CivilFEM Verification Manual

Verification Manual
Contents
Contents ........................................................................................................................... 2
Verification Manual .......................................................................................................... 6
Test Cases Format ............................................................................................................. 7
Static Test Cases ............................................................................................................... 8
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_001 ..................................................................................... 9
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_002 ................................................................................... 12
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_00_001 ................................................................................... 13
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_002 ................................................................................... 15
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_003 ................................................................................... 17
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 18
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_002 ................................................................................... 19
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_001 ................................................................................... 20
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_002 ................................................................................... 21
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_003 ................................................................................... 23
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_004 ................................................................................... 25
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_00_01_002 ................................................................................... 26
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_001 ................................................................................... 27
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_002 ................................................................................... 29
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_003 ................................................................................... 30
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_004 ................................................................................... 31
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_005 ................................................................................... 32
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_006 ................................................................................... 33
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 34
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_002 ................................................................................... 35
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_004 ................................................................................... 36
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Test Case VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_001 ................................................................................... 37

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_002 ................................................................................... 39
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_08_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 41
Test Case VCF_1_0_01_00_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 42
Test Case VCF_1_0_01_04_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 46
Test Case VCF_1_0_01_08_16_01_001 ................................................................................... 48
Test Case VCF_1_0_02_02_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 50
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 52
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_002 ................................................................................... 53
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_003 ................................................................................... 54
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_04_003 ................................................................................... 55
Test Case VCF_1_0_08_02_04_00_001 ................................................................................... 56
Modal Test Cases ............................................................................................................ 57
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_02_00_001 ................................................................................... 58
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_001 ................................................................................... 59
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_002 ................................................................................... 60
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 61
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_002 ................................................................................... 62
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_001 ................................................................................... 63
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_002 ................................................................................... 64
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_003 ................................................................................... 66
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_004 ................................................................................... 67
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_005 ................................................................................... 69
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_006 ................................................................................... 70
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_007 ................................................................................... 71
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_008 ................................................................................... 73
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_001 ................................................................................... 75
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Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_002 ................................................................................... 77

Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_009 ................................................................................... 81
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 82
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_003 ................................................................................... 83
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_004 ................................................................................... 84
Test Case VCF_1_1_03_01_04_04_001 ................................................................................... 86
Harmonic Test Cases ....................................................................................................... 87
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_001 ................................................................................... 88
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_002 ................................................................................... 89
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_001 ................................................................................... 90
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_002 ................................................................................... 92
Transient Test Cases ....................................................................................................... 94
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_00_03_001 ................................................................................... 95
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_01_001 ................................................................................... 96
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_001 ................................................................................... 97
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_002 ................................................................................... 99
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_003 ................................................................................. 101
Buckling Test Cases ........................................................................................................103
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_00_00_01_001 ................................................................................. 104
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_00_04_01_001 ................................................................................. 105
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_00_04_04_001 ................................................................................. 106
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_001 ................................................................................. 108
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_002 ................................................................................. 109
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_003 ................................................................................. 110
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_001 ................................................................................. 111
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_002 ................................................................................. 112
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_003 ................................................................................. 113
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Test Case VCF_1_4_03_00_00_01_001 ................................................................................. 114
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Verification Manual
CivilFEM is a program intended for solving practical engineering problems. Many theoretical
problems are not realistic in that the assumptions necessary to obtain a closed-form analytical
solution make the mathematical model depart from a practical application problem.
Theoretical solutions are generally based on a continuous or differential approach. In some
cases, an exact comparison with a finite-element solution would require an infinite number of
elements and/or an infinite number of iterations separated by an infinitely small step size. Such
a comparison is neither practical nor desirable.
The CivilFEM solutions in this manual are compared with solutions from textbooks or technical
publications. In some cases noted below, the target (theoretical) answers reported in this
manual may differ from those shown in the reference. Any problems having significantly
different recalculated values are noted as such. Differences between CivilFEM results and
target values are reported as ratios except in cases where the target solution is zero or nonnumerical in nature.
The examples in this manual have been modeled to give reasonably accurate comparisons
("engineering accuracy") with a low number of elements and iterations. In some cases, even
fewer elements and/or iterations will still yield an acceptable engineering accuracy. There are
also cases where larger differences may exist with regard to references, for example when
comparing against experimental solutions. These differences have been examined and are
considered acceptable. A survey of the results comparisons in this manual shows an average
accuracy within 1-5% of the target solution.
Some references have incorrect answers printed and some have incorrect equations.
Reference's answers presented without regard to sign are reported with the appropriate sign.
Theoretical derivations not having a specific numerical example in the text are solved for a
representative numerical example and both the theoretical and CivilFEM results are given.
Considerable time, effort and expense have gone into the development and documentation of
CivilFEM. The program has been thoroughly tested and used. In using the program, however,
the user accepts and understands that no warranty is expressed or implied by the developers or
the distributors on the accuracy or the reliability of the program.
The user must explicitly understand the assumptions of the program and must independently
verify the results.
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Test Cases Format

Test cases use the following format:
A description of the test case, including the dimensions, loading, material properties,
and other relevant data.
Theoretical reference(s).
Figures describing the problem.
Analysis assumptions, modeling notes, and comments.
Target results, CivilFEM results, and normalized ratio.
Graphics displays of the results (optional).
All test cases have the following code nomenclature:

VCF_A_B_CC_DD_EE_FF_GGG
APPLICATION TYPE (A)
STRUCTURAL
ID
1
LINEAR/NONLINEAR (CC)
LINEAR
MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
CONTACT
GEOMETRIC NONLINEARITY
ACTIVATION/DEACTIVATION
ENTITIES (DD)
BEAM
TRUSS
SHELL
2D SOLID
3D SOLID
ID
00
01
02
03
04
ID
00
01
02
03
04
TEST CASE NUMBER (GGG)

ID REFERENCE
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ANALYSIS TYPE (B)

STATIC
MODAL
HARMONIC
TRANSIENT
BUCKLING
SPECTRAL
ID
MATERIAL (EE)
REINFORCED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL STEEL
GEOTECHNICAL
GENERIC
0
1
2
3
4
5
ID
00
01
02
03
04
ID
From 1 to 999
Static Test Cases

A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a structure, while
ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those caused by time-varying loads. A static
analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as gravity and rotational velocity), and
time-varying loads that can be approximated as static equivalent loads (such as the static
equivalent wind and seismic loads commonly defined in many building codes).
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VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_001
Description: (2D Concrete beam on elastic foundation)
Overview Table
Reference:
S. Parvanova, University of Civil Engineering, Geodesy and ArchitectureSofia. 2011.

Static Linear Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_001

Consider a beam on elastic foundation with free ends. The geometrical dimensions, mechanical
properties and loadings are shown in table and Fig. 1.
The Winklers constant or constant of the foundation is:
k= k0b=50000x1.1=55000.
Calculate maximum vertical deflection, maximum rotation in z axis, maximum bending and shear in
top and bottom of the foundation beam.
Material
7
2
E1 = 3*10 kN/m
2
k0=50000 kN/m /m.
Geometry
h (height) = 0.50 m
b (width) = 1.10 m.
Beam total length = 10 m
Loading
F = 250 kN.
M = 100 kNm.
q = 200 kN/m.
Boundary Conditions
Free in horizontal direction
F
M
q
0.50 m
k
1,1 m
1m
3m
1m
5m
10 m
Figure 1: Problem sketch
Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

The beam length is considered as medium according to its stiffness L, so the method of initial conditions is
applicable. Beams of medium length: 0.5 L 5. For these beams the method of initial conditions is very suitable
and the obtained results are accurate.
100 elements are used to model beam and to ground as spring type.
Theoretical Solution
() = cos ; () = ( + )/2 ; () = ( )/2

() =
sin cos
4
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= 12 3 = 12 1.1 0.53 = 0.011458 4 ; = 3 107 0.011458 = 343750 2 ;
55000
= 4 = 4343750 = 0.44721 1 ;
= 0.44721 10 = 4.472
() = 4 2 () 0 + 4 () 0 + ()
()
2 (() ()) = 0
() = 4 3 () 0 + 4 2 () 0 4 () () (() ()) = 0.
17.004 0 14.358 0 + 6.5921 100 + 44.042 250 1000(1.81928 0) = 0

9.4692 0 17.004 0 4.3782 100 + 17.7663 250 447.21(0.43394 0) = 0
0 = 590.03
0 = 104.51
17.004 0 14.358 0 = 8532.07,

9.4691 0 17.004 0 = 3810.01.
()
()
()
4 ()
{
}=
()
()
4 2 ()
[ 4 3 ()
()
()
3
()
()
()
2
()
4 ()
()
4 2 () 4 () ()
()
2
()
=
+
()
{ }
{4 () }
() = () =
()
{ 0} +
0
0
{ }
]
()
(() ())
4 4
3
()
(() ())
3
+
2
2 (() ())
()
{() } { (() ()) }
()
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10
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
Max. displacement "y" (m). Node 101
-0,004135
-0,004134
ERROR
0,02%
Max. rotation "z" (rad). Node 51
-0,000710
-0,000709
0,14%
Max. Bending moment + "z"(kNm). Elem 66.Node 67
57,361
57,930
0,99%
Max. Bending moment - "z"(kNm). Elem 38.Node 39
-169,054
-170,825
1,05%
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11
VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_002
Description: (Timoshenko Beam on an Elastic Foundation)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
S. Timoshenko, J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Book Co. Inc., New York, NY, 1970
VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_002

Elastic analysis of a rectangular section beam subjected to a concentrated load at the center of the
beam.
The beam rests on an elastic foundation.
Material
E = 2 x 105 psi
Geometry
L= 200 in
= 0.3
H = 5.885 in
k = 10 lb/in
W = 1 in
Loading
Boundary Condition
P/2= 1000 lbf
x = y =0; u = = 0
P/2

Only half of the beam is modeled due to symmetry. The beam is divided into 110 elements.
For structural element properties, Shear effects option is selected to apply analysis on Timoshenko
curved beam.
The results are taken at the point of loading.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Displacement (inch)
Bending moment (lbfinch)
Shear Force (lbf)
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12
-2,929
CIVILFEM
-2,92900
ERROR
0,00%
16770,000
16863,422
0,56%
1000,000
973,373
2,66%
VCF_1_0_00_00_02_00_001
Description: (Portal Frame Subjected to Symmetric Loading)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
N. J. Hoff, The Analysis of Structures, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
NY, 1956, pp. 115-119.
Static Linear Structural
VCF_1_0_00_00_02_00_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_00_001

A rigid rectangular frame is subjected to uniformly distributed load across the span. Determine the
maximum rotation, and maximum bending moment. The moment of inertia for the span, Ispan is five
times the moment of inertia fort the columns, is Icol.
Material
Geometry
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.0
a = 400 in
L = 800 in
Ispan =5 Icol
4
col =20300 in
Beam Section Data

W1 = W2 = 16.655 in
W3 = 36.74 in
t1 = t2 = 1.68 in
t3 =0.945 in
Loading
= 500 lb/in
Boundary Condition
Node A: u=v=w=0
Node D: u =v=w=0

All the members of the frame are modeled using an I-beam cross section. The cross section for the
columns is chosen to be a W36 x 300. The dimensions used in the horizontal span are scaled by a factor
of 1.49535 to produce a moment of inertia that is five times the moment of inertia in the columns. The
theoretical maximum rotation is =
Mmax =
19
(wa2 ).
54
1 wa3
(
) and
27 E Icol
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13
the theoretical maximum bend moment is
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
0,00195
0,00192
ERROR
1,74%
28100000,00
28100323,53
0,00%
Max Rotation
Max Bend Moment, lb
CIVILFEM
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14
VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_002
Description: (T shape Beam maximum bending stress)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 294, ex. 7.2.
VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_002

A T-section beam, with dimension and geometric properties as shown below, is subjected to a uniform
bending. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses.
Material
E = 30x106 psi
Geometry
Height: 20 in
Width: 9 in
Web thickness: 1.5 in
Flange thickness: 4 in
yG = 14in
L=100 in
Loading
Mz = 100000 lbf in
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=w=0
Node 4: v=w=0
Mz
Ft
yG
L
Wt
Analysis Assumption and Modeling

Notes
The unit system selected is Imperial system (inches). A steel cantilever T section beam is modeled.
=
; = 20002; =
100000
4
2000
= 200 ; =
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15
100000
14
2000
= 700 ;
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR
X component of stress, mid top flange, psi
200,0
194,9
2,54%
X component of stress, botton, psi
700,0
714,8
2,11%
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16
VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_003
Description: (BEAM TORSION TWIST ROTATION STRESSES)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Ingeciber, S.A. Adaptation of Problem 9.15 from the book "Resistencia de

Materiales". Second Edition, 1991. Author: Mr. Manuel Vzquez.
VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_003.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_003

The cantilever steel box section beam is subjected to a torsional moment of 4 tnfm at its end. Calculate
the maximum torsional stress and angle of rotation of the twisted beam.
Material
G = 0,8236x106 Kg/cm2.
Geometry
l =3,0 m.
Width (W) = 10 cm.
Height (H) = 20 cm.
t flanges (tf) =1 cm.
t web (tw)= 1 cm.
Loading
Mt = 4,0 tn fxm.
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=w=0
x=y=z=0
tf
Mt
l
tw
W
One beam is modeled with 20 elements. It can be recalled that the torsion area corresponds to the
midsection (At).
q=
Mt
;
2At
At = (W tw) (H tf); =
q
t
; It =
4At2
Si
ti
; =
Mt
GIt
; = l
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Maximum torsional stress, kp/cm 2

Torsional rotation angle, rad
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17
CIVILFEM
ERROR
-1169,60
-1169,60
0,00%
0,07
0,07
0,00%
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_001
Description: (Bending of a Beam on an Elastic Foundation)
Overview Table
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory and Problems, 3rd
Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1956, pg. 12, article 2.
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_001

A long (semi-infinite) beam on an elastic foundation is bent by a force F and a moment M at the end as shown.
Determine the lateral end deflection of the beam end . The elastic foundation stiffness k is based on 0.3 inches
deflection under 10.000lb loads spaced 22 inches apart.
Material
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
Geometry
2
A = 23 in
I = 44 in
k = 1515.15 lb/in3
Loading
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=w=0
F = 1000 lb
M = 10.000 in-lb

A nodal spacing of 26 inches is selected to match the discrete foundation locations upon which the
stiffness is based. The beam length is arbitrary selected to be 286 in. The cross sectional height of the
beam h is arbitrary taken as 5 inches (this should not affect the end displacement).
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Deflection (end), in
-0,03762
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18
CIVILFEM
-0,03675
ERROR
2,31%
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_002
Description: (ARTICULATED PLANE TRUSS)
Overview Table
Reference:
Societe Francaise des Mecaniciens. Guide de validation des progiciels de calcul de

structures. Paris, Afnor Technique, 1990. Test No. SSLL14/89.
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_002.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_002

This test is a linear statics analysis of a straight cantilever beam with plane bending and tensioncompression.
Material
Geometry
11
-4
E=2.1x10 Pa
I1=5x10 m
-4 4
I2=2.5x10 m
Loading
Boundary Condition
P=-3000 N/m
F1=-20000 N
F2=-10000 N
M=-100000 Nm
Left support: Simple

support.
Right support: Simple
support
Figure 3: Beam configuration

A 3D case needs to be defined in order to allow the inclusion of M (moment in the perpendicular axis).
We have to include BCs in the Z direction to restrict movement. Structural elements used are beams.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
-0,031
-0,031
ERROR
0,91%
Horizontal reaction
20240,000
20560,500
1,58%
Vertical reaction
31500,000
33233,242
5,50%
Maximum displacement Y
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19
CIVILFEM
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_001
Description: (Beam maximum bending stress and deflection)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Arthur P. Boresi, Omar M. Sidebottom, Advanced Mechanics of Materials ,

4rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1985, pg. 421, problem set
9-4 n4.
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_001

A long brass beam rests on a hard rubber foundation (spring constant = k). If the beam is subjected to a
concentrated load P as shown below, determine the maximum deflection of the beam.
Material
Ebrass = 82.7 GPa
Geometry
Area (A) = 600 mm2
Inertia y axis (Iyy) = 5625
mm4
Inertia z axis (Izz) = 10000
mm4
B=200mm
Loading
P = 700N
Boundary Condition
Element B : Elastic
foundation linear
k=3106 N/m2
Node 1: u=v=0
x = z = 0
B
z
1
b
A
Iz

The unit system selected is Imperial system (inches). A generic material and with generic section is
modeled. The elastic foundation is modeled by a linear spring along the beam.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Max Z component of displacement, mm (B)
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20
0,833
CIVILFEM
0,834
ERROR
0,14%
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_002
Description: (SPRINGS SUPPORTED BEAM 2D)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Arthur P. Boresi, Omar M. Sidebottom, Advanced Mechanics of Materials ,

4rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1985, pg. 213, example 4-5.4
Static Linear Analysis.
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_002

A beam made of aluminum is supported by seven springs (k = 110.000 N/m) spaced a distance of 1.10 m
each along the beam. The springs simulate the behavior of the ground. A load P is applied at the center
of the beam over the central spring. Calculate the load carried by each spring, the deflection () of the
beam under the load, the maximum bending moment and the maximum bending stress in the beam.
Material
E = 72.000 MPa.
Geometry
L=6.80 m.
l (distance between
springs)=1.10 m
H (height) = 100 mm.
Iy = 2.45x106 mm4
Loading
P = 12.0 kN.
Boundary Condition
Node M4 = u=0
k springs= 110.000 N/m
P
l
z
y
Iy
L
Figure 5:

Turn effects of shear for cutting in the beam element. It is assumed that the springs can develop tensile
as well as compressive forces. The problem can be solved using the equations of the strain energy U,
and making the balance of the reactions A, B, C, D, with symmetry.
U= Strain Energy
U
B
U
U
=
=0; =
C
D
D
M
max = K ; max = Imax
2
2
2 0
2 2
2
+ 2
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21
3 2
2
+ 2 2
+ 2 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
)+
2
2
Results comparison
RESULTS
Max. Bending Moment, Nm (center of beam)
Transverse shear force on segment CD, N
Y component of displacement, mm (center of beam)
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22
TARGET
CIVILFEM
4,58E+03
4,54E+03
ERROR
0,94%
-3856,00
-3856,00
0,00%
38,98
38,99
0,03%
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_003
Description: (Statically Reaction Force Analysis)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory and

Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1955, pg.
26, problem 10.
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_003.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_003

A prismatic bar with built-in ends is loaded axially at two intermediate cross-sections by forces F1 and
F2. Determine the reaction forces R1 and R2.
Material
E = 3107 psi
Geometry
h (height)= 1.00 in
b (base) = 1.00 in
L = 10 in
a = 7 in
b = 4 in
Loading
F1 = 1000 lbf.
F2= 500 lbf.
Boundary Condition
In supports, all
displacements and
rotations are
constrained.
R1
3
F1
3
L
a
F2
1
1
R2

Nodes are defined where loads are to be applied. Since stress results are not to be determined, a unit
cross-sectional area is arbitrarily chosen.
2 =
1000 3 500 6
1000 7 500 4
+
= 600 ; 1 =
+
= 900
10
10
10
10
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Results comparison
RESULTS
"z" component of reaction force (lbf). Node 1
"z" component of reaction force (lbf). Node 4
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TARGET
600,000
900,000
CIVILFEM
600,000
900,000
ERROR
0,000
0,000
VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_004
Description: (Double-Hinged Arc)
Overview Table
Reference:
P. Dellus, Rsistance des matriaux, Paris, Technique et Vulgarisation, 1958
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_004.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_004

Static analysis of a double-hinged arc.
Material
E = 2.0 E+11Pa
v = 0.3
Geometry
Area of Section
A = 1.131 E-4 mm2
Moment of Inertia,
I = 4.637 E -9 m4
radius =1m
Loading
P = 100 N at node 16
Boundary Condition
Node 1 =
Constrain Dx and Dy
Node 31 =
Constrain Dy
C
P Y= 100N
1m
1m

A generic material and generic section are used. Arc is modeled by one beam structural element and it is
meshed into 30 elements.
Result Comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Displacement Z [m] at point C
-0,019206
-0,019218
ERROR
0,06%
Displacement X at point B [m]
0,053912
0,053887
0,0464%
Z component rotation at point A [rad]
-0,030774
-0,030809
0,1137%
Z component rotation at point B [rad]
0,030774
0,030809
0,1137%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_0_00_02_00_01_002
Description: (RECTANGULAR PLATE SIMPLY SUPPORTED)
Overview Table
Reference:
Warren C. Young, Richard G. Budynas, Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain, 7th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, Table 11.4, case 2a, pg. 505.
VCF_1_0_00_02_00_01_002.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_00_01_002

A rectangular concrete slab (C35/45, S500) has a length of 12.0 m and a width of 6.0 m and is subjected
to a vertical pressure, q. Three edges of the plate are simply supported and one edge (b) is free.
Calculate the maximum stress and the maximum deflection of the plate.
Material
Geometry
C35/45;
E=31600MPa
Loading
b=6 m
a=12 m
t=0.35 m
Boundary Condition
Vertical press.
q=80kPa
Edges 1, 2, 3: uz=0
Nodo O:
ux,y=0;z=0

A shell element is modeled with a quadrangle mesh type with elements of size 0.5m. A surface load
normal to the surface and linear boundary conditions can be selected.
= 2 = 0.79; = 0.165
2 0.79 80 62
4
0.165 80 64
= 2 =
= . ; =
=
= .
2
3
0.35
31600 103 0.353
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Maximum deflection, m
Maximum stress (MPa)
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CIVILFEM
1,26E-02
1,25E-02
ERROR
0,92%
18,57
18,0759
2,66%
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_001
Description: (RECTANGULAR PLATE WITH FIXED EDGES)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Aplication of formulas obtained from H. M. Westergaard, Moments and Stresses

in Slabs Proceedings of American Concrete Institute, Vol 17, 1921
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_001

A rectangular steel plate (E=200000MPa, =0.29) has a length of 2m and a width of 1.5m and is
subjected to a uniform load of 5 kPa. The edges of the plate are fixed. Calculate the maximum bending
moment per unit width and the maximum deflection at the center of the plate.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E = 210000MPa
=0.3
b=1.5m
a=2m
=b/a=0.75
t=0.01m
q=50kPa
Perimeter: u=v=w=0
x=y=z=0
Figure 7:

A shell element is modeled with a quadrangle mesh type. A surface load normal to the surface can be
selected.
Moment in span b at center of the plate
=
1
2
8
3+4 4
+ (0.009 2 (1 + 2 2 4 )) = 3.84 ;
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Maximum deflection:
0.032
= 1+4 (1 2 ) ( 3 ) = 0.0266m = 26.66mm
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Bending Moment in span b at center, kNm/m

Maximum deflection, mm
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CIVILFEM
3,84
3,78
ERROR
1,66%
26,66
25,76
3,38%
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_002
Description: (CIRCULAR PLATE WITH FIXED EDGES)
Overview Table
Reference:
Ingeciber S.A.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_002

A circular steel plate has a radius of 5m and is subjected to a uniform load of 1500 kp/m 2. The edges of
the plate are fixed. Calculate the maximum bending moment (X axis) per unit width in perimeter, the
maximum bending moment (X axis) per unit width in the center and the maximum deflection at the
center of the plate.
Material
E = 210000MPa
=0.3
Geometry
Loading
a (radius) =5.0 m
Boundary Condition
P0=1500 kp/m
Perimeter: u=v=w=0
x=y=z=0

A shell element is modeled with a triangular mesh type, with 0.5 m elements size. A surface load
normal to the surface can be selected.
0
(2
16
Moment at center of the plate:
()0 =
Moment at perimeter of plate:
() = (
3
(1 + ) 2 (3 + ))
0 2
)
8
0
Maximum deflection: = 16 (1 2 ) (
3 )
Results comparison
RESULTS
Maximum deflection, mm
Max.Bending Moment (X axis) at center, Nm/m
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TARGET
CIVILFEM
2,214
2,202
ERROR
0,55%
29879,687
29721,664
0,53%
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_003
Description: (Circular Clamped Plate Under Normal Pressure)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
S.P. Timoshenko and a. Woinowsky-Krieger, Theory of Plates and Shells(2

edition) McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1970
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_003.xcf
nd
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_003

Static analysis of a circular clamped plate under normal surface pressure.
Material
Modulus of Elasticity,
E = 2.1 E+11Pa
v = 0.3
Geometry
Circular plate
Radius = 1m
Thickness t = 0.01 m
Loading
Surface load on 10
slice P = 10 000 Pa
P = 10 000 Pa
Boundary Condition
Center: Dx, Dy, Rx, Ry, Rz
Perimeter of the circle: all
DOFs constrained
Symmetric condition: Dy,
Rx
MeshType: Quadrangle
Edges size: 0.025m
Mesh Transition parameter: 1
Number of nodes=204
Number of elements=161
Y
radius = 1 m
X
Sample of the mesh
Formulae for circular shell clamped on the circumference with uniform surface load

Due to symmetry only 10 of the total plate is modeled.
Result Comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Displacement Z [m] at center
CIVILFEM
-0,0081250 -0,00812800
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ERROR
0,037%
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_004
Description: (Spherical Shell under Internal Pressure)
Overview Table
Reference:
Any elementary elasticity book
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_004.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_004

A thin spherical shell is analyzed to uniform internal pressure.
Material
Modulus of Elasticity,
E = 2.1 E+11Pa
v = 0.3
Geometry
spherical shell
Radius, R = 1.0 in
Thickness t = 0.01 in
Loading
Internal pressure:
P = 1.0 psi
Boundary Condition
Symmetric condition
L1:Dx,x=0
L2:Dy,y=0
L3:Dz,z=0
MeshType:
Quadrangle
N divisions U,V:50
Problem Sketch

Due to symmetry only 1/4 of the entire sphere is modeled.
For a thin spherical shell, the solution is that the circumferential stress is equal to: PR/2t
Result Comparison
TARGET
RESULTS
X component of Stress [psi]
50,00
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CIVILFEM
49,11
ERROR
1,780%
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_005
Description: (SIMPLY SUPPORTED RECTANGULAR PLATES UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE)
Overview Table
Reference:
Theory of Plates and Shells Timoshenko
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_005.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_005

This test is a linear static analysis of a rectangular plate under a hydrostatic load.
Material
11
E=2.1x10 Pa
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Side 1.2 m.
P=15000 Pa maximum
value with a slope of
12500 Pa/m.
Simple supports at all

borders.
Figure 8: Shell configuration

The shell is modelled using 144 quadrangular elements.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Z displacement at center of plate
CIVILFEM
-0,00012161 -0,00012368
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ERROR
1,71%
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_006
Description: (CIRCULAR PLATE LOADED AT THE CENTER)
Overview Table
Reference:
Theory of Plates and Shells Timoshenko
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_006.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_02_01_006

This test is a linear static analysis of a circular plate loaded at its center, supported at its border.
Material
11
E=2.1x10 Pa
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Radius 1.5 m.
P=1250 N
Simple supports at border.

Simmetry BCs.

Only a quarter of the shell is modelled, using a shell with quadrangular elements. The BCs are defined to
comply with the symmetry of the plate.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Maximum displacement Z
CIVILFEM
-0,00109419 -0,00109427
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ERROR
0,01%
VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_001
Description: (Pinched cylinder with end diaphragms)
Overview Table
Reference:
R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis, 2nd Edition, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981, pp. 284-287.
H. Takemoto, R. D. Cook, "Some Modifications of an Isoparametric Shell Element",
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 3, 1973.
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_001

A cylindrical shell is closed at both ends by rigid diaphragms and is pinched by two opposite forces P
applied at the middle section. This test involves in extensional bending and complex membrane states of
stress. Determine the radial displacement d at the point where F is applied.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E = 10.5e6 psi
= 0.3125
L=10.35 in
R = 4.953 in
t = 0.094 in
P = 100 lbf
Both ends are free edges

One-eighth symmetry model is used. One-fourth of the load is applied due to symmetry.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Radial displacement, in
0,1139
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CIVILFEM
0,1127
ERROR
1,05%
VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_002
Description: (Bending of a Long Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Plate)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory and Problems, 3rd
Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1956, pg. 80, article 14.
VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_002

A rectangular plate is subjected to uniform pressure p as shown. The shorter edges are simplysupported. Determine the direct stress x (MID) at the middle of the plate and the maximum combined
stress (direct plus bending) x (BOT) at the bottom of the plate.
Material
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.3
Geometry
= 45 in
Loading
Boundary Condition
Cuve(2): u=v=w=0
P = 10lb/in
w = 9 in
Curve (4): u =v=w=0
t = 0.375 in

Edges size is set as 5 in to improve results.
Results comparison
RESULTS
Small Deflection
TARGET
Stress x (MID), psi
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ERROR
0,00000
0,00%
108000,000 107523,28363
0,44%
0,00000
Stress x (BOT), psi
CIVILFEM
VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_004
Description: (PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS OF MEMBRANE WITH HOT-SPOT)
Overview Table
Reference:
Test T1 from NAFEMS Publication TNSB, Rev. 3, The Standard NAFEMS

Benchmarks, October 1990
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_004.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_02_04_01_004

A plane stress analysis is performed with a temperature difference between the center of the plate (the
hot-spot) and the rest of the plate.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E=100 GPa
=0.3
Square plate side 20 mm.

Thickness=1 mm
Thermal strain in hotspot is T=0.001 and 0

outside the spot
A quarter of the plate is

modeled where symmetry
conditions are applied.

The shell is modelled using 49 quadrangular elements for the shell and 16 for the hot spot.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Y component of stress
50,00
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CIVILFEM
50,61
ERROR
1,23%
VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_001
Description: (Curved frame)
Overview Table
Reference:
Arthur P. Boresi, Omar M. Sidebottom, Advanced Mechanics of Materials,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1984, pg. 361, Fourth Edition.
VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_001

A curved frame, with dimension as shown below, is loaded by a linear load P which is located 1 m from
the center of curvature. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the frame.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Concrete C20/35
(Eurocode)
Height: 0.50m
Width: 0.50m
rA=0.3m
rB =0.8m
R (radius curved frame axis)=0.55m
P=190kN/m
Surface S: u=0
Node A: v=w=0
Node B: w=0

The unit system selected is International System. A curved concrete frame with solid element is
modeled.
=
( )
0.8
; = 0.5 0.5 = 0.252 ; = = 0.3 0.5 = 0.49 ;
+ (
= = 190 0.5 = 95 2 ;)
= (1 +
+
2
) = 190 0.5 (1 +
0.3+0.8
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) = 147.25 ;
==
95
147.25(0.25 0.3 0.49)
+
= 10618 ;
0.25 0.25 0.3(0.55 0.49 0.25)
==
95
147.25(0.25 0.8 0.49)
+
= 4932
0.25 0.25 0.8(0.55 0.49 0.25)
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
Maximum tensile stress (kPa)
10618
10444
ERROR
1,64%
Maximum compressive stress (kPa)
-4932
-4869
1,28%
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VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_002
Description: (Solid cylinder with cap)
Overview Table
Reference:
Any mechanics text book
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Static Analysis
VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_002

A solid concrete cylinder is mounted in the top and subjected to the action of its own weight. Calculate
the increase in length and the normal stress in the support.
Material
E = 28847.60MPa
(C20/25).
= 2500 kg/ m3 (density).
Geometry
H=5m
D = 0.8m.
Loading
W = self weight
Boundary Condition
Surface A: w=0
Point 1 y 2: v=0
Center O: u=0

This is a solid cylinder of concrete modeled as 3D Solid element embedded in the top and subjected to
self-weight. Hexahedral meshing with edge length 0.3 m is used for each axis.
H 1
= 0
W(x) dx ; W(x) = ; =
EA
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H2
2E
; Z =
= H
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Z component of stress (A), kPa

Z component of displacement (B), mm
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CIVILFEM
122,50
119,40
ERROR
2,53%
0,01063
0,01063
0,00%
VCF_1_0_00_08_04_01_001
Description: (Static analysis comparing beam and truss elements under thermal stress )
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
A. S. Hall, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solid, Wiley, 1984.

VCF_1_0_00_08_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_00_08_04_01_001

The same model is analyzed using truss and beam elements.
Material
E = Modulus of Elasticity
=Thermal expansin
coefficient
Geometry
2
A1 = A3 = 300mm
2
A2 = 200mm
Loading
A temperature change
T = -50 C
Boundary Condition
points 1, 4: Constrain all
DOFs.
points 2, 3: Constrain Dz.
(Only for Truss elements)
Refer to chart below
Figure 11:
point 1
point 2
Element 1
Element 2
200m
m
point 3
point 4
Element 3
200m
m
Element 1
5
E = 1.010 N/mm2
-6
= 610 /C
Element 2
5
E = 2.010 N/mm2
-6
= 1210 /C
Element 3
4
E = 7.010 N/mm2
-6
= 1610 /C
250m
m

All entites are modeled with circular section and using generic materials
Result Comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
(TRUSS)
CIVILFEM
(BEAM)
ERROR
(TRUSS)
ERROR
(BEAM)
Axial Force [N]

Stress of Element 1 [MPa]
16121,21
16118,71
15394,62
0,02%
4,51%
53,737
53,737
53,737
0,0007%
0,0007%
80,606
80,606
80,606
0,0001%
0,0001%
0,0007%
53,737
53,737
53,737
0,0007%
Displacement of point 2 [mm]
0,0474747
0,0474747
0,04747475
0,0001%
0,0001%
Displacement of point 3 [mm]
0,0080808
0,0080808
0,00808081
0,0001%
0,0001%
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VCF_1_0_01_00_04_01_001
Description: (Plastic Limit Load Frame).
Overview Table
Reference:
Ingeciber S.A.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Static Nonlinear Analysis

VCF_1_0_01_00_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_01_00_04_01_001

The simple frame structure is loaded by a horizontal load of 32 kN with cross-section properties and
generic material data. The material is elastic-plastic with a small isotropic work hardening slope in the
plastic range. The maximum load of 32 kN is close to the plastic limit load of the structure. The generic
material data relevant in this analysis are: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and the
plastic work hardening slope.
Calculate the maximum horizontal displacement of the loaded point (3).
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E = 200000 MPa.
fy = 200 MPa.
= 0.3.
d/ dp = 20 Mpa
View figure 1.
The depth of the beam is
0.01 and width of 0.1 m.
P = 32 kN.
Node 1: u=v=0
z = 0
Node 2: u=v=0
z = 0
2m
1m
1m
F
3
0.04 m
2
1m
COLUMNS
X
0.01 m
X global
1
Z global
Figure 12 Problem sketch

The beam is modeled with 50 elements. Step fractions (initial, minimum and maximum) in global
solution controls are set to 0.01.
Tolerance in u, F, M and convergence equal to 0.005.
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Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
0,15540
ERROR
2,26%
-200000000,000 -201333552,000
0,67%
X displacement (m) Point 3

Sx stress (Pa) Node 2
0,159
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CIVILFEM
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VCF_1_0_01_04_04_01_001
Description: (Deformation in an orthotropic solid)
Overview Table
Reference:
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 225.
VCF_1_0_01_04_04_01_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_01_04_04_01_001

A cube of side L, composed of an orthotropic material, is loaded with forces FX and FY, as shown. Three
orthogonal faces are supported and the three opposite faces are free. Find the translational
displacement of the free surfaces through X, Y and Z axes.
Material
6
E11 = 10 x 10 psi
6
E22 = 20 x 10 psi
6
E33 = 40 x 10 psi
12 = 0.05
23 = 0.1
31 = 0.3
6
G12= G23 = G31 = 10 x 10 psi
Geometry
Loading
L = 1 in
FX = 100 lb
FY = 200 lb
Boundary Condition
XY Plane: uz =0
YZ Plane: ux =0
XZ Plane: uy =0
FY
FX

The cube is modeled with a single finite element, creating geometry by extruding a face. You have to
define a generic material, activating orthotropic properties and using the data from the different
modules in the three orthogonal axes.
111 21 22 31 33
12 11 122 32 33
ij = Sijkl kl ; = 13 11 23 22 133
0 0 0
0 0 0
[
0 0 0
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0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
112 0 0
0 123 0
0 0 131 ]
, are related by =
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
X Displacement, in (Node 7)
9,00E-06
9,00E-06
ERROR
0,00%
Y Displacement, in (Node 7)
9,50E-06
9,50E-06
0,00%
Z Displacement, in (Node 7)
-1,75E-06
-1,75E-06
0,00%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_0_01_08_16_01_001
Description: (Loaded Support Structure).
Overview Table
Reference:
Any basic calculus book
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_01_08_16_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_01_08_16_01_001

Calculate the force P that causes plastic collapse of the truss structure and obtain reactions at
supports.
Material
Geometry
PL1=PL2 =200 MPa

PL3=PL4 =400 MPa
1 elastic mx = 2 elastic mx =
0.0010750
3 elastic mx = 4 elastic mx =
0.0015952
2
4
19
21
Acables = 300 mm .
hbeam (height) = 0.5 m.
bbeam (weight) = 0.5 m.
Loading
Boundary Condition
P, applied in the
middle of the beam.
Node 2: u=v=0
Node 19: u=v=0
Node 21: u=v=0
Node 4: u=v=0
E1 = E2
E3 = E4

Truss 1 and 2 start to yield, then truss 3 and at the end, truss 4 and the structure collapses.
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The beam is modelled with twelve elements, and truss with just one. Step fractions (initial, minimum
and maximum) in global solution controls are set to 0.01. Incremental results are activated.
A beam with infinite stiffness is needed to apply an even force on all cables.
=
; =
; 4 = 0 ; and obtain P = 280 kN ; = 0 ; and obtain R4 = 40 kN.
= = 280,00
1
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
Ry Reaction Force (kN) Truss 1 Node 2
60,000
60,00000
ERROR
0,00%
60,000
60,000
0,00%
120,000
120,000
0,00%
40,000
40,000
0,00%
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VCF_1_0_02_02_04_01_001
Description: (WRAPPED THICK CYLINDER UNDER PRESSURE)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
National Agency for Finite Element Methods and Standards (U.K.): Test R0031/2
from NAFEMS publication R0031, Composites Benchmarks, February 1995.
VCF_1_0_02_02_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_02_02_04_01_001

A wrapped thick cylinder of 200mm in length consists of two layers, and subjected to a pressure, q. The
inner cylinder is isotropic and the outside is orthotropic. The properties of the geometry and materials
are shown in the following table. Calculate the hoop stress in the inner and outer layer.
Material
Geometry
Inner Cylinder:
5
E=2.1x10 MPa
=0.3
Outer Cylinder:
E1=130 GPa; E2=5 GPa; E3=5 GPa
12=0.25; 13=0.25; 23=0
G12=10 GPa; G13=10 GPa; G23=5GPa
L = 200mm
r1=23 mm
r2=25 mm
r2=27 mm
Loading
Vertical press.
q=200 MPa
Boundary Condition
Axial displacement of
the cylinder is zero at
z=0
ria
te
ma n
c
o
i i
op tat
otr rien
h
t
or o
r3
r1
r2
y
x
z
z=0

One-quarter of the cylinder cross-section and half of the length is modeled. Each lamina is modeled as
one shell element with a quadrangle mesh type of eight elements along the hoop direction and four in
the other.
Results comparison
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RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
Stress r =24mm (MPa)
1483,00
1491,26
ERROR
0,56%
Stress r =26mm (MPa)
822,00
858,21
4,41%
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VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_001
Description: (Straight Cantilever with Axial End Point Load)
Overview Table
Reference:
National Agency for Finite Element Methods and Standards, NAFEMS Non-Linear
Benchmarks. Glasgow: NAFEMS, Oct., 1989, Rev. 1. Test No. NL6.
VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_001

A slender square cross-sectional beam of length L, and area A, fixed at one end and free at the other
end, is loaded at the free end with an axial load P and a transverse load Q=P/100. Determine the
displacement (ux, uy) when PL2/(2EI)=3.190 and 22.493.
Material
Geometry
E = 210 GPa
Loading
Boundary Condition
h(height) = 0.02 m
b(width) = 0.03 m
2
A= 0.0006m
L = 1.2 m
Node B: u=v=0
=0
PL /(2EI)= 3.190
2
PL /(2EI)=22.493
Q=P/100
Q
y
b

This is a nonlinear analysis, so that Large deflections option must be activated. If the option Create
incremental results is activated the results for intermediate nonlinear analysis are stored for all the
load increments.
Results comparison
RESULT
TARGET
X displacement at A (m) Load = 3,190
-1,408
-1,418
ERROR
0,71%
Y displacement at A (m) Load = 3,190
-2,301
-2,308
0,30%
X displacement at A (m) Load = 22,493
-5,046
-5,044
0,04%
Y displacement at A (m) Load = 22,493
-1,347
-1,369
1,63%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_002
Description: (Clamped beam, non-linear deformation).
Overview Table
Reference:
NAFEMS, Non-Linear Benchmarks (Report No.NNB.), Glasgow, UK, 1989
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_002

Calculate the UX and UY displacements and check the non-linear geometric behavior of a clamped
beam. The applied load is a moment in the Z direction.
Material
E= 2.1x1011 N/m2
=0.0
Geometry
Rectangular section:
b=0.1 m
h=0.1 m
L = 3.2 m
Loading
M= 3436116.25 Nxm
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=0
z = 0

The beam is modelled with 20 elements. Step fractions (initial, minimum and maximum) in global
solution controls are 0.1, 1e-06 and 0.1 respectively. Check F convergence must be unchecked.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
X-displacement (node 21)
-3,20
Y-displacement (node 21)
0,000
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53
CIVILFEM
ERROR
-3,24
1,13%
-0,017
1,6600%
VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_003
Description: (Lees Frame Buckling problem).
Overview Table
Reference:
Test NL7 from NAFEMS Publication NNB, Rev. 1, NAFEMS Non-Linear

Benchmarks, October 1989.
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_003.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_01_003

Calculate the UY displacement and check the non-linear geometric behavior of a frame. The applied load
is a punctual load applied at 0.24 m from the left side of the top beam.
Material
E= 71.74 GPa
=0.0
Geometry
Rectangular section:
width=0.03 m
height=0.02 m
Length of pillar and beam
= 1.2 m
Loading
Boundary Condition
P= 18485 Nxm applied Node 1: u=v=0
at node 22 with a 0.24 Node 33: u=v=0
m distance from the
leftmost side of the
top beam

The beams are modelled using 10 elements. Check F convergence and Check u convergence must be
checked.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Y displacement (node 22)
-0,49
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CIVILFEM
-0,48
ERROR
2,13%
VCF_1_0_03_00_04_04_003
Description: (Arch with punctual load, non-linear deformation).
Overview Table
Reference:
O.C. Zienkiewicz, The Finite Element Method, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1977.
Analysis Type(s):
File:

VCF_1_0_03_00_04_04_003.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_03_00_04_04_003

Calculate the UY displacement of the top node and check the non-linear geometric behavior of an arch
with a punctual load.
Material
E= 6x106 N/m2
=0.3
Geometry
Generic section:
A=1 m2
I=0.1667 m4
Radius=100 m
Arc angle=215o
Loading
P= 0.897*1000N
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=0
Node 41: u=v=0
z = 0

The arch is modelled using 40 elements. The applied load is the maximum load used in the reference
file, that is 0.897*1000 N = 897 N. See page 3 of reference file. The maximum load factor is 0.897.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Y-displacement (node 21)
-114,51
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CIVILFEM
-111,54
ERROR
2,59%
VCF_1_0_08_02_04_00_001
Description: (LAMINATED STRIP UNDER THREE POINT BENDING)
Overview Table
Reference:
NAFEMS Composite Tests. Laminated strip under three point bending Test R0031/1
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Static
VCF_1_0_08_02_04_00_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_0_08_02_04_00_001

A laminated strip made of an orthotropic material with a length of 50 mm and a width of 10 mm is
subjected to a three point bending load configuration. The load is F=10N/mm. The strip has 7 layers of
material, each one rotated 90 degrees from the previous layer.
The strip is simply supported at -15 and +15 mm. Displacement and stress is tested at the central node,
bottom layer.
Material
E11 = 10000 MPa
E22 = 500MPa
E33 = 500MPa
12=0.4
23=0.3
31=0.015
G12=3000 MPa
G23=2000 MPa
G31=2000 MPa
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Length=50
mm
Width=10mm
F =10 N/mm
Simple supports in A and B
Figure 18: Composite

A shell element is modeled with the quadrangle mesh type. The seven layers are modelled using shell
elements with glue contacts between them. Two orthotropic materials are defined with the same
properties, but two material axes are used to model the material orientation.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET (NAFEMS)
UZ at E
-1,060
-1,051
ERROR
0,85%
SX at E
684.000.000,00
661.520.512,00
3,29%
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CIVILFEM
Modal Test Cases

Modal analysis is used to determine the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode
shapes) of a structure or a machine component while it is being designed. It can also serve as a
starting point for another, more detailed, dynamic analysis, such as a transient dynamic
analysis, a harmonic analysis, or a spectrum analysis.
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VCF_1_1_00_00_02_00_001
Description: (Natural Frequency of a Spring-Mass System).
Overview Table
Reference:
Any basic dynamics text book
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_02_00_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_02_00_001

An instrument of weight W is set on a rubber mount system having a stiffness k. Determine its natural
frequency of vibration T.
Material
E = 1*10-6 psi
Density = 1*10-6 psi
Steel Fe360.
k (spring) = 48 lb/in
Geometry section pipe
Loading
W = 2.5 lb
Outer Diameter = 0.1 inch.

Wall thickness = 0.05 inch.
Boundary Condition
In point 1: Mov. X = Mov.
Y= 0.
In Point 2: Mov. X= 0.

The spring length is arbitrarily selected. The density and the elastic modulus of the material become
practically zero to not affect the mass and stiffness of the system. Beam structural element should be
modeled with a single element. The weight of the lumped mass element is divided by gravity in order to
obtain the mass. Mass = W/g = 2.5/386 = 0.006477 lb-sec2/in
T=
(2 )
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
First Natural Frequency (Hz).
13,701
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CIVILFEM
13,701
ERROR
0,000
VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_001
Description: (Natural Frequency of a Spring-Mass System of two degree of freedom).
Overview Table
Reference:
Any dynamics text book
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_001

Calculate the two first natural frequencies of vibration of the following mass spring system.
Material
E = 210000 MPa
3
Density= 0 Kg/m .
K1 = 1.0 N/m
K1 = 1.0 N/m
Geometry section cable

Outer Diameter = 0 cm
Loading
m1 = 1.0 kg
m2 = 1.0 kg
Boundary Condition
1: Mov.X= Mov.Y = Rot.Z =
0.
2: Mov. Y= 0.
3: Mov. Y= 0.

The density and the cable cross section of the material become practically zero to not affect the mass
and stiffness of the system.
|
1 + 2 1 2
2
2
|=0;
2 2 2
1 2 4 [1 (1 + 2 ) + 2 1 ] 2 + 1 2 = 0
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
0,0984
0,0984
ERROR
0,041
Second Natural Frequency (Hz).
0,2575
0,2575
0,000
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_002
Description: (VIBRATION MODES OF A THIN PIPE ELBOW)
Overview Table
Reference:
NAFEMS Selected Benchmarks for Forced Vibration, R0016, March 1993. Test 5H.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_02_01_002

This test is a modal analysis of a straight cantilever beam, and a thin curved beam.
Material
11
E=2.1x10 Pa
=0.3
3
Density=7800 kg/m
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=0.6 m
Section=Tubular with
di=0.016m, de=0.020m.
Radius=1 m
N/A
Clamps at C and D,
supports at A and B.
Figure 19: Pipe configuration

Beam structural elements with 10 subdivisions are used. A pipe steel section is defined and Fe360 is
used as material.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency 1 (Hz)
33,400
32,337
ERROR
3,18%
Frequency 2 (Hz)
94,000
91,843
2,29%
Frequency 3 (Hz)
100,000
96,352
3,65%
Frequency 4 (Hz)
180,000
179,480
0,29%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_001
Description: (EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS OF A SLIM CIRCULAR RING FIXED BY 2 POINTS)
Overview Table
Reference:
P. Dellus, Rsistance de matriaux, Paris, Technique and Vulgarisation, 1958.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_001

This test is a modal analysis of a slim circular ring. 3 frequencies will be obtained.
Material
10
E=7.2x10 Pa
=0.3
3
Density=2700 kg/m
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=0.6 m
Section=Rectangular 0.010
m x 0.005 m
Radius=0.1 m
N/A
Clamps at two points

separated 120 degrees.
Figure 20: Ring configuration

A beam structural element with 74 subdivisions is used. A rectangular section and a generic material are
defined.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency 1 (Hz)
235,300
242,472
ERROR
3,05%
Frequency 2 (Hz)
575,300
585,910
1,84%
Frequency 3 (Hz)
1105,700
1121,010
1,38%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_002
Description: (In-plane vibration of a pin-ended cross)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
NAFEMS Finite Methods & Standards. Abbassian, F., Dawswelll, D. J. , and

Knowles, N.C. Selected Benchmarks for Natural Frequency Analysis, Test
N1. Glasgow: NAFEMS, Nov., 1987.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_01_002

Find the first eight modes of natural frequency in a modal analysis of a pin-ended cross, by using beam
elements.
Material
E=200e9 Pa
= 0.29
= 8000 kg/m3
G=8.01e10 Pa
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L= 5.0 m
a=b=0.125m
A,B,C,D: x = y =0
OA,OB,OC,OD: z=0; x= y= 0
a
C

One beam element per leg is modeled. Each beam is divided in four elements.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR
Frequency Mode 1 (Hz)
11,34
11,34
0,01%
Frequency Mode 2,3 (Hz)
17,69
17,69
0,01%
17,72
17,72
0,01%
45,48
45,53
0,10%
Frequency Mode 6,7 (Hz)
57,36
57,44
0,14%
57,68
57,76
0,14%
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VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_001
Description: (BEAM MASS MODAL ANALYSIS)
Overview Table
Reference:
Any basic dynamics text book
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_001

Determine the natural frequency and period of the first mode of vibration of a cantilever subjected to a
punctual mass at its end.
Material
E = 2.1x105 MPa
Density () = 0 kg/m3
Geometry
l=1m
Area (A) = 10 cm2
Inertia y axis (Iz) = 83.33
cm4
Loading
Mass (m) =10 Kg
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v==0
A
Iz

The cantilever is modeled as 2D beam in a structural modal analysis. The first mode is used to analyze
the results.
3
3
; =
; f=(
2)
; T=
1
f
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency, 1/s
3,647
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CIVILFEM
3,647
ERROR (%)
0,000
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_002
Description: (Cantilever with Off-Center Point Masses)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
National Agency for Finite Elements Methods and Standards (U.K.): Test
FV4 from NAFEMS publication TNSB, Rev.3, The Standard NAFEMS
Benchmarks, October 1990.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_002

A cantilever beam located horizontally with two off-center lump masses of M1 = 10000 kg and M2 = 1000
kg at right free ends. The beam is constrained in all DOFs at left end. Frequency vibration analysis is
performed on the model. Calculate the first six vibration frequencies.
Material
E1 = 21011 Pa
1= 8000 kg/m3
1= 0.3
E2 = 11016 Pa
2= 0 kg/m3
2= 0
Geometry
D1 (diameter)= 0.50 m
L1 (length) = 10.0 m
D2 (diameter)= 2.0 m
L2 (length) = 4.0 m
Loading
M1(Lump Mass)= 10000kg
M2 (lump mass)= 1000 kg
Boundary Condition
Beam 1 (extreme node):
u=v=w=0
x = y = z = 0
L1
D2
L2
M1
D1
M2

Each cantilever is modeled with generic material section, and beam 3D elements.
The nodes shared by both beams must remain merged.
The reference solution provided by the National Agency for Finite Elements Methods and Standards
(U.K.): Test FV4 from NAFEMS publication TNSB, Rev.3, The Standard NAFEMS Benchmarks, October
1990.
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Results comparison
Mode 1 Frequency (Hz)
1,723
1,723
0,00%
1,727
1,727
0,00%
7,413
7,413
0,00%
9,975
9,975
0,00%
18,182
18,182
0,00%
26,986
26,986
0,00%
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VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_003
Description: (Fundamental Frequency of a Simply Supported Beam)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
W. T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg. 18, ex. 1.5-1
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_003.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_003

Determine the fundamental frequency of a simply-supported beam of length with uniform crosssection as shown below.
Material
E = 30 x 106 psi
w = 1.124 lb/in
Geometry
= 0.000728 lb-sec2/in4
Loading
= 80 in
A = 4 in2
h = 2 in
I = 1.3333 in4
g = 386 in/ sec
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=0
Node 2: u =v=0

Three lateral master degrees of freedom are selected.
Results comparison
RESULTS
Frequency (Hz). First Mode.
TARGET
28,766
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66
CIVILFEM
28,773
ERROR
0,02%
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_004
Description: (Cantilever Beam Modes and Frequencies).
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Huang, T. C., The Effect of Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation on

the Frequency and Normal Modes of Uniform Beams with Simple End
Conditions, J. Applied Mechanics., Vol. 28, pp. 279-584 (December1961).
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_004.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_004

This problem is an illustration of the use of the Timoshenko beam element. The first three modes of a
square-section, cantilever beam are extracted.
No load is imposed, since only modes and frequencies are calculated.
All displacements and rotations are fixed.
Material
E = 310-7 psi
Density () = 7.2510-4
lbfsec2/in4
= 0.333
g = 386 in/ sec2
Geometry section pipe

b= 1 inch.
h= 1 inch.
Loading
Boundary Condition
In node 1: u = v = = 0

Such elements are most commonly used in dynamic problems, because of the importance of shear and
rotational inertia effects in high-frequency beam response. This particular example is chosen because an
exact Timoshenko beam solution is available.
To create the model is preferable to use materials and generic section.
T=
2
2
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Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
158,40
158,488
ERROR
0,056
965,30
993,233
2,894
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68
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_005
Description: (EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED SHAFT)
Overview Table
th
Reference:
J. P. Den Hartog, Mechanical Vibrations, 4 Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,

1956, p. 432.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_005.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_005

This test is a modal analysis of a beam. 6 frequencies will be obtained.
Material
Geometry
E=30x10 psi
Loading
L=100 in
Section=Tubular with Ri=1
in, t=0.05 in.
Boundary Condition
Weight Dens=7.764x10
2
4
lbf x sec /in
2
g=1 in/sec
-4
Simple supports at both

ends.

A beam structural element with 20 subdivisions is used. A tubular section and a generic material are
defined.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency 1 (Hz)
21,834
21,833
ERROR
0,00%
Frequency 2 (Hz)
87,334
87,334
0,00%
Frequency 3 (Hz)
196,501
196,508
0,00%
Frequency 4 (Hz)
349,335
349,373
0,01%
Frequency 5 (Hz)
545,837
545,979
0,03%
Frequency 6 (Hz)
786,005
786,427
0,05%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_006
Description: (Natural frequencies of a two-mass-spring system)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
W. T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg. 163, ex. 6.2-2.
Modal Analysis 2D
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_006.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_006

Determine the first two natural frequencies of the system shown below for the values of the masses and
spring stiffnesses given.
Material
k1 = k2=200 lb/in
kc = 4k1 = 800 lb/in
Geometry
Loading
m2 = 2m1 = 1.0 lb-sec2/in
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=w==0
Node 2: v=0
Node 3: v=0
Node 4: u=v=w==0
Analysis Assumption and Modeling

Notes
The spring lengths are arbitrarily selected and are used only to define the spring direction.
;1
1 + 1 1 (2 1 ) = 0
2 2 + (2 1 ) 2 (3 2 ) = 0
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR
First frequency (Hz)
2,581
2,581
0,00%
Second frequency (Hz)
8,326
8,326
0,00%
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VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_007
Description: (Ten-bay, nine-story, two-dimensional frame. Modal analysis.)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Large Eigenvalue Problems in Dynamic Analysis, Journal of the Eng. Mech.

Div., ASCE, Vol. 98, No. EM6, Proc. Paper 9433, Dec. 1972. Bathe, K. J. and
Wilson, E. L.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_007.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_007

Find the first two modes of natural frequency in a modal analysis of a ten-bay nine story two
dimensional frame, with clamped supports.
Material
E=4.32x105 ksf
= 3 kip-sec2/ft/ft
Geometry
Loading
Ten bay, nine story
frame
Horizontal spacing=20 ft
Vertical spacing=10 ft
Area of section=3 ft2
Moment of inertia=1 ft4
Boundary Condition
All supports: x = y =0, z=0;
x= y= 0, z= 0

One beam element per arm is modeled. Each beam is divided in five elements. The included python
script that generates the model should be run in a new 2D modal case. The script performs the complete
modeling, meshing and solving of the model.
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Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR
0,122200
0,122000
0,16%
0,374000
0,375000
0,27%
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72
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_008
Description: (PIN-ENDED DOUBLE CROSS: IN-PLANE VIBRATION)
Overview Table
Reference:
Test FV2. NAFEMS publication TNSB, Rev. 3, The Standard NAFEMS Benchmarks,
October 1990.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_008.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_00_04_04_008

A modal analysis of a beam net is performed. 10 frequencies will be obtained.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E=200 GPa
=0.3
3
Dens=8000 kg/m
L=10 m.
Square section, l=0.125 m
N/A
Pins in A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H.

Eight beam structural elements with 10 subdivisions are used. A generic section and material are
defined.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency 1 (Hz)
11,336
11,336
ERROR
0,00%
Frequency 2 (Hz)
17,709
17,681
0,16%
Frequency 3 (Hz)
17,709
17,681
0,16%
Frequency 4 (Hz)
17,709
17,710
0,01%
Frequency 5 (Hz)
17,709
17,710
0,01%
Frequency 6 (Hz)
17,709
17,710
0,01%
Frequency 7 (Hz)
17,709
17,710
0,01%
Frequency 8 (Hz)
17,709
17,710
0,01%
Frequency 9 (Hz)
45,345
45,350
0,01%
Frequency 10 (Hz)
57,390
57,084
0,53%
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CIVILFEM
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VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_001
Description: (Modal Frequencies of a rectangular Shell)
Overview Table
Reference:
Marc (Volume C, Exercise 6.15).
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_001

Determine the first four frequencies of a shell section as shown below. The one end is completely
constrained to represent the cantilever boundary conditions. The other end is simply supported at its
midpoint.
Material
E = 28 x 106 psi
= 0.32
Geometry
Loading
Length (L) = 0.6 inch

Width (w)= 0.25 inch
Thickness (t) = 0.003 inch
g = 386 in/ sec2
= 0.000755 lbsec2/in4
t
w/2
w/2

It is modeled using a 28x14 mesh of linear elements.
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Boundary Condition
Side 1: All constrained
Side 2: x=y=z=0
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
1140,000
1141,305
ERROR
0,11%
Frequency (Hz). Second Mode.
1324,000
1331,305
0,55%
Frequency (Hz). Third Mode.
3552,000
3563,481
0,32%
Frequency (Hz). Fourth Mode.
4236,000
4270,058
0,80%
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VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_002
Description: (Modal Frequencies of a rectangular Plate)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-4, Case 11, pg. 256.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_002

A rectangular shell is simply supported (linear boundary conditions) on both the smaller edges and fixed
on the longer edge as shown below. Find the first five modes of natural frequency.
Material
E = 2.0 x 1011 Pa
= 0.3
Geometry
Loading
Length (L) = 0.25 m

Width (W)= 0.10 m
Thickness (t) = 0.005 m
g = 9.81 m/s
= 7850 kg/m3
Boundary Condition
Side 1 (longer edge): All
constrained.
Side 2 =Side 3: (smaller edges):
Only constrained z (vertical).
Constrained z (vertical).
All constrained line.
Constrained z
(vertical).

Element size of 6.5 mm is applied on all the edges to get accurate results.
The first five natural frequencies of the plate are described by the following equations:
2
22
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3
12(12 )
f = dimensionless parameter associated with the mode indices i, j.

i = number of half-waves in this mode shape along the horizontal axis.
j = number of half-waves in this mode shape along the vertical axis.
= Poissons ratio.
E = elastic modulus.
t = plate thickness.
= mass of material per unit area.
L = length of plate
W = width of plate
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
597,500
590,820
ERROR
1,12%
Frequency (Hz). Second Mode.
1129,550
1120,219
0,83%
Frequency (Hz). Third Mode.
2051,790
2041,613
0,50%
Frequency (Hz). Fourth Mode.
2906,730
2886,028
0,71%
Frequency (Hz). Fifth Mode.
3366,480
3357,213
0,28%
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80
VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_009
Description: (MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER CYLINDRICAL VAULT)
Overview Table
Reference:
AFNOR (1990), Guide de Validation des Progiciels de Calcul de Structures, SFM,

Afnor Technique, France.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_009.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_009

A modal analysis of a cantilever vault, fixed at one end is performed. 6 frequencies will be obtained.
Material
5
E=2.0658x10 MPa
=0.3
3
3
Dens=7.857x10 tf/m
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=0.3048 m.
Angle=0.5 rad
-3
Thickness=3.048x10 m
N/A
One side is clamped.
Figure 25: Plate configuration

A shell structural element is used, with a length of 0.01 m per element.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency 1 (Hz)
85,600
85,638
ERROR
0,04%
Frequency 2 (Hz)
134,500
138,282
2,81%
Frequency 3 (Hz)
259,000
246,956
4,65%
Frequency 4 (Hz)
351,000
342,324
2,47%
Frequency 5 (Hz)
395,000
385,798
2,33%
Frequency 6 (Hz)
531,000
530,740
0,05%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_001
Description: (MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER PLATE)
Overview Table
Reference:
Harris, C. M. and Crede, C. E., Shock and Vibration Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1976
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_001

A modal analysis of a shell is performed. 5 frequencies will be obtained.
Material
3
E=29.5x10 ksi
=0.3
4
Dens=2.835648x10
3
kips/in
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Square plate, side=24 in.

Thickness=1.0 in
Gravity
Lower side is clamped, all

plate has constrains in X, Y
directions and Z rotation
Figure 26: Plate configuration

A shell structural element is used, using 19 divisions per side.
Results comparison
Period 1 (s)
RESULTS
TARGET
0,01790
0,01721
ERROR
3,85%
Period 2 (s)
0,00732
0,00708
3,28%
Period 3 (s)
0,00292
0,00281
3,70%
Period 4 (s)
0,00228
0,00221
3,07%
Period 5 (s)
0,00201
0,00195
3,03%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_003
Description: (VIBRATION OF A WEDGE)
Overview Table
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, D. H. Young, Vibration Problems in Engineering, 3rd Edition, D. Van

Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1955, pg. 392, article 62.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_003.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_003

A modal analysis of a triangular shell, fixed at its base is performed. 1 frequency will be obtained.
Material
6
E=3x10 psi
=0
2
4
Dens= 0.000728 lb-sec /in
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Triangle:
H=16 in
Semi Base (b) = 2 in
Thickness=1 in
N/A
Base is clamped.

A shell structural element is used, with an edge size of 2 in.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Frequency 1 (Hz)
259,160
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CIVILFEM
259,150
ERROR
0,00%
VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_004
Description: (THIN RING PLATE CLAMPED ON A HUB)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Societe Francaise des Mecaniciens. Guide de validation des progiciels de calcul de

structures. Paris, Afnor Technique, 1990. Test No. SDLS04/89.
Modal Analysis
VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_004.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_04_01_004

A modal analysis of a thin ring plate clamped on a hub fixed at its base is performed. 13 frequencies will
be obtained.
Material
11
E=2x10 Pa
=0.3
3
Dens= 7800 kg/m
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
Ring: Re=0.1 m
Ri=0.2 m
Thickness=0.01 m
N/A
Inner border of ring is

clamped.

A 500 quadrangle shell structural element is used.
Results comparison
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Frequency 1 (Hz)
RESULTS
TARGET
79,260
79,631
ERROR
0,47%
Frequency 2 (Hz)
81,090
81,251
0,20%
Frequency 3 (Hz)
81,090
81,285
0,24%
Frequency 4 (Hz)
89,630
89,834
0,23%
Frequency 5 (Hz)
89,630
89,980
0,39%
Frequency 6 (Hz)
112,800
113,385
0,52%
Frequency 7 (Hz)
112,800
113,607
0,72%
Frequency 18 (Hz)
518,900
543,876
4,81%
Frequency 19 (Hz)
528,600
554,090
4,82%
Frequency 20 (Hz)
528,600
554,322
4,87%
Frequency 21 (Hz)
559,100
584,194
4,49%
Frequency 22 (Hz)
559,100
585,947
4,80%
Frequency 23 (Hz)
609,700
636,678
4,42%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_1_03_01_04_04_001
Description: (Vibrations of a Truss).
Overview Table
Reference:
Any dynamics text book
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Modal Analysis 2D
VCF_1_1_03_01_04_04_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_1_03_01_04_04_001

The first two modal frequencies are computed for a straight flexible and circular cable under tension.
Material
E = 2.11011 N/m2
= 84.969 kg/m3
= 0.3
Geometry
Radius (r) = 8.992 mm
L= 96.5 m
Loading
P = 49050 N
12
Boundary Condition
In node 1: u = v = = 0
12 = 88.739 mm.
12
P
1
Figure 2: Structural model equivalent

Add a punctual displacement in end node equivalent to axial force (P).
The mesh has 11 elements and 12 nodes.
The large deflections option is used to ensure that the eigenmodes will include the effect of the stress
stiffening induced by the equivalent displacement.
The analytical formula for the modal frequencies of a prestressed cable is (n = number of mode):
12 =
; =
EA
2 2
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET

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CIVILFEM
7,811
7,829
ERROR
0,230
15,622
15,819
1,261
Harmonic Test Cases

Any sustained cyclic load will produce a sustained cyclic response (a harmonic response) in a
structural system. Harmonic analysis gives you the ability to predict the sustained dynamic
behavior of your structures, thus enabling you to verify whether or not your designs will
successfully overcome resonance, fatigue, and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.
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VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_001
Description: (HARMONIC RESPONSE OF A TWO-MASS-SPRING SYSTEM)
Overview Table
Reference:
W. T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,

Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg. 178, ex. 6.6-1.
Harmonic Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_00_04_04_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_001

A two mass, two spring system is considered, with a harmonic load of 200 lb mass applied in the
leftmost mass. The X-displacements at several frequencies are calculated.
Material
Geometry
2
N/A.
m1=m2=lib-sec /in
k1=k2=kc=200 lb/in
Loading
Boundary Condition
F=200 lb
Clamps at both ends.
Figure 30: Spring-mass configuration

As we need to model structural elements for defining the springs, a fictitious material and structural
elements are used.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
UTx, node 2, freq=1.5 Hz
0,823
0,823
ERROR
0,00%
UTx, node 2, freq=4 Hz
0,511
0,511
0,00%
0,585
0,585
0,00%
0,463
0,463
0,00%
UTx, node 4, freq=4 Hz
1,215
1,215
0,00%
0,270
0,270
0,00%
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VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_002
Description: (DEEP SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: HARMONIC FORCED VIBRATION)
Overview Table
Reference:
NAFEMS Selected Benchmarks for Forced Vibration, R0016, March 1993. Test 5H.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Harmonic Analysis
VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_00_04_04_002

A harmonic linear load is applied to the whole beam shown in the figure. Frequencies and peak
displacements are calculated.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E=200 GPa
=0.3
3
Density=8000 kg/m
L=10 m
Section=2x2 m
F= 1MN/m with
frequencies from 40 Hz to
45 Hz
Left side: Clamp.

Right side: Simple support,
x-disp unrestrained.

A generic section and material are used. Meshing is performed with a beam structural element with 20
subdivisions.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
Peak UTy (mm)
13,450
13,350
ERROR
0,74%
Frequency (Hz)
42,650
43,367
1,68%
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VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_001
Description: (SIMPLY SUPPORTED THIN SQUARE PLATE; HARMONIC FORCED VIBRATION)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Maguire, J., Dawswell, D. J., & Gould, L. (1989). Selected benchmarks for forced
vibration. NAFEMS. Test 13-H
Harmonic Analysis
VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_001

A square plate has a length of 10m and is subjected to and harmonic load function: F=F0 sin (t), with
F0 =1 00 N/m2 over the whole plate:
= 2f
f= 0 to 4.16 Hz.
The damping factors =2%
The edges of the plate are simply supported, and ux, uy ,z = 0 at all nodes. Calculate the peak
displacement and stress at the center of the plate and the frequency at which these peaks occur.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E = 200000MPa
=0.3
3
= 8000kg/m
=2%
L=10m
t=0.05m
F=F0 sin (t)

F0 =100N/m
ux= uy =z =0 at all nodes

x=0 along edges 1 and 3
y=0 along edges 2 and 4
= 2f
f= 0 to 4.16 Hz.
t
L
4
Fo
z
y
Figure 32:

A shell element is modeled with a quadrangle mesh type (edges size 500mm). The load type is harmonic.
The number of frequencies tested is 50, between 0 to 4.16 Hz.
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Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET (NAFEMS)
2,377
2,377
ERROR
0,00%
Peak stress, MPa
30,030
31,454
4,74%
Peak Displacement, mm
45,420
44,830
1,30%
Frequency (Hz)
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_002
Description: (SIMPLY SUPPORTED THICK SQUARE PLATE; HARMONIC FORCED VIBRATION)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Maguire, J., Dawswell, D. J., & Gould, L. (1989). Selected benchmarks for
forced vibration. NAFEMS. Test 21-H
Harmonic Analysis
VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_2_00_02_04_04_002

A square plate has a length of 10m and is subjected to and harmonic load function: F=F0 sin (t), with
F0 =1 MN/m2 over the whole plate:
= 2f
f= 0 to 78.17 Hz.
The damping factors =2%
The edges of the plate are simply supported, and ux, uy ,z = 0 at all nodes. Calculate the peak
displacement and stress at the center of the plate and the frequency at which these peaks occur.
Material
E = 200000MPa
=0.3
= 8000kg/m3
=2%
Geometry
L=10m
t=1m
Loading
F=F0 sin (t)
F0 =100N/m2
= 2f
f= 0 to 78.17 Hz.
Boundary Condition
ux= uy =z =0 at all
nodes
x=0 along edges 1 and
3
y=0 along edges 2 and
4
t
L
4
Fo
z
y

A shell element is modeled with a quadrangle mesh type (edges size 500mm). The load type is harmonic.
The number of frequencies tested is 50, between 40 to 60 Hz, as the first modal frequency is around
50Hz
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Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET (NAFEMS)
Peak stress, MPa

Peak Displacement, mm
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CIVILFEM
58,330
59,927
ERROR
2,74%
800,800
803,691
0,36%
Transient Test Cases

Transient dynamic analysis (sometimes called time-history analysis) is a technique used to
determine the dynamic response of a structure under the action of any general timedependent loads. You can use this type of analysis to determine the time-varying
displacements, strains, stresses, and forces in a structure as it responds to any combination of
static, transient, and harmonic loads. The time scale of the loading is such that the inertia or
damping effects are considered to be important.
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VCF_1_3_00_00_00_03_001
Description: (SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO DYNAMIC LOADS)
Overview Table
Reference:
Biggs, J.M. Introduction to structural dynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
1964, p. 50, Example E.
Transient Analysis
VCF_1_3_00_00_00_03_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_00_03_001

A steel beam is subjected to dynamic loads. The weight is assumed to be zero. Determine the time at
which the maximum deflection occurs.
Material
6
E=30x10 psi
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=240 in
2
Mass=25.9067 lbf x sec /in
Section depth: H=18 in
4
I=800.6 in
See picture
Left support: Constrain DY

Right support: Constrain
DY and DX
Figure 33: Beam and load configuration

Two beam elements are used, with 30 elements each. A mass model util is used to simulate the mass of
the problem, and a transient load table is defined.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Maximum X stress
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CIVILFEM
0,331
0,339
ERROR
2,42%
18600,000
17825,025
4,17%
VCF_1_3_00_00_04_01_001
Description: (DEEP SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM: TRANSIENT FORCED VIBRATION)
Overview Table
Reference:
NAFEMS Selected Benchmarks for Forced Vibration, R0016, March 1993, Test 5T
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Transient Analysis
VCF_1_3_00_00_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_01_001

A suddenly applied transverse step load is applied to the beam and the transient response is analyzed.
Material
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
E=200 Gpa
=0.3
3
Density=8000 kg/m
L=10 m
Square section: 2m x 2m
A suddenly applied force

in all the beam of 1
MN/m value.
Left support: Constrain all

DF.
Right support: Constrain Y
movement

A beam element is used, with 20 elements. A transient load table is defined, with an application time of
0.004 s for the force.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
1,043
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CIVILFEM
1,051
ERROR
0,77%
VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_001
Description: (TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A SPRING-MASS SYSTEM WITH VISCOUS DAMPING)
Overview Table
W.T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg.102, ex. 4.3.
Transient Analysis
VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_001.xcf
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_001

A spring-mass system with viscous damping, initially at rest, is subjected to a force N acting on the mass.
Determine the maximum displacement v at time t for the following damping ratios:
=0 (undamped)
=0.5
Material
m = 0.5 lb sec2/in
k = 200 lb/in
Geometry
Arbitrary
Boundary Condition
Node 2: u=v=0
Node 4: u=v=0
N (t)
1
Loading
N = 200 lb
N (t)
3
c1
c2
Figure 2: Force-Time History

The spring has to be associated with a structural element such a beam of massless generic section. The
damping coefficient c is calculated as c =2 . The maximum time of 0.205 sec for de load case
allows the masses to reach their largest displacements. The step fraction time 0.0025 sec (T/120) allow
to follow the acceleration change for the theoretical comparison. The plot option Time plot is used to
show the displacement over time.
=
3
3
; = m ; f = (
2)
;T = f ; () = [
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2 1
2 1
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR
U max (in) for t=0,1575 s

U (in) for t=0,20 s x = 0
2,000
1,997
0,15%
1,654
1,674
1,23%
U (in) for t=0,20 s x = 0 , 5
1,153
1,155
0,15%
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VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_002
Description: (TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A SPRING-MASS-DAMPER SYSTEM WITH INITIAL
DISPLACEMENT)
Overview Table
W.T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing, PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg.41, ex. 2.2-1
Transient Analysis
VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_002.xcf
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_002

A spring-mass system with viscous damping is initially held at rest at the position and then released.
Determine the displacement v at time t for the following damping ratios:
=2
=1 (critical)
=0.2
=0 (undamped)
Material
w = 10 lb
m = w/g 0.026 lb
sec2/in
k = 30 lb/in
y
Geometry
Arbitrary
c1
c2
Boundary Condition
Node 1, 3, 5, 7: u=v=0
c3
Loading
Initial Force N = 30 lb
g = 386 in/s2
c4

The spring has to be associated with a structural element such a beam of massless generic section. The
damping coefficient c is calculated as c =2 . The equivalent of a displacement is calculated as an
initial force k = 30 lbs. The maximum time of 0.095 sec for de load case covers about the period. The
step fraction time 0.001 sec (T/180) allow to follow the acceleration change for the theoretical
comparison.
=
3
3
; = m ; f = (
2)
;T = f ; () = [
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2 1
2 1
Results comparison
t = 0,09 sec.
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR (%)
u max (in) =0
-1,9969
-1,9972
0,016
u max (in) =0,2
-1,5211
-1,5213
0,014
u max (in) =1,0
-0,8100
-0,8100
0,002
u max (in) =2,0
-0,5258
-0,5257
0,019
The plot option Time plot is used to show the displacement over time.
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VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_003
Description: (TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF A SPRING-MASS SYSTEM WITH LOAD FUNCTION)
Overview Table
Reference:
R. K. Vierck, Vibration Analysis, 2nd Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New
York, NY, 1979, sec. 5-8
Transient Analysis
VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_003.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_3_00_00_04_04_003

A system containing two masses, m1 and m2, and two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 is subjected to a
pulse load F(t) on mass 1. Determine the displacement response of the system for the load history
shown.
Material
m1 = m2 =2.0 kg
k1 = 6.0 N/m
k2 = 16.0 N/m
Geometry
Arbitrary
Loading
Fo = 50 N (view graph)
td =1.8 sec.
Boundary Condition
u=v=z=0
Load Function F(t)

The response of the system is examined for an additional 0.6 seconds after the load is removed.
The displacements are obtained with 0.010 s as time step.
; f=(
2)
;T = ;
f
1 1 + (1 + 2 ) 1 2 2 = ()
2 2 2 1 + 2 2 = 0
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Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR (%)
y1 (m) for t = 1,3 s
-14,4800
-14,4020
0,539
y2(m) for t = 1,3 s
-3,9900
-3,9480
1,053
y1 (m) for t = 2,4 s
-18,3200
-18,3980
0,426
y2 (m) for t = 2,4 s
-6,1400
-6,1600
0,326
The plot option Time plot is used to show the displacement over time.
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102
Buckling Test Cases

Buckling analysis is a technique used to determine buckling loads (critical loads at which a
structure becomes unstable) and buckled mode shapes (the characteristic shape associated
with a structure's buckled response).
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VCF_1_4_00_00_00_01_001
Description: (Buckling Analysis of a L Column)
Overview Table
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, J. M. Gere, Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Book Co. Inc., New York, NY, 1961, pg. 78, article 2.7.
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_00_00_01_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_00_00_01_001

A slender square cross-sectional column of length L, and dimensions bxh, is fixed at the base and free at
the upper end. Determine the critical buckling load in the first mode.
Material
6
E = 30*10 psi
Geometry
h(height) = 0.5 in
b(width) = 0.5 in
L = 100 in
Loading
F (vertical load applied in
node 11).
Boundary Condition
Node 1: u=v=w=0
x = y = z = 0
dx
dz
b
z
x

The column was modeled with ten elements. The number of modes that will be extracted is one.
The critical force, Fcr = 38.553 lb is used for calculation of the applied load F.
=
4 2
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Critical Load (lbf)
38,553
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104
CIVILFEM
38,632
ERROR
0,20%
VCF_1_4_00_00_04_01_001
Description: (BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF A COLUMN)
Overview Table
Reference:
Gere & Timoshenko Mechanics of Materials Chapter 11
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_00_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_00_04_01_001

Determine the buckling modes and the corresponding critical loads of a column subjected to a vertical
load with various boundary conditions: Pin-roller, fixed-free, fixed-laterally guided, fixed-roller.
Material
Geometry
2
E = 10000 tonf/m
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=15m
Section: Solid rectangular
0.25m x 0.25m
Pin-roller
Fixed-free
Fixed-laterally guided
Fixed-roller
Figure 36: Boundary conditions

A beam element with 40 subdivisions is used. A generic material and section are defined and four load
cases are calculated, one for each boundary condition.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Buckling Load Factor (a)
0,571
0,571
ERROR
0,04%
Buckling Load Factor (b)
0,143
0,1428
0,14%
Buckling Load Factor (c)
2,289
2,2846
0,19%
Buckling Load Factor (d)
1,17
1,1684
0,14%
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CIVILFEM
VCF_1_4_00_00_04_04_001
Description: (2D linear buckling of a portal frame)
Overview Table
Reference:
Fundamentos para el clculo y diseo de estructuras metlicas de acero laminado.

Jaime Marco Garca. McGraw Hill. 1998. Pgina 624.
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_00_04_04_001.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_00_04_04_001

Calculate the buckling load of a portal frame, whose foundations are all constrained degrees of freedom,
with constant section and material throughout the structure (columns and beams), with columns loaded
with an axial force P.
Material
Geometry
4
E = 210.000 MPa.
3
Density = 7.850 kg/m
Poisson ratio = 0,3
Inertia Iy = 6,70133e-05 m .
4
Inertia Iy = 6,70133e-05 m .
2
Area = 1.0 m .
L = 6 m.
Loading
Boundary Condition
P = 1,0 Kgf.
Node 1: u=v=0
z = 0
Node 2: u=v=0
z = 0
P
E, I, A
E, I, A
E, I, A
2
L

Ignore the effects of axial deformation (with the cross sectional area of 1 m2 is sufficient).
Each of the structural elements (beams and columns) is modeled with 60 elements, with generic
material and section.
Stiffness matrix of the structure:
8 4
[
2
6 + 3
2
8 4
6 + 3
8
3
Ks = EI / L [ 2
6
2
8
6
6 + 3
6 + 3 ] with = P2 / 30EI ;
24 72
Solving the eigenvalue problem associated with the above.
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106
2/15
6
6] - P / L [ 0
1/10
24
0
2/15
1/10
1/10
1/10] = EI / L3
12/5
Matrix: 1.080 4.596 + 5.136 1.008 = 0 ; 1 = 0.248 ; Pcri = 0.248 30 EI / L = 7.44 EI / L
Results comparison
RESULTS
Buckling load factor, Kgf (mode 1)
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107
TARGET
CIVILFEM
ERROR
296567,200
293207,720
1,13%
VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_001
Description: (PLASTIC BUCKLING OF AN EXTERNALLY PRESSURIZED HEMISPHERICAL DOME)
Overview Table
Reference:
MSC Marc documentation. Volume E, problem 3.16.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_001

A dome structure is analyzed to obtain its buckling load factor. The model used is a hemispherical dome
with a radius of 100 inches and a thickness of 2 inches which is clamped at the edge. The material is
elastic-plastic, with a Youngs modulus of 21.8 x 106 psi, a Poissons ratio of 0.32 and a yield stress of
20,000 psi.
Material
6
E =21.8 x 10 psi
=0.32
Yield Stress=20.000 psi
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
R=100 in
Thickness=2 in
Superficial load: -540 psi
Clamped at edge.
Figure 38: Dome

A shell element is used, and only of the hemispherical dome is modelled.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Buckling Load Factor
19,990
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108
CIVILFEM
20,024
ERROR
0,17%
VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_002
Description: (LATERAL BUCKLING OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED CRUCIFORM COLUMN SUBJECTED
TO A CONCENTRIC AXIAL LOAD)
Overview Table
Reference:
Timoshenko, S.P., and Gere, J.M., (1961). Theory of Elastic Stability, McGraw-Hill,
New York
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_002.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_002

A simply supported cruciform column consisting of narrow rectangular fins undergoes a vertical load P
applied at the centroid of the top end. The buckling load factor is determined. The computed buckling
load is then compared with the analytical exact solution.
Material
2
E =200 kN/mm
=0.25
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=3 m
Cruciform shape,
thickness 6 mm, width 300
mm.
F=1 kN
Bottom end is pinned, and

top end is roller.

Four shell elements are used, with 40 by 4 division each.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
458,086
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109
CIVILFEM
456,947
ERROR
0,25%
VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_003
Description: (LATERAL BUCKLING OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED RIGHT-ANGLE FRAME SUBJECTED
TO BENDING MOMENTS AT BOTH ENDS)
Overview Table
Reference:
New York
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_003.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_02_01_003

A simply supported right-angle frame is subjected to bending moments M applied at the centroids of its
ends. The buckling load factor is determined. The computed buckling load is then compared with the
analytical exact solution.
Material
E =71240 N/mm
=0.31
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L= 240 mm
T= 0.6 mm
W=15 mm
H=15 mm
M=1 N x mm
F=1/30 N
Left end is pinned, and

right end is roller.

A shell element is used, with a total of 64 elements. The loads are modelled using two pair of punctual
loads applied at each end of the shell
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
649,190
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110
CIVILFEM
649,173
ERROR
0,00%
VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_001
Description: (BUCKLING OF A CYLINDER TUBE)
Overview Table
Reference:
MSC Marc documentation. Volume E, problem 4.15.
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_001

The buckling load factors of a cylinder tube subjected to a lateral load at one end of the tube are
calculated. A horizontal punctual load of 100 N is applied at the lower node and the nodes on the high
end of the tube are fixed.
Material
E=3630 N/mm
=0.3
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L= 600 mm
T=1 mm
R=100 mm
N=100 N
Top ring is fixed.
Figure 41: Cylinder configuration

Two shell elements are used, one for the cylinder and one for the lower cone. The lower cone is used to
transmit the load to the cylinder, so its E is high to exclude any collateral effects on the whole model.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Buckling Load Factor 1
17,86
17,860
ERROR
0,00%
17,87
17,865
0,03%
18,55
18,545
0,03%
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111
CIVILFEM
VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_002
Description: (BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF A COLUMN)
Overview Table
Reference:
Gere & Timoshenko Mechanics of Materials Chapter 11
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_002.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_002

Determine the buckling modes and the corresponding critical loads of a column subjected to a vertical
load with various boundary conditions: Pin-roller, fixed-free, fixed-laterally guided, fixed-roller.
Material
Geometry
2
E = 10000 tonf/m
Loading
Boundary Condition
L=15m
Section: Solid rectangular
0.25m x 0.25m
Pin-roller
Fixed-free
Fixed-laterally guided
Fixed-roller
Figure 42: Boundary conditions

A shell element with 240 subdivisions is used. A generic material and section are defined and four load
cases are calculated, one for each boundary condition.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
Buckling Load Factor (a)
0,571
0,571
ERROR
0,04%
Buckling Load Factor (b)
0,143
0,143
0,00%
Buckling Load Factor (c)
2,289
2,303
0,61%
Buckling Load Factor (d)
1,17
1,173
0,26%
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112
CIVILFEM
VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_003
Description: (LATERAL BUCKLING OF A RECTANGULAR CANTILEVER BEAM SUBJECTED TO A
LOAD AT THE TIP)
Overview Table
Reference:
New York
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_003.xcf
Analysis Type(s):
File:
Test Case VCF_1_4_00_02_04_01_003

A cantilever beam with a narrow rectangular section is loaded by a vertical load P applied at the centroid
of the free end. One end of the beam is fixed and the other end is free.
Material
8
E =10 lb/in
=2/3
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
L= 20 in
Section=0.05 x 1 in
P=1 lbf
Left end is fixed, and right

end is free.

A shell element is used, with a total of 324 elements.
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
11,870
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113
CIVILFEM
12,096
ERROR
1,90%
VCF_1_4_03_00_00_01_001
Description: (Large Deflection of a Buckled Column)
Overview Table
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
File:
S. Timoshenko, J. M. Gere, Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Book Co. Inc., New York, NY, 1961, pg. 78, article 2.7.
Buckling Analysis
VCF_1_4_03_00_00_01_001.xcf
Test Case VCF_1_4_03_00_00_01_001

A slender square cross-sectional bar of length L, and area A, fixed at the base and free at the upper end,
is loaded with a value larger than the critical buckling load. Determine the displacement (X, Z, ) of
the free end and display the deformed shape of the bar at various loadings (loads step 3, 4, 5 and 6).
Material
6
E = 30*10 psi
Geometry
Loading
Boundary Condition
h(height) = 0.5 in
b(width) = 0.5 in
L = 100 in
F/Fcr = 1.015; 1.063;

1.152; 1.293; 1.518 and
1.884
Node 1: u=v=w=0
x = y = z = 0
dx
dz
b
z
x

A small perturbing force (Fx=0.5 lb is applied to the head of the column) is introduced in the first load
step to produce lateral (rather than pure compressive) motion. The number of equilibrium iterations for
convergence increases significantly as the loading approaches the critical load (i.e. for solutions with
near zero).
The column was modeled with ten elements.
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114
The critical force, Fcr is used for calculation of the applied load F.
=
4 2
Results comparison
RESULTS
TARGET
CIVILFEM
X displacement, in, LOAD 3 (Node 11)
59,300
58,890
ERROR
0,69%
Z displacement, in, LOAD 3 (Node 11)
-25,900
-25,347
2,14%
y rotation, degrees, LOAD 3 (Node 11)
60,000
59,340
1,10%
71,900
71,743
0,22%
-44,000
-43,446
1,26%
80,000
79,419
0,73%
79,200
79,199
0,00%
-65,100
-64,670
0,66%
100,000
99,685
0,31%
80,300
80,478
0,22%
-87,700
-87,440
0,30%
120,000
119,908
0,08%
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115
Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.

Ingeciber S.A. Copyright. All rights Reserved.
All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.
www.civilfem.com
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Verification Manual

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_04_00_01_001 ................................................................................... 37

Test Case VCF_1_1_00_02_02_01_002 ................................................................................... 77

Test Case VCF_1_4_03_00_00_01_001 ................................................................................. 114

Test Cases Format

All test cases have the following code nomenclature:

TEST CASE NUMBER (GGG)

ANALYSIS TYPE (B)

Static Test Cases

S. Parvanova, University of Civil Engineering, Geodesy and ArchitectureSofia. 2011.

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_001

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

() = cos ; () = ( + )/2 ; () = ( )/2

= 12 3 = 12 1.1 0.53 = 0.011458 4 ; = 3 107 0.011458 = 343750 2 ;

17.004 0 14.358 0 + 6.5921 100 + 44.042 250 1000(1.81928 0) = 0

17.004 0 14.358 0 = 8532.07,

{() } { (() ()) }

Max. displacement "y" (m). Node 101

Max. rotation "z" (rad). Node 51

Max. Bending moment + "z"(kNm). Elem 66.Node 67

Max. Bending moment - "z"(kNm). Elem 38.Node 39

S. Timoshenko, J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_00_01_002

P/2= 1000 lbf

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_00_001

Beam Section Data

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

the theoretical maximum bend moment is

S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids,

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_002

Figure 2: Problem sketch

Analysis Assumption and Modeling

X component of stress, mid top flange, psi

X component of stress, botton, psi

Ingeciber, S.A. Adaptation of Problem 9.15 from the book "Resistencia de

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_02_01_003

Maximum torsional stress, kp/cm 2

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_001

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

Societe Francaise des Mecaniciens. Guide de validation des progiciels de calcul de

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_01_002

Left support: Simple

Figure 3: Beam configuration

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

Arthur P. Boresi, Omar M. Sidebottom, Advanced Mechanics of Materials ,

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_001

Figure 4: Problem sketch

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

Max Z component of displacement, mm (B)

Arthur P. Boresi, Omar M. Sidebottom, Advanced Mechanics of Materials ,

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_002

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory and

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_003

Analysis Assumption and Modeling Notes

P. Dellus, Rsistance des matriaux, Paris, Technique et Vulgarisation, 1958

Static Linear Analysis

Test Case VCF_1_0_00_00_04_04_004