1

baTumis saxelmwifo sazRvao

akademia
sazRvao locia da meteorologia
III kursi
baTumi 2012

meteorologia
III semestri

Sinaarsi:
1.Mmetoerologia. zogadi ganxilva. G
gv-4
2.Hhidrografia. misi gamoyeneba navigaciaSi. G
gv-9
3.Hhidrometeorologiuri movlenebi da maTi
gansazRvra. maTi gaTvaliswineba naosnobis
usafrTxoebaSi. G
gv-10
4.saokeano da sazRao dinebebi Currents.
dinebebis klasifikacia. G
gv11
5.sazvao mimoqceva maTi klasifikacia da
warmoSobis mizezebi.
Ggv-20
6.atmosferos Semadgenloba.
7.Nnaleqebi,
8.amindis ruqebi da maTi gamoyeneba navigaciaSi,
faqsimiliuri ruqebi.
9.zRvis talRebi. klasifikacia da elementebi.
10. Hmeteorologiuri xelsawyoebi da maTi
gamoyeneba gemze.

locia
III semestri

Sinaarsi:
1. lociis ganviTarebis mokle istoria .
2. locia da misi mniSvneloba
3. IALA Suqurebis samsaxuris saerTaSoriso

asociacia.
4. sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebi.
5. sazRvao-navigaciuri saxelmZvaneloebi da
literatura, romelic aucilebeliaGnaosnobis
usfrTxoebis uzrunvelsayobad
6. katalogiT muSaoba, katalogis Sesworeba (koreqtura).

Mmeteorologia
Tema I
zogadi ganxilva.

cikloni
meteorologia aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis dedamiwis atmosferos
agebulebas da Taviseburebebs da maSi mimdinare fizikur procesebs.
meteorologiss ZiriTadi saqmianobas Seadgens amindis prognozi da
klimatis modelireba. Aatmosferos gamokvleva. Aamindis prognozirebas

romelsac isini gadmoscemen gemze da viyenebt naosnobis usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelsayofa.

5
1590 wels geofizikis erT-erT fuZemdebels xose de akostas naSromSi
pirvelad gaCnda varaudi, rom izometriulii naxazebi mixveul-moxveuli
formisaa, agreTve mosazreba rom siTbos ganawileba ganedebTan
damokidebulebaSia. akostas naSromebSi gaCnda informmacia dinebis
mimarTulebisa da fizikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb, magaliTad: klimatebis
gansxvaveba, vulkanebis aqtivoba, miwiZvrebi, qarebis tipebi da maTi
warmoSobis mizezebi.
N niutonis mier moqcevis da miqcevis aRmoCenis Semdeg akostam axsna
maTi beneba, perioduloba da damokidebuleba mTvaris fazebTan. Mman
agreTve pirvema aRwera 25m simaRlis cunami romelic 10 kilometriT
Semovarda xmeleTze.
1686 wels edmon galeim samxreT naxevar sferoze mogzaurobis Semdeg
Seadgina da gamoaqveyna pasatebis ruka.
XVIIs. benJamen franklinma pirvelad daitana rukaze golfstrimis dineba.
F

frans faltonma Semoitana termini anticikloni

Mmeteorologiuri movlenebi
Dda maTi gamoyeneba navigaciaSi
hidrometeorologiuri informaciis SefasebisaTvis rekomendi-rebulia
generalur ruqaze davitanoT ciklonebi da anticiklone-bi, maTi
mimarTuleba da siCqare, atmosferuli frontebi da izoba-rebi.
zomieri ganedebis ciklonebi xasiaTdeba 11-21m/w-Si (6-8 bali) qaris
siCqariT. civ frontze qaris siCqarie aris 21-28 m/w-Si (9-10 bali) am dros
amindi gamoirCeva SkvaliT, Zlieri wvimiT da cudi xilvadobiT, Tbili
frontis win ki nisliT. ciklonis gadaadgile-bis siCqare 25 kvanZia saaTSi
saerTo aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. rogorc wesi erTmaneTs mihyveba
5-6 cikloni.

M
meteorologia iyofa:
1 dinamikuri meteorologia-romelic Seiswavlis atmosferuli procesebis fizikur
meqanizms.

6
2 fizikuri meteorologia-atmosferuli movlenebis gamokvlevis kosmosuri da
radioaqtiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba-damuSaveba.
3 sinoptikuri meteorologia-amindis cvalebadobis kanonzomierebis
mecniereba.
imisTvis rom SevasruloT meteorologiis zemoTxsenebuli amocana,
saWiroa movaxdinoT mudmivi dakvirveba da Seswavla:
1 atmosferoSi mimdinare qimiuri da fizikuri procesebi
2 atmosferos Semadgenloba
3 atmosferos agebuleba
4 atmosferos Tburi reJimi
5 nestis brunva atmosferoSi
6 eleqtro veli (1600w.uiliam gilberti)
7 optikuri da akustikuri movlenebi
8 ciklonebi
9 anticikloni
10 qarebi-susti,brizi,musoni,pasati
11 atmosferos saerTo cirkulacia
12 frontebi. civi da cxeli masebis Sexvedra atmosferosa da troposferoSi
13 klimati. amindis mravalwliani reJimi-mdgomareobis statikuri ansambli
(hidrosfero, litosfero,atmosfero)
14 amindi.
15 Rrublebi.

M
mimdinare
saWiro

procesebis

SeswavlisaTvis

teqnikuri saSualebebi
s
1 meteosadguri.
2 mikrometeorologia, meteozondi-es aris upiloto aerostati - rezinis an
plastmasis burTi romelic avsebulia wyalbadiT an heliumiT romelzec
Camokidebulia radioaparatura romelic zomavs qaris siCqares haeris
temperaturas tenianobas wnevas da sxva.is adis 30-40km simaRleze.
rodesac is Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias skdeba da Camovardeba dedamiwaze.
xSirad maT miiCneven rogorc amoucnob mfrinav obieqtebad.

Aaerostati-rezinis zondi
3 meteorologiuri raketa pilotis gareSe
radioaparaturiT asrulebs igive funqcias.
adis 40-100km-s simaRleze da
dedamiwaze eSveba paraSutiT, dafrinavs
balestikuri traeqtoriiT.

meteorologiuri upiloto raketa

4 dedamiwis distanciuri zondireba-romelic
xdeba kosmosidan Tanamgzavris saSvalebiT
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Tanamgzavri dedamiwis zondirebisaTvis

Tema II

Hhidrografia

zogadi ganxilva.
hidrografia berZnuli sityvaa (HYDROGRAPHY) da niSnavs HYDRO-wyals
GRAPHY-vwer. e.i. mecnierebas romelic Seiswavlis okeaneebis, zRvebis tbebis
da mdinareebis agebulebas, Semadgenlobas da mdgomareobas
gansakuTrebiT iseT adgilebSi romlebSic gamoiyeneba sazRvao transportis
gadaadgilebisaTvis.
H hidrografiis amocanaa kunZulebis napirebis fotorafireba zRvis Ziris
reliefis Seswavla da rukebis Sedgena, aseve maiakebisa da sxvdasxva
sanapiro niSnebis dayeneba da maTi eqsploataciis kontroli. bankebis CaZiruli
gemebis adgilebis da wyalmeCxer adgilebis SemozRudva Sesabamisi
niSnebiT. agreTve informaciis Sgroveba portis hidrografiuli mdgomarebis
Sesaxeb.
H hidrografiuli samsaxuris movaleobaSi Sedis lociebisa da sacurao
saxelmZRvanelobis gamocema, agreTve mezRvaurTa Setyobinebebi
mimdinare cvlilebebze lociebSi.

N naosnbis hidrografiuli navigaciuri uzrunvelyofa moicavs: sazRvao da

satransporto infrastruqturis dagegmirebis, gamokvlevisa da komerciuli
eqsploataciis uzrunvelyofas.
is raionebi romlebic navigaciurad mniSvnelovania, magram gemis
kilqveSa wylis maragi pataraa am SemTxvevaSi gemis usafrTxo curvis
garantireba SeiZleba mxolod hidrografiuli tralirebiT, romlis mizania zRvis
fskeris mosufTaveba. zemoTxsenebuli operaciis CatarebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
specialuri meqanikuri farcxi.
tralireba xdeba 3-20 metris siRrmeze.

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Tema III

Hhidrometeorologiuri movlenebi da
gansazRvra

zogadi ganxilva.
es aris hidrosferosa da atmosferos Semswavleli mecniere-ba,romlis
mizania, gansazRvra procesebis, movlenebis atmosferuli ,hidrografiuli an
okeanografiuli xasiaTis, romelmac SeiZleba Caagdos xalxis sicocxle safrTxeSi
.daemuqros maT janmrTelobas miayenos maT materialuiri da ekonomiuri
ziani.
Hhidrografiul safrTxed iTvleba:tropikul ciklonebi (taifuni uragani) Weqa-quxili,
setyva,qarborbala,qarbuqi,Zlieri Tovli, sanapiro Relvebi,wyaldidobebi , gvalva
zvavsaSiSroeba,Zlieri yinvebi.
Hhidrografiuli movlenebi SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi:miwis CamoSlis,tyis
xanZris, kaliebis Semosevisa da epidemiis gavrcelebisa.agreTve toqsi-kuri
materialebis gavrcelebis da gadaadgilebis.

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Tema IV

saokeano da sazRao dinebebi

Currents

dinebebis klasifikacia
wylis moqceviT moZraobas zRvebsa da okeaneebSi
ewodeba dineba.
Ddinebebi iyofa:
1 mudmivi, perioduli da SemTxveviTi an araswori.
2 zedapiruli da wyalqveSa.
3 Tbili da civi.
Mmudmivi dineba ar wydeba wlidan wlamde da aqvs
raRac gansazrvruli mimarTuleba, garda zogierTi
gamonaklisisa, romelic SeiZleba iyos dinebis marSutis
Sezrudul monakneTebze.

golfstrimis dineba
P
perioduli an musonuri dinebebi icvlian Tavis
mimarTulebas yovel naxevar weliwadSi da TiTqmis yovelTvis
sapipispiro mimarTulebiT.

SemTxveviTi an araswori dineba es is dinebebia romlebic miedinebian sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da xandaxan ikargebian gaurkveveli droiT.

zedapiruli dineba miedineba zRvis zedapirze da Caiyoliebs zRvis garkveuli siRrmis wylebs.

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wyalqveSa dineba es aris dineba did siRmeze da am

adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zedapirul dinebis sawina-aRmdego
mimarTulebiT.
D
dinebebis gayofa Tbil da civ dinebebze dafuZnebulia dinebis
wylisa da mis garSemo arsebuli wylebis tempera-turaTa
sxvaobaze. Tu dinebis wylis temperatura maRalia maSin dinebas
ewodeba Tbili, xolo Tu dabalia civi.
D dinebebis seriozuli Seswavla daiwyo XV saukunidan
dedamiwis geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg. Ddinebebis Seswavlas safuZvlad daedo mezRvaurTa sakontinenTaSoriso mogzaurobaSi gakeTebuli dakvirvebebis Canawerebi. XVII s. Sua periodidan jer germanelma geografmcodne bareniusma, xolo Semddeg fosiusma sakmaod dawvrilebiT aRweres dinebebi. XVII s.
bolos kirxerma Seadgina pirveli dinebebis ruqa romelic cotaoden
fantastikur elementebsac Seicavda, mag. polusebze datanili iyo
xvrelebi romlabSic viTomda Caedineboda wyali da dedamiwis
centris gavliT gamodioda meore mxares.
XVIII s. bolos frangma geografma renelma daiwyo saz-Rvao
dakvirvebebis sistematiuri damuSaveba, xolXIXs. dasa- wyisSi
romma gamosca naSromi haerisa da wylis dinebebis Sesaxeb.
mogvianebiT ranelis Tanamorbedma bergauzma 1839 wels
gamosca dinebaTa sruli atlasi romelic moicavda atlantikis,wynar
da indoeTis okeaneebs. masSi mocemuli iyo manamde arsebuli
yvela informacia. 50 wlis Semdeg igive bergauzma gamosca
sazRvao dinebebis axali atlasi romelSic iyo Setanili im droisaTis
arsebuli yvela axali cnobebi.

dinebis gansazRvris xerxebi

D I. dinebebis gansazRvris erT-erTi pirveli xerxia sxvaobis

gamoyvana gemis adgilsamyofelis astronomiul da gamoTvliT
wertils Soris, romelis parametrebi miiReba dinebis sidided. am
meTodis uaryofiTi mxare isaa rom, saWiroa gemze qaris
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zemoqmedebis zusti gamoTvla da gaTvaliswineba. Secdoma

seiZleba gamowveuli iyos agreTve qronometris cdomolebiT gemis
adgilsamyofelis astronomiuli gamoTvlis dros.

II.

dinebis mimarTulebisa da siCqaris gamoTvla SeiZleba

agreTve gemis Ruzaze yofnisas. dinebis siCqaris gamoTvla
SeiZleba gemis kiCosTan raime mcuravi nivTis CagdebiT da mis
mier gavli distanciiT drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi, xolo dinebis
mimarTulebis gansazRvra SeiZleba gemis mdebareobaze
daknirvebiT 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi romelic moZraobs Ruzis
irgvliv. aseTi gamoTvlebis gakeTeba SeiZleba mxolod meCxer
wylebSi sadac SesaZlebelia Ruzis Cagdeba.

III. Rrma wylebSi dinebis mimarTulebisa da siCqaris gansaRvra

xdeba Tunuqis erTmaneTze gagabmuli ori qilis saSualebiT,
romelsac CauSveben wyalSi. qila romelic iqneba wylis zedapirTan
iZleva zedapiruli dinebebis monacemebs, xolo mere qilas
CavuSvebT im siRrmeze romlis monacebic gvaintereses. Rrma
wylebSi agreTve gamiyeneba voltmanis bzrialis gaumjobesebuli

voltmanis

eleqtronuli varianti.

bzriala
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Ookeaneebs axaTiaTebT mudmivi mimarTulebis dinebebi.

Ggamonaklisia indoeTis okeanis CrdiloeT nawili sadac, aRiniSneba
musonuri dineba romelic icvlis Tavis mimar-Tulebas.

mudmivi dinebis sistemebi.

mudmivi dinebis sistemebi; atlantikis, samxreT indoeTisa da

wynar okeaneSi warmoadgens mbrunavi wylis did morevs tropikul
da zomier zonaSi. Crdilo naxevarsferiSi wylis brunva xdeba
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, xolo samxreT naxevarsferoSi
piriqiT. Ee.i. ekvatoridan Crdilo nawilSi dasavleTisaken, xolo
samxreT nawilSi aRmosavleTisaken. Erogorc avRniSneT Crdilo
nawilSi ekvatorialuri dinebebi miedineba dasavleTisaken isini
aRweven materikis materikis aRmosavleT napirebamde. Semdeg
icvlian mimarTulebas CrdiloeTiT da aRweven me-40 paralels,
sadac kvlav icvlian mimartulebas aRmosavleTiT da asruleben cikls
materikis dasavleT napirebTan, romelsac ewodeba ekvatorialuri
dine-bis wyalbrunva.
A atlantikis okeanis wyalbruna Crdilo naxevarsferoSi
warmoiqmneba, Crdilo ekvatorialuri, antilis, floridis,
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golfstrimis da Crdiloafrikuli dinebebis xarjze, xolo samxreT

naxevarsferoSi: samxreT ekvatorialuri, braziliuri, samxreT afrikuli,
ganivi da benguelis dinebebze.
samxreT indoeTis okeanis wyalbrunva warmoiqmneba
ekvatorialuri dinebis samxreT ganStoebis, mozambikis da
dasavleTavstraliuri dinebiT.

wynari okeanis wyalbrunva Crdilo naxevarsferoSi

warmoqmna Crd.ekvatorialuri, iaponiis, (kuro-sivo) da kaliforniis
dinebebiT, xolo samxreT naxevarsferoSi: samxreT ekvatorialuri,
aRmosavleTavstraliuri, ganivi da perus(gumboldtis) dinebebT
garda am mTavari wyalbrunvebisa, atlantikis okeanis Crdilo
nawilis zeda ganedebSi SeiniSneba patara wyalbrun-vebi. maTi
warmoSobis mizezebia: golfstrimis Crdilo ganSto-eba, grelandiisa
da labradoris dinebebi.

166

golfstrimis dineba
ekvatorialuri dinebebi, romlebsac miaqvT wyali zeda
ganedebSi aris Tbili dinebebi, xolo civi dinebebi warmoiSo-bian
polaruli raionebidan.
Crdilo naxevarsferoSi Tbili wylebi miemarTebian dasavleT, xolo
civi aRmosavleT napirebisaken. samxreT naxevarsferoSi ki piriqiT.
Crdilo naxevarsf-sferos zomier ganedebSi dinebebi ufro
intensiuria vidre samxreTSi amitom okeanis tempera-turis
sxvaoba okeanis sxvadasxva adgilas iq ufro didia. dinebebis
maqimaluri siCare 1,5-2 m/w. tolia, romelsac aRwevs mxolod
golfstrimis dineba. danarCeni sxva dinebebis siCqare 1,5 m/w.
tolia. materiksSiga zRvebis dinebebi araswo- ria. mxolod
sruteebSi-gansxvavebuli marilianobis, gamo isi-ni miedinebian
erTi mudmivi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT Sedare-biT naklebmariliani
wyliszRvisaken, mag; bosforis,

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dardanelis, babel-mandebisis da gibraltaris sruteebSi.

dinebebis mizezebi da maTi gadaxrebi

dinebis warmoSobis mTavar mizezebze dRemde daoben. jerjerobiT mecnierebi ar SeTanxmebulan erT saerTo yvelasaT-vis
misaReb faqtze, magram arsebobs ramodenime mniSvnelovani
mizezi. magaliTad:

miqceva da moqceva. Aam movlenis saukeTeso axsna

isaa rom, wylis elipsoidis RerZi, romelic warmoiSoba mTvaris
mizidulobisagan, xaxunis Zalis Sedegad qmnis kuTxes rome- lic
mimarTuliam mnaTobisaken da ibadeba Zala romelic aiZu- lebs
wyals imoZraos dasavleTisaken. imis gaTvaliwinebiT rom miqcevis
siCqare 20-jer naklebia dinebis siCqareze ar SeiZleba miqcevmoqcevis movlena CaiTvalos dinebis mTavar mizezad.

18

wylis simkvrivis sxvaoba. es sxvaoba SeiZleba

warmoiSvas wylis marilianobisa da temperaturis sxvaobiT. Tu erTi
arxxiT SeerTebuli ori baseinis wylebi Seicaven sxvadasxva marilianobas, maSin im baseinSi romelSic metad mariliani wyalia,
masSi raRac siRrmeze iqneba ufro meti wneva da Sesabamisad
iqedan wyali gadava dabali wnevis areSi. e.i.ufro nakleb marilian
wyalSi. es procesi TavisTavad gamoiwvevs wylis araTanabar
simRles am or baseins Soris. mariliani wylis e.i. maRali wnevis
baseinSi wylis done ufro maRali iqneba vidre dabali wylis areSinakleb marilian wyalSi. sxvadasxva marilianobisa da temperaturis
wylebis dinebis naTeli magaliTia zRvebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan
SeerTebuli arian: zundis, bosforis, gibraltarisa da bab-el-mandebis
sruteebiT. miuxedavad imisa rom ar SeiZleba vuaryoT
marilianobisa da temperaturis zemoqmedeba dinebebze ar
SeiZleba is miCneuli iqnas saokeano dinebebis mTavar mizezad.

qarebi. is rom qars SeuZlia warmoSvas, susti sazRvao

zedapiruli dinebebi, romlebsac ewodeba sadreifo Tanxmdebi-an
mecnierebi. franklinma pirvelma miuTiTa pasatebze (sam-xreTis
qarebi) rogorc mTavari mizezi ekvatorialuri dine-bebisa. renelma
gahyo dinebebi 2 klasad;
1)dinebebi romlebic warmoiqmnebian qaris zemoqmedebiT da
ayalibeben dreiful dinebebs.
2)dinebebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian wylis didi maragis gamo
romelsac, warmoqmnis dreifuli dinebebi
maSasadame sazRvao dinebebis warmoSobis yvela
zemoTCamov-lili mizezebidan qari SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirvel da
mTavar mizezad, radganac mTavari sazRvao dinebebis
mimarTuleba em-Txveva qarebis mimarTulebas da Tu aris raime
gadaxrebi amis mizezebi unda veZeboT adgilobriv pirobebSinapirebis gavle-nis da dedamiwis brunvis Tavisi RerZis irgvliv.

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Ddinebebis mniSvneloba da gaTvaliswineba

navigaciaSi
imis gamo rom dinebebs gaaCnia mimarTuleba da siCqare, maTi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia reisis dagegmvis dros. amisa-Tvis,
kursebis gavlebamde vecnobiT dinebeaTa ruqas naosnobis
periodisaTvis. dinebaTa ruqebi gamodis yovelwliurad. dinebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba gaizardos gemis siCqare da movigoT
dro, romelic erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria reisis efeqtianobis
gazrdisaTvis. aseTive principiT vecnobiT qare-bis dinamikas
mocemul regionSi.
sazRvao ruqebze datanilia agreTve dinebebis aRmniSvneli
niSnebi. generalul ruqebze aris ZiriTadi dinebebis mimaTu-lebisa
da siCqaris maCvenebeli, xolo sagzao rukebze ki adgi-lobrivi
dinebebis aRmniSvneli rombiseburi niSnebi, romleb-Sic Cawerilia
inglisuri asoebi alfavitis mixedviT. aqve mo-cemulia (ruqis
marcxena zeda nawlSi) maTi mimarTuleba da siCqare. yoveli
Sturmani Tavis vaxtaze valdebulia, gaakeTos gamoTvlebi da
Canaweri im ruqaze romliTac sargeblobs (fanqriT), kursis xazTan
arsebul dinebebis mimaTuleba da siCqare mocemuli droisaTvis.

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Tema V
sazvao mimoqceva
dinebebis klasifikacia da warmoSobis
mizezebi.
mTvarisa da mzis mizidulobis Zalis zemoqmedebiT
xdeba okeanis donis perioduli rxevebi, atmosferuli wnevis
cvalebadoba, dedamiwis myari sxeulis deformacia. Aam ciuri
sxeulebis Sedegad warmoqmneba mimoqcevis Zalebi, rom-lebic
proporciulia am sxeulis masisa, misi manZilis deda-miwis
centramde. mag. didi manZilis gamo, miuxedavad mniSvnelovnad didi masisa, mzis miqcev-moqcevis warmomSobi Zala saSualod 2,16 jer naklebia vidre mTvarisa.
Mmiqcev-moqcevis warmomSobi Zalebi Seuwyvetlad icvlebian dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilSi misi sadReRamiso brunvisa da
planetebis sakuTari orbitis irgvliv moZraobis gamo.
rogorc viciT mTvarisa da mzis mizidulobis Sedegad xdeba
wylis masis mizidva da wamodgoma. im adgils sadac am
procesis kulminaciaa ewodeba maRali wyali ( ), xo-lo im
adgils sadac wyali minimaluria mcire wyali

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ZiriTadad gamoyofen miqcev-moqcevis 3 tips.

1 Tanmimdevruli - rodesac mTvariseuli dRe-Ramis (24 sT 54
wT) ganmavlobaSi xdeba 2 maRali da 2 dabali wylis
monacvleoba.
2 sadRe-Ramiso rodesac imave periodSi (12 sT.25 wT) gaivlis 1 maRali da 1 dabali wyali
3 Sereuli sizigialuri, rodesac maqsimalurad maRali wyali
miaRwevs sadRe-Ramiso miqcev-moqcevis Soris. romelic
xdeba maSin rodesac mze, mTvare da dedamiwa ganlagdebian erT xazze.
Mminimaluri kvadraturuli, rodesac mze da mTvare
ganlagdebian erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego poziciaze, Cveni
planetis sxvadasxva mxares da dedamiwaze momqmedi
mizi-dulobis Zalas akompensireben aseTi ganlagebT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi (maTi mizidulobis Zala minimaluria) maT mier
warmoqmnili moqcevis talRa dedamiwas Semouvlis
(ekvatorze) okeaneebis gavliT 36 saaTSi aRmosavleTidan
dasavleTisaken 1100 km/s siCqariT.
imis gamo, rom dedamiwa ar aris sruliad dafaruli wyliT,
moqcevis talRas xvdeba winaaRmdegobebi materi- ebis
saxiT. miqcevis talRis materikze SexeTqebis dros ibadeba
ukuqceva da sxva movlenebi. romlis moqcevis ta- lRis
fazebi da amplituda Zlier gansxvavdeba Teoriu- lad gaTvlili
monacememisagan.
mTvares gaaCnia periodebi, magram moqcevaTa sidide ufro
mravalferovania. Teoriulad erTi mTvaris moqceva tolia 0,53m,
xolo mzis moqceva 0,24m. amgvarad, yvelaze maRali moq-cevis
talRis simaRle ar unda aRematebodes 0,77m. okeaneSi da
kunZulebis napirebTan moqcevis sidide axlos aris Teo-riulTan
materikidan moSorebiT moqcevebis simaRle Seadgens daaxloebT 1 m, napirebTan ki miqcev-moqcevis, dabali da maRali wlis
donis sxvaoba bevrad didia, gansakuTrebiT sruteebsa da
ubeebSi.
moqcevis simaRlis msoflio rekordi dafiqsirebulia at-lantikis
okeaneSi, kanadaSi fandis yureSi (18m. zogierTi mo-nacemebiT
19,6 m.) moqcevas mdinareebSi dinebis sawinaaRmdego
22

mimarTulebiT SeuZlia warmoSvas Zlieri talRa, romelsac bori

ewodeba amazomSi ki pororokas eZaxian.

moqcevis mkvrivi talrebis gavlis dros SeiZleba moxdes

dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri gadaadgileba 50 sm, xolo
horizontaluri 5 sm. isini gamovlindebian WebSi wylebis donis
perioduli cvalebadobiT, vulkanebSi lavis doniT da zogierT wlebis
debetis cvalebadobiT.

Pplanetebi romlebic axdenen mTavar

zemoqmedebas moqcevis movlenaze mokle
aRweriloba.
mTvare

mTvaris fazebis kavSiri, mTvarisa da dedamiwis

damokidebulebaSi
mTvare-aris dedamiwis bunebrivi tanamgzavri. is imyofeba
dedamiwidan 384 400 km-ze. Misi masa dedamiwis masaze
nakle-bia (1/81,3 dedamiwis masisa). mTvaris saSualo radiusi
Sead-gens 1738 km-s. simZimis Zalis aCqareba mTvaris
zedapize 1.62
m/w kvadratSi. Ddedamiwis irgvliv Semobrunebis sideralu-ri
periodi 27,3 dRe-Ramis tolia Ddedamiwis irgvliv Semobrunebis sinoduri periodi 29,5 dRe Ramis tolia. mTvaris
zedapirs ZiriTadad warmoadgens borcvebi, meteoritebis
23

Sejaxebisagan warmoqmnili mravalricxovani RrmulebiT.

mTvare TviTon civi da Sesabamisad bneli planetaa, mis mzis
ganaTebul mxareze temperatura 100 gradusia, xolo meore
gaunaTebel bnel mxares - 400 gradusi.
P pirveli adamiani romelmac fexi dadga mvareze iyo
amerikeli kosmonavti h. amstrongi (1969 wlis 21 ivlisi).

Mmze
Mmze aris mzis sistemis centraluri planeta, gaSanTebuLli plazmuri burTi, speqtraluri klasis tipiuri juja
varskvlavi. mzis radiusi Seadgens 696 000 km. mzis zedapiris efeqtiuri temperatura 6000 gradusia. brunvis periodi
(sinoduri) ekvatorTan aris 27, xolo polusebTan 32dReRame. mze Sesdgeba 90% wyalbadis dai 10% heliumisan.
mzis
energiis wyaros warmoadgens wyalbadis heliumSi gardaqmnis atomuri procesi, romelic xdeba mzis centralur nawiSi,sadac, temperatura 15 milionia. energia Suagulidan
gamoedineba gamosxivebiT, Semdeg ki SigniTa fenaSi romlis
sisqe daaxloebiT 0,2 mzis radiusis tolia gamoedineba kon
vekciiT. plazmis konvektiur moZraobasTanaa dakavSirebuli mzis laqebisa da fotosferuli granuliaciis arseboba. Plazmuri procesebis intensiuroba mzeze icvleba periodulad yovel 11 seliwadSi (mzis aqtivoba). mzis atmosfero (qromosfero da mzis gvirgvini) Zalian dinamiuria,
masSi aRiniSneba amofrqvevebi, xdeba mzis gvirgvinis nivTierebis gamodineba planetaTaSoriso sivrceSi (mzis qarebi)
miuxedavad imisa rom mze dedamiwidan Zalian Sors 149
mln.
kilometrze imyofeba, is warmoadgens dedamiwaze mimdinare
yvela procesebis energies ZiriTad wyaros. mzis masa Seadgens mTliani mzis sistemis jamuri masis 99,886%-s

24

miqcevisa da moqcevis mniSvneloba da misi

gamoyeneba navigaciaSi
miqcevisa da moqcevis process didi yuradReba eqceva navigaciaSi. gemis samgzavro gegmis (Passage plan) Sedgenis dros
aucileblad keTdeba gkms (gemis kilsqveSa maragis), UK(Under
keel clearance) gaangariSeba, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs
gemis usafrTxo naosnobisaTvis. gkm-s gaangariSeba xdeba,
sxva zdasxva hidrometeoro-logiuri da teqnikuri monacemebis
gaT
valiswinebiT, sadac miqcev-moqcevis monacemebi erTerTi mni-Svnelovani Semadgenelia. aris portebi sadac, gemebis
Sesvla gamosvla sesaZlebelia, mxolod moqcevis dros, rodesac
wy-lis done matulobs. moqcevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, didi
wyalSigis mqone gemebis sruli datvirTvisaTvis. aseTi gemebi
portidan gmodian gamodian mxolod sruli wylis dros moq-cevisas
gemis usafrTxo navigaciis uzrunvelsayofad.
mimoqcevis process didi mniSvneloba aqvs portSi dgo-mis
dros gemis datvirTvisas. miqcevis dros rodesac wylis done
klebulobs da gemis wyalSigi matulobs gemi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes gruntze, amitom navigaciuri Sturmani valdebulia
amobeWdos am portis miqcev-moqcevis cxrili da erTi egzempliari dados satvirTo operaciebis sakontrolo punqtSi (pump
room)da meore egzempliari gamoakras manifoldebTan
kontrolisaTvis. es cxrili aseve gamoiyeneba gemis misabmeli
bagirebis mdgomareobis gasakontroleblad.
miqcev-moqcevis cxrili datanilia yvela rukaze (Tu aris es
procesi am regionSi), masSi mocemulia maRali da dabali wylis
(HW,LW) droebi da sidide, ( grinviCis droiT) xolo gaTvlebs ki
vakeTebT spesialuri cxrilebis(Tide Table) saS- valebiT, mTvaris
fazis gaTvaliswinebiT da adgilobrivi drois gamoyvaniT.

ATema VI
atmosferos Semadgenloba.

sityva atmosfero berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs orTqli da burTi. Ee.i.

haerovani garsi. (geosfero), romelic akravs dedamiwas. Mmisi Siga zeda-piri
dafarulia geosferoTi da nawilobriv-qerqiT. misi gare nawi-li ki esazRvreba

kosmosur sivrces.

atmosfero gansazRvravs aminds dedamiwis zedapirze. amindis Seswavlas axdenen meteorologebi, xolo amindis xangrZliv Seswavlas axdenen

klimatologebi.
troposfero aris dedamiwis zedapiridan, atmosferos Semadgeneli pirveli
Sre, misi zeda sazRvari imyofeba;
a) pollarul zonaSi 8-10 km. simaRleze.
b) zomier zonaSi 10-12 km. simaRleze.
c) tropikul zonaSi 16-18 km. simaRleze.
zamTrobiT misi simaRle ufro dabalia vidre zafxulobiT.
atmosferos qveda ZiriTadi fena mTliani atmosferos haeris 80%-ze
metia, orTqlis maragi mTliani atmosferos 90%-ia.
troposferoSi Zlier ganviTarebulia konvekcia (Tboenergiis gadacema)
da turbolenturoba _ warmoiqmneba Rrublebi, ciklonebi da
anticiklonebi. temperatura simaRlesTan erTad klebulobs sa-Sualod
0,650 T yovel 100 metrSi.

tropopauza aris, gardamavali fena troposferodan strato-sferoSi.

stratosfero es aris atmosferos fena, romelic ganlagebu-lia 11-50

km-ze dedamiwis zedapiridan. 11-25 km-s simaRleze axasiaT-ebs
temperaturis umniSvnelo cvalebadoba, xolo 25-40 km-s fenaSi -55
dan +0,8 gradusia. 40 km-dan 55 km-s simaRleze temperatura aris 0-s
toli. mas mudmivi temperaturis fena(stratopauza) ewodeba da aris
sazRvari stratosferosa da mezosferos Soris.
mezosfero iwyeba 50 km simaRlidan da aRwevs 80-90 km-s.
sima-Rlis matebasTan erTad temperarura iklebs 0,25-0,30 graduss
yovel 100 metrSi vrtikaluri ganawilebiT misi temperatura ecema -90
gra-dusamde.
mezopauza masSi minimaluri temperatura aris 90 gradusa.
atmosferos simaRle piromiTad miRebulia zRvis donidan kosmosam-de
da Seadgens 100 kilometrs.
miRebulia rom, sazRvari dedamiwis atmosferosa da iosferos Soris
aris 118-km-ze.
Termosfero zeda zRvari aris 300 km-ze. masSi temperatura izr-deba
200 dan 300 kilometrze. Termosferos zomebs gansazRvravs mz-is
aqtivoba mag. mzis dabali aqtivobis dros 2008-2009 wleebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda Termosferos Sris zomebi.
ekosfero es aris dedamiwis zeda atmosferos SigniTa nawi- li, mas
agreTve ewodwba gvirgvini (GEOCORONA), misi gare sazRvrebi
Seadgens 1000 km-s dedamiwidan. veneris gvirgvini ki 2000 kilometria. dedamiwis ekosfero Sesdgeba ionizirebuli gazisagan. misi si-sqeze
did gavlenas axdens mzis temperatura. mzis aqtivobis peri-odSi is
izrdeba. ekosferos Semdeg ki aris planetaTaSoriso si-vrce.

dedamiwis atmosferos fiziologiuri Taviseburebani

zRvis donidan 5 kms simaRleze adamiani grZnobs Jangbadis nak-lebobas. aq mTavrdeba fiziologiuri atmosferos zona. 15 kilome-tris
simaRleze ki sunTqva SeuZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa rom, at-mosfero
115 km-s simaRleze Seicavs Jangbads. 19-20 km-s simaRleze
atmosferuli wneva ecema da iwyeba wylisa da adamians qsovilTaSoriso siTxis duRili. adamiani am simaRleze uceb kvdeba amitom,
adamianis fiziologiidan gamomdinare CvenTvis kosmosi iwyeba 1519 km-s simaRleze.
hidrometeorologiuri informaciis SefasebisaTvis rekomendi-rebulia
generalur ruqaze davitanoT ciklonebi da anticiklone-bi, maTi
mimarTuleba da siCqare, atmosferuli frontebi da izoba-rebi.
zomieri ganedebis ciklonebi xasiaTdeba 11-21m/w-Si (6-8 bali) qaris
siCqariT. civ frontze qaris siCqarie aris 21-28 m/w-Si (9-10 bali) am dros
amindi gamoirCeva SkvaliT, Zlieri wvimiT da cudi xilvadobiT, Tbili
frontis win ki nisliT. ciklonis gadaadgile-bis siCqare 25 kvanZia saaTSi

saerTo aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. rogorc wesi erTmaneTs mihyveba

5-6 cikloni.

Tema VII
Nnaleqebi,
Rrublebi
O
orografiuli Rrublebi, maRali-fenovani da sawvimari isini warmoiSobian
mTebisa da borcvebis saqarul mxares da iwvevs wvimas.

F fenovan-grovuli dRis Rrublebi-warmioqmnebian talRisebri moZraobi-sas

inversiis (romelime parametris anomaliuri cvalebadoba rogorc wesi
temperaturis simaRlis cvalebadobasTan erTad) fenebSi, romlebic
ganlagebulia Rrublebidan 2km-s dabla dedamiwis zedapiridan.

Ffenovan_grovicebuli; saRamos Rrublebi-isini Sedgebian wveTebisa-gan,

xolo uaryofiTi temperaturis dros setyvisagan da Tovlis fante-lebisagan.

Ffenovan_grovicebuli gamWvirvale Rrublebi _ aris ruxi feris didi zomis

fenebis an beltebisagan Semdgari Rrublebi, romelSic alag-alag mosCans ca.
is ganlagebulia miwidan 0,1-1,5 km-s simaRleze da misi sisqe Seadgens 200
dan 800 metromde. is Sesdgeba wylis kristalebis da Tov-lis fantelebisagan.
umetes SemTxvevaSi naleqi ar mohyveba.

Ggrovisebuli brtyeli Rrublebi _ isini ZiriTadad warmoiqmnebian Suad-Risas,

aris sakmaod mWidro Rrublebi, saRamos ki gairekeba. es Rrublebi aris kargi
stabiluri amindis dadgomis momaswavlebeli. maT asec ewode-ba kargi
amindis Rrublebi

sawvimari Rrublebi _ muqi ruxi feris Rrublebia, romelSic mze da mTvare ar

sCans. is warmoiqmneba 01 dan 1 km-s simaRleze. Misi sisqe Se-iZleba iyos
2-3 km xandaxan is aRwevs 5 km sisqes da mohyveba Zlieri wvimebi

Nnisli _ warmoiqmneba dedamiwis zedapirze Tbili masebis civ masebTan

Serevisas, da Sedsdgeba kondensaciis produqtebisagan wveTebi da wylis
kristalebi.
burdRisebr brWyaliseburi Rrublebi _ es Rrublebi aris patara zomis, Sesdgeba
yinulis kristalebisagan, romelic warmoiqmneba wylis gayinu-li masisagan.
zomier zonaSi isini arian 7-10 km-s, xolo tropikul zona-Si 17-18 km-s
simaRleze. aseTi Rrublebisagan naleqi ar modis.

saSualo grovisebuli Rrublebi _ isini gvxvdeba zomier ganedebSi, mis-gan

SeiZleba movides mcire wvima, magram aseT wvimas mowmwndili cis
wvimas uworeben.

Aatmosferuli wneva
Aatmosferuli wneva zRvis zedapirze daaxloebiT aris 760 mm anu 1013
paskalis SkaliT. orive parametri miRebulia saerTaSoriso normebiT .

Aatmosferos zemoqmedeba da
mniSvneloba, dedamiwisa da kacobriobis
arsebobisaTvis
dedamiwis atmosfero rom, ar brunavdes dedamiwasTan erTad, dedamiwis RerZis garSemo, maSin dedamiwaze warmoiqmneboda mudmivi
Zlieri qariSxali.
dedamiwis atmosfero rom, gaqres, maSin dedamiwaze iqneba daaxloebiT mudmivi -1700 C, gaiyineboda mTeli wylis sivrce, xolo dedamiwa
daifareboda yinulis sqeli feniT. dadgeboda sruli siCume, radganac xmauri
uhaero sivrceSi ar vrceldeba.zeca gaxdeboda Savi feris, rad-ganac zecis
Seferilobas gansazRvravs haeri. ar iqneboda Sebindeba ga-riJraJi da
polaruli TeTri Rameebi. Sewydeboda varskvlavebis cim-cimimi da
varskvlavebi gamoCndeboda ara mxolod RamiT aramed dRis periodSic
(varskvlavebs ver vxedavT dRisiT imis gamo rom, xdeba ha-eris
nawilakebiT mzis sxivebis gafantva) dedamiwaze daiRupeboda yvela
mcenare da cocxali arseba.
M
mzis sistemis zogierT planetasac gaaCnia atmosfero, magram mas-Si
arsebuli wnevis gamo adamians ar SeuZlia skafandris gareSe yofna. Mmag.
veneraze atmosferuli wneva daaxloebiT 100 atmosferoa, xolo marsze
0,006. atmosferuli wnevis gamo Cveni organizmis yovel santi-metrze
moqmedebs 10 niutonis Zala.

rogor itans sxvadasxva simaRles adamiani, zRvis donidan

8 kilometris simaRle (jomolungma) - sasikvdilo zona am simaRleze
adamians sasunTqi aparatis gareSe SeuZlia iyos mxolod 3 wuTi, 16
kilometris simaRleze 9 wami Semdeg dgeba sikvdili.
6-8 kilometris simaRle kritikuli zona, xdeba sasicocxlo organo-ebis
seriozuli funqcionaluri darRvevebi.

4-5 kilometris simaRle haeris mwvave ukmarisoba.

2-4 kilometris simaRle gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis funqciis nawi-lobriv
droebiTi darRveva, romelic male qreba.
1,5-2 kilometris simaRle usafrTxo zona sadac adamiani Tavs grZnobs
komfortulad.
ra mouva adamians skafandris gareSe Ria kosmosSi
Oorganizmis SigniT arsebuli gazebis wneva Seecdeba gauswordes
kosmosis nulovan wnevas.

rogorc viciT adamianis organizmi Sedgeba 75% wylisagan. atmosfe-ruli

wnevis dros wylis duRilis temperatura 1000 ia, xolo 0,4 at-mosferuli
wnevis dros duRilis temperatura 28,640 ia rac mniSvne-lovnad naklebia
adamianis organizmis temperaturaze da Sesabamisad adamianis kanqveSa
siTxe daiwyebs uneblie duRils, rac TavisTavad ga-moiwvevs adamianis
ucabed sikvdils

Qqari
A qari warmoiqmneba atmosferos qveda fenebbSi civi da cxeli ha-eris
masebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad e.i ciklonebisa da anticikl-onebis
urTierTqmedeba. Aarqtikuli warmoSobis haeris masebi, xasiaT-deba
dabali temperaturiTa da sinestis dabali SemcvelobiT, ma-gram mas
gaaCnia maRali gamWvirvaleoba.
Aarqtikuli haeris masebis SemoWra qveda ganedebSi iwvevs mkveTr
acivebas, misi gadaadgilebisas samxreTisaken weliwadis civ perio-debSi
zRvis Zedapirze, xolo weliwadis Tbil periodebSi materikze gavliT iwvevs
Rrublianobas da naleqebs.
dedamiwis haeris garsi(atmosfero) Sedgeba sxvadasxva saxis gazebisagan, romelTa naxevari koncentrirebulia atmosferos qveda na-wilSi
5 kilometris simaRleze da axdens ZiriTad gavlenas dedamiwis kli-matisa
da sinoptikuri movlenebis Camoyalibebaze.
haeris masebis ciklonuri gadaadgilebiT sxvadasxva ganedebze xdeba
dedamiwis egreTwodebuli ganiaveba

wvim
a
aorTqlebuli wylis orTqli, romelic Rrublebidan wylis wveTebis saxiT
modis dedamiwaze aris wvima. wvimis wveTebis diametri meryeobs
0,5mm dan 6 mm-de.
Mmcire naleqi ewodeba, roca naleqis raodenoba aris 2,5 mm sT-Si.
zomieri 2,8- 8 mm sT-Si.
Zlieri 8 mm da meti saaTSi.
Weqa-quxilis dros Tavsxma wvimaSi 25-30 wuTSi SeiZleba
movi-des 25 mm naleqi.
wylis brunva dedamiwis zedapiridan, zRvebidan, okeaneebidan,
mdinareebidan, Waobebidan da mcenareebidan xdeba wylis aorTqlebis procesi, romelis intensiuroba damokidebulia dedamiwis ze-dapiris
temperaturaze, tenianobasa da qarebze, amitom es procesi
dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas damokidebulia meteorologiur
pirobebze. aorTqlebuli airebi uxilavi saxiT Tavs iyris atmo-sferoSi.
Aatmosferuli wylis arebis didi nawili modis tropikul da subtropikul
raionebze. saSualod dedamiwis zedapiridan dRe-Ramis
ganmavlobaSi xdeba 2,5 mm aorTqleba. weliwadSi ki es Sead-gens
914 mm-s. atmosferuli airebis jamuri maragi seadgens 25mm-s, e.i
misi ganaxleba xdeba yovel 10 dReSi.
Ddedamiwis zedapiridan aorTqlebuli wylis airebi qarebis (pasatebi,
dasavleTis qarebi) saSualebiT agadaadgildebian . Tbili notio haeri
adis maRla, sadac wnevis vardnasTan erTad
xdeba misi gafarToeba manm sanam ar moxdeba misi orTqlad garaqmna da Semdeg kondensireba (wylad gardaqmna), romelic TavisTavad formirdeba Rrublebis saxiT. Rrublebis SuagulSi wylis wveTebi 0,1
mm da isini dedamiwaze vardebian dabali siCqariT, ma-gram
arsebobs didi zomis wveTebic, romlebic Tavisi didi masis gamo
vardebian didi siCqariT, isini ierTeben patara zomis wve-Tebs, maT
xarjze izrdebian da ase warmoiqmneba wvimis wveTebi.
ERrublebis zeda nawilSi wylis wveTebi iyineba, magram maTi
dedamiwaze vardnis dros maRali temperaturis gavlisas gada-iqceva
wylis wveTebad da modis wvimis saxiT.

Tovli
Tovli warmoiqmneba wylis wveTebis gayinvisas. rodesac wyali iwyebs
dakristalebas misi zoma ar aRemateba 0,1 mm da aqvs eqvskuTxedis forma. Tovlis fantelebi vardnis dros aikroben wylis masas da izrdebian zomaSi,
Semdeg aseTi saxiT eSveba dedamiwaze
atmosferoSi vertikaluri gavlis dros Tovlis fifqi ramodenimejer Rebulobs
saxecvlilebas(transformacias)
.fifqebis

saxeoba

Ffifqebis fers gansazRvravs masSi Cayinuli haeri romlis gamoc misi wona
umniSvneloa da misi dedamiwaze vardnis siCqare ar aRemateba 0,9 km/sTSi. fifqebis saSualo zoma 5 mm-ia da wona 0,004 gr.

Aatmosferuli wneva zRvis zedapirze daaxloebiT aris 760 mm anu 1013

paskalis SkaliT. orive parametri miRebulia saerTaSoriso normebiT .

Aatmosferos zemoqmedeba da
mniSvneloba, dedamiwisa da kacobriobis
arsebobisaTvis
dedamiwis atmosfero rom, ar brunavdes dedamiwasTan erTad, dedamiwis RerZis garSemo, maSin dedamiwaze warmoiqmneboda mudmivi
Zlieri qariSxali.
dedamiwis atmosfero rom, gaqres, maSin dedamiwaze iqneba daaxloebiT mudmivi -1700 C, gaiyineboda mTeli wylis sivrce, xolo dedamiwa
daifareboda yinulis sqeli feniT. dadgeboda sruli siCume, radganac xmauri
uhaero sivrceSi ar vrceldeba.zeca gaxdeboda Savi feris, rad-ganac zecis
Seferilobas gansazRvravs haeri. ar iqneboda Sebindeba ga-riJraJi da
polaruli TeTri Rameebi. Sewydeboda varskvlavebis cim-cimimi da
varskvlavebi gamoCndeboda ara mxolod RamiT aramed dRis periodSic
(varskvlavebs ver vxedavT dRisiT imis gamo rom, xdeba ha-eris
nawilakebiT mzis sxivebis gafantva) dedamiwaze daiRupeboda yvela
mcenare da cocxali arseba.
M
mzis sistemis zogierT planetasac gaaCnia atmosfero, magram mas-Si
arsebuli wnevis gamo adamians ar SeuZlia skafandris gareSe yofna. Mmag.
veneraze atmosferuli wneva daaxloebiT 100 atmosferoa, xolo marsze
0,006. atmosferuli wnevis gamo Cveni organizmis yovel santi-metrze
moqmedebs 10 niutonis Zala.

Tavi VIII
amindis ruqebi da maTi gamoyeneba
navigaciaSi,
faqsimiliuri ruqebi

Tanamedrove gemebze specialuri radioaparaturis saSualebiT Rebulo-ben

amindis faqsimiliur ruqebs, romlebzec datanilia, atmosferuli wneva, qaris
siCqare da mimarTuleba, talRebis zomebi, zRvebisa da oke-aneebis
gansazRvrul monakveTebSi. Ffaqsimiliuri ruqebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Seizleba gemi avaciloT Zlieri qarebisa da zRvis Rel-vis
raionebs. Stormis raionebis aridebiT naosnobis efeqtze dRiesaT-vis
yovelwliurad modis 200 milioni dolaris Rirebulebis tvirTisa da gemebis
gadarCena.
Nnaosnobis erT-erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgens gemis daniSnulebis
adgilas miyvana, umoklesi, usafrTxo da ekonomiurad momgebiani gziT m,
amisaTvis saWiroa yoveli tipis gemis teqnikuri specifikuri Tavisebu-rebebis
gaTvaliswineba, curvis raionis hidrometeorologiuri piro-bebis
gaTvaliswineba da maTi mudmivi kontroli.

Tanamedrove meteocentrebSi amindis ruqebi dgeba 06,12,24,36,48,72 sT da

5 dRiani prognoziT. faqsimiliur ruqebze datanili civi da Tbili fron-tebis da
ciklonebis ganlagebiT, atmosferuli wnevis monacemebiT, SeiZ-leba amindis
prognozireba.
amindis prognozirebis dros saWiroa pirvel rigSi gavakeToT frontebis
gadaadgilebis prognozi. amisaTvis saWiroa aviRoT 6 saaTis winandeli da
momdevno 6 saaTis Semdegi amindis ruqebi, ganvsazRvroT ra mimarTu-lebiT
da ra distanciaze gadaadgilda frontebi 6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
gavyoT 6-ze da miviRebT frontebis gadaadgilebis siCqares erT saaTSi.
rodesac gveqneba es monacemebi, gadavideT ciklonebisa da anticiklo-nebis
moZraobis siCqaris gansazRvraze, magram ciklonebi da anticiklo-nebi ar
moZraoben mudmivi siCqariT, amitom maTi siCqaris gansazRvrisaT-vis
saWiroa SevadaroT sami erTmaneTsmiyolebuli rukebi, romlebiTac davadgenT
rom, pirveli da momdevno 6 saaTiani periodis ganmavlobaSi matuloda Tu
klebulobda ciklonebisa da anticiklonebis moZraobis siCqare.

Ffrontebis gadaadgileba ganisazRvreba qaris masebis mimarTulebiTa da

siCqariT. Sesabamisad frontebis SesaZlo gadaadgilebas gansazRvravs
atmosferuli wnevis Semadgenloba. radganac faqsimiliur ruqebze ar aris
datanili qaris mimarTuleba, amitom frontebis gadaadgileba SeiZ-leba
gamovTvaloTGgeostrofiuli qariT. dadgenilia rom, frontebis gadaadgileba
odnav CamorCeba geostrafiuli qaris siCqares. praqtikuli gamoTvlebidan
gamomdinare geostrafiuli qaris (qari romelzec ar moqmedebs xaxunis Zala)
gadaadgilebis siCqare frontebis gadaadgile-basTan modis Semdeg
TanafardobaSi: Tbili fron-tebisaTvis 0,6 dan 0.8, civi frontebisaTvis 0,7 dan
1,0.
frontebis gadaadgilebaze agreTve SeiZleba vimsjelo mis irgvliv arse-buli
atmosferuli wnevis xasiaTiT.
1)
2)

fronti romelic ganlagebulia izobarebis paralelurad naklebmoZravia

Tu loJbina, romelTanac dakavSirebulia fronti, Rrmaa, kuTxe izobarebsa
da frontebs Soris ar aris didi, fronti gadaadgil-deba nela.

nax. 1.

neladmoZravi swafadmoZravi fronti.

3) Tu kuTxe izobarebsa da frontebs Soris axlosaa pirdapirTan, maSin fronti

gadaadgildeba swrafad aqve unda aRiSnos is rom, rac ufro dabalia
wneva miT ufro axlosaa ganlagebula izobaRebi da frontic ufro swrafad gadaadgildeba.
Ffrontebis mimarTulebaze, gadaadgilebasa da mis siCqareze SeiZleba
vimsjeloT atmosferuli wnevis tendenciebiT, Ee.i atmosferuli wne-vis
cvalebadobiT frontis orive mxares.
Aarsebobs aseTi ubralo wesebi:
1) yvela fronti moZraobs dadebiTidan uaryofiTi wnevis tendency-isaken,
rac ufro metia uaryofiTi da dadebiTi tendencia, miT ufro swrafad
moZraobs fronti.
2) Tu frontis orive mxares aRiniSneba dadebiTi tendencia, maSin fronti
gadaadgildeba maRali mniSvnelobebidan dabalisaken. Tu frontis orive
mxares wneva ecema maSin, fronti gadaadgildeba maqsimalurad
dabali mniSvnelobis tendenciisaken.
ciklonebis gadaadgilebis prognozi.
ciklonebisa da anticiklonebis gadaadgileba iwvevs atmosferos qveda 3-5
kilometrian zonaSi qarebis warmoSobas da wnevis cvalebas.

radio-faqsimiluri rukis simboloebi

1.

civi fronti zedapirze.

2.

civi fronti zedapiris zemoT.

3.

civi frontis warmoqmna.

4.

civi fronti, frontolizi.

5.

Tbili fronti zedapirze.

6.

Tbili fronti zedapiris zemoT.

7.

Tbili frontis warmoqmna.

8.
9.
10.
11.

Tbili fronti, frontolizi.

okluzuri fronti zedapirze.
okluzuri fronti zedapiris zemoT.
naklebad moZravi fronti zedapirze.

12.

naklebad moZravi fronti zedapiris zemoT.

13.

naklebad moZravi fronti, frontSeqmna.

14.

naklebad moZravi fronti, frontolizi.

15.

aramdgradobis xazi.

16.

gadakveTis xazi.

17.

konvergenciis xazi.

18.

konvergenciis Sidatropikuli zona.

19.

Sidatropikuli gayofa.

20.

loJbinis wvero.

21.

niCburi wvero.

22.
tropikuli ciklonis centri (qaris maqsimaluri siCqare 34
63 kvanZi).

23.
tropikuli ciklonis centri (qaris maqsimaluri siCrare 64
kvanZze metia).
24.

nisli

25.
izobarebi
milibarebSi/gektopaskalebSi.

romlebic

aRniSnulia

26.
maRali
an
dabali
wnevis
centris
adgilmdebareoba aRniSnulia milibarebSi/gektopaskalebSi.
27.
28.

maRali wnevebi.

dabali wnevebi.

29.
centrebis moZraobis mimarTuleba, siCqare
mocemulia kvanZebSi.

sinoptikur ruqebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs navigaciaSi, isini gamoiyeneba

reisis dagegmvis dros. yovelwliurad gamoiwema amindis ruqebi, sadac
mocemula msoflio okeane. ruqebi gamoicema weliwadis yvela TvisaTvis calkcalke. msoflioSi yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba inglisuri amindis ruqebi,
romelsac gamoscems inglisis hidrografiuli samsaxuri da mas safuZvlad
udevs saukunovani hirometeorologouri dakvirvebebi, rom-lebic intensiurad
mimdinareobs dResac. amindis ruqebze mocemulia upiratesi qarebis
mimarTuleba da siCqare yvela regionSi sezonis yvela droisaTvis. amindis
ruqebis kompleqtis qona gemze savaldebuloa miuxe-davad sxva arsebuli
literaturisa da teqnikuri saSualebebisa, roml-ebic arsebibs gemze da riTac
SeiZleba agreTve amindis gansazRvra, prognozireba da kontroli. amindis
prognozis miReba gemze SeiZleba faqsimiliuri aparatis saSualebiT,
faqsimiliuri ruqebis saxiT,GMDSS-s saSualebiT navareebis mixedviT teqsturi
Setyobinebebis saxiT, napire-bidan 200 milis manZilze navteqsis saSualebiT
aseve teqsturi Setyobi-nebis saxiT. amindis prognozss aseve gadmoscemen
VHF-ze (Zalian maRali sixSiris radiosadguri), romelic muSaobs napirebidan
20-30 milis farglebSi. (es damokidebulia antenis simaRleze, e.i. gemis
wyalSigis mdgomareobaze)
amindis maqsimaluri kontrolisaTvis aucilebelia yvela zemoTCamo-Tvlili
saSualebebisa da meTodebis kombinirebuli gamoyeneba, rac mkacrad
kontroldeba Semmowmebeli organoebis mier.
yvela sinoptikur movlena erTnairad riozul midgomas miTxovs mezRvaurebisagan, nebismierma zemoTCamoTvlima sinoptikurma movlenam
SeiZleba seriozuli problema Seuqmnas gemis usafrTxoebas, amitom saWiroa
maTi kontroli da yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi moqmedeba.

Tema IX
zRvis struqtura
zRvis done da misi rxevebis principi.

zRvis done aris, zRvis zedapiri qaris zemoqmedebis gare-Se,

romelic izomeba pirobiT horizontTan mimarTebaSi.
zRvis donis cvalebadobaze zegavlenas axdens hidrometeorologiuri movlenebi mag: atmosferuli wneva, qari, nale-qebi,
wylis aorTqleba, mdinareebidan Camonadeni wylebi, zRvis Tburi
procesebi da a.S.
zRvis donis cvalebadoba, romelic gamowveulia, atmos-feruli
wnevis zemoqmedebiT, iwvevs statikur reaqcias atmos-feruli
wnevis cvalobadobaze, mag: atmosferuli wnevis 1 g.paskaliT
matebisas zRvis donie ecema 1 sm-Ti da piriqiT.
zRvis donis cvalebadoba, romelic gamowveulia, qaris
zemoqmedebiT, ufro mniSvnelovania. sezonuri cvalebadoba
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos musonuri qarebiT.
zRvis donis mniSvnelovani cvalebadobas meCxerwylian
raionebSi iwvevs ciklonebis gavla.
Nnaleqebis intensiuri mosvlisas zRvis donem SeiZleba
moimatos(mokle droiT), aseve Caketil zRvebSi wylis donis
cvalebadobaze did gavlenas axdens mdinareebidan Camdinare
wylebi mag: (Sav zRvaSi, kaspiis zRvaSi, aralis zRvaSi, bal-tiis
zRvaSi)
zRvis temperaturis cvalebadoba iwvevs wylis masis gafarToebas da piriqiT amitom, maRali temperaturis dros, matulobs
zRvis done da is gadaedineba mosazRvre zRvebis baseinSi sadac
wylis temperatura da done dabalia. dabali temperaturis gamo
dedamowis polarul nawilebSi zRvis done mniSvnelovnad dabalia.
zRvis done gamyinvarebis periodSi 120-150 metriT dabali iyo
vidre dRes. SemdgomSi daTbobasTan erTad daiwyo zRvis donis
amaRleba da daaxloebiT 6000 wlis win dastabilurda, magram
dedamiwis globalur daTbobasTan erTad bolo 100 wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba zRvebisa da okeaneebis donis
mniSvnelovani mateba. mag: XX saukunis 10-20 wlebamde
msoflio okeanis mateba saSualod Seadgenda 1sm-s yovelwliurad,
xolo bolo 50 wlis monacemabiT es monacemi gaizarda 10 sm-de
e.i 20 jer, romelic gamowveulia dedamiwis saSualo wli-uri
temperaturis TiTqmis 10-T matebis gamo, ramac TavisTavad
gamoiwvia yinulebis dnoba.

zRvis talRebi
sazRvao talRebis klasifikacia
warmoSobis mixedviT.

sazRvao talRebi Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT SeiZleba davyoT

Semdegnairad:
1. qaris talRebi.
2. mimoqceviTi talRebi.
3. anemobariuli wnevisa da qaris erToblivi zemoqmedebiT
warmoqmnili.
4. seismuri (cunami) warmoqmnili wyalqveSa miwisZvrebisa
da (rogorc wyalqveSa, aseve sanapiposTan axlomdebare)
vulkanebis amofrqvevebis Sedegad.
5. gemebis moZraobiT warmoqmnili.

zRvis Relvis xarisxi

ganisazRvreba balebSi ix. bofortis Skala.

talRis sigrZis gansazRvra _ xdeba gemis korpusis saSualebiT,

roca viciT gemis zomebi da ori talRis Txemis gavlis
saSualebiT vsazRvravT talRis sigrZes

informacia Stormis Sesaxeb

Stormis Sesaxeb winaswari gafrTxileba, romelic gadaicema
erovnuli meteorologiuri samsaxurebis mier, asrulebs sakmaod
mniSvnelovan rols gemebis naosnobis usafrTxoebis saqmeSi.
yoveli
meteorologiuri
samasaxurisaTvis
dawesebulia
pasuxismgeblobis raionebi satransporto da sxva gemebis
momsaxurebisaTvis, meteorologiuri informaciis da maT Soris
Stormis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebis droulad miwodebisaTvis.
am informaciaSi miniSnebulia:
1. gafrTxilebis saerTaSoriso indeqsi morzes anbaniT T T T T
_ /_ /_ /_ /.
2. gafrTxilebis saxe;
3. Setyobinebis dro da TariRi grinviCis droiT;
4. Stormis saxe, mis centrSi atmosferuli wnevis miTiTebiT
milibarebSi.
5. movlenis adgili, grZedi da ganedi

6. mimarTuleba da gadaadgilebis siCqare kvanzebSi an

rumbebSi.
7. saSiSi zona da misi zomebi
8. qaris siCqare da Zala, qaris mimarTuleba saSiSi zonis
sxvadasxva (nawilebSi) seqtorSi.
9. damatebiTi Setyobinebebi.

amindis amocnobis adgilobrivi niSanTvisebebi

amindis amocnobisaTvis (mimdinare da mosalodneli
amindis dadgenisaTvis) saWiroa miRebuli prognozebis analizi,
romlebic miRebulia zRvaSi sxvadasxva qveynebis meteorologiuri
samsaxurebisagan (maT Soris, sinoptikuri rukebi).
amindis adgilobrivi niSan-Tvisebebi hqvia iseT movlenebs,
romlebzec
dakvirvebiT
SeiZleba
gamoiTvalos
amindis
mdgomareoba am konkretuli raionisaTvis axlo momavalSi.

raze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba amindze

dakvirvebis procesSi:
amindis gauareseba, ciklonis moaxloeba anu cudi amindis
moaxloeba, naleqebiT da qariT 6-12 saaTis Semdeg
1. atmosferuli wneva ecema TandaTanobiT dRe-Ramuri svlis
ararsebobis gamo.
2. irRveva haeris temperaturis, tenianobisa da qaris dReRamuri svla.
3. horizontze
Cndebian
Rrublebi,
romlebic
nelnela
gardaiqmnebian maRal fenovan wvimis Rrublebad.
4. Rrublebi moZraoben marjvniv qaris mimarTulebidan.
5. xilvadoba umjobesdeba, refraqcia matulobs kargad Cans
sagnebi horizontze.
6. ganieri talRebi (zibi), Relva da talRebi qaris mimarTulebiT ar
moZraoben.
7. izrdeba smenadoba.
8. kvamli sakvamle milebidan miemarTeba zRvis zedapirisken.
9. warmoiqmneba mcire zomis galo RrubleSi
10.
RamiT
varskvlavebi
cimcimeben
gansakuTrebuli
sikaSkaSiT.

11.
aisi Seferilia Ria wiTeli SeferilobiT.
12.
zafxulobiT RamiT da diliT cvari ar aris.
13.
izrdeba tenianoba raodenoba 4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
2mm-iT.
14.
Rrublebi
dabali da maRali
fenebi
moZraoben
sawinaaRmdego mxares.
15.
RamiT mze Cadis grova RrublebSi.
amindis gauareseba (civi frontis ,Weqa-quxilis da
Stormis moaxloeba 1-2 saaTiT adre).
1.atmosferuli wneva mkveTrad ecema;
2. warmoiqmneba grova Rrublebi;
3. aramdgradi qari;
4. radiosignalebis gadacema-miRebis xelSeSla;
5. radiolokatori aRmoaCens grova Rrublebs;
6. xmauri ismineba im mxridan, saidanac mosalodnelia
Stormi;
7. grova-wvimis Rrublebis swrafi ganviTareba;
8. cas aqvs qaoturi saxe.

amindis gaumjobeseba (Tbili frontis gavlis dros uaxloes

4 saaTSi)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

haeris wnevis dacema Cerdeba;

Rrublebi ifanteba da maTi simaRle izrdeba;
qari inacvlebs marjvniv da sustdeba;
zamTrobiT haeris temperatura maRalia;
absoluturi da SefardebiTi tenianoba klebulobs;
zRva mSviddeba;
zRvaze adgil-adgil nislia Camowolili.

amindis gaumjobeseba (meore saxis civi frontis gavlis

dros 2-4 saaTis Semdeg)
8. mkveTrad izrdeba atmosferuli wneva.

9. qari icvlis mimarTulebas marjvniv.

10. warmoiqmneba Rrublebs Soris naTeba.
11. umjobesdeba xilvadoba
12. temperatura mcirdeba
13. mcirdeba radiosignalebis xelSeSla.
amindis SenarCuneba uaxloesi drois ganmavlobaSi:
14. wina dRis meteo elementebi meordeba dakvirvebis
dros.
amindis
ganmavlobaSi:

SenarCuneba

uaxloesi

12

saaTis

15. atmosferul wnevas aqvs dRe-Ramuri svlis xasiaTi;

16. temperatura dilidan dabalia, 15:00 saaTisTvis
izrdeba, xolo RamisTvis mcirdeba;
17. absolutur da SefardebiT tenianobas aqvs dReRamuri svlis xasiaTi;
18. qari RamiT da diliT sustdeba. 14:00 saaTisTvis
Zlierdeba SuadRisTvis icvlis mimarTulebas mzis
mxares. SuadRis mere ki _ mzis sawinaaRmdegod;
19. sanapiro mxares warmoiqmneba brizebi;
20. dilaobiT warmoiqmneba frTosani Rrublebi, romlebic
SuadRisTvis qreba;
21. dRisiT da RamiT kvamli sakvamle milebidan
amodis vertikalurad zeviT;
22. dRisiT da RamiT namia gembanze;
23. deformirdeba mzis disko mzis Casvla amosvlis
dros;
24. oqrosferi da vardisferi Seferiloba aqvs aiss;
25. vercxlisferi elvarebaa caze;
26. Cabnelebuli horizonti;
27. mze Cadis sufTa horizontSi.

zRvis wylis temperaturis rukebi

1.

izoTermebi,
gradusebSi.

romlebic

aRiniSneba

celsiusis

yinulovani warmonaqmnebi:
1.

2.

yinuli, romelic nel-nela warmoiqmneba.

yinuli, warmoiqmneba swrafad.

1.

1.

talRebis Relvis rukebi

sakmarisad maRali qarisgan gamowveuli zRvis Relva,

an rTuli qaris Relva da livlivi, romelic aRiniSneba metrebSi.

2.

livlivis sakmaod didi zoma, aRniSnuli metrebSi.

3. MAX

talRebis maqsimaluri simaRlis centri.

4. MIN

talRebis minimaluri simaRlis centri.

5.

zRvis talRebis mimarTuleba.

6.

livlivis mier gamowveuli talRebis mimarTuleba.

talRebi ciklonebSi
zRvis zedapirze arsebuli mniSvnelovani da Zlieri Rel-vebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi dakavSirebulia ciklonebTan. ciklone-bis
gadaadgilebasTan erTad gadaadgildeba talRebic. Tu ci-kloni
sakmaod Rrmaa, Sesabamisad, qaris Zalac aRwevs mniSvnelovan sidides, maSin aseTi ciklonebis xangrZlivi gavlisas, wylis
didi sivrceebis gavlisas talRebis siCqare ciklonis wina nawilSi
aRemateba TviT ciklonis siCqares. aseT SemTxve-vaSi talRebis
gamoCena mauwyebelia ciklonis moaxloebisa. xSirad Zlieri qari,
romelic warmoSobs qaris talRebs, wynardeba. maSin es qaris
talRebi gardaiqmnebian Cveulebriv talRebad romlebic vizualurad

SeiniSneba da momaswavebelia Zlieri Relvisa. maTi gavrcelebis

siCqare ki 10000-15000 mils aRwevs dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
Q qaris talRebi napirebTan miaxloebisas dabali wylisa da zRvis
reliefize gazrdili xaxunis Zalis gamo iSlebian, ase-ve masze did
gavlenas axdens sanapiros reliefi
qaris talRebze dakvirvebiT sanapiro meteorologiur sadgurebSi
xdeba ciklonebis mdgomareobis gansazRvra oke-aneSi.
ciklonebis arsebobis gansazRvra SeiZleba agreTve zRvis
gruntze wnevis cvalobadobiT, romelsac adgenen seismologe-bi
mikroseismuri pulsaciis saSualebiT. ciklonebis epicentr-Si civi
masebis zemoqmedebiTa da talRebis impulsuri darty-mebis
Sedegad okeanis fskerze warmiqmneba mikroseismuri pul-sacia
rac migvaniSnebs ciklonis arsebobaze am raionSi.

cunami
wylisqveSa miwisZvrebi (teqtonikuri qanebis Sejaxeba),
vulkanuri amofrqvevebi da gruntis qanebis CamoSla iwvevs erT
an ramodenime jgufuri Zlieri talRis warmoSomas rom-elsac
(iaponurad) ewodeba cunami.
napirebTan miaxloebisas, meCxerwylian adgilebSi cunami
xSirad askdeba napirebs Zlieri maRali talRebiT rasac moh-yveba
katastrofuli ngreva. cunamebis aqtiuroba ZiriTadad SeiniSneba im
regionebSi sadac okeanis fskeris marali seis-muri aqtivobaa
dafiqsirebuli, mag: wynari okeanis fskeris ma-Rali seismuri
aqtivobis gamo cunamebis 80% modis am region-ze. yvelaze didi
zarali cunamebisagan adgeba. kamCatkis naxe-varkunZulis
sanapiroebs, iaponias da havais kunZulebs. cuname-bi SeiniSneba
saSualod weliwadSi samjer.
okeaneSi wlis didi siRmisa da sivrcis gamo cunamebi ar
igrZnoba miuxedavad imisa rom mas gaaCnia didi siCqare da
uzarmazari energia. cunamis Zala ganisazRvreba magnitudebSi
(damangreveli Zala). cunamis siCqare okeaneSi Seadgens 400800 km/sT, xolo napirebTan 30-100 km/sT. perioduloba ki 10-20
wT.
talRis simaRle okenaSi, cunamis epicentrSi umniSvne-loa
(daaxloebiT 30 sm) da mezRvaurebisaTvis SeumCnevelia, xolo
napirebTan miaxloebisas klebulobs siCqare da matu-lobs talRis
sigrZe da simaRle rasac moaqvs damavgreveli efeqti. cunamis
perioduloba damokidebulia seismuri movle-nis xasiaTze.
wyalqveSa miwisZvrebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba sami saxis
talRebi:
1. cunami-grZeli talRebi.
2. seismuri talRebi dedamiwis qerqSi.

3. akustikuri talRebi wyalSi.

Yyvelaze didi siCqare gaaCnia seismur talRebs da misi saSualebiT adgenen cunamis moaxloebas.
akustikuri talRebis siCqare miaxloebulia xmis gavrce-lebis
siCqaresTan (340 m/w) da gemebze aRiqmeba rogorc datyma,
mezrvaurebi xSirad amas miaweren meCeCTan Sejaxebas da am
ad-gilebs aRniSnaven ruqaze magram, Semdegi gamokvlevebiT
es ar dgindeba.
Ggarda zRvis fskerze zemoTCamoTvlili movlenebisa cunamebis gamomwvevi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos xmeleTze arsebuli
movlenebic, mag:

Kkarakatus vulkani
1883 karakatus vulkanis mier gamowveuli cunamis tallRam
miaRwia kunZul zondis napirebamde, sadac talRis simaRle 18-20
metrs Seadgenda. Kkarakatus cunamma gaanadgura mravali
dasaxlebuli punqti da Seiwira 36.000 adamianis sicocxle da
kunZulis teritoriis 2/3 nawili.
1952 wlis noemberSi kunZul paramuSirze aseve vulkanis mier
gamowveuli cunamis tallRa iyo aranakleb 10 metrisa. yvelaze didi
cunamis talRa ki dafisirebulia litus gemsa-yudelSi (buxta)
aliaskaze 1958 wels rodesac miwisZvris Sedegad daaxloebiT 900
m-s

simaRlidan zRvaSi CamiSala 300 mln m3-de miwis qanebis da

yinulis masa, romemac gamoiwvia 500 metris simaRlis Sxefebi da
napirebs Seaskda 60 metris simaRlis talRa ramac gaanadg-ura
sanapiro zoli. zaralma Seadgina 5 milioni dolari.

Mmsoflio okeaneebis talRebis daxasiaTeba:

qaris zemoqmedebis mier warmoqmnili talRebis elementebi
damokidebulia ara marto qaris simZlavreze, aramed mis xangrZlivobaze da okeanis fskeris reliefze, amitom erTi da igive
simZlavris qarma okeanis sxvadaxva adgilas SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadaxva simZlavris talRa. talRebis simaRle okeaneebSi ufro maRalia vidre zRvebSi, mag: dafiqsirebulia at-lantikis
okeaneSi 10-11 balis qaris simZlavris dros talRe-bis simaRle 21 m.
12 baliani qaris dros wynar okeaneSi ki 21m.
yvelaze maRali talRa dafiqsirebulia wynar okeaneSi 34 m, magram. qaris zemoqmedebis mier warmoqmnili aseTi Zlieri tal-Rebi
iSviaTobaa. imisaTvis rom, warmoqmnas 23 metris simaRlis talRa,
saWiros rom 27 m/w simZlavris qari uberavdes ori dRe Ramis
ganmavlobaSi mimarTulebis Seucvlelad 1200 milis (2200 km)
manZilze. Yyvelaze marali talRa Sav zRvaze dafiqsirebu-lia 9
metris simaRlis.

wylis donis klebasTan erTad matulobs talRis simaRle, mag: Tu

talRis simaRle 150 m-s siRrmis wyalSi aris 0,7 m, is 100 m siRmis
wyalSi iqneba 1,9, xolo 30 m-s siRmis wyalSi 7 m.
rTuli hidrometeorologiuri movlenebis Tavidan acile-bis mizniT,
Seqmnilia hidrometeorologiuri movlenebis at-lasi gemebis
curvisaTvis sadac mocemulia rekomendirebuli kursebi sinoptikuri
movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelzec muSaoben amindis msxvili
prognozuri centrebi da romelic emsaxureba gemebis usafrTxo
naosnobis uzrunvelyofas.

Tema X
meterologiuri xelsawyoebi da maTi gamoyeneba
Temis mizani:
1. msmenelma Seiswavlos meteorologiuri xelsawyoebi
2. msmenelma Seiswavlos meteorologiuri xelsawyoebis gansxvaveba
da maTi gamoyeneba.
Temis amocana:

3. msmenelma unda ganmartos meteorologiuri

aucilebloba da SeZlos maTi gamoyeneba.

xelsawyoebis

gansaxilveli sakiTxebi:
1. Termometri;
2. wylis Termometri;
3. fsiqrometri;
4. barometri aneroidi;
5. barografi;
6. hidrometri;
7. anometri.

imisaTvis, rom Cven SevZloT amindis prognozi winaswar

gamovicnoT da movaxdinoT masze dakvirveba, amisaTvis
saWiroa Cven gvqondes meteorologiuri xelsawyoebi.

meteorologiuri xelsawyoebia:
1.

Termometri

_ haeris temperaturis sazomi xelsawyo.

haeris temperaturis codna saWiroa
naosnebisTvis, radgan temperaturis cvalebadoba iwvevs
metalis
plastikurobis
cvalebadobas.
haeris
maRali
temperatura arTulebs xomaldis ekipaJis muSaobas,
gansakuTrebiT samanqano ganyofilebaSi, xolo dabal
temperaturas SeuZlia gamoiwvios xomaldis zedapiris da
meqanizmebis gayinva. amis garda haeris temperaturis
cvalebadoba zRvis zedapirze troposferos simaRleze,
moqmedebs radiotalRebis gavrcelebaze da obieqtebis
aRmoCenaze.
Termometri

2.

wylis Termometri

_ wylis temperaturis sazomi xelsawyo.

Termometrebi
SeiZleba
iyos
deformaciuli, eleqtronuli da siTxeebis Semcveli.

wylis Termometri

3.

Fsiqrometri

_ haeris tenianobis gasazomi xelsawyo. haeris

tenianoba ganisazRvreba haerSi
orTqlis SemcvelobiT. wylis orTqlis raodenobas
gramebSi, romelic modis erT kubur metr gajerebul
haerze,
ewodeba
absolituri
tenianoba.
xolo
gaujerebuli tenianoba aris moqmedeba wylis orTqlis
raodenoba gramebSi, erT kilogram tenian haerSi.
absolituric da gaujerebeli tenianobac damokidebulia
haeris temperaturaze. simSralis an tenianobis
SegrZneba
araa
damokidebuli
absolitur
tenianobasTan, aramed damokidebulia imaze Tu
ramdenad axlosaa wylis orTqli gajerebasTan. haeris temperaturis
daklebasTan erTad SedarebiTi tenianoba izrdeba, xolo awevisas
tenianoba mcirdeba.
fsiqrometri

xomaldebze
haeris
temperaturaze
dakvirveba
xdeba,samarTavi punqtis ukana mxares damontaJebuli mSrali da
sveli
TermometrebiT.
monacemebs
jer
iReben
mSrali
Termometridan da Semdeg svelidan. jer gradusis aTeul nawilebs
iTvlian Semdeg ki danayofebs. am monacemebs asworeben
xelsawyos specialuri Sesworebebis mixedviT

sveli Termometris fsiqrometruli grafebis monacemebiT

pouloben absolitur da SedarebiT haeris tenianobas, xolo mSrali
Termometris monacemebiT pouloben haeris temperaturas.

4.

barometri aneroidi

_
haeris
wnevis
sazomi
xelsawyo. atmosferuli wneva
dedamiwis yvela wertilSi aramdgradia da izomeba TiTqmis
iseve xSirad, rogorc haeris temperatura.
barometri aneroidi

haeris wnevis sazom erTeulad iTvleba paskali.

barometrs
xomaldze
inaxaven
specialur
futliarSi
Sturmanis oTaxSi. uwyveti an avtomaturi CanawerisTvis, rac
Zalzed aucilebelia xomaldebze iyeneben barografs.

5.

barografi

_ xelsawyo, romelic zomavs haeris wnevas.

specialur qaRaldze xdeba haeris wnevis
dafiqsireba specialuri CxiriT, romelic xazavs atmosferul wnevas
qaRaldze. barografi SeiZleba iyos dReRamuri an kviris
ganmavlobaSi haeris wnevis Camweri.
barografi

6.
hidrometri

_ zRvis marilianobis
xelsawyo (promilebSi).

7.
_

hidrometri

eleqtronuli saxis.

hidrometri
(simkvrivis)

sazomi

anometri

qaris WeSmariti Zalis sazomi xelsawyo,

SeiZleba iyos xelis, eleqtro-meqanikuri an

anometriT qaris siCqaris gazomvis principi. qaris siCqare

izomeba metri/wamebSi an kvanZebSi (1 kvanZi = 0,5 m/w da
1m/w = 3,6 km/saaTSi).
qaris Zala SeiZleba ganisazRvros vizualurad, Tu rogor
moqmedebs is damkvirveblis garSemo mdebare sagnebze, an
izomeba anometris saSualebiT.

Llocia

Tema I
lociis ganviTarebis mokle istoria
dedamiwis zedapiris 2/3 dafarulia wyliT; okeaneebiT,zRvebiT tbebiTa da
mdinareebiT.
A adamianebi odoTganve fiqrobdnen mdinareebis, tbebisa da zRvebis
gamoyenebas gadaadgilebisa da tvirTebis gadazidvisaTvis.Ppirveli
sawyalosno transportis warmonaqmnebi iyo primitiuli. adamianebma pirvel
rigSi iswavles tivis gakeTeba da misi saSualebiT gadaadgileba wylis zedapirze
Semdeg gaCnda patara zomis niCbiani navebi. imis gamo rom, maT siCqare
iyo dabali, adamianma iswavla afris gamoyeneba.
K
kacobriobis am etapze ar iyo ganviTarebuli astronomia da geografia,
adamianma ar icoda dedamiwis forma, okeaneebis, zRvebisa da
kontinentebis raodenoba da ganlageba. ar arsebobda sazgvaorukebi da
Sesabamisad grZedisa da ganedis mcneba ucxo iyo adamianebisaTvis. isini
dacuravdnen napirebis gaswvriv mxolod mzis sinaTleze RamiT ki agdebden
ruzas, es gamowveuli iyo imiT rom isini adgilsamyofelis gansazRvras
axdendnen vizualuri dakvirvebiT, mxolod sanapiro reliefisa da orientirebis
gamoyenebiT.
H hidrometeorologiisa da amindis prognozis arcodnis,imdroisaTvis arsebuli
sazgvao satransporto saSualebebis dabali siCqaris da cudi manevrebis
gamo,isini xSirad iRupebodnen.zZemoxsenebuli sazRvao satransporto
saSualebebiT didi distanciis dafarva SeuZlebeli iyo.rogorc
avRniSneT,imdroindeli mezgvaurebi dacuravdnen vizualuri dakvirvebis
Sedegad miRebuli praqtikisa dacodnis safuZvelze,romelic adreul xanaSi
gaicemoda zepirad Semdeg ki Canawerebisa da Canaxazebis saxiT
STamomavlobiT, xolo is pirebi romlebic flobdnen am informacas da
Sesabamisad hqondaT naosnobis praqtika iwodebodnen gemis
gamcileblad.e.i locmanebad.
K kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan erTad nviTardeboda mecniereba, izrdeboda
moTxovnileba da mniSvneloba sazRvao transportze rac Tavis_Tavad iwvevda

sazgvao transportis ganviTarebas da misi marTvis nel-nela etapobrivad

srulyofas.
Zveli naosnobis pirveli seriozuli Canawerebi gaCnda XII- XI saukuneebSi
Cv.w aR-mde. am droisaTvis finikielebs,berZnebsa da romaelebs hqondaT
dapyrobili teritoriebi xmelTaSua zRvis,wiTeli zRvisa da sparseTis yuris
sanapiroebTan, sadac isini mogzaurobdnen sabrZolvelad da savaWro
miznebisaTvis. samogzaurod isini iyenebdnen prtyel Zira niCbian navebs
romlebzec aseve aRmarTuli hqondaT afrebi,romlebic advilad brundeboda da
xSirad iRupeobodnen.
A aseTi naosnobis dros Zveli mezRvaurebi akeTebdnen Canawerebs da
Canaxazebs, umoklesi da usafrTxo sazRvao gzebis Sesaxeb, Ruzaze dgomisa
da Stormisagan TavSesafaris adgilebis aRniSvnebs.
gamoCenilma meZRvaurma gerodotma VsaukuneSi Cv.w. aR-mde
Seadgina pirveli ruka,romelzec aRniSnuli iyo imdroisaTvis cnobili qveynebi
romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyvnen atlantikis, wynari da samxreTis
okeaniT.am droisaTvis Crdilo-yinulovani okeanisa da anarqtidis arseboba ar
iyo cnobili
IV s, Cv. aR-mde mogzaurma da astronomma piteam aRwera
mogzauroba xmelTaSua zRvidan baltiis zRvamde, axlandeli portugaliis,
safrangeTisa da inglisis CaTvliT da mas uwoda mogzauroba dedamiwis
irgvliv. am droisaTvis cnobilma mogzaurma piTei marselelma aRwera
baltiis zRvis qveynebSi, xolo uZvelesi Savi zRvis locia miekuTvneba aseve IV
s. Cv.w. aR.
III s. Cv.w. aR-mde miekuTvneba pirveli Savi zRvis samarSuto ruka
romelmac moaRwia Cvenamde.
II s. Cv. w. aR-mde klavdia ptolomeim Semoitana termini ganedi da
grZedi . agreTve rukis Sesadgenad gamoiyena geografiuli bade.
I-Vs. am droisaTvis arsebobda mxolod eklesiuri rukebi romlebic iyo
damaxinjebuli da ar Seesabameboda sizustes. erTad erTi SedarebiT zust
rukebs warmoadgenda mxolod sazRvao rukebi romlebsac adgendnen
mogzaurebi.
VI-XI s.sazgvao sferoSi seriozuli ganviTareba ar momxdara.
XI s. Sua periodidan daiwyo naosnobisa da sazgvao sferos, astronomiis,
hidrografiis,meteorologiisa dasxva sferoebis ganviTareba. gaizarda sazRvao
xomaldebis zomebi tvirTamzweoba da siCqare. gaCnda ufro srulyofili sazRvao
navigaciuri rukebi, naosnobis sferoSi dagrovili Canawerebisa da gamocdilebis
xarjze gaCnda sazRvao literatura.
1311 wels petre viskontes mier Seqmnili iqna sazRvao ruka,romelic
moicavda xmelTaSua zrvis aRmosavleT nawils. am periodisaTvis gaCnda

priveli tipografiuli sazgvao rukebi romlebic ibeWdeboda veneciaSi. gaCnda

sruteebis yureebis da forvaterebis aRniSvnebi. Aam droisaTvis sakmaod
sakmaod Seswavlili iqna Savi zRvis,xmelTaSua zRvis, dasavleT evropis
zRvebisa da baltiis zRvis fskeris reliefi, romlebic datanili iqna sazRvao
rukebze. zRvaTmsvlelebma iswavles kompasis lotisa da sxvadasxva
navigaciuri xelsawyoebis gamoyeneba imdroisaTvis arsebuli xomaldebis
ukeT marTvisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.
axali miwebis aRmosaCenad saxelmwifoebi afinansebdnen da agzavnidnen
axal eqpediciebs romlebsac grandiozuli wvlili SehqodaT sazRvao sferos
ganviTarebaSi.
1500 wliT daTariRebul rukaze datanilia Crdiloyinulovani okeanis samxreT
kunZulebi.
XV s. safrangeTSi daiwyes hidrografiis safuZvliani Seswavla. 1483 wels
hidrografma haraiam Seadgina naSromi didi gzaTmkvlevari
salocmano xelovneba da zRvebis gamokvleva.
1693 wels franguli eqspediciis mier gamoica naSromi franguli
neptuni romelSic mocemuli iyo rukebi norvegiidan gibraltaramde ubeebiTa
da yureebiT, agreTve baltiis zRvis rukebi.
1486-1484 wlebSi portugalielma mklevarma bartlome diasma
lisabonidan afrikis dasavleT sanapiroebis gaswvriv indoeTisaken gzis
aRmosaCenad da miaRwia afrikis kontinentis yvelaze samxreT nawils da
aRmoCina keTili imedis koncxi. Mman Tavis CanawerebSi aRniSna
pasatebis (mudmivi qarebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb keTili imedis koncxTan.
1492 wlis 3 agvistos espaneTis napirebidan (palosi)dasavleTisaken
atlantikis okeaneSi gaemarTa eqspedicia 3 afrosani xomaldis (santa
maria, ninia, pinta)SemadgenlobiT eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda
qristefore kolumbi . is eZebda indoeTisaken mimaval dasavleTis gzas da
Tvlida rom is iqneboda ufro mokle da usafrTxo.man indoeTamde ver
miaRwia, magram amave wlis 12 noembers 70 dRiani mogzaurobis Semdeg
is miadga kubis da haitis kunZulebs. Mman aRmoaCina axali kontinenti
romelsac ewoda a m e r i k a.
1497 wels (8 ivniss)portugaliuri eskadra vasko da gamas
xelmZrvanelobiT gavida lisabonidan da afrikis SomevliT (26 Tviani
mogzaurobis Semdeg ) miadga indoeTis napirebs. masSi monawileobda
165 adamiani, aqedan cocxali dabrunda mxolod 55.
1519 wlis 10 agvistos 5 xomaldis da 265 adamianisagan Semdgari
espanuri eskadra gavida port siviliidan atlantikis okeaneSi aziisaken
mimavali dasavleTis gzis sapovnelad m a g e l a n i s xelmZRvanelobiT.
noembris bolos isini miadgnen braziliis napirebs da gaagrZeles gza
samxreTisaken, sadc 1520 wlis martSi dadgnen Ruzaze san-xuanTan

gamosazamTreblad. gazafxulis dadgomisTanave maT gaagrZeles gaagrZeles

gza samxreTisaken da aRmoaCines srute romelsac daarqves m a g e l a n i
s s r u t e . magelanma samxreT amerikis kontinentis SemovliT gaagrZelea
curva okeaneSi - romelsac kargi amindisa da wynari zRvis gamo daarqves
wynari okeane. am mogzaurobaSi daiRupa bevri adamiani. mezRvaurTa
daRupvis ZiriTadad mizezi iyo sasmeli wylisa da sakvebi produqtebis
ukmarisoba, agreTve bevri jer kidev Seuswavleli avadmyofoba romliTac
mezRvaurebi avaddebodnen ucxo qveynebSi. am eqspediciaSi daiRupa TviT
magelanic. is mokles tuzemebTan brZolaSi, xolo eqspedicia keTili imedis
kncxis gavliT dasavleT afrikis SemovliT 1522 wlis seqtemberSi erTaderTi
gadarCenili gemiT viqtoriiT dabrunda espaneTSi.
Yyvela am eqspedicias garda imisa rom, isini axdendnen axali miwebis,
okeaneebis, zRvebis, sruteebisa da ubeebis aRmoCenas, romlebsac didi
mniSvneloba hqonda kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi, aseve didi wvlili Sehqonda
sazRvao sferos ganviTarebaSi, kerZod Seiqmna navigaciuri rukebi, Seswavlili
iqna hidrometeorologia, hidrografia, Seiqmna salocmano da samiako
samsaxurebi, gaCnda pirveli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi romlebic erToblivad
axdendnen kontrolsa da koordinirebas sazRvao sivrceSi. yovelive es moxda
mravalsaukunovani sazRvao praqtikis, Ziebis, aRmoCenebis, Canawerebisa
da gamocdilebis safuZvelze.

Tema II

locia da misi mniSvneloba

locia holandiuri sityvaa LODSEN da niSnavs gemis gacilebas-marTvas.
gemTwamyvanis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa gemis erTi wertilidan meoreSi
gadayvana umoklesi da usafrTxo gziT, xalxis, tvirTis da gemis dazianebis
gareSe.
A axali reisis miRebisTanave, gemTwamyvanma unda gaakeTosdaniSnulebis
portSi gadasvlis gegma PASSAGE PLAN. kursebis gavlebis dros arCeuli
unda iqnes usafrTxo da umoklesi gza gemis tipis, wyalSiga da mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli yvela saSiSroeba da
dabrkoleba drois (sezonis mixedviT) mocemul regionSi. es saSiSroebebi
SeiZleba warmoqmnas hidrometeorologiuri, sinoptikuri da sxvadasxva
movlenebis ganviTarebam, amitom winaswar unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli
(ADMIRALTY TOTAL TIDES), qarebi da ciklonebis intensivoba. gamoyenebuli
unda iqnes am regionis (regionebis) lociebi, qarebis da dinebebis rukebi
mocemuli periodisaTvis da rekomendirebuli kursebi (ADMIRALTY OCEAN

PASSAGES FOR THE WORD). daculi unda iyos yvela is wesi da

rekomendaciebi romlebic miTiTebulia zemoT CamoTvlil saxelmZRvaneloebSi.
Yyovelive amis naxva SesaZlebelia gemze arsebul teqnikur biblioTekasa da
eleqtronul versiebSi, es informaciebi dafuZnebulia mravalsaukunovan
dakvirvebebze da dReisaTvis arsebul realur mdgomareobaze. nebismieri
cvlilebis dros xdeba saswrafo Setyobineba gemebze da koreqtireba.
Eleqtronuli versiebis arsebobda ar anTavisuflebs gems literaturis arqonis
pasuxismgeblobisagan.

Tema III
IALA Suqurebis samsaxuris saerTaSoriso
asociacia

kardinaluri sistema

.
,
(, , ). ,
, .
,
; ..
:

,

, , ,
.
. -
. .

:

(N)

(E)

(S)

(W)

.
:

(N)

VQ Q

(E)

VQ(3)5s Q(3)10s

(S)

6 + 1

VQ(6)+LFl.10s
Q(6)+LFl.15s

(W)

VQ(9)10s Q(3)15s

lateraluri sistema


, .
( )
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
() :
: ,
.
():
, . ,
,
(Admiralty Sailing
Direction, ).
.

A B

.
-

A ,
.
- B ,
.
, ,
, - .

.
:

.
, Fl(2+1).

.

.
, , ,
:

FL (2+1)R.

FL (2+1)G.

FL (2+1)G.

FL (2+1)R.

gancalkevebuli saSiSroebis maCvenebeli niSnebi

,
.
(, Shoal),
, .

.
- 200

.
.
, . ,
().
. ,
: Fl(2)

farvateris dasawyisa da Suaxazis maCvenebeli niSnebi

(ReZuli niSnebi)
:
-

. .

.
,
(
)

(Vessel
Traffic
Separation
Scheme),
. ()
.

.
,
. .
().
. ,
(LFl.10s), ( 2)
10 .
, , A
( )

specialuri daniSnulebis niSnebi.

,
(Admiralty Sailing Directions).


:
-

(ODAS - Ocean Data

Acquisition System Buoy)
(Vessel Traffic Separation Scheme)
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Tema IV
sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebi.
sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebi is rukebia,romlebic gamoiyeneba navigaciaSi
gemebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. aseTi ruqebi gamicema marTkuT-xa
cilindrisebuli proeqciiT, romelsac merkatoruli proeqcia ewode-ba da iZleva
saSualebas gemis kursis pirdapir gavlebisas. sazRvao navi-gaciuri ruqebi

asaxaven: sanapiro zols da mis daxasiaTebas, zRvis fsk-ris reliefs,siRrmeebs

da grunts Sesabamisi daxasiaTebebiT, naosnobisa-Tvis saSiSi obieqtebsa da
winaaRmdegobebs (kldeebi,qvebi, CaZiruli geme-bi da sxva), bunebrivi da
xelovnuri navigaciuri obieqtebi, kabelebisa da milgayvanilobis aRniSvnebi
forvaterebi, Ruzaze dgomis adgilebi, gemebis moZraobis momgvarebeli
niSnebi. mimoqcevis informasia, amerikis ruqebze mdinareebisa da arxebis
siRrmeebis cxrili, magnituri gadaxris aRniSvnebi, dinebebis aRniSvna,
mocemuli regionis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis mokle aRwera, GPS-s
cdomilebis parametrebi da ageTve xmeleTis im monakveTis monacemebi,
romelis mox-vda ruqis farglebSi (mdinareebi, reliefi sarkinigzo da saxmeleTo
gzebis qseli, dasaxlebuli punqtebi da sxva)

sazRvao ruqebis klasifikacia da maTi daniSnuleba.

maStabiTa da daniSnulebiT sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebi iyofa:
1
2
3
4

Generaluri - maStabi 1: 500 000, 1:1 000 000,

sagzao - maStabi
1:1 000 000, 1:100 000,
pradi maStabi
1:100 000, 1:25 000,
sazRvao gegma - maStabi 1:25 000. 1:500,

generaluri ruqebi.
generaluri ruqebis daniSnulebaa, curvis raionis saerTo mdgomareobis
Seswavla da navigaciuri gaTvlebis gakeTeba. gadasvlis kursebis gavle-ba.

sagzao ruqebi.
sagzao ruqebi gamoiyeneba gemebis, Ria zRvaSi napirebidan moSorebiT
portidan portSi gadasvlis uzrunvelsayofad.

piradi ruqebi.
piradi ruqebis daniSnulebaa napirebTan axlo da SezRudul adgilebSi navigaciis
uzrunvelyofa

gegma ruqebi
gegma ruqebis daniSnulebaa maTi gamoyeneba portebSi Sesvlisas,
navsayudebelsa da Ruzaze dgomis adgilebSi naosnobis usafrTxoebisaT-vis.

Nnavigaciuri ruqebis mcneba

sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebi aris erTerTi mniSvnelovani saSulaeba gemebis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. sazRvao navigaciur ruqebze daaqvT, zRvis
garkveuli monakveTebi, gruntisa da siRrmeebis, sanapiro xazis da reliefis,
navigaciuri saSiSroebisa da niSnebis aRniSvniT
sazRvao navigaciur ruqebs didi mniSvneloba mniSvneloba eniWeba
navigaciaSi. navigaciuri ruqebi dedamiwis Semcirebuli maStabebiT
gvaZleven im regionis srul informacias sadac vcuravT. sazRvao navigaciur

ruqebi afrTxilebs mezRvaurebs saSiSroebis Sesaxeb da migviTiTebs gzebs

misi Tavidan acilebisaken.
Ddedamiwis sibrtyeze gamosaxvis pirobiT xerxs kartografiuli proeqcia
ewodeba. gemis erT ucvleli kursiT curvis dros gamosaxul mrude xazs
loqsodromia ewodeba
sazRvao ruqebis gemze kompleqtacia, koreqtireba da Senaxva, evaleba
navigaciur Sturmans. sazRvao ruqebi gemze inaxeba nomeraciis an fulioebis
mixedviT. fulioebi moicaven msoflio okeanis garkveul nawilebs. romelTa ruqa
da CamonaTvali aris gemze. is regioni romelSic ar curavs gemi SeiZleba ar
iyos gemis ruqebis kompleqtSi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba misi
gamowera.
gemze arsebuli yvela ruqa unda koreqtirdebodes mudmivad. K
koreqturis miReba gemze xdeba Notis to Mariners-is broSurebis saSualebiT
an eleqtronuli versiiT, romelsac Chart corection SemoklebiT ChartCo.
broSurebis gamocema xdeba yovelkvireulad, xolo eleqtronuli varianti ki
yoveldRiurad. rodesac gamodis axali ruqa Zveli ruqebi saswrafod unda iqnes
amoRebuli da Camowerili axali ruqa ki unda gamoviweroT. bevri kompania
axali ruqebiT gemebis uzrunvelyofas awarmobs avtomatur reJimSi.

Tema V
sazRvao-navigaciuri saxelmZvaneloebi da
literatura, romelic aucilebeliaGnaosnobis
usfrTxoebis uzrunvelsayobad
gemebis usafrTxo naosnobisaTvis saWiroa aucilebelia sazRvao
saxelmZRvaneloebi da literatura, romliTac aris dakompleqtebuli gemis

biblioTeka. aucilebeli da savaldebulo literaturis CamonaTvals adgens da

akontrolnobisaebs IMO-s Sesabamisi departamenti, xolo mis gemebze
miwodebas uzrunvelyofs gemTflobeli kapitanTan erTad.
yvela sazRvao literatura aris danomrili da es nomeracia iwyeba lociebiT.
Gemze aris yvela savaldebulo literaturis CamonaTvalis sia, romelic
gamokrula am literaturis adgilsamyofelTan TvalsaCino adgilze, maTi advilad
moZebnisa da kontrolis mizniT. agreTve es sia periodulad miewodeba
gemTflobel misi konTrolisa da avtomatiurad gaaxlebisaTvis.gemze
zemoTxsenebuli literaturis Senaxva-korektirebasa da komplektaciaze pasuxs
agebs navigaciuri TanaSemwe, xolo kontrols gemis kapitani. rukebisa,
sazRvao saxemZvaneloebisa da damxmare litera-turis momaragebis
avtomatiuri reJimi ar anTavisufleb navigaciur Stu-rmansa da kapitans
pasuxismgeblobisagan misi arqonis SemTxvevaSi. IMO-s moTxovnis
Tanaxmad, yvela eleqronuli versia Tu is ar aris dublireb-uli, avtonomiuri da
sertificirebuli (nebadarTuli) IMO-s mier ar aris kanonieri da gemze
moiTxoveba wignebis saxiT.
E gemze arsebuli literaturis saerTo sia gamoiyureba

Semdegnairad:
VESSEL:
M/T BATUMI
PORT REG: MATUMI
FLAG:
MARSHALL ISLANDS
LIST OF ASDs & NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONs

Book
NP
001/NP003
NP 004
NP 005
NP 006
NP 007
NP 007A
NP 008
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP

013
014
015
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
25
26
027
028

TITLE OF PUBLICATION

Edition/

AFRICA PILOT VOL I / AFRICA PILOT VOL III

15TH / 2009/2006

SOUTH EAST ALASKA PILOT

SOUTH AMERICA PILOT VOL I
SOUTH AMERICA PILOT VOL II
SOUTH AMERICA PILOT VOL III
SOUTH AMERICA PILOT VOL IV
PACIFIC COASTS OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND UNITED STATES
PILOT
AUSTRALIA PILOT( Replaces old erition &NP017)
AUSTRALIA PILOT
AUSTRALIA PILOT
BALTIC PILOT VOL I
BALTIC PILOT VOL II
BALTIC PILOT VOL III
BAY OF BENGAL PILOT
BAY OF BISCAY PILOT
BERING SEA AND STRAIT PILOT
BLACK SEA AND SEA OF AZOV PILOT
BRITISH COLUMBIA PILOT VOL I
BRITISH COLUMBIA PILOT VOL II
CHANNEL PILOT
DOVER STRAIT PILOT

6TH / 1993
16TH / 2008
17TH / 2008
10TH / 2009
04TH / 2007
11TH / 2007
2nd/2008
10th/2008
11TH / 2009
15TH / 2009
14TH / 2008
10TH / 2006
10TH / 1978
10TH / 2007
07TH / 2009
02ND / 2006
13TH / 2007
09TH / 2005
08TH / 2009
07TH / 2008

NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP

030
031
032
033
034
35
36
037
038
040
041
042A
042B
042C

NP 43
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP

044
045
046
047
048
049
050
052
054
055
056
057A
057B
057Bs
059
060
061
062
063
064
066
067
068
069

NP 069A
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP

070
071
100
131
136

NP 247-1
NP 247 2
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP

294
234/A
314/08
314/09
350 (1)

CHINA SEA PILOT VOL I

CHINA SEA PILOT VOL II
CHINA SEA PILOT VOL III
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS PILOT
INDONESIA PILOT VOL II
INDONESIA PILOT VOL III
INDONESIA PILOT VOL I
WEST COASTS OF ENGLAND AND WELS PILOT
WEST COAST OF INDIA PILOT
IRISH COAST PILOT
JAPAN PILOT VOL I
JAPAN PILOT VOL II
JAPAN PILOT VOL III
JAPAN PILOT VOL IV
SOUTH AND EAST COAST OF KOREA, EAST COAST OF SIBERIA
AND SEA OF OKHTSK PILOT
MALACA STRAIT AND WEST COAST OF SUMATERA PILOT
MEDITERRANEAN PILOT VOL I
MEDITERRANEAN PILOT VOL II
MEDITERRANEAN PILOT VOL III
MEDITERRANEAN PILOT VOL IV
MEDITERRANEAN PILOT VOL V
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR PILOT
NORTH COAST OF SCOTLAND PILOT
NORTH SEA (WEST) PILOT
NORTH SEA (EAST) PILOT
NORWAY PILOT VOL I
NORWAY PILOT VOL IIA
NORWAY PILOT VOL IIB
NORWAY PILOT VOL IIB
NOVA SCOTIA AND BAY OF FUNDY PILOT
PACIFIC ISLANDS PILOT VOL I
PACIFIC ISLANDS PILOT VOL II
PACIFIC ISLANDS PILOT VOL III
PERSIAN GULF PILOT
RED SEA AND GULF OF READ PILOT
WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND PILOT
WEST COAST OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL PILOT
EAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATE PILOT VOL I
EAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATE PILOT VOL II
EAST COASTS OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND GULF OF MEXICO
PILOT
WEST INDIES PILOT VOL I
WEST INDIES PILOT VOL II
THE MARINERS HANDBOOK
CATALOG OF ADMIRALTY CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS
ADMIRALTY OCEAN PASSAGES FOR THE WORLD
ANNUAL SUMMARY OF ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINERS
PART 1
ANNUAL SUMMARY OF ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINERS
PART 2
HOW TO KEEP YOUR ADMIRALTY CHARTS UP-TO-DATE
CUMULATIVE LIST OF ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINES
THE NAUTICAL ALMANAC
THE NAUTICAL ALMANAC
ADMIRALTY DISTANCE TABLES ATLAMTIC OCEAN VOLUME I

07TH / 2007
08TH / 2006
07TH / 2009
03RD / 2008
05TH / 2009
04TH / 2008
06TH / 2009
17TH / 2008
15TH / 2007
17TH / 2006
09TH / 2009
02ND / 2009
08TH / 2009
01ST / 2008
8TH / 2008
08TH / 2008
13TH / 2008
12TH / 2007
13TH / 2008
14TH / 2009
10TH / 2008
12TH / 2006
07th / 2009
08TH / 2009
06TH / 2007
13TH / 2008
09TH / 2008
08TH / 1979
2004
13TH / 2008
11TH / 2007
11TH / 2006
11TH / 2006
14TH / 2008
16TH / 2009
15TH / 2008
10TH / 2008
13TH / 2009
12TH / 2008
05TH / 2009
04TH / 2008
15TH / 2008
09TH / 2009
2010
05TH / 2004
2010
2010
04TH / 2007
Jan/ 2010
2010
2009
Revised 1978

NP 350 (2)
NP 350 (3)
NP 735

ADMIRALTY DISTANCE TABLES ATLAMTIC OCEAN VOLUME II

ADMIRALTY DISTANCE TABLES ATLAMTIC OCEAN VOLUME III
IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

BROWNS NAUTICAL ALMANAC

BROWNS NAUTICAL ALMANAC 2 nd editoin
BROWNS NAUTICAL ALMANAC
NORIES NAUTICAL TABLE
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED ON ADMIRALTY PAPER CHARTS
(CHART 5011 (INT 1))

03RD / 2008
02nd / 2009
06TH / 2006
2010
2009
2009
2007
2004

LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS

NP 281 (1)
NP 281 (2)
NP 282
NP 283 (1)
NP 283 (2)
NP 284
NP 285

LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART I

LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART II
LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL II
LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL III PART I (EUROPE, AFRICA,
ASIA)
LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL III PART II
(PHILIPPINES,INDONESIA, AUSTRALASIA, AMERICAS,
GREENLAND AND ICELAND)
LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL IV
LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL V - GMDSS

2009/10
2009/10
2010
2010
2010
2009/10
2009/2010

REMARKS: The following Books are in

Computerize program!
1 Admiralty Total Tides
2 Admiralty List Of Lights
3 Admiralty list of Radio Signals Vol. VI PART
1,2,3,4,5 PILOT SERVICES, VESSELS TRAFFIC
SERVICES AND PORT OPERATION.
2nd OFF

xelmowera

sazRvao ruqebis arseboba da sruli kompleqtacia aucilebeli pirobaa gemis

naosnobisaTvis.Garsebuli sazRvao ruqebis sruli sia mocemulia katalogSi,
romelsac ewodeba CATALOG OF ADMIRALTY CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS NP-131
NP-131 niSnavs (NAUTICAL PUBLICATIN) 131 misi nomeria

katalogi iseve, rogoc yvela sazRvao literatura koreqtirdeba

yovelkvireuli Setyobinebebis (NTM)_s saSualebiT. rogoc wesi koreq-tura
iwyeba katalogis koreqtirebiT. sazRvao ruqebisa da katalogis koreqti-reba
xdeba, Savi, iisferi da wiTeli feris cpecialuri sawerklmebis saSvalebiT
dadgenili wesis mixedviT. (NTM)_Si aris miTiTebuli CamonaTvali: xmarebidan
amoRebuli ruqebis (WITHDRAW CHARTS), axali gamocemebis (NEW
PUBLICATIONS), axali ruqebis (NEW CHARTS) Tavisi sazRvrebiT , romlebic
unda davitanoT katalogSi. axali ruqebi (NEW CHARTS) yvela
zemoTCamoTvlili koreqtura unda davdavitanoT wiTeli feriT, xolo katalogis

koreqturis aRricxvis specialur grafaSi gavakeToT Canaweri (NTM_s kviris

nomeri) da xelmowera. amis Semdeg katalogi srulfasovania da misi
gamoyeneba nebadarTuli. Katalogebi gamoicema yovelwliurad da gemeze
misi miwodeba xdeba Semdegi wlis dadgomamde. axali katalogis miRebidan
iwyeba masi gamoyeneba da koreqtireba, xolo Zveli katalogi unda iqnes
amoRebuli xmarebidan.

sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebi

aucilebelia gemis erTi

wertilidan meore wertilSi umoklesi da usafrTxo naosnobisaTvis. gemis
koleqciaSi ruqebi SeiZleba iyos dakompleqtebuli nomrebis an fulioebis
mixedviT, es damokidebulia flotis menejeris moTxovnaze. ruqebis
kompleqtaciis orive meTodi misaRebia. fulioebi es aris dedamiwis dayofis
xerxi romelic aadvilebs ruqebis kompleqtacias da moZebas regionebis
miqedviT. Tanamedrove flotSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba inglisuri ruqebi (BA
Charts) reisis dagegmvis dros vRebulobT generalur ruqas da vavlebT
umokles da usafrTxo gzis kursebs. amis Semdeg vRebulobT katalogs da
amov-werT im ruqebis nomrebs romlebic saWiroa dagegmoli gadsvlisaTvis.
Semdeg gemize arsebuli ruqebis koleqciidan vakompleqtebT saWiro ruqebs.
Tu aRmoCndeba rom, romelime saWiro ruqa ar aris gemis koleqciaSi aseT
SemTxvevaSi saswrafod vaZlevT SekveTas agents da vRebulobT saWiro
ruqas.

sazRvao ruqebis specialuri aRniSvnebi. BA-s sazRvao

ruqebis ukana mxareze dawerilia mwarmoeblis vinaoba, ruqis nomeri, ru-qis
dasaxeleba (Tu romel teritorias moicavs is), dabeWdvis TariRi, da-beWdvis
TariRi, folios nomeri romelis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi iwereba gemze da

Tanmimdevruli (CONSECUTIVE) nomeri romelic eniWeba ruqas regionis

ruqebis danomvrisas. ruqis wina samuSao mxaris zeda marcxena da qveda
marjvena nawilSi mocemulia; ruqis nomeri, ruqaze aRniSnuli sidideebis
sazomi erTeulis dasaxeleba. sagzao ruqebze mocemulia agreTve Semdegi
ruqebis nomrebi romlebzec SeiZleba gada-svla. ruqas gaaCnia CarCo
grZedisa da ganedis aRmniSvneli danayofebiT (Skala), romelic Seesabameba
mocemuli ruqis maStabs. ruqis saxmeleTo nawilis Tavisufal adgilze
mocemulia saJenebisa da futebis metrebSi gdasayvani Sesabamisi Skala
romelic gamoiyeneba im gemebis wyalSigis gamosaTvlelad romlebis
markirebac gakeTebula am sidideebSi. ruqis (pasiur) aragamosayeneb
nawilSi ibeWdeba mokle informacia navigaciuri da hidrometeorologiuri
gafrTxilebebis Sesaxeb agreTve miTiTeba Tu sad unda movipovoT vrceli
informacia mocemul gafrTxilebebze. im Se-mTxveSi, Tu mocemuli ruqis
teritoriaze aRiniSneba mimoqcevis procese-bi maSin, ruqaze mocemuli
iqneba misi cxrili maRali da dabali wylis doneebiTa da droiT ( grinviCis dro).
aqve mocemulia ruqis saxelwodeba im geografiuli wertilebis gaTvaliswinebiT
saidanac iwyeba da mTavr-deba ruqis sazRvrebi. ruqis saxmeleTo nawilSi
mocemulia dasaxlebuli punqtebis dasaxelebebi reliefi da kartografiuli
monacebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba navigaciisaTvis, agreTve yvela saxmeleTo
navigaciuri mowyobiloba Tavisi dawvrilebiTi aRwerilobiT: maiakebis Suqebis
feri da ganaTebis perioduloba, ganaTebis seqtorebi grafikuli aRniSvniT,
maswori niSnebis ganlageba da pelengebi, yvela saxmeleTo navigaciuri
niSnis xilvadobis siSore.
navigaciuri ruqis sazRvao nawili ki iZleva sruyofil da zust informacias yvela
sazRvao navigaciuri saSiSroebebis, hidrografiuli da meteorologiuri
aRniSvnebiT, kerZod; xmeleTisa da zRvis gamyofi zoli (reliefi), izobatebi,
izobatebs Soris arastandartuli siRrmee-bis aRniSvna, wyalqveSa
komunikaciebi, wyalqveSa da wylis zedapirze arsebuli navigagiuri
saSiSroebebis aRniSvebi, zRvebis, sruteebisa da forvaterebis dasaxelebebi,
rekomendirebuli kursebi, dinebebi TavianTi dasaxelebiT siCqariTa da
mimarTulebiT, sazRvao da sandibaro xidebi maTi saxelebiT, wylis donidan
simaRliTa da sigrZiT, locmanis miRebi-sa da reportingis wertilebi, portebisa
da forvaterebis Sesasvlele-bis aRniSvna mocemuli ruqis teritoriaze magnituri
gadaxris paramet-rebi observaciis droiT da wliuri cvalebadobiT. Ruzaze
dgomis adgilebi.
Aamerikuli ruqebi danaCeni sxva ruqebisagan romlebic gamoicema yvi-Tel
cisfer da TeTr ferebSi aris orferiani rux da TeTr ferebSi Ses-rulebuli, matze
datanilia agreTve mdinareebisa da arxebis siRrmeebi. aseve or ferSia
Sesrulebuli laTinuri amerikis qveynebis bevri ruqa. am ruqebze sazom
erTeulad xsirad iyeneben saJenebsa da futebs.
garda inglisuri rukebisa aris iaponuri ruqebi, avstraliuri da zelandiuri
ruqebi, romelTa registracia xdeba gancalkevebiT. isini zomiT (ruqis formatiT)
gamsxvavdebian inglisurisagan.

Yyvela zemoTCamotvlili specialuri aRniSvnebisa da monacemebis sidideebis adgilmdebareoba mudmivad kontroldeba, nebismieri cvalebadobis
semTxvevaSi ki xdeba maTi Setyobineba gemze da koreqtirdeba.

sazRvao ruqebis koreqtura aris umniSvnelovanesi da pirveli

piroba misi gamoyenebisaTvis. ruqebis koreqtireba iwyeba NTM_s
miRebisTanave dauyovnebliv. pirvel rigSi vakeTebT im ruqebis koretire-bas
romlebic gvWirdeba momavali reisis gadasvlisaTvis, Semdeg vakoreq-tirebT
im regionisa da misi mosazRve regionebis ruqebs sadac savarau-dod
mogviwevs curva xolo, koreqturas vamTavrebT sxva danarCeni yvela rukis
koreqtirebiT, romlebic aris gemis ruqebis kompleqtaciaSi.
ruqebis koreqturas viwyebT xmarebidan amoRebuli ruqebis, (WITHDRAW
CHARTS)-s amorebiT, romlis Sesaxebac informacias vRebulobT NTM_s saSualebiT. amoRebuli ruqebiT muSaoba kategoriulad akrZalulia. Ruqe-bis
koreqturas vakeTebT IMO-s mier miRebuli simboloebis zusti da koxta
dataniT, Sesabamisi ferebis mixedviT ruqaze. Ppirvel rigSi ruqaze marcxena
qveda kuTxeSi vwerT Setyominebis nimers, Semdeg vakeTe-bT koreqturas da
bolos fanqriT vakeTebT Canawers saregistracio wignSi (CHART CORECTION
LOG) fanqriT, amis Semdeg ruqis koreqtirebis procesi dasrulebulia.
Koreqturaze gamoyenebuli kalkebi (TRASING)-bi ki unda davalagoT mzardi
nomrebis mixedviT yvela fuliosaTvis calk-calke da SevinaxT.

droebiTi (TEMPORARY) da winaswari (PREMINILARY)

koreqtura iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc Cveulebrivi koreqtura. misi
ugulvelyofa da araseriozuli midgoma zogirTi Sturmanis mier xSirad xdeba
mizezi komisiis mxridan SeniSvnis miRebisa, romelsac seriozuli problemebi
moyveba radganac, droebiTi da winaswari koreqturis gauke-Teblobis
SemTxvevaSi usafrTxo naosnobis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia. droebiTi da
winaswari koreqtirebis wesi gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivisagan. pirvel rigSi imiT
rom, is keTdeba fanqriT, misi daregistrireba ruqaze xdeba ruqis mindorze
aseve fanqriT, zemoTzsenebuli koreqturis Setyo-binebebi inaxeba calke
specialur saqaRaldeSi. NTM_s saSualebiT xdeba droebiTi da winaswari
koreqturis mudmivi kontrolireeba da gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi misi amoSla
ruqidan, xolo Setyobinebis amoReba saqaRaldi-dan. garda NTM-s ruqebze
dagvaqvs agreTve saswrafo Setyobinebebi rom-lebsac vRebulobT NAVTEX-is
da GMDSS-is saSualebiT, imis gamo rom es Setyobinebebic aris droebiTi
isinic ruqaze daitaneba fanqriT da ise-Tive meTodiT xdeba misi registracia da
amoSla rogorc droebiTi da winaswari Setyobinebebisa.
garda navigaciuri ruqebisa gemze aucileblad unda iyos amindisa da
dinebebis ruqebi, romlebsac viyenebT reisis dagegmirebisas.amindis ruqe-bi
gamoicema yovelTviuri ruqebis saxiT, sadac miTiTebulia qarebisa da
dinebebis mimarTuleba, civi da cxeli frontebis ganlageba wlis sxvada-sva
periodisaTvis.

Llociebi (SAILING DIRECTIONS) aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxelmZvanelo gemis usafrToebis uzrunvelsayofad. lociebi iyofa regione-bis
mixedviT da mocavs dedamiwis yvela zRvebsa da okeaneebs.zogierTi
regionis locia moicavs ramodenime Tavs.inglisuri lociebi dabeWdilia 72
wignad. lociis wina ydaze miTiTebulia misi dasaxeleba da im zRve-bisa da
okeaneebis dasaxeleba romelsac moicavs is. lociis ukana ydaze ki
miTiTebulia am lociaSi Sesuli informaciis regionis ruqa. lociebi iTvleba
navigaciis usafrTxoebisaTvis saWiro informaciis miRebis ZiriTad wyarod.
lociebs gamoscems hidrografiuli samsaxuris ganyofi-leba. lociebSi
mocemulia yvela im informaciis detaluri ganxilva romlebic datanilia ruqebze
specialuri niSnebiTa da simbo-loebiT. lociebSi agreTve mocemulia; portebis
hidrografiuli saSualebebisa da geofizikuri mdebareobis aRweriloba da
fotosuraTebi, maTi adgil-mdebareobis zusti koordinatebi, misasvleli da portSi
Sesasvleli gzebi, mocemulia mokle informacia portis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb,
maTTan dakavSirebis arxebi VHF-sa da kavSiris sxva saSualebebze, gemis
Ruzaze dgomis adgilebis koordinatebi, gruntis aRweriloba da gansakuTrebu-li
Taviseburebani (qarebi, dinebebi). lociebSi SeiZleba agreTve infor-maciis
mopoveba locmanebisa da buqsirebis Sesaxeb, portSi gemTmisabmel-ze
gemis dayenebis wesebi da moTxovnebi, bagirebis saxeoba da raodeno-ba.
agreTve informacia portis siRmeebisa da portSi nebadarTuli wyalSigis
Sesaxeb.
imis gamo rom, zemoTCamoTvlili informacia SeiZleba Seicvalos, xdeba
lociebis kreqtireba. NTM-iT miRebul informacias amovWriT da vakravT
specialurad lociebisaTvis gakeTebul saqaRaldeSi im lociis furcel-ze
romlisTvisac monida es Casworeba, xolo lociis pirvel gverdze va-keqebT
Setyobinebis kvireulisa da paragrafis Canawers da vawerT xels, romlis
Semdegac lociis gamoyeneba nebadarTulia.
THE MARINERS HANDBOOK NP 100 es wigni moicavs informacias

sazR-vao navigaciuri, hidrometeorologouri, movlenebisa da maTi daxasiaTebis Sesaxeb. am wignSi mocemulia sxvadasxva saxis cxrilebi da
fotoilustracia, gemis adgilsamyofelis gansazRvris sxvada-sxva
meTodebis gamoyeneba. gemis marTva yinulebSi, IALA-s regionebi da
niSnebi. msoflioSi arsebuli, savaWro-sazRvao gemebize gamosayenebeli droSebi da sxva. gemis koleqciaSi misi qona aucilebelia.
ADMIRALTY OCEAN PASSAGES FOR THE WORLD NP- 136 moicavs

informacias sazrvao gzebis recomendirebuli kursebis Sesaxeb. am

saxemZRvaneloSi mocemulia maTi kursebi, sruteebsa da arxebSi naosnobis
wesebi da reportingis wertilebi.
ANNUAL SUMMARY OF ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINERS PART 1 NP274-1

masSi mocemulia bolo wlis koreqtura, romelic gamoiyeneba koreqturis

kontrolirebisaTvis.

ANNUAL SUMMARY OF ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINERS PART 2 NP274-2

moicavs droebiTi da winaswari koreqturis CamonaTvals. wigni gamoicema

yovelwliurad da moicavs bolo ramodenime weliwads. misi saSualebiT
vaxdenT winaswari da droebiTi koreqturis moZebnas.
HOW TO KEEP YOUR ADMIRALTY CHARTS UP-TO-DATE NP-274

romelsac viyenenebT sazRvao navigaciuri ruqebis swori koreqtirebisaT-vis,

masSi mocemulia; koreqtirebis wesebi da meTodebi, IMO-s mier miRe-buli
normebiT ganmartebebiT, koreqtirebis magaliTebi, ruqebis movla-Senaxvis
wesebi
THE NAUTICAL ALMANAC NP 314- cxrilebi
ADMIRALTY DISTANCE TABLES NP350-1;NP350-2;NP350-3

romlebSic mocemulia portebs Soris distanciebis cxrili.

BROWNS NAUTICAL ALMANAC-

braunis kalendarSi mocemulia; mimoqcevis cxrilebi, mTvaris,

mzisa da sxva navigaciuri mnaTobebis cxrilebi kompasis Sesworebis
gasakeTeblad da mimoqcevis gamoTvlebisaTvis. braunis almanaxSi
mocemulia mocemulia agreTve cnobebi satvirTo markis Sesaxeb,
NORIES NAUTICAL TABLE

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED ON ADMIRALTY PAPER CHARTS (CHART 5011

(INT 1))

LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS ;

1 LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART NP 281

Seicavs informacias sanapiro radiosadgurebis Sesaxeb, maT muSaobis
principebs Tanamgzavrul sistemebTan. masSi mocemulia
Tanamgzavrebis, kodebi satelefono kavSirisa da teleqsisaTvis.
inmarsatisa da kospasarsatis gadafarvis zonebi. am wignSi mocemulia
yvela qveynis sanapiro radiosadgurebis koordinatebi, dasaxelebebi am
sadgurebis MMSI. radio reportebis sxvadasxva formebi. gemebis
sareporto sistemis ruqa, sareporto zonebis (AMVER, CHILREP, AUSREP,
SAFREP, INSPIRES, JASREP) dasaxelebebi da reportingis formebi
2 LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART NP 282.
SeTanilia informacia; navigaciuri radiosadgurebis Sesaxeb,

(Radar Beacons) avtomaturi radiomopasuxe, romlebic ganlagebulia

zRvebsa da okeaneebSi da gamoiyeneba gemis orientirebisa da adgilsamyofelis gansazRvrisaTvis. Aavtomaturi radiomopasuxeebi
dayenebulia rogorc saxmeleTo aseve sazRao navigaciur mowyobilobebze, aqvs dasaxeleba da ganmasxvavebeli signali, romelsac
gadascems morzes anbanis saxiT radaris ekranze. NP 282-Si mocemulia msoflio zRvebsa da okeaneebSi ganlagebuli Radar Beacon-s
adgilsamyofelis koordinatebi, rigiTi nomeri, Suquris daxasi-aTeba, rigiTi
ganaTebis seqtori (3600), ganaTebis xilvadobis si-Sore, da inglisuri
alfavitis romelime aso mag (T), romlis mor-zes anbanTan Sesabamis
aRnisnvas gamosaxavs gemis radaris ekranze mis amosacnobad.
Radar Beacon-ebis adgilmdebareobis an amosacnobi niSanis Secvlis
dros gemebze igzavneba koreqtura da xdeba misi koreqtireba.
Aamave wignSi mocemulia Tanamgzavruli navigaciuri sistemebis
(GPS) aRweriloba, TanamgzavrTa ganlageba da muSaobis principi. NP
282 gvaZlevs sasaaTo sartyelebis aRwerilobas, ruqas da yvela
qveynis CamonaTvals Tavisi dekretuli droiT, sazafxulo da saSemodgomo drois gadayvanis TariRebiT. wigni mTavrdeba informaciiT
drois radiosignalebis Sesaxeb.
3 LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART NP 283
Seicavs informacias, sazRvao usafrTxoebis informaciis mowode-bis
Sesaxeb.
1 masSi mocemulia yvela radiosadguris CamonaTvali romlebic
iZlevia informacias amindis Sesaxeb faqsimiliuri ruqebis saxiT.
2 sazRvao usafrTxoebis radiomauwyeblobis CamonaTvali, romle-bic
iZlevian radioinformacias amindisa da navigaciuri gaf-rTxilebebs
Sexaxeb.
am wignSi agreTve mocemulia NAVAREA LIMIT-s da NAVTEX-s
moqmedebis raionebis ruqebi, amindis simboloebi, barometrisa da
qaris cxrilebi.

LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART NP 284.

moicavs meteorologiur informacias. Mocemulia meteorolo-giuri
sadgurebis CamonaTvali da ruqa, Tu romeli sadguri romel teritorias
moicavs, agreTve meteorologiuri regionebis ruqa Ta-visi indeqsebiT.
5 LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART NP 285.
4

Aaris GMDSS-is sazRvao usafrTxoebisa da ubedurebis globaluri

sistemis saxelmZRvanelo , masSi agreTve mocemulia SART-is
aRweriloba da musaobis principi, VHF-I, METAREA- Tavisi ruqebiT ,
informacia NAVTEX-s muSaobis Sesaxeb, samZebro operaci-ebis
Catarebis wesi da meTodebi, samaSvelo centrebis CamonaTvali da

aRniSvnebi ruqebze. wigni mTavrdeba sasignalo droSebiT.

6 LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS VOL I PART NP 286.

es wigni moicavs informacias salocmano sadgurebisa da
salocmano gacilebis Sesaxeb.
yvela zemoTCamoTvlili wigni eqvemdebareba koreqturas. Garda am
wignebisa gemis biblioTekaSi aucileblad unda iyos Semdegi wignebi;

m/t "
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