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Es Code of Practice Works
Es Code of Practice Works
Works
The Queensland Electrical safety code of practice 2010 Works was made on 18 December 2009 and
commenced on 1 January 2010.
This Queensland code of practice was amended by the Attorney-General and Minister for Justice on 2
December 2013.
This amended code takes effect on 1 January 2014.
ESOPDF028
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Contents
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 5
FOREWORD.......................................................................................................................................... 5
SCOPE AND APPLICATION ................................................................................................................ 6
Meaning of works of an electricity entity .......................................................................................... 6
Meaning of electricity entity.............................................................................................................. 6
How to use this Code of Practice..................................................................................................... 6
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 7
What are electrical risks? ........................................................................................................ 7
Who must manage electrical risks? ........................................................................................ 7
What is required to manage the electrical risks? .................................................................... 8
Information, training, instruction and supervision .................................................................... 9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
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Page 4 of 30
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
The Electrical Safety Act 2002 (the ES Act) is directed at eliminating the human cost to individuals,
families and the community of death, injury and destruction that can be caused by electricity. The ES
Act establishes a legislative framework for preventing persons from being killed or injured by electricity,
and preventing property from being destroyed or damaged by electricity. The ES Act places the primary
electrical safety duty on a person conducting a business or undertaking, who must ensure the business
or undertaking is conducted in a way that is electrically safe. Duties are also placed on officers of a
person conducting a business or undertaking, workers and other persons at a workplace, as well as
electricity entities, designers, manufacturers, importers, suppliers, installers, repairers and persons in
control of electrical equipment.
The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHS Act) requires persons who have a duty to ensure health
and safety to manage risks by eliminating health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable,
and if it is not reasonably practicable to do so, to minimise those risks so far as is reasonably
practicable. The WHS Act provides a framework to protect the health, safety and welfare of all workers
at work. It also protects the health and safety of all other people who might be affected by the work. The
WHS Act places the primary health and safety duty on a person conducting a business or undertaking,
who must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of workers at the
workplace. Duties are also placed on officers of a person conducting a business or undertaking,
workers and other persons at a workplace.
In terms of electrical safety, where the ES Act and the WHS Act both apply, the ES Act takes
precedence.
FOREWORD
This Code of Practice on how to manage risks associated with electricity entity works is made under
section 44 of the ES Act.
A code of practice is a practical guide to achieving the standards of electrical safety required under the
ES Act and the Electrical Safety Regulation 2013 (the ES Regulation).
A code of practice applies to anyone who has an electrical safety duty in the circumstances described
in the code. In most cases, following a code of practice would achieve compliance with the electrical
safety duties in the ES Act, in relation to the subject matter of the code. Like regulations, codes of
practice deal with particular issues and do not cover all hazards or risks that may arise. Health and
safety and electrical safety duties require duty holders to consider all risks associated with work, not
only those for which regulations and codes of practice exist.
Codes of practice are admissible in court proceedings under the ES Act and ES Regulation. Courts
may regard a code of practice as evidence of what is known about a hazard, risk or control and may
rely on the code in determining what is reasonably practicable in the circumstances to which the code
relates.
Compliance with the ES Act and ES Regulation may be achieved by following another method, such as
a technical or an industry standard, if it provides an equivalent or higher standard of electrical safety
than the code.
An inspector may refer to a code of practice when issuing an improvement or electrical safety
protection notice.
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Page 6 of 30
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Electrical risks are risks of death, electric shock or other injury caused directly or indirectly by electricity.
The most common electrical risks and causes of injury associated with electricity entity works are:
electric shock causing injury or death. The electric shock may be received by direct or indirect
contact, tracking through or across a medium, or by arcing. For example, electric shock may result
from indirect contact where a conductive part that is not normally energised becomes energised due
to a fault.
arcing, explosion or fire causing burns. The injuries are often suffered because arcing or explosion
or both occur when high fault currents are present
electric shock from step-and-touch potentials
toxic gases causing illness or death. Burning and arcing associated with electrical equipment may
release various gases and contaminants
fire resulting from an electrical fault.
1.2
A person conducting a business or undertaking has the primary duty under the ES Act to ensure
the persons business or undertaking is conducted in a way that is electrically safe. This duty includes:
ensuring that all electrical equipment used in the conduct of the persons business or undertaking is
electrically safe; and
if the persons business or undertaking includes the performance of electrical work, ensuring the
electrical safety of all persons and property likely to be affected by the electrical work; and
if the persons business or undertaking includes the performance of work, whether or not electrical
work, involving contact with, or being near to, exposed parts, ensuring persons performing the work
are electrically safe.
The ES Regulation includes more specific requirements for managing electrical risks associated with
electricity entity works.
Electricity entities have a duty to ensure its works are electrically safe and are operated in a way that
is electrically safe. This includes the requirement that electricity entities inspect, test and maintain its
works.
Officers, such as company directors, have a duty to exercise due diligence to ensure the business or
undertaking complies with the ES Act and ES Regulation. This includes taking reasonable steps to
ensure the business or undertaking has and uses appropriate resources and processes to eliminate or
minimise risks associated with working near overhead and underground electric lines.
Workers have a duty to take reasonable care for their own electrical safety and to not adversely affect
other peoples electrical safety. Workers must co-operate with reasonable policies or procedures
relating to electrical safety at the workplace and comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with
reasonable instructions.
Other persons at the workplace, like visitors, must take reasonable care for their own electrical safety
and must take reasonable care not to adversely affect other peoples electrical safety. They must
comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with reasonable instructions given by the person conducting
the business or undertaking to allow that person to comply with the ES Act.
Duty holders will have additional legal duties under the WHS Act and the WHS Regulation.
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1.3
ES Regulation s11 A person conducting a business or undertaking must manage risks to health and
safety associated with electrical risks at the workplace in accordance with the WHS Regulation, chapter
3, part 3.1.
WHS Regulation s34-38 In order to manage risk, a duty holder must:
identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to the risk
eliminate the risk, so far as is reasonably practicable
if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, minimise the risk so far as is reasonably
practicable by implementing control measures
maintain the implemented control measure so that it remains effective
review, and if necessary revise, all risk control measures so as to maintain, so far as is reasonably
practicable, a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.
The hierarchy of risk control is described at Chapter 2 of this Code.
Part 9 of the ES Regulation includes a range of specific technical requirements to ensure the electrical
safety of the works of an electricity entity.
ES Regulation s195 A person, including an electricity entity, who designs, builds, maintains or
operates works of an electricity entity must ensure that the requirements of Part 9 of the ES Regulation
for the works of an electricity entity are complied with.
Under section 198 of the ES Regulation, the following requirements apply for the works of an electricity
entity:
(a) the works must be able to perform under the service conditions and the physical environment in
which the works operate;
(b) the works must have enough thermal capacity to pass the electrical load for which they are
designed, without reduction of electrical or mechanical properties to a level below that at which safe
operational performance can be provided;
(c) to the greatest practicable extent, the works must have enough capacity to pass short circuit
currents to allow protective devices to operate correctly;
(d) the works must have enough mechanical strength to withstand anticipated mechanical stresses
caused by environmental, construction or electrical service conditions;
(e) the works must be;
i) designed and constructed to restrict unauthorised access by a person to live exposed parts; and
ii) operated in a way that restricts unauthorised access by a person to live exposed parts;
(f) design, construction, operation and maintenance records necessary for the electrical safety of the
works must be kept in an accessible form;
(g) parts of the works whose identity or purpose is not obvious must be clearly identified by labels, and
the labels must be updated as soon as possible after any change is made to the works; and
(h) electrical equipment intended to form part of the works of an electricity entity must undergo
commissioning tests and inspection to verify that the electrical equipment is suitable for service and
can be operated safely when initially installed or altered.
This Code provides guidance to ensure the electricity entitys works are designed and maintained in
accordance with applicable standards. This Code does not provide guidance for managing the risk
associated with the carrying out of work on or associated with the works of the electricity entity.
Guidance on the general risk management process is available in the How to manage work health and
safety risks code of practice 2011.
Guidance on the risk management processes for electrical work is available in the Managing electrical
risks in the workplace code of practice 2013.
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1.4
WHS Act s19 A person conducting a business or undertaking must ensure, so far as is reasonably
practicable, the provision of any information, training, instruction or supervision that is necessary to
protect all persons from risks to their health and safety arising from work carried out.
WHS Regulation s39 You must ensure that information, training and instruction provided to a worker is
suitable and adequate having regard to:
the nature of the work carried out by the worker
the nature of the risks associated with the work at the time the information, training or instruction is
provided
the control measures implemented.
You must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the information, training and instruction is
provided in a way that is readily understandable by any person to whom it is provided.
Formal or on-the-job training may be appropriate depending on the circumstances. Examples of training
are:
induction trainingto ensure new starters or workers new to a job are trained on safe systems of
work and other relevant health and safety matters
supervisor and management trainingto ensure that safety issues are appropriately managed at
the workplace
work-specific trainingto ensure that workers carrying out particular work are trained on any
electrical and other risks specific to the work, as appropriate
ongoing or refresher trainingto ensure that any training on work health and safety matters is
repeated as appropriate on a periodic basis
emergency procedure trainingto ensure workers know what to do in the event of an emergency,
for example procedures to follow if a person receives an electric shock
first aid trainingto ensure appropriate procedures are followed for administering first aid, for
example proper treatment for electric shock
electrical rescue and resuscitation training for safety observers.
Special needs of workers should be taken into account in deciding the structure, content and delivery of
training, including literacy levels, work experience and specific skills required to carry out the work.
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2.1
Identifying hazards involves finding all of the tasks, situations and sequences of events that could
potentially cause harm.
Hazards arising from electrical equipment or installations may arise from:
the design, construction, installation, maintenance and testing of electrical equipment or electrical
installations
design change or modification
inadequate or inactive electrical protection
where and how electrical equipment is used. Electrical equipment may be subject to operating
conditions that are likely to result in damage to the equipment or a reduction in its expected life
span.
electrical equipment being used in an area in which the atmosphere presents a risk to health and
safety from fire or explosion, for example confined spaces
the age of electrical equipment and electrical installations
Exposure to high electromagnetic fields may also present a potential hazard for workers with some
medical conditions, for example pace makers. You must inform workers and other persons at the
workplace of any potential electromagnetic hazards at the workplace that may affect a medical
condition. You must also manage risks to health and safety arising out of electromagnetic hazards,
including eliminating the risk so far as is reasonably practicable. If that is not reasonably practicable you
must minimise the risk so far as is reasonably practicable.
Potential electrical hazards may be identified in a number of different ways including:
talking to workers and observing where and how electrical equipment is used
regularly inspecting and testing electrical equipment and electrical installations as appropriate
talking to manufacturers, suppliers, industry associations, and health and safety specialists
reviewing incident reports.
2.2
Risk assessment involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard
(consequence) and the likelihood of it happening.
A risk assessment can help determine:
the severity of an electrical risk
whether existing control measures are effective
what action you should take to control an electrical risk
how urgently the action needs to be taken.
To assess the risk associated with electrical hazards consider:
What is the potential impact of the hazard?
o How severe could the electrical hazard be? For example, direct contact causing electrocution,
fire or explosion causing serious burns or death.
o How many people are exposed to the hazard?
How likely is the hazard to cause harm?
Could it happen at any time or would it be a rare event?
How frequently are workers exposed to the hazard?
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2.3
Once hazards have been identified and the risks assessed, appropriate control measures must be put
in place.
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest.
This ranking is known as the hierarchy of risk control. You must work through this hierarchy to choose
the control that most effectively eliminates or minimises the risk in the circumstances, so far as is
reasonably practicable. This may involve a single control measure or a combination of two or more
different controls.
Elimination
The most effective control measure is to remove the hazard or hazardous work practice. By designingin or designing-out certain features, hazards may be eliminated.
Substitution
Replacing a hazardous process or material with one that is less hazardous will reduce the hazard, and
hence the risk. For example, it may be reasonably practicable to use extra-low voltage electrical
equipment such as a battery-operated tool rather than a tool that is plugged into mains electricity.
Isolation
Preventing workers from coming into contact with the source of an electrical hazard will reduce the
relevant risks.
Engineering controls
Use engineering control measures to minimise the risk, for example installing residual current devices
to reduce the risk of receiving a fatal electric shock.
Administrative controls
Administrative controls involve the use of safe work practices to control the risk, for example
establishing exclusion zones, use of permits and warning signs.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
PPE includes protective eyewear, insulated gloves, hard hats, aprons and breathing protection. Most
forms of PPE are not relevant to minimising electrical risks in workplaces, except in relation to
energised electrical work.
Administrative controls and PPE do nothing to change the hazard itself. They rely on people behaving
as expected and require a high level of supervision. Exclusive reliance on administrative controls and
PPE must only occur where other measures are not reasonably practicable or as an interim control
while the preferred control measure is being implemented.
You should check that your chosen control measure does not introduce new hazards.
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2.4
The controls that are put in place to protect health and safety must be reviewed regularly to make sure
they work effectively.
A person conducting a business or undertaking must review and as necessary revise a control measure
in the following circumstances:
when the control measure does not control the risk it was implemented to control so far as is
reasonably practicable
before a change at the workplace that is likely to give rise to a new or different risk to health or
safety that the measure may not effectively control
if a new relevant hazard or risk is identified
if the results of consultation indicate that a review is necessary
if a health and safety representative requests a review.
The following questions will help you evaluate how well you are currently managing electrical risks in
your workplace:
Do you talk to your workers about electrical safety? Do any relevant new work methods or equipment
have the potential to make work safer in your workplace?
Are procedures for identifying electrical hazards in the workplace effective?
Are electrical safety procedures followed? Do you encourage your workers to report electrical hazards?
Do you regularly inspect and maintain your electrical equipment to identify safety problems?
Do you fix or rectify identified electrical hazards in a timely manner?
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PROTECTIVE EARTHING
3.1
Scope
This chapter sets down the principles for the protective earthing of electrical equipment that forms part
of the works of an electricity entity. The principles reflect established design principles used in the
electricity supply industry.
Fundamental performance criteria are provided for ensuring permanent protective earthing systems are
operated correctly. This is to ensure the correct operation of electrical protection systems so that
exposed conductive parts of electrical equipment do not become energised to a potentially dangerous
level.
3.2
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If a stay wire attached to a pole or structure supporting an overhead electric line forming part of the
works of an electricity entity does not form part of an earthing system, the wire must be insulated to
prevent, as far as practicable, any person suffering an electric shock.
3.3
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the prospective touch voltage on uninsulated conductive parts up to 2.4 metres above ground
level and prospective step voltages meet requirements set down in the prospective touch and
step voltages section.
3.3.3 Exposed conductive parts within 2.4m above ground associated with high
voltage in an MEN system
Exposed conductive parts that may become energised from the electricity supply system if there is an
insulation failure or contact with a conductor, should be:
insulated; or
earthed to a separate and distinct earthing system from the high voltage earthing system; the
impedance to remote earth should allow the HV protection system to operate in the event of a high
voltage to exposed conductive part fault; and
be designed so that the prospective touch and step voltages meet the requirements set down in the
prospective touch and step voltages section.
3.3.6 Exposed conductive parts within 2.4m above ground associated with high
voltage in a CMEN system
Exposed conductive parts that may reasonably be expected to become energised from the electricity
supply system if there is an insulation failure or contact with a conductor, should be:
insulated; or
bonded to the CMEN system low voltage neutral.
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3.3.8 Exposed conductive parts within 2.4m above ground associated with high
voltage in a SWER system
Exposed conductive parts that may reasonably be expected to become energised from the electricity
supply system if there is an insulation failure or contact with a conductor, should be insulated.
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3.3.10 Exposed conductive parts within 2.4m above ground associated with high
voltage transmission systems
Exposed conductive parts that may reasonably be expected to become energised from the electricity
transmission system in the event of failure of insulation or contact with a conductor, should be designed
so that the prospective touch and step voltages do not exceed the allowable prospective touch and step
voltages.
3.3.11 Exposed conductive parts within 2.4m above ground associated with low
voltage only
Exposed conductive parts that may reasonably be expected to become energised from the electricity
supply system in the event of failure of insulation or contact with a conductor, should be either insulated
or bonded to the low voltage neutral of the system.
3.4
Earthing Conductors
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3.5
Fault
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3.6
References
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding IEEE
Std. No. 80.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Recommended Guide for Measuring Ground
Resistance and Potential Gradients in the Earth - IEEE Std. No. 81.
ENA EG1 2006 Substation Earthing Guide
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4.1
This chapter sets down the principles for the mechanical and electrical design of underground electric
lines, other than those operating at voltages normally not exceeding 50 volts alternating current or 120
volts ripple-free direct current.
The requirements have been based on recognised industry standards. They represent the minimum
standards necessary to meet an electricity entitys obligations.
Unless otherwise expressly stated, this chapter does not apply to:
any underground earthing conductor not specifically associated with an underground electric line or
with an underground control cable;
underground electric lines or underground control cables fully or partly constructed in places owned
only by an electricity entity and where a substation enclosure prevents unauthorised access;
submarine cables; or
fibre optic cables.
4.2
Underground electric cable systems should be designed in accordance with an appropriate Australian
Standard or ENA Guideline. Where there is no appropriate Australian Standard, an appropriate IEC
Standard should be used.
4.3
Selection of cables
4.3.1 General
Cables used in underground cable systems should comply with an appropriate Australian Standard.
In addition, consideration should be given to the following:
safety;
environmental conditions;
life cycle assessment;
insect or vermin attack;
vibration;
ultraviolet degradation;
economic, security and reliability factors;
forces incurred during installation;
forces incurred during the service life of the cable; and
corrosion protection of armouring and sheathing.
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4.3.2 Conductors
When selecting the cross-sectional area of the conductors of an underground electric cable, keep in
mind the:
prospective load;
voltage drop;
fault currents;
fault clearing times;
proximity of other heat sources, e.g. cables; and
thermal properties of the surrounding environment.
4.4
Installation
4.4.1 General
Underground electric cables and underground control cables should be installed having regard to
system reliability, ease of future maintenance and safety. Consideration should also be given to
minimising damage to underground assets.
Basic factors to be considered during the installation of underground cables are set out in ENA C(b)2.
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Where physical obstructions such as other services make it impossible to achieve these depths,
additional mechanical protection should be provided by means of a minimum cover of 100mm of 20
MPa concrete or equivalent. Any additional mechanical protection should be marked with the words
electric cable or similar along its length.
For trenchless construction:
900mm below the finished ground surface.
This clause does not apply to that part of an underground cable or an underground control cable
entering or leaving the ground vertically or fixed above the ground to a secure structure, so long as
adequate mechanical protection is provided.
4.5
Protection of cables
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Minimum Requirement
Install the cable in a suitable conduit for application under roads,
and LD Class electrical conduit for application in the electricity
footpath allocation. For application outside the electricity footpath
allocation LD Class electrical conduit with a polymeric cable
protection cover complying with AS4702 not less than 75mm
above the cable or, polyethylene orange coloured pressure pipe
of minimum rating PN10 for PE80 Class pipe complying with
AS/NZS4130.
OR
A polymeric cable protection cover complying with AS4702, not
less than 75mm above the cable.
OR
Note: Polymeric cable protection cover and approved bricks provide superior protection. These
should be considered for locations where cables would not normally be found e.g. parklands or
unsealed walkway easements. Also consider using armoured or metallic sheathed cable buried
according to cable depths in this chapter.
For cable circuits requiring high security or where the risk of excavation is high, increased protection
should be provided by:
using a combination of the above provisions for mechanical protection; or
the use of a heavier duty conduit; or
encasing the cables in concrete.
Where there is a risk of cable or duct damage by excavating plant or vibration, increased protection
should be provided by:
laying the cable at a greater depth; or
selecting a less exposed cable route.
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4.5.6 Records
Records should be current for all cable installations using maps, plans or computer databases. When
preparing a record system, consider the following details:
alignments
cable depths
number of cables
cable details
specialised backfill
reduced levels
direct buried or ducted
service history
position of joints, and
date of installation.
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4.6
References
AS/NZS 4026:2001
AS/NZS 2053
AS 4702: 2000
AS/NZS 3100:2002
AS/NZS 4130:
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5.1
This chapter sets down the principles and minimum requirements for maintaining the supporting
structures for overhead lines.
An electricity entity should have a maintenance system that achieves a minimum three-year moving
average reliability against the incidence of failure of 99.99 per cent a year.
Special consideration should be given to poles in areas of higher risk, such as cities and towns.
5.2
Serviceability determination
Provisions of this Code should be accompanied by responsibly developed and documented procedures
for inspecting, assessing, marking and maintaining poles and structures that support overhead lines.
Such procedures should be supported by appropriate work practices, and competency training and
assessment.
The serviceability of a pole shall be determined by its:
above ground condition;
ground line and below condition; and
strength in its as is condition.
An electricity entity should develop a periodic maintenance program to deliver the reliability level set out
at the beginning of this chapter. This program should include an inspection system to verify structural
integrity, both above and below ground.
Where appropriate for the supporting structure, the inspection should also determine the bending
strength of a pole for comparison with its design load and an applied factor of safety.
Pole strength may be determined by:
measuring physical dimensions and calculation; or
proof testing; or
non-destructive evaluation.
Where resultant pole top forces result in a bending moment at ground line of equal to or close to zero
e.g. a fully supported pole situation, the following requirements should be satisfied:
the conductors and attachments should be capable of continuing to support the pole top loading
conditions; and
a minimum pole tip loading should be adopted to ensure the groundline shear strength of the pole is
adequate.
Poles should be classified as either serviceable, suspect or unserviceable.
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5.3
Marking of poles
5.3.1 General
An electricity entity should mark poles assessed as suspect or unserviceable. All markings should be
about 1.5m above ground line and on the side of the pole to which the pole identification record is fixed
e.g. pole number. Markings should be in white or yellow paint and bold enough to be easily identifiable,
even when visibility is poor. Any suspect or unserviceable poles shall be appropriately marked before
the inspector leaves the site.
5.4
Reference
ENA C(b)1-2006 : Guidelines for design and maintenance of overhead distribution and transmission
lines.
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APPENDIX A
Page 28 of 30
HV distribution centre means any substation or generating station other than a low voltage
distribution centre including high voltage switching stations;
IEC Standard means a standard rule, code or specification of the International Electrotechnical
Commission.
Insulated means separated from adjoining conducting material by a non-conducting substance which
provides resistance to the passage of current, or to disruptive discharges through or over the surface of
the substance at the operating voltage, and to obviate danger of shock or injurious leakage of current.
LV distribution centre means any substation or generating station from which electricity is or can be
supplied directly at low voltage to a distribution system or to a consumers electrical installation. A
Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) isolating transformer substation and compact standalone distribution
switchgear shall be classed as LV distribution centres for the purposes of this Code. An LV distribution
centre may consist of one or more transformers on a pole, on or under the ground or in a building, or it
may consist of one or more low voltage generating sets. A low voltage distribution centre may be
located in a generating station or in a zone substation.
MEN means Multiple Earthed Neutral.
Non-destructive evaluation means an assessment in which the strength of a pole is verified by
validated non-destructive techniques.
Pole means an overhead line or street light support structure, excluding attachments e.g. x-arms.
Proof testing means an assessment in which the strength of a pole is verified by validated application
of a mechanical load to simulate the design load multiplied by the factor of safety.
Prospective step voltage means the voltage that may appear between any two points on the surface
of the ground one metre apart. This voltage is defined as an open circuit voltage measured using a high
impedance voltmeter.
Prospective touch voltage means the voltage that may appear between any point of contact with
exposed conductive parts within 2.4 metres of the ground, and within a radius of 1.0m at ground level.
This voltage, too, is defined as an open circuit voltage measured using a high impedance voltmeter.
Reinstated pole means a pole in which the original foundation has been supplemented or replaced by
a structurally effective support system.
Remote location means an area not defined as either special or frequented.
Roadway means that part of a road intended for use by vehicles but not including a driveway crossing
a footpath.
Serviceable pole means a pole in service which, at the time of inspection and assessment, is
considered capable of bearing its design load with the relevant Factor of Safety (FOS). The FOS for
wood poles is equal to or greater than 2. The FOS for other structures as per ENA C(b)1.
Special locations mean a location within a schools grounds or within a childrens playground, or
within a public swimming pool area, or at popular beach or water recreation area, or in a public
thoroughfare within 100 metres of any of the above locations.
Step voltage means the voltage drop caused by a current flowing through the body between both
feet, in contact with the ground one metre apart.
Suspect pole means a pole in service which, at the time of inspection, is considered to require
further assessment to determine whether or not it is serviceable.
SWER means Single Wire Earth Return.
ESOPDF028 Electrical safety code of practice 2010 Works
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