=Gusteffectfactor
Cf=ForceCoefficient
Af=Projectedareanormaltothewind

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BasisofDesign

6.0 CivilDesign
6.1

RoadCrossings

Thecurrentroutehasthreeroadcrossings.Typically,casingsareaminimumoftwostandarddiameters
greaterthanthepipeline.Casingisolatorswillbeinstalledaroundtheinsulatedpipeandwillserveto
electricallyisolatethepipelinefromthecasing.Wallthicknessofcasingswillbebasedoncommercially
availablematerialsandfitforpurpose.
Spacing between new casings and existing casings will be based on the anticipated compaction
equipmentandcompactiontestingmethods.Typically,newcasingsarespaced18inchesfromoutside
ofnewcasingtooutsideofexistingcasing;however,theexactspacingwillbeevaluatedonacaseby
casebasis.
Invertelevationsfornewcasingswillbelocatedtoachievetheminimumcoverdeterminedbydesign,
typically12inches.Ifnecessary,theexistingroadsurfacewillberaisedtoprovidetheminimumcover,
usingpitrungravelonsecondaryroadsorcrushedrockfinishingcourseonhightrafficroads.Material
requirementsforgravelandfinishingcoursewillbespecifiedonthedrawingsandwillbedetermined
based on what is available at the permitted pit source and prior experience with the materials. The
minimumcoverateachroadcrossingwillbeevaluatedspecificallywhengravelfillisrequired,basedon
thetypeofroadandtheexpectedtrafficanddesignvehicle.
MinimumcoverandwallthicknessrequirementsforcasingsatroadcrossingswillbeevaluatedperAPI
RP1102,withloadingfromadesignvehicledeterminedbyinformationprovidedbythePBUOperator.
Typically, the design vehicle is the most recent and heaviest drill rig in use at the time of design.
Currently,Doyon14andParkerDrilling272Land273Ldrillrigsarethecontrollingdesignvehicles.

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AppendixA

BasisofDesign

Codes,StandardsandSpecifications

Pipeline and pipeline support design will be performed in accordance with the codes, standards,
specifications,andrecommendedpracticeslistedbelow.

49CFR192,TransportationofNaturalandOtherGasbyPipeline:MinimumSafetyStandards
AlaskaGeneralSafetyCode(AGSC),OccupationalSafetyandHealthStandards
ASCEStandard7,MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingandOtherStructures
AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction(AISC),AllowableStressDesign(ASD)/Loadand
ResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD),SteelConstructionManual,13thEdition
AmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)5L,SpecificationforLinePipe,44thEdition,2007
API6D,SpecificationsforPipeLineValves
API1102,SteelPipelinesCrossingRailroadsandHighways,6thEdition
API1104,WeldingPipelineandRelatedFacilities,20thEdition
API1163,QualificationSystemsStandards
ASMEB16.5,PipeFlangesandFlangedFittingsNPSthroughNPS24
ASME31.8,GasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSystem
ASTMA572/A572M07StandardSpecificationforHighStrengthLowAlloyColumbium
VanadiumStructuralSteel
ASMEBPVSectionVIIIBoilerandPressureVesselCodeSectionVIIIPressureVessels
IBC,InternationalBuildingCode,asadoptedasAlaskaBuildingCode
IMC2006,InternationalMechanicalCode,asadoptedasAlaskaBuildingCode
NFPA70NationalElectricalCode

ThefollowingtableisapplicableforthedesignandengineeringofthepipelinetiedintoaBPXAsystem.
2009PROJECTDIRECTORATEPROJECTSTECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS
DOCUMENTINDEXWITHREVISIONNUMBER/DATEASOFOCTOBER27,2009
Number

Title

Revision

Dateof
Latest
Revision

GENERAL
CRTGA00004

NationalCodesandStandardsDesign

8/23/2004

CRTGA00005

PEStamping

1/31/2003

SPCGA00003

SpecificationStyleGuide

7/16/2002

SPCGA00004

BPXAEngineeringDrawingandDocumentRequirements

5/00/2007

BPXAAsBuiltDrawingProcedures

2/15/2006

GeneralSiteConditionsDesign

9/14/2007

SPCPRNSS00007001
ARCTIC
CRTAK0402

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PolarLNGFeedGasPipelineProject

BasisofDesign

2009PROJECTDIRECTORATEPROJECTSTECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS
DOCUMENTINDEXWITHREVISIONNUMBER/DATEASOFOCTOBER27,2009
Revision

Dateof
Latest
Revision

Health,Safety&EnvironmentalProtectionDesign

9/2/2008

CRTAK0420

CivilEngineering

6/2/2008

CRTAR00001

ArchitecturalDesign

8/23/2004

CRTSS00001

StructuralDesign

10/5/2006

SPCAK04902

MaterialToughnessRequirementsforStructuralSteel

6/2/2008

SPCCE00001

CivilMaterialandConstruction

3/25/2002

SPCSS00001

StructuralSteelWelding

1/15/2002

SPCSS00003

VSMandPileInstallation

10/27/2010

SPCSS00008

BeamandPileCapFabrication

12/20/2001

SPCSS00013

StructuralSteelFabrication,DetailingandErection

7/23/2002

SPCSS00014

StructuralLowTemperatureSteelPlatesSpecificationfor
PipelineSupports

1/15/2002

SPCSS00015

ModulePileMaterialsandFabrication

1/15/2002

SPCSS00016

StructuralPipeforSupportPiling

1/15/2002

SPCMA00002

ExternalCoatingsforModeratelyCorrosiveService

9/22/2004

SPCMA00004

External Pipe Coating Application of Fusion Bonded

Epoxy

2/20/2003

GP0670

CorrosionMonitoring

ETP

8/29/2005

Number

Title

HSE
CRTAK7602
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL

CORROSIONANDCOATING

MECHANICALEQUIPMENT
CRTAK4335

ValvesforPipelines

4/12/2007

CRTAK6201

Valves

4/12/2007

CRTAK6202

ValveSpecificationandProcurement

4/12/2007

API608MetalBallValves(NPS1/4toNPS20uptoClass
800)

8/10/2007

SPCAK62012
SPCAK62013

API6DBallValves

5/9/2007

SPCAK62015

API602Gate,Globe,andCheckValvesuptoNPS2

5/9/2007

Ball, Plug, and Other QuarterTurn Valves Common

Material

5/9/2007

SPCAK62016

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BasisofDesign

2009PROJECTDIRECTORATEPROJECTSTECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS
DOCUMENTINDEXWITHREVISIONNUMBER/DATEASOFOCTOBER27,2009
Revision

Dateof
Latest
Revision

RisingStem(GateandGlobe)ValvesCommonMaterial

5/9/2007

ValveDataSheetIndex

4/3/2006

CRTAK4300

PipelineSystems(OverviewDocument)

5/9/2007

Criteria for Onshore Pipeline Design and Project

Execution

4/12/2007

CRTAK4301
CRTAK4304

QA&QCforPipelineProjects

6/2/2008

CRTAK4307

SelectionoftheDesignBasisforPipelines

4/12/2007

CRTAK4308

SelectionandUseofPipelineCodesandStandards

9/28/2007

CRTAK4309

HydraulicDesignofPipelineSystems

5/9/2007

CRTAK4317

PipelineRiskManagement

8/10/2007

CRTAK4320

OnshorePipelineSystemDesign

9/28/2007

CRTAK4322

AbovegroundPipelineFacilities

9/28/2007

CRTAK4328

PipelineCrossings

12/5/2007

CRTAK4331

LinePipeMaterialSelectionandProcurement

12/20/2006

CRTAK4332

PipeHandlingandLogisticsforPipelines

4/12/2007

CRTAK4340

OnshorePipelineConstruction

5/9/2007

CRTAK4346

CriteriaforPipelineHydrotestandPrecommissioning

4/03/2009

CRTAK4347

PipelineCommissioningandHandovertoOperations

6/2/2008

CRTAK4392

WindinducedVibration(WIV)AssessmentandDesign

12/17/2007

Assessment of Pipe Spans Deformed by Extreme Snow

Loads

CRTAK4394
SPCAK42201

LowyieldCarbonSteelPipe,FlangesandFittings

11/18/2007

SPCAK42203

GasketProcurement

8/10/2007

SPCAK42204

StudBoltingProcurement

8/10/2007

SPCAK43311

Manufacture of Longitudinal or Helical Seam SAW

LinepipeinGradesuptoX80

5/9/2007

SPCAK43312

ManufactureofHFIorERWLinepipeinGradesuptoX70

5/9/2007

SPCAK43313

SeamlessLinePipeinGradesuptoX80

9/14/2007

SPCAK43317

Manufacture of Carbon Steel Induction Bends for

PipelinestoISO15590inGradesuptoX80

8/10/2007

Number

Title

SPCAK62017
SPCPP00081
MECHANICALPIPING

9/27/2007

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PolarLNGFeedGasPipelineProject

BasisofDesign

2009PROJECTDIRECTORATEPROJECTSTECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS
DOCUMENTINDEXWITHREVISIONNUMBER/DATEASOFOCTOBER27,2009
Revision

Dateof
Latest
Revision

InductionBends(ASMEB16.49)

5/9/2007

SPCAK43401

AbovegradeArcticPipelineConstruction

5/9/2007

SPCAK43411

PipelineSupportSaddles

9/28/2007

SPCAK43412

PipelineSupports

9/28/2007

SPCAK43413

TeflonSlidePlates

9/28/2007

SPCAK43414

PipelineSupportAnchors

9/28/2007

SPCAK43901

PipelineMaterialsandLineClasses

9/11/2007

SPCAK43927

HighyieldCarbonSteelFlangesandForgedFittings

9/28/2007

SPCAK43928

HighyieldCarbonSteelFittings

9/28/2007

SPCAK52102

ShopAppliedInsulation

9/27/2007

SPCAK52103

PreformedInsulation

8/10/2007

SPCAK52104

FoaminPlaceInsulation

9/18/2007

CRTAK4802

HazardandOperability(HAZOP)Study

4/15/2009

GP4801

HSSEReviewofProjects(PHSSER)

6/8/2009

GP4804

InherentlySaferDesign(ISD)

5/5/2009

GP4805

HazardIdentification(HAZID)Study

2/13/2009

CRTAK4354

DepressurizationandRepressurizationofPipeline
Systems

6/2/2008

CRTAK1801

WeldedFabricationandConstruction

6/2/2008

CRTAK1802

StorageandControlofWeldingConsumables

6/2/2008

CRTAK4333

WeldingofPipelines

9/14/2007

SPCAK18012

InServiceWelding

6/2/2008

SPCAK42103

BranchConnectionWelding

5/9/2007

SPCAK42104

HotTapping

12/5/2007

Number

Title

SPCAK43317A

PROCESSSAFETY

WELDINGANDFABRICATION

124937MBJDOC001Rev.1
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