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LNM 5
LNM 5
Contents
2. LEARNING UNIT 1
Developing Data Flow Diagrams(DFD)
a) What are DFDs?
b) Symbols used in DFD
c) Rules of data flow
d) Good style in drawing DFD
3. LEARNING UNIT 2
Describing systems with DFD & Levelling DFDs
4. LEARNING UNIT 3
Logical & Physical DFDs
5. References
LEARNING UNIT 1
Developing Data Flow Diagrams(DFD)
Stores demand
note
1.
STORES
Issue Advice
Delivery slip
EXTERNAL ENTITIES
Invoice
Order
VENDOR
Customer
Bill
DATA STORES
Inventory
Writing
Reading
LEARNING UNIT 2
Describing systems with DFD & Levelling DFDs
Extras Note
Students
Vendors
Requisitions
Payments
Payments
Bills
Supplies
Mess
Manage
ment
Daily rate
Mess
Secretary
Menu
Perishable
Items
Item needed
Each day
Mess manager
Overdue Bills
Overdue
Payments
Chief warden
LEVELLING DFD
A context diagram gives an overview, it should be split into major processes
which give greater detail. Each major process is further split to give more
detail. Each major process is further split to give more detail
Mess
Secretary
Students
Payments
Update daily
rate
1
Billing
Chief Warden
Unpaid bills
Extras/Rebates
Student billing
Information + bills
Expenses
Mess manager
No of meals
(today +3)
Vendor supplies
Vendors
Order nonperishable
2
Stores issue
and
Control
system
Items to be issued
(today +2)
Items used
today
Mess
Manager
Menu
(today +2)
Vendor data
Stores
inventory
Perishable order
Order data
3
Perishable
ordering
Orders
(perishable)
Mess
Secretary
Vendor data
(perishable)
LEVELLING RULES
If process p is expanded, the process at the next level are labeled as p.1,p.2
etc.
All data flow entering or leaving p must also enter or leave its expanded
version.
Expanded DFD may have data stores
A single data flow should not be split into many flows with different labels
No data flow allowed between data stores
Record
Get students
extra/rebates
record
Calculate
Bill
Ask for next record
Extra/rebate store
LEVELLING EXAMPLES
Ext A
Ext A
Ext B
Top
Level
process
F1
F4
Ext B
3
Process 1
Ext A
1.1
1.2
Process 2
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
F1
1.3
3.1
3.2
Ext B
3.4
LEARNING UNIT 3
3.3
4.3
4.1
F4
Cash
Token
Clerk
Verify A/C
Signature
Update
Balance
Cashier
Verify Token
Take
Signature
4.2
Cheque
Customer
Cheque with
Token number
Token
Entry in
Day Book
Store cheques
Bad Cheque
Customer
Accounts
Retrieve
Customer
Record
Cheque
Check
Balance,
Issue
token
Cheque with
Token
Store
Token no
&
cheques
Token Slip
Or cheque
Cheque store
With token no.
Customer
accounts
Cheque
Search
& match
token
Customer
Token Slip
Cash
Cheque with
token
Update
Daily
cash
book
Day book
REFERENCES
1. This module is based on Chapter 7 of Analysis and Design of
information systems, V.Rajaraman, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
2002.
2. Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 5th Edition, AddisonWesley, 1996, has a brief discussion of Data Flow Models on pp.101
to 103.
3. T.DeMarco, Structured Analysis and System Specification,
Yourdon Press, 1978. this book written by the original developer of
DFD modeling is a well written book. It is a good reference book.
4. E.Yourdon, Modern Structured Analysis, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi, 1996. Chapter 9 (pp.139 to 187) is a good treatment of
Data Flow Diagrams. All the topics covered in this module are
discussed in this chapter.
5. Hoffer, J.A., George, J.F. and Valacich J.S., Modern Systems
Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Asia, New
Delhi, 2002. Chapter 8 (pp.241 to 271) has a good treatment of