POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK — ODDZIAL W KRAKOWIE JANUSZ, K, KOZLOWSKI, STEFAN K. KOZLOWSKI’ UPPER PALAEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC IN EUROPE ‘Taxonomy and Palecohistory 7 ocean | wanszam nano» opatae‘Tracy Ba Lee ublace pistol do die: ‘Boletaw Ginter Niktre preteens ansano's funduy probes AR MGS Minteston Nov, Seoletva, Wrinzego | Tekh Bedster Wydewaetve: Kreyol Pater ecto eter: Ketan Ova (© Conran by Jents Kongai end Steen K Kesowsl, Wraclee 79 rte in Poland se eg t= pi, SIEGE es erat ee ‘Semen tthe Worm genio tenes Saens@ ctocimonococicat, panicres ano ecovocicay ciaxcas OO ne Lael (aps 3 blest, ¥, vi By ‘This bok Is devoted t the tines when the continent of Buope ‘periesced ar reaching environmental change, The later eauied lass ape to stabge conde, dae tothe new vegeton and ne Dering ths peri donated by te hating gutting typeof soem, siege aca espns Og te, imlgrate together with these ‘arial, preserving their own traditional, culture, or search for new technical solutions enabling them to oyercone and muster the explota. tos of the new type of natural enviroment. In this way partl or eves ‘otal eulbaral changes came into existence, According & the = culture should be viewed asa tangible instrument OF the conte ‘xpotaton ofthe cavzonent, { ‘As sated above, ecology condoned cultural changes wey ane tated yn a ho eet) lite the pony of cote for fr es sppenrase of contanporry man Uomo spew) which aon 4 the lomo chrnolgal borer i this book, cise te sf the ie Age on the Continent, Lathe Ware Gon - tion, Within the eae period two main cold sages could tated They are uly referred to a Penglacals I ad The first is knows fo th nied ange of the moun cies) andthe very GlgB} tcangresion ofthe fa Bale counts, Zeng of the Second Pie pean Lowland was ip 1). litre stirs appeared is Bure ter he10 Map 1, alaereography ding te Sesnd Pain, fore our study wil concentrate on phenomena of! geographic! eniron- spent dung the tines between the Plniglcals Rie Wille Mey Huving th Gal age of glacier reieat (Late Wir), and a the tine, Akrecty following the ls glaciation (Basiy Holocene). ‘The Polish edition of the book The Prehistory of Europe from the 0h tthe 4h Mlenium B. C, coins deled deeripsom ofthe ‘ndividalelmatic phates, which we have had fo omit They ave bees ‘placed by a brief characterization of the vageaton tone (fables, UU, Y, VIE and 1X) and fauna groups typical of the Upper Plsnceng and Warly Holocene. We present alan some temaska on their autho, te man, and the estat to which they were induenced by the slate angen. The geneal pote iy supplemented by sleied wage seers (1-3) and by a tables Ill V, VIL, Of) showing the accel (Great of te peciod under dosion, The Late Whim andEay Holacsde were characterized by types one SESaHEN Wales party al en our Sonnet nun, nce ‘in fran ret svn and ons tl aly es) Yor the lat 4) liousand years the rule har ber for tip Seton Bela tu =northern parts of Europe However, these similares with the contemporary environment ase nly superficial, and fe situaies-inown, for example, Sort the Warm—have no ansjéies today. The differences coooern the warts typer of open Iancscpe, arslly scarring he sone climate. This means above all he cold steppe and steppe—tundra, that 4s areas inhabited by herds of animals (68 : eindeers) which were therelore rch snd Map 2. Palseoroerariy tn th-h milena BE, sat te Ma tet Pertti — fact which et = Soy cla of oe ot pel ta ing these regions: The zone #m question was characterized by i infers” ive settlement, often concentrated in complex centres. Nor cam the zone of the real, Pleistocene tundra be entirely attributed to the same cae ory as coptemparsry artic tundes, The tat fundamental distinetion (22 Ona, 4 1 was that of(tituds) meaning a completely different intercity of fol tion in the Piesiocene tundra, rather orsesponding to the present mild reglons 25 oppoctd the contemporary arcti tunden found on the Most northern edjes of Burasin. We should, however, ald that the aten of seal fundratreles and seasonally inhabited by efndeer—wvas occupied ‘by man ata relatively late date, iz Because the amount of angels in this zone was stall its exploit tion was accomponiad by such technical invention fe. the adaptation of Iraditional culture to the new enviconment) which could guarantee the eltfectivenes of the hunts, The ways of hunting thet ed been used 30 far were found to be inadequate. Animals wounded with an arrow too ‘often eseped in the endless tundr It was only the great invention of ‘the Magdatenian peoples—a harpoon detachable {rom se aR and laup- ched_with the Aelp_of a special polecior—ihat gave man the chance | tiebow could nt give, : However, the tundra zone was-sesteeible ta_man_ooly seasonally. since hls sole food squreethe Taindeer—was there only. during the “summsr) During the winter the animal moved to terraries with @ fail The rule governing the exploitation of suite aifecens, Envizenment with pial forest anal (2g. redder, ‘bear, wid ber, roe) greatly influenced the eile of the human communis living there On. the one hand, $t provided a relatively ‘sea axitene (hndance of fond), but on the other, the saquistion af |i fo was posible oly-on the condition tht the eommuniies ware well adapted to-the-ensiroament—The specialisation of himan groups | as the consequence of such exccllent adaptbilsy, which Usoubtedly (cccounts for the greet conservation of forest communitie ‘The charcteristic features of the forest environment also influenced the struture and organization of the communities. Animals lived in relatively limited fore een, therfore man could sete, etablishing (is come such ater ‘The natural reource of the forert did not conse oly in the animals which could be hunted they alo tacluded such sehes a: bere, al sible rons, Bone, mena —nameiy. entering. Finally, the forest environment was closely associated with ers and Jakes, so rich In fish, birds and aquatic mammals Thaborder between forest and waisr additional passblities for_ obtaining {food existed, Riverside hunting-and-above all-fishing-rapidly-dews~ lope Whereas the climatic variations caused substantial changes in the ‘world of plants snd small mammels (the rodents), the large mammals— [the basic source of subsistence for primitive Man were far lost depen- ldent, At the same time evolution withia the animal species was too sigw to match the rapid elimatical changes. ts only during the(eag of the Pleistocene thet the extinction or ination of some species of larger mammals took place, ,>(: BetWithin the period discaseed here three fumamental faunb ‘com (Gace, occurring one after the other, may be distinguished: those of the “Upper Pleistocene, Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, Moreover, each fof these complence war differentiated territorially; species prefering old climates occupied the tundra or eoblar steppe, while those requir ing warm conditions lived further south. ‘The constant variability of climate led to changes in the range of the individual vegetation zones, Sind thus aso of the relevant species which form a given complex. Bret characteriztions of ll the complexes (without taking into ‘count area diferentlation) are given below: “Tos complex of Late Pleocere Fauna (Warman, peal) consists 1) Representatives of large mamas ofthe Prinigenis group (narhmath, woolly thincees,cave-bear, gant dee, cavelio, cave-hyens) 1 Mamals that cetsed t ext in Burope by the ee of the Pleato- ‘one (ton, useasf MOS Sm 8) Badaly extinct neeuoals which survived only In certain parts of ‘urope (Equus hydrants inthe Medicerenean region: 4 Animals which sl Snhebit Burope, typical of the tundra (inde), ferent (wale, fo, Brown bear, wie hog, gltion iyi, reideer, lt, ‘creeks, nibr (Buon bnars) and toe-des), seppe alga, bore), Gnd high youn (bes hamal). ‘he complex of Late Cacia! (Oppermést Pleistocene) Fauna re aed by the one uhiglios Primigentcr frou (ts ladivdoal members 2 not necemmrly eappea? smnultaneouaiy}—consted af fund, forest and. steppe specie exiting ip their proper ecological soo. Becatoe of {he tutrcive yorons of the ecologeal ios the Tange of the fans pppleres way sublet fo rapid changes, Segecr The BT Eilcee Fiat wndtiver Ciseanls aa expansion (uroce, Hon wil ing, td-dee, bron bets, Hore, 196 ee € “Siw: Yanna dng wen Samo os eee Sees ee an evene tee se ee ee Shee a oe espa te Pogue nr apie Se ee game by highly skilled Palaeolithic hunters,