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Soil Mechanics Chapter 1
Soil Mechanics Chapter 1
Soil Mechanics Chapter 1
Year
: 2014
Lecturer :Erol ADOLU
CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FORMATION OF SOIL
BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
GROUNDWATER
SOIL PERMEABILITY
WATER FLOW IN SOIL
COMPACTION OF SOIL
STRESSES IN A SOIL MASS DUE TO APPLIED
LOADING
SESSION 1
FORMATION OF SOILS
CRUST
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
DEFINITION OF SOIL
Bina Nusantara
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
SOIL MECHANIC
SOIL FORMATION
Weathering is the process of the breaking down rocks. Weathering embraces a number
of natural surface processes which result from the single or combined actions of such
agencies as wind, rain, frost, temperature change and gravity.
There are two different types of weathering. Physical weathering and chemical
weathering.
Physical weathering involves break down of rocks and soils through direct contact
with atmospheric conditions such as heat, water, ice and pressure.
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
SOIL FORMATION
Chemical weathering involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or
biologically produced chemicals in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals.
CO2 + Raining> Chemical weathering
Dimensions of soil particles changes from 100 mm to 0.000001 mm
0.002 mm> clay chemical weathering
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
SOIL PROFILE
SOIL PROFILE
SOIL TYPES
SOIL TYPES
RESIDUAL SOILS
Soils that have remained at their parent site are termed as
residual soil
SOIL TYPES
SOIL TYPES
TRANSPORTED SOILS
Soils that have been
transported by rivers,
winds, glaciers, and gravity.
LOOSE SAND
DENSE SAND
Mass
Air
Water
Mw
M
Soil
Ms
volume (Vv).
In a perfectly dry soil, there is no water and the void space is entirely air.
In a saturated soil the void space is full of water
PHASE DIAGRAM
Mass
Air
Water
Soil
VOID RATIO; e : The ratio of void volume (Vv) to soil volume (Vs)
e=
Vv
Vs
0<e<
V
n= v
V
n
e=
1 n
or
e
n=
1+ e
WATER CONTENT; : The ratio of the amount of water (Ww)to the soil (Ws)
and expressed as a percentage
Mw
x100%
=
Ms
0% < <
S=
Vw
x100%
Vv
0% S 100%
M total
Ms + M w
n =
=
Vtotal Vs + VW + Va
dry
Ms
Ms
=
=
Vtotal Vs + Va
SATURATED DENSITY
M total M s + M w
sat =
=
Vtotal
Vs + Vv
Ms
S =
Vs
dry
Ms
Ms
=
=
Vtotal Vs + Va
SATURATED DENSITY
M total M s + M w
sat =
=
Vtotal
Vs + Vv
Ms
S =
Vs
GS =
RELATIVE DENSITY; Dr :
Dr =
Bina Nusantara
s
w
emax eo
x100%
emax emin
Bina Nusantara
Air
If given e, assume Vs =1
e
Mw=w s
Mw
Water
Ms=
s
Ms
Solids
1+e
1
Air
n
Mw
Mw=(1-n) w s
Water
Mw+Ms
Ms=(1-n)
s
Ms
Solids
1-n
n =
Mn
= (1 n)s + (1 n)s w
Vtotal
dry = (1 n)s
sat = (1 n)s + n w
Bina Nusantara
SESSION 2
Soil Sampling
Disturbed
In situ structure not retained
Water content, classification, compaction
Undisturbed
In situ structure almost retained
Shear strength, consolidation, permeability
Disturbances
Shearing and compression
In situ stress release
Drying
Vibrations
32
M hole
M sand
n =
Vhole =
Vhole
sand
M hole
M sand
n =
Vhole =
Vhole
sand
M hole
M sand
n =
Vhole =
Vhole
sand
M
paraffin
Vsoil = V2 V1 Vp
n =
Mn
Vsoil