Power System Optimization

D.P.Kothari and J.S. Dhillon

1.

2.

3.

Introduction
1.1
A Perspective
1.2
The Components of a Power System
1.3
Power Systems and Computers
1.4
Planning and Operation Problems
1.4.1
Resource and Equipment Planning
1.4.2
Operation Planning
1.4.3
Real-Time Operation
1.5
Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks
1.6
Fuzzy Theory in Power Systems
References
Load Flow Studies
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Network Model Formulation
2.3
YBUS Formulation
2.3.1 No Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines
2.3.2 Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines
2.4
Node Elimination in ZBUS
2.5
ZBUS Formulation
2.5.1 No Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines
2.5.2 Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines
2.6
Load Flow Problem
2.6.1 Slack Bus/ Swing Bus/ Reference Bus
2.6.2 PQ Bus/ Load Bus
2.6.3 PV Bus / Generator Bus
2.6.4 Voltage-Controlled Buses
2.6.5 Limits
2.7
Computation of Line Flows
2.8
Modelling of Regulating Transformers
2.9
Gauss-Seidel Method
2.10 Newton-Raphson Method
2.11 Decoupled Newton Method
2.12 Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF)
2.13 Initial Guess for Load Flow
2.14 DC system Model
2.15 AC-DC Load Flow
2.16 Conclusion
References
Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Generating Units
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Generator Operating Cost
3.3
Economic Dispatch Problem on a Bus Bar
3.3.1
Limit Constraint Fixing
3.4
Optimal Generation Scheduling
3.5
Economic Dispatch Using Newton-Raphson Method
3.6
Economic Dispatch Using the Approximate Newton-Raphson Method
3.7
Economic Dispatch using Efficient Method
3.8
Classical Method to Calculate Loss Coefficient
3.9
Loss Coefficients Calculation Using YBUS
3.10 Loss Coefficients Using Sensitivity Factors
i

1- 7

8 130

131-244

4.

3.10.1 DC Load Flow

3.10.2 Power Loss in a Line
3.10.3 Generation Shift Distribution (GSD) Factors
3.10.4 Generalized Generation Shift Distribution (GGSD) Factors
3.10.5 Derivation of GGDF
3.10.6 Evaluation of B-Coefficients
3.11 Transmission Loss Coefficients
3.12 Transmission Loss Formula: Functions of Generation and Loads
3.13 Economic Dispatch Using Exact Loss Formula
3.14 Economic Dispatch Using Loss Formula which is a function of Real
and Reactive Power
3.15 Economic Dispatch for Active and Reactive Power Balance
3.16 Evaluation of Incremental Transmission Loss
3.16.1 Alternative Method to Evaluate Incremental Loss
3.17 Economic Dispatch Based on Penalty Factors
3.18 Optimal Power Flow Based on Newton Method
3.18.1 Limits on Variables
3.18.2 Decoupled Method for Optimal Power Flow
3.19 Optimal Power Flow Based on Gradient Method
3.19.1 Inequality Constraints on Control Variables
3.19.2 Inequality Constraints on Dependant Variables
References
Optimal Hydrothermal Scheduling
4.1
Introduction
4.1.1
Classification of Hydro Plants
4.1.2
Long-Range Problem
4.1.3
Short-Range Problem
4.2
Hydro Plant Performance Models
4.2.1
Glimn-Kirchmayer Model
4.2.2
Hildebrands Model
4.2.3
Hamilton-Lamonts Model
4.2.4
Arvantidis-Rosing Model
4.3
Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling
4.3.1
Thermal Model
4.3.2
Hydro Model
4.3.3
Equality and Inequality Constraints
4.3.4
Transmission Losses
4.3.5
Discrete Form of Short-Range Fixed Head Hydrothermal
Scheduling Problem
4.3.6
Initial Guess
4.3.7
Alternative Method for Initial Guess
4.4
Newton-Raphson Method for Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal
Scheduling
4.5
Approximate Newton-Raphson Short-Range Fixed-Head
Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem
4.6
Short-Range Variable-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling ProblemClassical Method
4.6.1
Thermal Model
4.6.2
Hydro Model
4.6.3
Reservoir Dynamics
4.6.4
Equality and Inequality Constraints
4.6.5
Transmission Losses
ii

245-320

4.6.6

5.

6.

Discrete Form of Short-Range Variable-Head Hydrothermal

Scheduling Problem
4.6.7
Approximate Newton-Raphson Method for Thermal
Generations
4.6.8
Initial Guess
4.7
Approximate Newton-Raphson Method for Short-Range VariableHead Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem
4.8
Hydro Plant Modelling for Long-Term Operation
4.8.1
Hydro Plants on Different Water Streams
4.8.2
Hydro Plants on the Same Water Stream
4.8.3
Multi-Chain Hydro Plants
4.8.4
Pumped Storage Plants
4.9
Long-Range Generation Scheduling of Hydrothermal Systems
4.9.1
Fuel Cost
4.9.2
Water Storage Equation
4.9.3
Hydro Generation
4.9.4
Power Balance Equation
4.9.5
Optimal Control Strategy
4.9.6
Direct Root Method
References
Multiobjective Generation Scheduling
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Multiobjective Optimization- State-of-the-Art
5.2.1 Weighting Method
5.2.2 Min-Max Optimum
5.2.3 -Constraint Method
5.2.4 Weighted Min-Max Method
5.2.5 Utility Function Method
5.2.6 Global Criterion Method
5.3
Fuzzy Set Theory in Power Systems
5.3.1 Basics of Fuzzy Set Theory
5.4
The surrogate Worth Trade-off Approach for Multiobjective Thermal
Power Dispatch Problem
5.4.1 Multiobjective Problem Formulation
5.4.2 The -Constraint Method
5.4.3 The Surrogate Worth Trade-off (SWT) Function
5.4.4 Utility Function
5.4.5 Test System and Results
5.5
Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Problem- Weighting Method
5.5.1 Decision Making
5.5.2 Sample System Study
5.6
Multiobjective Dispatch for Active and Reactive Power Balance
5.6.1 Sample System Study
5.7
Multiobjective Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydro-thermal SchedulingApproximate Newton-Raphson Method
5.7.1 Sample System
References
Stochastic Multiobjective Generation Scheduling
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch - Constraint Method
6.2.1 Stochastic Problem Formulation
iii

321-386

387-500

7.

6.2.2 Algorithm
6.2.3 Application of the Method
6.3
Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch-The
Surrogate Worth Trade-off Method
6.3.1
Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation
6.3.2
Solution Procedure
6.3.3
Surrogate Worth Trade-off Algorithm
6.3.4
Sample System Study
6.4
Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power DispatchWeighting Method
6.4.1
Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem
Formulation
6.4.2
Solution Approach
6.4.3
Decision Making
6.4.4
Results and Discussions
6.5
Stochastic Economic-Emission Load Dispatch
6.5.1
Stochastic Economic-Emission Problem Formulation
6.5.2
Solution Approach
6.5.3
Test System and Results
6.6
Multiobjective Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch Risk/Dispersion
Method
6.6.1
Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation
6.6.2
The - -Constraint Method
6.6.3
Parameter Sensitivity
6.6.4
Risk Index Sensitivity Trade-offs
6.6.5
Test Systems and Results
6.7
Stochastic Multiobjective Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling
6.7.1
Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem
Formulation
6.7.2
Solution Procedure
6.7.3
Decision Making
6.7.4
Sample System Study
6.8
Stochastic Multiobjective Long-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling
6.8.1
Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem
Formulation
6.8.2
Optimal Control Strategy
6.8.3
Sample System Study
6.9
Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Using Artificial Neural
Network (ANN)
6.9.1
Stochastic Economic-Emission Problem Formulation
6.9.2
Membership Functions
6.9.3
Performance Index
6.9.4
Structure of ANN
6.9.5
Back-propagation Algorithm
6.9.6
Sample System Study
References
Evolutionary Programming for Generation Scheduling
7.1
Introduction
7.1.1
Coding
7.2
Fitness Function
7.3
Genetic Algorithm Operators
7.3.1
Reproduction
iv

501-532

7.3.2
Competition and Selection
7.3.3
Crossover Operator
7.3.4
Mutation
7.4
Random Number Generation
7.5
Economic Dispatch Problem
7.6
Genetic Algorithm Solution Methodology
7.6.1
Encoding and Decoding
7.6.2
Calculation for Generation and Transmission Losses
7.6.3
Fitness Function and Parent Selection
7.7
Genetic Algorithm Solution Based on Real Power Search
7.7.1
Encoding and Decoding
7.72
Fitness Function and Parent Selection
References
Appendix A
Evaluation of Expected Operating Cost, NOX Emission and
Power Losses using Taylors series
Appendix B
Evaluation of a Coefficient of a Generator Output
Appendix C
Kuhn-Tucker Theorem
Appendix D
Newton-Raphson Method
Appendix E
Gauss Elimination Method
Appendix F
Primal-Dual Interior Point Method
Index

533-535
536-538
539-540
541-544
545-549
550-566
567-572