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Capitolul I INTEGRALE (Recapitulareliceu) : Funcţii Elementare Funcţii Compuse 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Capitolul I INTEGRALE (Recapitulareliceu) : Funcţii Elementare Funcţii Compuse 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
I N T E G R A L E (recapitulare liceu)
TABEL DERIVATE
Funcii elementare
Funcii compuse
1) (x ) ' = x 1
2)
(u ) ' = u'u
( x ) '= 21x ,
( u ) ' = 2u'u
x>0
5) (tgx ) ' =
(tgu ) ' =
1
cos 2 x
6) (ctgx ) ' =
(ctgu ) ' =
1
sin 2 x
7) (arcsin x )' =
1 x
9) (arctgx ) ' =
(arctgu ) ' =
1
1+ x2
u'
1 u2
(arccos u ) ' =
1
1 x
u'
sin 2 u
(arcsin u ) ' =
8) (arccos x ) ' =
u'
cos 2 u
11) (a x ) ' = a x ln a
1 u2
u'
1+ u2
(arcctgu ) ' =
1
1+ x2
1
1+ u
12) (e x ) ' = e x
(a ) ' = a u' ln a
(e ) ' = u'e
1
x
(log a u ) ' =
1
x ln a
u'
n ln a
ln x + a 2 + x 2
1
=
a + x2
'
F. F. important
Reguli de derivare
'
f
f ' g f g '
4) =
g2
g
1
g'
5) = 2
g
g
'
3) (c f )' = c f ' ;
10
TABEL INTEGRALE
1)
x dx =
2)
3)
x2 + a2
4)
x2 a2
x +1
+ c cu 1
+1
dx
= ln x + c
x
6)
dx
13)
cos x = ln tg 2 + 4 + c
ax + b = a ln ax + b + c
1
x
arctg + c, a 0
a
a
14)
dx
xa
1
ln
+ c, a 0
2a x + a
15) dx = x + c
dx
dx
x a
a x
7) a x dx =
sin ( x )
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c, a 0
dx
2
sin x = ln tg 2 + c
dx
5)
dx
12)
= arcsin
x
+ c, a 0
a
ax
+ c, a > 0
ln a
18) e x dx =
19) a x dx =
11)
sin 2 x = ctgx + c
dx
5)
dx
x +a
2
a R i a 0
a) I = a 2 x 2 =
x
a2
x
a2 x2 +
arcsin + c.
a
2
2
2
b) I = a 2 + x 2 = x a 2 + x 2 + a ln x + a 2 + x 2 + c
c) I = x 2 a 2 =
+c
+c
a x
+c
ln a
dx
cos 2 x = tgx + c
e x
cos( x )
+c
x 2
a2
ln x + x 2 a 2 + c.
x a2
2
2
11
= ln x + x 2 + a + c,
Proprieti
1) c f ( x)dx = c f (x )dx;
2) ( f (x ) g (x ))dx = f (x )dx g (x )dx .
12
x x0
f (x ) f (x0 )
= tg
x x0
y=f(x)
(T)
x0
Fig. 1
Altfel spus cunosc tangentele la grafic n fiecare punct al graficului i
se cere s se afle funcia care are aceast proprietate. (Problema invers a
tangentelor sau se mai numete i determinarea primitivelor).
Definiie:
Fie f : [a, b] R. Se numete primitiv a funciei f, o funcie F cu
proprietile:
1) ()x0 (a, b ) avem Fs (x0 ) = Fd (x0 ) = F ( x0 )
a) F este derivabil
13
'
b) F(x)=f(x)
Dac F(x)=f(x), atunci condiia Fs' (x0 ) = Fd' (x0 ) este echivalent cu
f s (x0 ) = f d (x0 ) .
Notaie:
Primitiva F (x ) = f (x )dx care se mai numete i integral.
not
Observaii:
1) dx indic n raport cu care variabil are loc integrarea;
2) dx reprezint difereniala argumentului x.
Definiie:
Difereniala unei funcii f (x ) este: df (x ) = f ' (x )dx , unde dx = x x0 (este o
diferen).
Proprietile diferenialei
1) Dac x = (t ) dx = d dx = ' (t )dt;
2) Dac f (x ) = g (t ) df = dg f ' (x )dx = g ' (t )dt;
3) Dac t = (x ) dt = d dt = ' (x )dx.
Proprietile primitivelor
a) Dac F (x ) i G (x ) sunt dou primitive ale aceleiai funcii f, atunci
ele difer printr-o constant F (x ) = G (x ) + c.
b)
c)
c f (x )dx = c f (x )dx.
Aplicaie:
Folosind proprietile i tabelul de integrale s se calculeze:
14
3
a + bx
I = 2 +
dx.
cos 2 x
x
Soluie:
I =
= a
a dx
bx
dx
a +bx
3
=
dx +
dx = 2 + 2 dx + 3
2
2
x
cos x
cos 2 x
x
x
dx
x
dx
dx
dx
+ b 2 dx + 3
= a x 2 dx + b + 3
=
2
2
x
cos 2 x
cos x
x
x
a
x 2+1
TABEL a
+ b ln x + 3 tgx + c = + ln x + 3 tgx + c
x
2 +1
1), 2 ),10 )
Deci:
3
a + bx
F (x ) = 2 +
cos 2
x
dx = + b ln x + 3 tgx + c
x
x
Verificare c:
F ' (x ) = f (x ) =
3
a + bx
+
2
cos 2 x
x
Dar
1' x 1 x'
1
x'
a
+ b + 3
+ c' =
F ' ( x ) = + b (ln( x )) '+3 (tgx ) '+c ' = a
2
x
x
cos 2 x
x
'
= a
3
3
1 b
a + bx
3
a b
=
+ +
= 2 + +
+
= f ( x ), c.c.t.d .
2
2
2
2
x cos x
x cos x x
x
cos 2 x
x
Tema 1.1
Folosind tabelul de integrale i proprietile primitivelor s se
calculeze urmtoarele integrale:
(6 x
1) 5 a 2 x 6 dx;
2)
3) x (x + a )(x + b )dx;
4)
2 2
(a + bx ) dx;
6)
n x;
5)
2 px dx;
7) (nx )
1 n
n
+ 8 x + 3 dx;
dx
2
2
3
3
8) a x
dx;
15
dx;
9)
)(
x + 1 x x + 1 dx;
(x
xn
11)
13)
x2 + 7 ;
15)
17)
10)
dx
8 x2
)(
+1 x2 2
3
x2
14)
x 2 10 ;
16)
18)
2 + x2 2 x2
) dx;
a x
dx;
dx
4 + x2
12)
dx
(x
ax
dx;
dx
dx
x2 4
dx
4 x2
(a + bx )3 dx;
19)
21)
15 a x 2 + 3
dx;
3x + 5
23) 12 e x + 4 dx;
1
3
24)
+
dx.
4 x4
20)
dx;
sin x
cos x
arcsin x
dx.
1 x2
16
Soluie:
Fcnd schimbarea de variabil
x = sin t dx = (sin t )'dt = cos t dt ,
atunci:
dx
I = arcsin x
1 x
= arcsin (sin t )
cos t
2
1
sin
dt =
cos 2 t
1
+1
2
t
2
t3
cos t dt
2
+c =
+ c = t 3 + c.
t
= t dt = t dt =
1
3
3
cos t
+1
2
2
(arcsin x )3 + c =
arcsin x
dx
1 x2
Observaie:
Proprietile funciilor inverse trigonometrice:
sin(arcsin t ) = t
;
arcsin(sin t ) = t
tg (arctgt ) = t
;
arctg (tgt ) = t
cos(arccos t ) = t
;
arccos(cos t ) = t
ctg (arcctgt ) = t
.
arcctg (ctgt ) = t
Aplicaia 2.
S se calculeze: I =
dx
x 1+ x2
.
1
t
I =
dx
x 1+ x
dt
t2
1
1
1+ 2
t
t
Din substituia:
17
dt
t +1
2
1
dt , iar
t2
= ln t + t 2 + 1 + c.
1
1
1
x = t = , iar I = ln +
t
x
x
1
+ 1 + c.
x2
Tema 1.2.1.
1)
(5 x
3 x dx, x =
cos xdx
3)
5)
sin 3 x
cos x dx, x = arccos t;
1 + sin 2 x
t +3
;
5
, x = arcsin t ;
t 2 1
7)
;
, x=
2
x 2x + 1
dx
9)
dx
x2 1
, x=
1
;
sin t
2)
4)
e
1
x 2 dx, x = t ;
13)
e x 1 dx,
15)
, x = t 2 1;
(arcsin x )2 dx,
1 x2
dx
1+ x2
x = sin t ;
1
x= ;
t
t 5
2
10) x 7 x dx, x = t;
12)
x = ln (t + 1);
x +1
6)
1
x
11)
x dx
14)
dx,
arctg
4+ x
x = t2;
x
2 dx, x = 2tgt ;
2
arcsin x
dx, x = sin t.
1 x2
Observaie:
Schimbrile de variabil indicate trebuie s fie gsite de rezolvitor!!
Metoda schimbrii de variabil
B (Varianta a II-a vezi metoda a II-a din carte)
Depistarea (gsirea) schimbrii de variabil se face cu ajutorul
urmtoarei proprieti:
18
f (x )dx = g (t )dt
n loc de demonstraie!!
Dac h(x ) = t are proprietatea (*), atunci x = h 1 (t ) (vezi x = (t ) prima
metod de schimbare de variabil)
dx = h 1 (t ) ' dt i
atunci:
f (h (t )) (h (t )) dt = g (t )dt.
f (x )dx =
'
g (t )
S se calculeze: I 1 =
1
1 x2
1
1 x2
arcsin x
1 x2
Deci (h(x ) = t = arcsin x ) are calitatea c face parte din integrant mpreun
cu derivata ei. Atunci:
dt =
dx
1 x
19
iar
1
2
I1 = t dt = t dt =
3
2
3
2
(arcsin x )3 + c.
2 3
2
t +c =
3
3
+c =
cos t dt
1 sin 2 t
cos t dt
= t dt =
cos t
(arcsin t )3 + c.
2 3
2
t +c =
3
3
Aplicaia 2:
S se calculeze: I 2 =
Rezolvare:
dx
(1 + x ) ln(x +
1+ x
I2 =
ln x + x 2 + 1
ln x + x 2 + 1
'
dx
1+ x2
1
1+ x2
??
1+ x2
ln x + x 2 + 1 = t dt =
dx
1+ x2
dt
t
= t
I2 =
1
2
dt =
1
2
1
2
= 2 t + c
dx
(1 + x ) ln(x +
2
20
1+ x
= 2 ln x + x 2 + 1 + c.
h( x ) = t ln x + x 2 + 1 = t ,
e ln( x +
= et x
= et x + 1 + x 2 = et 1 + x 2 = et x 1 + x 2 =
1 + x 2 = e 2t 2 xe t + x 2 2 xe t = e 2t 1 x =
e 2t 1
2e t
2 e 2t e t e 2t 1 e t
e t 2e 2t e 2t + 1
=
dt
dt
2e 2t
2e 2t
dx =
sau:
2t
+1
dt
2e t
e 2t 1
4e 2t + e 4t 2e 2t + 1 e 4t + 2 e 2t + 1 e 2t + 1
=
.
=
1 + x = 1 +
=
t
2t
t
2t
4
2
e
e
2
e
4
e
Atunci:
I2 =
dx
(1 + x ) ln(x +
2
1+ x
e 2t + 1
t
dt
==
dt = 2t 2e
2
2t
1
+
e
t
e +1
t
t
2e t
2
e
e 2t + 1
2e t
1)
x2 5 ;
3)
5)
x dx
2)
2 x2 + 3 ;
a 2 x 2 + b 2 dx;
4)
x 2 dx
1 + x6 ;
6)
ax + b
21
x dx
a4 x4
x 2 dx
x6 1
arcsin x
dx;
1 x2
7)
9)
8)
dx
(1 + x ) ln(x +
2
1+ x
13)
(e
15)
(a
20)
x 2 +1
1 + 4x 2
dx;
x
x
a
a
14) e + e dx;
16)
dx;
a 2x 1
ax
dx;
18) x 7 x dx;
x dx;
1
x
e
dx;
x2
ex
21) x dx;
e 1
dx;
22) e x a be x dx;
dx
ax + b ;
x
e a
23)
ax
24)
dx;
1 + a 2x
a)
x arctg (2 x )
12) 4 23 x dx;
)dt;
bx
ax bx
17) e
19)
x
2 dx;
4 + x2
10)
11) a e ax dx;
t
arctg
25)
b) ex dx;
c) a x dx;
1
3
+ 1 e a dx;
sin (3 x )
dx.
3 + cos(3 x )
d) sin (x )dx;
( f (x ) g (x )) ' =
f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f (x ) g ' (x ).
22
e) cos(x )dx.
S-a obinut:
f (x ) = ln x f ' (x ) = x
Atunci:
1
I = x ln x xdx = x ln x x + c.
x
2) I =
x cos x
dx;
sin 2 x
Se alege:
f (x ) = x f ' (x ) = 1
cos x
cos xdx
Notm:
sin x = t dt = cos xdx.
Rezult:
cos x dx
1
dt
t 1
2
= 2 = t dt =
= .
g (x ) =
2
1
t
sin x
t
g (x ) =
1
. Atunci:
sin x
23
I =
x cos x
x
1
x
x
dx =
+
dx =
+ ln tg + c
2
sin x
sin x
sin x
2
sin x
cos(bx )
b
e ax cos(bx )
cos(bx )
I =
+ a e ax
dx, sau:
b
b
I =
e ax cos(bx ) a ax cos(bx )
+ e
b
b
b
(a)
J=
sin (bx )
b
e ax sin (bx )
a e ax sin (bx )
dx
b
b
sau:
J=
e ax sin (bx ) a ax
e sin (bx )dx
b
b
(b)
e ax cos(bx ) a ax
a2
+ 2 e sin (bx ) 2 I
b
b
b
b ) e ax cos(bx )
a2
a
I I + 2 =
+ 2 e ax sin (bx ) ,
b
b
b
I=
sau:
a 2 x 2 dx;
b)
a 2 + x 2 dx;
c)
24
x 2 a 2 dx.
a) I = a 2 x 2
x
f = a2 x2 f '=
a2 x2
, g'= 1 g = x
Atunci:
I = x a2 x2
x2
artificiu
a2 x2
I = x a2 x2
x a2 x2
a2 x2
a2 x2
dy + a 2
(a 2 x 2 ) a 2
a2 x2
dx
a2 x2
sau:
I = x a 2 x 2 I + a 2 arcsin
x
x
2 I = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 arcsin .
a
a
Deci:
I = a2 x2 =
x
a2
x
a2 x2 +
arcsin + c.
2
2
a
x
a2
2
2
a +x =
a +x +
ln x + a 2 + x 2 + c
2
2
2
c) I = x 2 a 2 =
a2
x 2
ln x + x 2 a 2 + c.
x a2
2
2
Observaie.
Integralele a), b), c) sunt ntlnite frecvent, motiv pentru care sunt trecute
n tabelul de integrale. Important este ideea de a le calcula (artificiul), dar
n probleme se utilizeaz direct din tabel.
B) Obinerea relaiilor de recuren pentru:
I n = x n e x dx;
25
Aplicaie.
S se calculeze I = x 4 e 3 x dx.
Soluie. Deoarece I se calculeaz aplicnd metoda integrrii prin pri de
patru ori, atunci considerm integrala general
I n = x n e 3 x dx,
n 1
, g'= e
3x
e3x
g = e dx =
3
3x
Atunci:
In =
x n e3x n n 3x
x n e3x n
x e dx I n =
I n 1
3
3
3
3
()
x 3e3x
x 2 e3x
xe 3 x
2
1
x 4 e3x 4
I2; I2 =
I1 ; I1 =
I0.
I = I4 =
I3 ; I3 =
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Dar
I 0 = x 0 e 3 x dx =
e3x
3
Atunci:
xe 3 x e 3 x e 3 x
(3x 1)
I1 =
=
3
9
9
I2 =
x 2 e3x
2
e3x
e 3 x (3 x 1) =
gx 2 6 x + 2
3
27
27
x 3e 3x e 3x
e3x
2
I3 =
9x 6x + 2 =
9x3 9x 2 + 6x 2
3
27
2x
I4 =
x 4 e3x 4 e3x
e3x
9x3 9x 2 + 6x 2 =
27 x 4 36 x 3 + 36 x 2 24 x + 8
3
3 27
81
Deci:
I = I4 =
e3x
27 x 4 36 x 2 24 x + 8 + c.
81
26
Tema 1.3.1
S se calculeze integralele urmtoare folosind relaiile de recuren:
1) x 5 e 2 x dx;
2) x 4 cos(2 x )dx;
3) x 5 cos(2 x )dx;
4) x 4 sin xdx;
5) x n ex dx = I n
C)
Metoda
identificrii-derivrii
pentru
I n = x n e x dx
J n = Pn ( x) e x dx
Soluie:
Se identific:
ex dx = a 0 x n + a1 x n 1 + a 2 x n 2 + ... + a n ex .
sau:
x n ex = ex [a 0 x n + x n 1 (a1 + na 0 ) + x n 2 (a 2 + (n 1)a1 ) + ... +
+ x(a n 1 + 2a n 2 ) + (a n + a n 1 )
a 0 = 1
a0 =
a1 + na0 = 0
a1 =
a 2 + (n 1)a1 = 0
a2 =
2
n(n 1)
a n1 + 2a n2 = 0
a n + a n1 = 0 .
27
sau
Aplicaie.
S se calculeze I = x 4 e 3 x dx folosind metoda identificrii-derivrii.
Soluie.
e dx = a 0 x 4 + a1 x 3 + a 2 x 2 + a3 x + a 4 e 3 x .
4 3x
x 4 e 3 x = e 3 x 3a 0 x 4 + 3a1 x 3 + 3a 2 x 2 + 3a3 x + 3a 4 +
+ e 3 x 4a 0 x 3 + 3a1 x 2 + 2a 2 x + a3 .
Sau:
+ x(3a3 + 2a 2 ) + (3a n + a3 ) ] e 3 x
x 4 = 3a 0 x 4 + x 3 (3a1 + 4a 0 ) + (3a 2 + 3a1 ) + (3a3 + 2a 2 ) + (3a 4 + a3 )
3a 0 = 1
3a + 4a = 0
0
1
3(a 2 + a1 ) = 0
3a3 + 2a 2 = 0
3a + a = 0
3
4
a0 =
1
3
a1 =
a2 =
4
9
4
9
8
27
8
a4 = +
81
a3 =
Atunci:
I = x 4 e 3 x dx =
e3x
27 x 4 36 x 3 + 36 x 2 24 x + 8
81
28
(x
x 1 e 2 x dx;
Tema 1.3.3.
S se calculeze integralele urmtoare folosind metoda integrrii prin pri:
1) arctgxdx;
2) arcsin xdx;
3) x sin xdx;
4) x cos 2 xdx;
5)
e x dx;
7)
(x
6) x 2 e 2 x dx;
8) x sin x cos xdx;
2 x + 5) e x dx;
9) ( x 2 + 5 x + 6) cos 2 xdx;
10) x 2 ln xdx;
11) ln 2 xdx;
12)
13)
ln x
x
ln x
dx;
x3
dx;
15) x arctgxdx;
17)
sin 2 x dx;
Tip I . I = 2
dx.
ax + bx + c
Substituia:
x= y
dx = dy i ax 2 + bx + c = a y 2 2 (A nu se ine minte!!)
2a
4a
29
Atunci:
b
mb
m y + n
my + n
mx + n
2a
2a
ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2 dy = 2 dy =
a y 2
a y 2
4a
4a
mb
n
dy
y dy
2a
+
y2
y2 2
A
B
4a
4a 2
m
=
a
= A I 1 + B I 2 , unde pentru:
I1
I1 =
iar I 2 =
dy
y 2
4a
2
Tip II. I =
mx + n
ax 2 + bx + c
Substituia x = y
mx + n
ax + bx + c
2
dy
y 2
4a
dx.
b
conduce la:
2a
dx = A
unde pentru I 1 =
I2 =
y dy
facem substituia y 2 2 = t.
4a
y2 2
4a
y dy
a y2 2
4a
y dy
y2
4a 2
+ B
dy
a y2 2
4a
se face substituia: a y 2
= A I1 + B I 2
= t , iar
4a 2
30
Tip IV. I =
dx
(x )
1
Substituia x = i conduce la tipul
t
ax 2 + bx + c
II).
Tema 1.4.1.
1)
x dx
x 2 7 x + 13 ;
(x 1)2
3)
x 2 + 3x + 4
5)
7)
9)
x 2 4 x + 5 dx;
dx;
4)
x2
x 2 6 x + 10 dx;
6)
dx;
8)
dx
2 + 3x 2 x 2
2x 8
1 x x2
dx
1 x2
3x 2
2)
x x2
x
5x 2 2 x + 1
dx;
dx
10)
12)
(x + 1)
dx
dx
x2 + x 1
dx
11)
(x 1)
13)
x 2 + 2 x + 5dx;
14)
15)
2 x x 2 dx;
16)
x 4 4 x 2 + 3dx;
17)
cos xdx
sin 2 x 6 sin x + 12 ;
19)
x2 2
sin x
cos 2 x + 4 cos x + 1
18)
20)
dx;
P(x )
Q(x ) dx
31
x 2 + 2x
x x 2 dx;
x
e x dx
1 + e x + e2x
ln x
1 4 ln x ln 2 x
dx;
2)
3)
4)
1
ax + b
1)
2)
(ax + b )
mx + n
ax + bx + c
3)
(ax
mx + n
+ bx + c
4)
dx
substituia: ax + b = t
ax + b
dx
(ax + b )n
substituia: ax + b = t
mx + n
b
dx substituia: x = y
2a
ax + bx + c
2
(ax
mx + n
2
+ bx + c
dx substituia:
x= y
b
2a
(conduce la 5)
5)
(x
1
a
4) I =
x= y
2 n
(ax
mx + n
2
+ bx + c
(x
dx
2
a2
dx;
dx = dy i ax 2 + bx + c = a y 2 2 . A nu se ine minte!!
2a
4a
Atunci:
I =
(ax
mx + n
2
+ bx + c
unde pentru J 1 =
J2 =
dy
2
y 2
4a
dx
not
5) I n =
(x
+ a2
dx = A
ydy
2
y 2
4a
ydy
2
y 2
4a
+ B
dy
2
y 2
4a
se face substituia: y 2
32
= A J 1 + B J 2
= t , iar pentru
4a 2
(x
dx
2
+a
2 n 1
i se integreaz
prin pri:
f =
(x
1
2
+ a2
(
(
)
)
x 2 + a 2 n 1 '
= 2 x (n 1) .
f ' (x ) =
n
2
n
2
x2 + a2
x2 + a2
n 1
g ' = 1 g = x,
atunci:
I n 1 =
I n 1 =
(x
x
+a
(x
2 n 1
x
+a
2 n 1
+ 2 (n 1)
+ 2 (n 1)
artificiu
x2 + a2 a2
(x
dx
(x +a)
2 n 1
+ a2
dx
2a 2 (n 1)
dx
(x + a )
2 n
I n 1
In
S-a obinut:
I n 1 =
(x
x
2
+a
2 n 1
+ 2 (n 1) I n 1 2a 2 (n 1) I n
2a 2 (n 1) I n =
(x
x
2
+ a2
n 1
+ I n 1 (2n 2 1)
sau:
In =
x
1
2
2
2a (n 1) x + a 2
n 1
+ (2n 3) I n 1
(A nu se ine minte!!)
Aplicaie I 2 =
(x
dx
2
+ 12
Se pleac de la I1 =
f =
dx
care se integreaz prin pri.
x2 +1
1
2x
f
'
2
x2 +1
x2 +1
g ' = 1 g ( x ) = x.
33
Atunci:
I1 =
artificiu
2
x +1 1
x
dx,
+ 2
2
x +1
x2 +1
2
sau:
I1 =
x
x2 +1
dx
2
+
dx 2
,
2
2
2
x +1
x2 +1
x2 +1
sau:
I1 =
x
dx
x
+ 2 2
2 I 2 2I 2 = 2
+ 2I1 I1
+
x
1
x +1
x
+
1
I1
sau:
I2 =
1 x
+ I1 .
2
2 x +1
Dar:
I1 =
dx
1 x
= arctgx I 2 = 2
+ arctgx + c.
2 x +1
x +1
Tema 1.4.2
dx
1)
3x + 5;
3)
(5 x + 3)4 ;
5)
(x 2 + 4 x + 5)2 dx;
7)
(x 4 + x 2 + )2 dx;
1
dx
5x + 3
dx
2)
(2 x + 1)7 ;
4)
6)
(x 2
P(x )
Q(x ) dx
34
x2 +1
dx
2x + 1
+ 2x + 2
dx;
dx = C ( x )dx +
dx
Q(x )
Q(x )
Q(x )
Q(x )
direct
cu B 2
A x + B1
A2 x + B2
P
= 21
+
Q ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
T3 . Pentru fraciile
+ ... +
An x + Bn
(ax
+ bx + c
P2
Q2
P
P1
i 2 se aplic recursiv T1 i T2 .
Q2
Q1
Practic:
- se descompune Q(x ) n factori ireductibili de gradul I i II;
- pentru orice factor de gradul I se aplic T1 pn la epuizarea lor;
- pentru orice factor de gradul II se aplic T2 pn la epuizarea lor;
Aplicaie:
S se descompun n fracii simple fracia : F (x ) =
(x
x2 + 5
3
) (x
+1
+8
Soluie.
Descompunem pe Q(x ) = (x 3 + 1) (x 3 + 8) n factori ireductibili de gradul I
2
i II.
35
) (x
Q( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) x 2 x + 1
2
2x + 4
3.
(x
+
x2 + 5
3
) (x
+1
C1 x + D1
x x +1
2
+8
B3
A1
A2
B
B2
+
+ 1 +
+
+
2
2
x + 1 (x + 1)
x + 2 (x + 2)
(x + 2)3
C 2 x + D2
(x
x +1
E1 x + F1
x 2x + 4
2
(x
E 2 x + F2
2
2x + 4
) (x
2
E3 x + F3
2
2x + 4
Tema 1.4.3
1) S se descompun n fracii simple:
F1 =
2 x 2 + 41 x 91
;
(x 1)(x + 3)(x 4)
F2 =
x( x + 1)
x4
F3 = 4
;
x 1
F4 =
F5 =
1
;
x +1
F6 =
1
;
x +1
F7 =
1
;
x + x2 +1
F8 =
F9 =
5x 2 + 6 x + 9
(x 3)2 (x + 1)2
1
;
x + 4x + 3 x 2 + 4x + 5
)(
(x
C. Determinarea coeficienilor
Pentru determinarea coeficienilor se pot folosi dou metode:
- Metoda identificrii
- Metoda valorilor.
Tema 1.4.4.
1)
dx
4x3 x ;
2)
36
x 2 8x + 7
(x 3 3x 10)2 dx;
3)
5)
x3 + x + 1
x x 2 + 1 dx;
4)
dx
x + 1) x 2 + 1
2
5x 3 + 2
dx.
x3 + 1 x3 + 8
)(
q1 ax + b
R cx + d ,
Observaie:
q2
ax + b
cx + d
p2
,....,
qk
ax + b
cx + d
p
q
A =A .
p
1) Se consider fraciile:
p
p1 p 2
,
,....., k
q1 q 2
qk
1)
3)
5)
3 x + 1 dx;
7)
(2 x )
x 1
dx;
dx
(x 1)3
x 1 +
x 1
dx
1 x
37
2)
3 ax + b dx;
4)
6)
x + 2dx;
8)
dx
x +3 x
x 1
dx;
x +1
pk
, x dx
9)
x +1
dx;
x 1
10)
x2
x+3
2x + 3
dx.
Aplicaie:
S se calculeze integrala I = 3
x 1
x +1
dx.
Soluie:
La prima vedere aceast integral pare c nu este de acest tip.
1
x = x2
1 x + 0
, care este de tipul VI. Apar radicalii:
Dar: x =
1
0 x +1
3
3
=
x
x
Avem fraciile
1 1
, Numitorul comun q = 6.
2 3
Fac substituia x = t 6 dx = 6t 5 dt
I =
t 6 1
3
t6 +1
6t 5 dt = 6
t5 t3 1
t8 t5
=
6
dt
t 2 + 1 dt.
t2 +1
t +1
I = 6 t 6 t 4 t 3 + t 2 + t 1 dt + 2
dt =
t + 1
t 7 t 5 t 4 t 3 t 2
t
dt
= 6 + + t 2
dt + 2
=
7
5
4
3
2
+
+
1
1
t
t
t 7 t 5 t 4 t 3 t 2
1
= 6 + + t ln t 2 + 1 + arctgt + c.
2
7 5 4 3 2
Dar:
x = t6 t = 6 x
6 x7 6 x5 6 x 4 6 x3 6 x2
1
I = 6
+
+
6 x ln 3 x + 1 + arctg 6
5
4
3
2
2
7
I = R ax 2 + bx + c , x dx
Substituiile Euler
38
x + c.
ax 2 + bx + c = x a + t
ax 2 + bx + c = ax 2 + 2 xt a + t 2 x b 2 at = t 2 c x =
t 2c
dt = ... i
dx =
t
a
2
t2 c
b 2t a
t2 c
+ t = ....
ax 2 + bx + c = a
t
a
2
2t c b
,
a t2
atunci:
2t c b
dt = ...
dx =
2
a
i
2t c b
+ c = ...
ax 2 + bx + c = t
2
a
ax ax 2 = t ( x x1 ) x =
2
ax 2 t 2 x1
a t2
ax 2 t 2 x1
dt = ...
dx =
2
ax 2 t 2 x1
x1 = ...
ax + bx + c = t
2
a t
2
39
dx
1 + x + 2x + 2
2
Soluie:
Cum a = 1 > 0 facem substituia
x 2 + 2 x + 2 = x + t.
dx =
t2 2
2(1 t )
t 2 2t + 2
1 2t (1 t ) + t 2 2
dt
=
dt.
2
2
(1 t )2
2(1 t )
t2 2
t 2 2 + 2t 2t 2 t 2 + 2t 2 t 2 2t + 2
.
+t =
=
=
2(1 t )
2(1 t )
2(1 t )
2(t 1)
Atunci:
I =
t 2 2t + 2
t 2 2t + 2
dt
2
2
2(1 t )
2(1 t )
=
t 2 2t + 2 + 2t 2 =
t 2 2t + 2
1+
2(t 1)
2(t 1)
t 2 2t + 2 t 1
t 2 2t + 2
dt
t 2 (t 1) dt.
(t 1)2 t 2
=
+
+
t t 2 t 1
t 2 (t 1)
Tema 1.4.6
1)
1+
2)
dx
x 2 + 3x + 2
dx
x 2 + 2x + 4
3)
x+
40
dx
x2 x +1
4)
dx
1 2x x
5)
x + 1+ x + x2
1+ x +
1+ x + x
dx;
Pn ( x )dx
ax 2 + bx + c
Metoda identificrii-derivrii.
Se identific integrala cu un polinom de grad n-1 de forma:
Pn ( x )dx
ax 2 + bx + c
= Qn 1 ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c +
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
Pn ( x )dx
2ax + b
= Qn' 1 ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c + Qn 1 (x )
2
2 ax 2 + bx + c
ax + bx + c
'
'
dx
.
+
2
ax + bx + c
innd cont c:
( f (x ) dx) = f (x )
'
se obine:
Pn ( x )
ax 2 + bx + c
= Qn' 1 ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c + Qn 1 ( x )
Rezult:
2 Pn (x ) = 2 Qn' 1 (x )
( ax
+ bx + c
41
2 ax 2 + bx + c
) + (2ax + b) Q
2ax + b
n 1
ax 2 + bx + c
(x ) + 2.
Aplicaie:
S se calculeze: I = x 2 x 2 + 1 dx =
x4 + x2
x2 +1
dx .
Soluie:
Dac aplicm metoda identificrii-derivrii rezult:
x4 + x2
x +1
2
dx = Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D x 2 + 1 +
dx
x +1
2
+
x4 + x2
x2 +1
2 x2 +1
(x
=
= 3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C 2 + 1 +
(Ax
+ Bx 2 + Cx + D +
)(
x2 +1
+ 1 3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C + Ax 4 + Bx 3 + Cx 2 + Dx +
x2 +1
x 4 + x 2 = 3 Ax 4 + 2 Bx 3 + Cx 2 +
sau:
3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C +
Ax 4 + Bx 3 + Cx 2 + Dx +
x 4 + x 2 = 4 Ax 4 + 3Bx 3 + x 2 (3 A + 2C ) + x(D + 2 B ) + (C + )
A = 4
4 A = 1
3B = 0
B = 0
3
7
7
3 A + 2C = 1 2C = 1 = C =
4
4
8
D + 2B = 0
D = 0
C + = 0
= C = 7
Atunci:
x 2 + 1 dx =
x3 7
7
dx
= x x 2 + 1 +
=
2
4
8
8
x +1
42
x3 7
7
= x x 2 + 1 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + C.
8
4 8
Tema 1.4.6.
1) x 2 x 2 + 4 x + 5dx; 2)
3) x 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2dx.
x 2 3 x + 2dx;
(x )n
dx
ax + bx + c
2
Se face substituia x =
dt
1
dx = 2 ;
t
t
x=
t + 1
t
dx
(x + 1)
x 2 + 2x
Soluie:
1
t
Facem substituia x + 1 = dx =
dt
1
1 t
, iar, x = 1 =
2
t
t
t
Calculm:
2
2
1 t2
1 t 1 2t + t + 2(1 t )t t + 1
1 t
2
.
x
+
x
=
=
2
x + 2x =
=
+ 2
t2
t2
t2
t
t
t
t3
( At + B )
1 t2 +
tipVIII
dt
1 t2
Prin derivare:
t2
1 t2
= A 1 t2
t ( At + B )
1 t2
1 t2
t 2 = A 1 t 2 t ( At + B ) + t 2 = t 2 ( 2 A) Bt + ( A + )
43
1
1
B = 0 A = ; B = 0; =
2
2
+ A = 0
t 2 dt
1 t
t
1
t
1
dt
1 t 2 arcsin t + c
1 t2
=
2
2
2
2
2 1 t
Atunci:
t=
x +1
1
t
1
1
1
1
I = 1 t 2 arcsin t + c =
1
arcsin
+c
2( x + 1)
x +1
2
2
(x + 1)2 2
Tema 1.4.7
1)
3)
5)
x 2 dx
x2 x +1
x6
dx;
1+ x2
dx
(x 1)4
x 2 + 2x
4)
x5
6)
x5
2)
1 x2
dx;
dx
x2 1
x2 + x +1
x2 x +1
dx.
2 dt
x
x
.
= t = arctgt x = 2arctgt dx =
2
2
1+ t2
44
2tg
2 = 2t
sin x =
x 1+ t2
1 + tg 2
1 tg 2
2
cos x =
2 = 1 t
x 1+ t2
1 + tg 2
dx
3 + cos x
Soluie:
x
2
1 t2
2 dt
;
x
=
cos
.
1+ t2
1+ t2
Atunci:
2dt
dt
2
dt
dt
1+ t2
I = 1 + t 2 = 2
= 2 2
=
2
2
2t + 4
1 t
3 + 3t + 1 t
t2 + 2
3+
1+ t2
1+ t2
( )
x
tg
1
t
arctg
arctg 2 + c
+c =
2
2
2
2
Tema 1.4.8.
dx
1)
3 + 5 cos x ;
3)
1 + cos x dx;
5)
cos x
3 sin x + 2 cos x
dx
2)
sin x + cos x ;
4)
8 4 sin x + 7 cos x ;
6)
3 cos 2 x + 1 .
45
dx
dx
Aplicaie:
S se calculeze: sin 9 x sin xdx = [cos 8 x cos10 x ]dx =
1
2
1
1
sin (8 x ) sin (10 x )
cos 8 xdx cos10 xdx =
+ c.
2
2
16
20
Tema 1.4.9.
1) sin 3x cos 5 xdx;
x
2
x
3
x
3
2x
dx;
3
4) sin sin
9) I1 =
sin x
dx;
2 sin x + 3 cos x
I2 =
cos x
dx.
2 sin x + 3 cos x
46
dx =
dt
1+ t2
i de reinut formulele!!!:
2
tg 2 x
t2
x
sin
=
=
1 + tg 2 x 1 + t 2
1
1
cos 2 x =
=
2
1 + tg x 1 + t 2
(1 cos
x cos 3 x sin x dx =
= 1 t 2 t 3 dt = ...
2
dt = cos xdx.
Atunci:
I = sin 5 x cos 3 xdx = sin 5 x cos 2 x cos x dx =
dt
.
1+ t2
47
sin x =
1+ t2
; cos x =
1
1+ t2
atunci:
t5
I =
(1 + t )
2 5
t5
(1 + t )
2 3
A1t + B1
(1 + t )
dt =
t4 t
2 5
1+ t
dt
t5
=
1+ t2
1+ t2
A2 t + B2
(1 + t )
2 2
dt
A5 t + B5
+ ....
(1 + t )
2 5
Abandon!!!!
Altfel:
t5
(1 + t 2 )5
(1 + t )
2 5
dt
du
,
2
atunci:
I=
1 (u 1)2
du = ...
2 u5
Tem 1.4.10.
3 sin x + 2 cos x
1)
3)
1 + 3 cos 2 x ;
5)
7)
1 + sin 2 x dx;
9)
dx
dx
sin 2 x
1 + tgx
2)
1 tgx dx;
4)
3 sin 2 x + 5 cos 2 x ;
6)
(1 cos x )2 dx;
8)
dx
sin x
cos 2 x
cos x
48
iar
cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x
Atunci:
I n = (cos x ) dx =
2k
1 + cos 2 x
cos x dx =
dx =
2
1
k
(1 + cos 2 x ) dx Se dezvolt dup binomul lui Newton i se aplic
k
2
2) cos 2 xdx;
3) cos 3 xdx;
4) cos 4 xdx;
5) cos 7 xdx;
6) cos 5 xdx;
7) cos 6 xdx.
Tip XIV. Integrala general de forma: I n = sin n xdx cu n IN .
a) Dac n = 2k + 1 (impar n sin x), deci se face substituia
cos x = t dt = sin xdx sin xdx = dt
iar
J n = (sin x )2
k +1
49
cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x
Atunci:
J n = (sin ) dx = sin 2 x dx =
2k
1
1 cos 2 x
k
=
dx = k (1 cos 2 x ) dx
2
2
2) sin 2 xdx;
3) sin 3 xdx;
4) sin 4 xdx;
5) sin 5 xdx;
6) sin 6 xdx.
dt
1+ t2
i rezult:
Kn =
tn
dt funcie raional.
1+ t2
Tema 1.4.13.
1) tgxdx;
2) tg 2 xdx;
4) tg 4 xdx;
5) tg 5 xdx.
50
3) tg 3 xdx;
a) Dac
n = 2k + 1 i
(sin
2I
t 2 I dt ...
2k
'
(sin x )
2k
'
= t 2 k 1 t 2 dt ...
d)Dac n = 2k i m = 2 I (pare).
ATENIE !! (Nu se face substituia tgx = t ) .
Se folosesc formulele de trecere la unghi dublu:
1 cos 2 x
2
sin x =
2
,
cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x
atunci:
Lm , n =
) (
1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
sin x cos x dx =
dx =
2
2
1
2
k +1
'
'
k
(1 cos 2 x ) (1 + cos 2 x )' dx ...
Se aplic binomul lui Newton i se aplic recursiv (a), (b), (c) si (d).
51
Tema 1.4.14.
1) sin 3 x cos 2 xdx;
dx
.
sin n x
Substituia:
tg
2
x
= t x = 2arctgt dx =
dt
2
1+ t2
i
sin x =
2tg
x
2
x
1 + tg 2
2
2t
.
1+ t2
Atunci:
2
dt
2
1
t
1
+
Mn =
= n 1
n
2
2t
2
1+ t
(1 + t )
2 n 1
tn
dt ...
dx
sin 3 x = I
Soluie:
x
2
sin x =
2tg
x
2
1 + tg 2
x
2
52
2
dt ;
1+ t2
2t
1+ t2
2
dt
dt
2
2
1 1+ t2
1
=
I = 1 + t 3 = 1 +3t
4
4
t3
t
2t
3
1+ t 2
1+ t2
dt =
1 1 + 2t 2 + t 4
dt =
4
t3
t2
1 dt
dt
1
3 + 2 + t dt = t 3 dt + 2 ln t + + c =
2
4 t
t
4
tg 2
x
1
1
t2
1 1
2 + c.
+ 2 ln tg +
= 2 + 2 ln t + + c =
x
4
2
2
4 2t
2
2tg 2
Tema 1.4.15.
1)
dx
sin x ;
2)
dx
sin 3 x ;
3)
dx
sin 4 x ;
4)
dx
sin 5 x ;
5)
dx
dx
sin 6 x . 6) sin 2 x .
dx
.
cos n x
x = y dy = dx
iar
N n =
dy
Vezi tipul XVII.
sin n y
Tema 1.4.16.
1)
dx
cos x ;
2)
dx
cos 2 x ;
3)
dx
cos 3 x ;
4)
dx
cos 4 x ;
5)
dx
cos 5 x ;
6)
atunci:
53
e x
dx
cos 6 x .
Pn =
x n e x
n x n 1
e x
dx Pn =
x n e x
x n 1e x dx .
Pn 1
x n e x
Pn 1 (A nu se ine minte!).
Aplicaie:
S se calculeze: I = (x 4 + 2 x 2 + 3) e 5 x dx
Soluie:
Pentru a evita integrarea prin pri de 4 ori, se pleac de la integrala
general:
Pn = x n e 5 x dx
x n e5x n
Pn 1 ,
5
5
atunci:
I = x 4 e 5 x dx + 2 x 2 e 5 x dx + 3 e 5 x dx = P4 + 2 P2 + 3P0 ,
Unde:
P4 =
3 3 2 2(5 x 1)
e5x 4
x 4e5x 4
P3 =
x 4 x x
5
5
5
5
5 2
P3 =
e5x
x 3e 5 x 3
P2 =
5
5
5
3 3 2 2(5 x 1)
x x
5
5 2
x 2e5x 2
e5x
P2 =
P1 =
5
5
5
P1 =
x 1
x 2 2 2
5 5
xe 5 x 1
x 1
P0 = e 5 x 2
5
5
5 5
P0 = x 0 e 5 x dx = e 5 x dx =
Atunci:
e5x
.
5
I = P4 + 2 P2 + 3P0 = ...
54
Observaie:
Astfel de integrale se pot face i prin metoda identificrii care a fost
prezentat la metoda integrrii prin pri.
Tema 1.4.17.
1)
(x
+ x 2 + 2 x 5 e 3 x dx;
(x
2)
+ x 3 + x e 2 x dx.
sin x
atunci:
Qn =
x n sin (x )
nx n 1
sin (x )
dx Qn =
x n sin (x )
J = x n 1 sin xdx
cos x
atunci:
J =
x n 1 cos(x )
n 1
xcos(x )dx,
n2
Qn 2
atunci:
Qn =
x n sin (x )
n x n 1 cos(x ) n 1
+
Qn 2 ,
55
x n sin 2 x n n 1
n(n 1)
+ x cos 2 x
Qn 2
2
4
4
atunci:
a)
x 5 sin 2 x 5 4
54
I = Q5 =
+ x cos 2 x
Q3
2
4
4
Q3 =
3 2
x 3 sin 2 x 3 2
+ x cos 2 x
Q1 .
2
4
4
Q3 =
sin 2 x
;
2
x sin 2 x 1
x sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin 2 x dx =
+
;
2
2
2
4
x 3 sin 2 x 3 2
3 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
x cos 2 x
+
;
2
4
2 2
4
x 3 3 x cos 2 x 2 3
Q3 = (sin 2 x ) +
3 x ;
4
4
2
2
Q5 =
b)
x 3 3 x cos 2 x 2 3
x 5 sin 2 x 5 4
+ x cos 2 x 5sin 2 x +
3 x
2
4
4
4
2
2
43
x 4 sin 2 x 4 3
+ x cos 2 x
J = x cos 2 xdx = Q4 =
Q2 ;
2
4
4
4
Q2 =
2 1
x 2 sin 2 x 2
+ x cos 2 x
Q0 ;
2
4
4
Q0 = x 0 cos 2 xdx =
56
sin 2 x
,
2
Q2 =
atunci:
i
J = Q4 =
x 2 sin 2 x 1
sin 2 x
+ x cos 2 x
2
2
4
2
2
2
4
Observaie:
Analog se procedeaz i pentru Qn' = x n sin x dx .
Tema 1.4.18
1)
(x
+ 3 x 3 + 2 x + 1 sin 2 xdx;
3)
(x
+ x 4 + 2 cos 4 xdx;
)
4) (x + x + 2)sin 2 x cos 2 xdx.
2)
(x
+ x + 1 cos 3 xdx;
x = a tgt sau
x = a ctgt
x = a sin t
x = a cos t
a) R x, x 2 + a 2 dx
b) R x, a 2 x 2 dx
x =
2
2
c) R x, x a dx
x =
Prin
aceste
sau
a
sau
sin t
a
cos t
substituii
integrala
se
transform
trigonometric.
Aplicaie:
S se calculeze: I =
(x
x2
2
dx.
Soluie:
Facem substituia :
x=
1
cos t
dx = 2 dt.
sin t
sin t
57
ntr-o
integral