LIST OF EQUATIONS

OIP

1 Swc res.vol.

STOIIP
OP

(1.2)

(1.3)

(1.4)

(psia)

(1.5)

D 14.7 C (psia)

(1.6)

(1.7)

1 Swc / Boi

FP GP

d FP
pw

(1.1)

d GP

dp
dD

dp
dD

pw

14.7

water

water

pw

0.45 D

15 (psia)

po

0.35D 565

psia

(1.8)

po

0.08D 1969

psia

(1.9)

(1.10)

(1.11)

10

Ultimate Recovery (UR) (V (1 Swc ) / Boi ) RF

1
V

V
p

dV

cV p

(1.12)

10

pV

nRT

(1.13)

12

(p

a
)
V2

(1.14)

12

(1.15)

13

ni pci

(1.16)

14

ni Tci

(1.17)

14

(1.18)

14

(1.19)

14

(1.20)

19

pV
ppc
Tpc
ppr
Tpr

V b

RT

ZnRT
i

p
p pc
T
T pc
2
0.06125ppr t e 1.2(1 t)

XXXI

CONTENTS

yk

yk

dF
dy

dFk
dy

Fk

4y2 4y3
(1 y)4

1 4y
(2.18
Vsc
V

p Tsc Zsc
psc T Z

35.37

p
ZT

gas

(vol / vol)

nM
ZnRT / p
Mgas

air

M
i

M
28.97

Mair

nM
i i

1
V

V
p

1
p

GIIP

(sc)

(sc)

p
Z

Z
p

(HCPV)E

Gp

G
E
Ei

pi
Zi

E
Ei

1
Vf

Gp
G
dVw +dVf
Vf
(FP)

(1.23)

19

(1.24)

21

(1.25)

21

(1.26)

22

(1.27)

22

(1.28)

22

(1.29)

22

(1.30)

22

(1.31)

23

(1.32)

23

(1.33)

25

(1.34)

25

(1.35)

25

(1.36)

26

(1.37)

26

9.16t3 )y

(1.18 2.82t)

(sc)

19

Unproduced Gas

Gp

d(HCPV) =
cf

1
Z

1
p

Production

Gp

Mp
ZRT

0.0763 g (lbs / cu.ft)

cg
cg

42.4t 3 )y

V (1 Swc )Ei
nM
V

sc

(29.52t 19.52t2

242.2t 2

2.82t) (90.7t

y4

(1.22)

1
Vf

Vf
p

XXXII

CONTENTS

d(HCPV) =
Gp

(cw Vw + cf Vf ) p
(c w Swc

1 Swc

Production
(sc)

GIIP
(sc)

Gp

E
Ei

Unproduced Gas
(sc)
G
Ei

pi
Gp
1
Zi
G

p
Z

cf ) p

Gp

Ga

E / Ei

Gp We E

1 E / Ei
We E
1
E / Ei

Ga

pg GWC

Z2

dp
dD

pi
G'p
1
Zi
G

(R Rs )

scf
stb

Bg

rb
scf

(R Rs ) Bg

(Underground withdrawal)/stb = Bo + (R
Bg

rb
scf

x (Bo

(rb. free gas / stb)

Rs) Bg (rb/stb)

1
5.615E
y
x

(1.39)

27

(1.40)

29

(1.41)

29

(1.42)

31

(1.43)

31

(1.44)

31

(1.45)

34

(1.46)

40

(2.1)

48

(2.2)

48

(2.3)

48

(2.4)

50

GWC

phase

26

We E

We Ei

(1.38)

Rs )Bg ) rb / day

vo (rb/ rbb)

Bo Bo

vo
cb f

rb
stb

(2.5)

63

F (stb/rbb)

Rs Rs

Rsi f

5.615 F rb
cb f
stb

(2.6)

63

E (scf/rcf)

Bg Bg

(2.7)

63

1
rb
5.612 E scf

XXXIII

CONTENTS

vo
cbd

Bod

and Rsd

rb rbb
stb residual rbb
5.615 F
scf
cb d
stb residual

Rsi d

(Maximum value of F)
cb d

Rsi d

Bo

vo
cb f

vo
cb d

cb d

Rs

Rsi f

(Rsi d

Rs d )

scf
stb residual

Bob f

Bo d

cb f

dvo
dp

1
vo

co

5.615

Bob f

Bob f
Bob f
1
Bo

dBo
dp

(2.8)

66

(2.9)

66

(2.10)

66

(2.11)

67

(2.12)

68

(2.13)

69

N(Bo

Boi )

(rb)

(3.1)

73

N(Rsi

Rs ) Bg

(rb)

(3.2)

73

(3.3)

73

(3.4)

74

(3.5)

74

(3.6)

74

(3.7)

74

(3.8)

76

(3.9)

76

(rb / stb)

(3.10)

76

(rb / stb)

(3.11)

76

Bg

mNBoi

Bgi

(1+m)NBoi

(rb)

(rb)

d(HCPV)

(1 m)NBoi

Np (Bo + (Rp Rs)Bg)

(rb)

Np (Bo

NBoi

(Rp

Bg
Bgi

Rs )Bg )

(1 m)

F = Np (Bo + (Rp
Eo = (Bo
Eg

Ef,w

Boi

Bgi

(Bo

Boi ) (Rsi

Rs ) Bg

Boi

c w Swc c f
1 Swc

Rs) Bg

(We

Wp )Bw

(rb/stb)

(1 m) Boi

Rs) Bg) + W p Bw (rb)

Boi) + (Rsi
Bg

c w Swc c f
1 Swc

c w Swc c f
1
Swc

XXXIV

CONTENTS

F = N(Eo+mEg+Ef,w) + W eBw

(3.12)

76

F = NEo

(3.13)

77

(3.14)

77

(3.15)

78

(3.16)

79

(3.17)

79

(3.18)

79

(3.19)

79

(3.20)

81

(3.21)

82

(3.22)

83

(3.23)

86

F = N (Eo + mEg)

(3.24)

86

We = (cw+cf) W i p

(3.25)

92

F = NEo + W e

(3.26)

92

(3.27)

93

(3.28)

93

(3.29)

94

(4.1)

101

We
Eo

F
Eo

NpBo

NBoi

(Bo

Boi )
Boi

(c w Swc c f )
1 Swc

NpBo

NBoi co

NpBo

NBoi

NpBo

NBoi c e p

ce

coSo

1
(co So
1 Swc

Np (Bo + (Rp
Sg =

Np Bo
NBoi

(c w

F
Eo

(Eo

cf

c w Swc

Rs)

cf )

Np (Rp

(Rp

Boi) + (Rsi
Rs) Bg (1

Rs)Bg)
Swc) / NBoi

(Bo

Rs )Bg
Boi ) (Rsi

Rs )Bg

Boi

c f ) (re2

ro2 ) fh

We
Eo

F
mEg )

u K

c w Swc
1 Swc

Np Bo
(1 Swc )
N Boi

We

Rs)Bg) = N ((Bo

N (Rsi

Sg = 1

(c w Swc c f )
p
1 Swc

We
(Eo mEg )

h1 h2
h
K
I
I

Bg
Bgi

XXXV

CONTENTS

hg

(4.2)

102

(4.3)

102

(4.4)

102

gz

(4.5)

103

g(z zb )

(4.6)

103

(4.7)

103

(4.8)

103

(4.9)

104

(4.10)

104

(4.11)

105

(4.12)

107

(4.13)

107

(4.14)

107

(4.15)

107

gz)

dh
dl

K d p
g dl
p

dp

gz

K d(hg)
g dl

1 atm
p

dp

pb

gz

k d
dl
k

u
u

d
dl
d
dr

dp
dl

k d
dl

k dp
dl

q(cc / sec)
q(std / d)

k dp
dl

dz
dl

g
dz
6
1.0133 10 dl
k(D) A(cm2 ) dp
(atm / cm)
(cp)
dl

(constan t)

stb
q
d

and since

D
mD

k(mD) A(ft2 ) dp
(psi / ft)
(cp)
dl

r.cc / sec
rb / d

rb / d
stb / d

1
cm
;
1000 ft

k mD

30.48 and

D
mD

A ft2
(cp)

atm
psi

cm2
ft2

atm
dp psi psi
dl ft cm (4.16)
ft

1
; equ.(4.16)
14.7

108

XXXVI

CONTENTS

1.127 10

1.127 10
RT
M

pb

kA dp
dl
o

kA
Bo

Zdp
p

d
dl

1 dp
dl

kA d
dl

dp
dl

0.4335

sin

gz

RT Z
dp gdz
M p

(stb / d)

dp

gdz

dz
dl
kA d
dl

kA dp
dr

p pwf
pe

pwf

q
r
ln
2 kh rw
r
q
ln e
2 kh rw
q
S
2 kh

pskin
pe

pwf

r
q
ln e
2 kh
rw

pe

pwf

141.2

PI

pe

q
pwf

q Bo
r
In e
kh
rw

krw

ko (Sw )
and krw (Sw )
k

krw (at Sw

Kro (Sw )

108

(4.18)

110

(4.19)

111

(4.20)

111

(4.21)

111

(4.22)

111

(4.23)

113

(4.24)

113

(4.25)

113

(4.26)

114

(4.27)

114

(4.28)

114

(4.29)

115

(4.30)

118

(4.31)

119

(4.32)

120

oil rate (stb / d)

pressure drawdown (psi)

7.08 10 3 kh
r
Bo ln e S
rw
kro (Sw )

(4.17)

k w (Sw )
k

1 Sor )

ko (Sw )
and Krw (Sw )
ko (Sw Swc )

k w (Sw )
ko (Sw Swc )

XXXVII

CONTENTS

ko (Sw) = kkro (Sw)

kro
krw

or

ko (Sw) = ko (Sw = Swc) Kro (Sw)

Kro
Krw
kkr
Mobility of the displacing fluid
Mobility of the displaced fluid

M
1
r r

p
r

(q )
r

2 rh

1
k
r r

krd /
kro /

p
r

120

(4.34)

120

(4.35)

121

(4.36)

122

(5.1)

127

(5.2)

128

(5.3)

128

(5.4)

129

(5.5)

129

(5.6)

130

(5.7)

130

(5.8)

131

q
(5.9)
cV

131

(5.10)

131

(5.11)

131

(5.12)

132

(5.13)

132

p
t

(4.33)

m
1

p
t

c
p
r

0 at r

p
t
cV

constant, for all r and t.

dp
dt

dV
dt

dp
dt

q
c re2h
i

pi Vi
i

qi
pres

q
dp
dt

or

pres

re

Vi

Vi
i

pi qi
i

qi

XXXVIII

CONTENTS

p = pe = constant, at r = re
p
= 0 for all r and t
t

and
1
r

k
r
p
r

c
1
r

p
r
r

r
p
r2

p
r

p
r

p
r2

p
t

r
k

p
r

1 p
r r

p
r

c r

p
r

p
r2

p
t

(5.14)

132

(5.15)

132

(5.16)

133

(5.17)

133

(5.18)

133

p
t

(5 19)

134

p
t

(5.20)

134

cp << 1

(5.21)

134

ct = coSo + cwSwc + cf

(5.22)

134

(5.23)

134

(5.24)

135

(6.1)

136

q
re2kh

(6.2)

137

C1

(6.3)

137

r
re2

(6.4)

137

r
r2
2 re2 r
w

(6.5)

137

r2
2re2

(6.6)

137

(6.7)

137

1
p
r
r r
r

(c o S o + c w S w c + c f )

absolute

(1

absolute

cV (p i

p
r

p
t

q r2
2 re2 kh

p
r

q
2 kh

pr

pe

c w Swc
(1 Swc )

p ) = qt

1
r
r r

(co So

Swc)

pr
pwf
pwf

pwf

1
r

q
lnr
2 kh
q
r
ln
2 kh
rw
r
q
ln e
2 kh
rw

1
2

cf )

XXXIX

CONTENTS

q
pe pwf

PI

re

2 kh
r
1
ln e
rw 2

(6.8)

137

(6.9)

138

(6.10)

138

(6.11)

138

(6.12)

139

(6.13)

139

(6.14)

140

(6.15)

140

pdV

rw

re

dV

rw

2
re2

re

prdr

rw

2 q
.
re2 2 kh

p pwf

3
4

ph

pwf

q oh rh
ln
2 kh rw

(6.16)

141

pe

ph

q oc re
ln
2 kh rh

(6.17)

141

(6.18)

141

(6.19)

142

(6.20)

144

(6.21)

144

q
2 kh

pwf

q oc
2 kh
S

3
4

r2
dr
2re2

rw e s

and

pe

r
rw

r
q
ln e
2 kh
rw

p pwf
rw

p
r

r ln

rw

r
q
ln e
2 kh
rw

p pwf
1
r

re

ke

ka

p pwf
4 re2
4 e3 / 2rw2

ka

In

oh

ln

rh
rw

r
oh
ln h
rw
oc

ra
rw

r2
q
1
ln 2 e3 / 2
2 kh 2
rw e
4A
56.32rw2

4A
31.6rw2

oc

ln

r
ln e
rh

re
rh

XL

CONTENTS

q
1
4A
ln
2 kh 2
CA rw2

p pwf

a)

pi at t

0, for all r

b)

pi at r

, for all t

c)

p
r

lim r
0

q
, for t
2 kh

(6.22)

144

(7.1)

150

s
t

cr
2k t

(7.2)

150

s
r

c r2
4k t2

(7.3)

150

(7.4)

151

(7.5)

151

(7.6)

152

(7.7)

152

(7.8)

152

(7.9)

153

(7.10)

153

(7.11)

154

(7.12)

156

(7.13)

156

dp
ds
s 1

dp
p

sp
ds

C2

es
s

pr,t

pi

q
4 kh

es
x s

4k t

es
s

ds
x

ei(x)

ln x

ei(x)

ln

pwf

pi

pr,t

pi

cAh

pi

pwf

c r2

pi

cr2
4k t

q
4 kh

for x
ln

q
ei
4 kh

q
2 kh

ds

0.5772
x

es
ds
s

4kt
crw2

0.01
2S

cr 2
4k t

qt
ln

4A
CA rw2

kt
cA

XLI

CONTENTS

Effective flowing time

Cumulative Production
Final flow rate

(7.14)

156

r
rw

(7.15)

161

(7.16)

161

(7.17)

161

(7.18)

161

(7.19)

161

(7.20)

162

(7.21)

162

(7.22)

163

(7.23)

164

(7.24)

164

(7.25)

164

(7.26)

165

(7.27)

165

(7.28)

165

(7.29)

165

(7.30)

165

dimensionless radius

rD =

dimensionless time

tD =

and dimensionless pressure pD (rD ,tD )

1
rD

pD
rD

rD

rD

2 kh
(pi
q

pD
tD

pwf )

pD (tD )

tD

0.000264

tD

0.00634

pD

7.08

pD tD

pD tD

pD (tD )

tDA

tD

pD (tD )
CA tD

r w2
A

ln

t in days

kh
(pi pwf )
q Bo

4tD

(ln tD

ln

kt
t in hours
cr w2
kt
cr w2

10

r w2
A
1

ln

0.809)

4A
CA r w2
kt
cA
4A
CA r w2

4 tD r w2 / A
e

CA tDA

4 t
e DA

tDA

kt
cA

2 tD

0.1

2 tDA

r w2
A

kt
cr w2
2 kh
(pi
q

pr,t )

XLII

CONTENTS

kh

pi

2 kh
(pi
q

pws )

pD (tD

pD tD
2 kh
(pi
q

pws )

2 kh
pi
q

pws(LIN)

2 kh
pi
q

2 kh
pi
q

p*

4 kh *
p
q

2 kh
pi
q

pwf

pD tD

t
t

pwf )

ln

n eD
2
1

n eD

tD )
1

ln

4 tD

ln

tD

4tD

ln

4tD

2pD tD

4tD

pD(MBH)

ei

j 2

ca2j
4 kt

tDA

4 tDA

ln CA tD
p

tDA
1

ln

1
4A
r w2

In tDA

r w2
A

ln CA tDA

ln CA
1

(7.31)

170

(7.32)

171

(7.33)

172

(7.34)

173

(7.35)

174

(7.36)

174

(7.37)

174

(7.38)

175

(7.39)

176

(7.40)

176

(7.41)

177

(7.42)

182

(7.43)

182

(7.44)

182

(7.45)

183

(7.46)

183

(7.46)

185

pD tD

4tD

2 tDA

J12

4tD

2 ln

4tD

ln tDA

qnS

tDA

4 kh *
p
q

2 tDA

ln

pD tD

0.0189(3500

tDA

4 kh *
p
q

pD (tD )

ln

2 tD

2
1

pD (tD )

tDj 1

pD (tD
t

4 kh *
p
q

tDA

pD(MBH) tDA

n 1

2 khqt
q cA h

tDj 1

2
n

ln

tDn

tDn

pD ( tD )

ln

pD

ln

2 tDA

pD(MBH) tDA

pD tDA

3
4

2 kh
(pi
q

qn

lnreD

pws )

tD )

qj

qn
2tD
2
reD

qj pD

j 1

pi -pwf n

2 kh

pD(MBH)

pwf n

pD(MBH) tDA

8.632

pD(MBH) (tDA ) 4.5

XLIII

CONTENTS

0.0189 (3500 pwf )

kh
pi pws(LIN)
q Bo

7.08 10-3
tDA

162.6

7.08 10-3

1.151

k abs

pws pi

1.151 log

pD tD

ln

q Bo
kh

psi/log.cycle

kh
(pi pwf )
q Bo
pws(LIN) 1 -hr

pD (tD )

log

k
crw2

pwf

3.23

kro Sw
162.2

7.08 10-3
7.08 10-3

q Bo
t
t
log
kh
t

kh
pi
qn Bo

pws

kh
pi
qn Bo

pws(LIN)

qj

n
j 1

qn

pD tDn

tDj

tn

1.151 log
n
j 1

qj
qn

pD

pD(MBH) (tDA )0.01416

p

p*tn

ptn

162.6

log
log

ts
t
ts

qn Bo
log CA tDA
kh

m log(CA tDAn )

p*tn p*
t

kh
(p* - p)
qn Bo

ptn p
ts
ts

m log

p* p
m
log CA tDA

tn
t

tD

pD tDn

tDj

ln

t
p*tn p* m log n
t

p*

4tD

kt
(t-hours)
cA

0.000264

pD(MBH) (tDA )

2.303 log (CA tDA )

m log CA tDA

4tDn

(7.47)

185

(7.48)

189

(7.49)

189

(7.50)

190

(7.51)

190

(7.52)

191

(7.53)

191

(7.54)

192

(7.55)

193

(7.56)

193

(7.57)

194

(7.58)

195

(7.59)

195

(7.60)

195

(7.61)

195

(7.62)

198

(7.63)

198

XLIV

CONTENTS

log

t
td

td

log

19.1 tDA
pws(LIN) 1 -hr

1.151

pwf

m
4752 4506

1.151 (

log

24.5

4800 pws(LIN)

1.151 log

0.0144

4800 pws(LIN)

1.151 log

0.0288

7.08 10

7.08 10

pD tD

pws

pi

kh
Bo

pD MBH

tD

qj

qn

qn

j 1

q1 0
q3

q2

pwfn
qn

7.08 10

versus

j 1

qj
qn

pD tDn

kh pi pwfn
Bo
qn

pD tD
7.08 10

qj

n
j 1

pwfn

N
j 1

j N 1

j 1

t
pD

tDn

tDj 1

q2

q1
q3

tD2

pD tD3

tD1

tDn

tDj 1

N
j 1

(7.65)

206

(7.66)

207

(7.67)

207

(7.68)

208

(7.69)

209

(7.70)

210

(7.71)

210

qn

log tn

tj

k
cr w2

log

pD(MDH) (tDA )

kh
pi
Bo

qj pD tDN

tDj 1

1.151

ln CA tDA

pD tD 3

q3
pi

2 tDA

pD tD3

q3

202

3.23

.09

tD

ln

pwfn

(7.52)

pD

tDA

kh pi pwf 3
Bo
q3

t
t

25.63

1.151 log
pws

199

3.23

50
.2 1 20 10

0.0144

0.0144 pi

k
crw2

log

(7.64)

qj pD tDN
qj pD
qj pD tDN

tDn

tDn
tDj 1

tDj 1

tDj 1

3.23 0.87S (7.72) 211

(7.73)

212

(7.74)

217

(7.75)

217

qNS
qn

qN S

XLV

CONTENTS

pwfN

pwfn

qn

versus

qN

j N 1

p
1
1
C t

162.6q Bo
m

1.151

T
F

qN

pD

tDn

tDj 1

(7.76)

217

(7.77)

225

(7.78)

226

pwf (1 hr ) pwf
1 1/ C t
m

(7.79)

226

(7.80)

229

(8.1)

241

(8.2)

242

(8.3)

242

p pwf
2

(8.4)

242

3
4

(8.5)

242

(8.6)

242

(8.7)

243

2p

p
(8.8)
r

248

2p

p
(8.9)
t

248

log

k
crw2

3.23

pT
q

p pwf

p pwf

qn

versus log t

kh

pF
q

qj

psi

atm
psi

s.cc / sec r.cc / sec

Mscf / d s.cc / sec
D
cm
2 k mD
h ft
mD
ft

Q Mscf / d

r
711 Q ZT
ln e
rw
khp

3
4

ln

re
rw

3
4

p pwf
2
p pwf
2

p 2 p2wf

pi2

r
1422 Q ZT
ln e
kh
rw

711 Q ZT
4 .000264kt
ln
kh
c i rw2

p2wf

m p

and Z

2S

pdp
Z
pb

Then

and similarly

m p
r
m p
t

XLVI

CONTENTS

1
k
r r
1
r

2p

m p

2p

p
t

t
1
r

1
r

2p

r
m pwf

1422 QT
kh

m pi

m pwf

711 QT
kh

p pwf

dp
dr
m p

m p

m p

m p

249

(8.13)

249

(8.14)

249

(8.15)

250

(8.16)

250

(8.17)

251

(8.18)

252

(8.19)

253

(8.20)

254

(8.21)

254

(8.22)

254

1
re

(8.23)

254

FQ2

(8.24)

254

T
Tsc
re
rw

ln

ln

p pwf

3
4

equivalent to

re
nD

nD

2p
2

dr

rh
re

pq

nD

constant

nD

3.161

2
g sc
2

re

1
rw

h
12

Q2

2
w p w

hr

dr

dr
r2

rw

2
g sc
2

10

r 2h2

rw

constant

pdp

constant

nD

2S

pwf

u2

4 .000264kt
c i rw2

rw

m p

(8.12)

res

248

pq

2psc qsc
re2kh

m p

dp
dr

(8.11)

q
rh c

2
re2kh

m p

or

248

2
e

(8.10)

m p

2p

m p

m p

m p

m p

XLVII

CONTENTS

1422 TQ
kh

ln

re
rw

3
4

FQ2

(8.25)

255

1422 TQ
kh

ln

re
rw

3
4

DQ

(8.26)

255

Fkh
1422T

(8.27)

255

cons tan t
k

(8.28)

256

(8.29)

256

2S

(8.30)

257

(8.31)

257

(8.32)

258

(8.33)

258

(8.34)

258

(8.35)

258

(8.36)

258

(8.37)

259

m p

m pwf

cons tan t
kkrg
m pi

711QT
kh

m pwf

kh
m pi
1422QT
mD tD

mD tD

1
rD rD

ln

ln

rD

mD tD
tDA

m pwf

4A
CA rw2

tDA

0.000264

kh
m p
1422QT
kh
1422T

m pi

mD tD

4tD

mD
rD

mD MBH tDA

4tD

ln

tDA

mD
tD
1

ln

4tD

mD MBH tDA

kt hrs
cA

kh
m p*
711QT
m pwf
m pwfn

m p
mD tD
n
j 1

ln

Qj mD tDn

4A
CA rw2

(8.38)

259

tDj 1

QnSn

(8.39)

260

XLVIII

CONTENTS

mD tDn
Qj

tDj 1
Qj

Qj

mD tD

2 tDA

ln

4tD

mD MBH tDA

(8.40)

260

(8.41)

260

(8.42)

262

(8.43)

263

and
Sn

S DQn

kh
m pi
1422T
Q

C pi2

p2wf

FQn2

m pwfn

Q jmD tDn

j 1

tDj 1

QnS

m pi

m pwf

1422QT
kh

m pi

m pwf

BQ FQ2

(8.44)

263

m pi

m pwfn

versus Qn

(8.45)

263

(8.46)

264

(8.47)

264

(8.48)

265

3.23 .87 S (8.49)

273

(8.50)

275

(8.51)

275

(8.52)

279

(8.53)

279

(8.54)

280

(8.55)

280

Qn

m(pi ) m(pwfn ) FQn2

Qn

m(pi ) m(pwfn ) FQn2

Qn

2.359T
c i Ah

FQn2

m pwf n
Qn

n
j 1

m(pi ) m(pwfn ) FQn2

Qn

mD (tD )

n
j

Qj

j 1

Qn

versus

FQ2

Qj

1 Qn

tj

1422T
kh

ln

4A
CA rw2

tj

106 psia2/cp

m(p) = (0.3457p 414.76)

m pi

4A
CA rw2

ln

Qj

log tn t j

Qn

1422T
kh

Qj

n
j 1

Qn

mD tDn

k
c i rw2

m log

tDj 1

1422T
S
kh

mD(MBH) (tDA )

kh
(m(pi ) m(pws )) mD (tD1
1422Q1T

tD ) mD ( tD )

kh
t
t
(m(pi ) m(pws(LIN) )) 1.151 log 1
1422Q1T
t
m

1637Q1T
kh

S1

S DQ1 1.151

(m(pws(LIN)1 hr ) m(pwf ))
m

mD (tD1 )

log

k
( c)i rw2

ln

4tD1

3.23

XLIX

CONTENTS

1637Q1T
k
log t log
kh
( c)i rw2

m(pi ) m(pwf )

S1

(8.56)

280

(8.57)

280

(8.58)

281

(8.59)

281

(8.60)

281

(8.61)

286

(8.62)

289

Bo
(8.63)
Bg

289

mD(MBH) (tDA )

(8.64)

290

c w Swc

(8.65)

290

(8.66)

291

(8.67)

292

(tD ) S

(8.68)

292

(8.69)

292

(8.70)

292

(8.71)

293

S DQ1 1.151

(m(pi ) m(pwf )1 hr )
k
log
m
( c)i rw2

kh
(m(pi ) m(pwf )) Q1 (mD (tD1
tDmax
1422T
Q2 mD (tD ) Q2S2
kh
(m(pi ) m(pwf ))
1422T
S2

S DQ2
( c)p

tSSS

SSS

tD ) mD ( tDmax

tD ))

(m(pws )1 hr

m(pwf )1 hr

log

k
( c)i rw2

3.23

(tDA )SSS

0.000264k

m (p)

3.23

kh
(m(pi ) m(pws )) Q2 mD (tD ) Q2S2
1422T

1.151
A

3.23 0.87S1

kro (So )
dp
o Bo
pb

or

R Rs

mD (tD )

tDA

So
Rs
Bg
Bo
p

ct
1
r

4tD

ln

Sg Bg

Bo
p

Bg

cf

c
r

1
rD D
rD rD
rD

f(p)

f(p)n

tD

n
j 1

qj

(tDn

tDj 1 ) qnS

(tDn

tDj 1 )

(tD )

(tDn

tDj 1 )

(tD )

tDA
ln

4tD

ln

4tD

D(MBH)

(tDA )

krg
g

kro

CONTENTS

rD

r
ro
kt
cr02

tD

q
2 kh p

qD tD

hcr02 pWD tD

(9.1)

298

(9.2)

298

(9.3)

299

(9.4)

299

We

We

U p WD (tD )

(9.5)

299

2 f hcro2

(9.6)

299

(9.7)

300

(9.8)

300

(9.9)

301

(9.10)

301

(9.11)

301

(9.12)

301

(9.13)

301

(9.14)

302

(9.15)

309

tD

constant

kt
cr02

U = 1.119 f h cro2 (bbl/psi)

kt
cL2

tD = constant

U = .1781 wLh c (bbl/psi)

Radial WD max

Linear WD max

kct

We

2hw

We

3.26 10 3 hw

p1
p2

pj

2
reD

p (ccs)
kct

x p

(bbls)

pi p1
2
p1 p2
2

pj

pj

LI

CONTENTS

p0

pi

p1

p1 p2

p2

p2 p3

pj

pj pj

We T
qw

(pi p1 ) pi p1
2
2
(pi p1 ) (p1 p2 ) pi p2
2
2
2
(p1 p2 ) (p2 p3 ) p1 p3
2
2
2

p1

pi

(p j

pj )

(pj p j 1 ) p j

n 1

J(pa p)

We= c Wi (pi - p a)
pa

We
cWp
i i

pi 1

Wei dpa
pi dt

dWe
dt
pa p
dWe
dt
We

pi p e
J(pi
Wei
(pi
pi

We2

Wei
pa1
pi

Wen

Jpi t / Wei

p)(1 e

Wei
pi
pi

pi 1

Jpi t / Wei

p)e

We1

pa1

We
Wei

pi 1

Jpi t / Wei

p1 (1 e

Jpi t1 / Wei

p2 (1 e

Jpi t2 / Wei

Wei

Wei

Wei
pan 1
pi

pn (1 e

pj

310

(9.17)

310

(9.18)

320

(9.19)

320

(9.20)

320

(9.21)

320

(9.22)

320

(9.23)

321

(9.24)

321

(9.25)

321

(9.26)

321

(9.27)

321

(9.28)

321

p j WD (TD TDj )

j 0

dWe
dt

(9.16)

Jpi tn / Wei

LII

CONTENTS
n 1

pa n 1

Wej

j 1

pi 1

Wei

khw
L

khw
L
qw

dWe
dt

We

J (pi

J(pi

p)

p) dt

(9.29)

322

(9.30)

322

(9.31)

322

(9.32)

323

(9.33)

323

(9.30)

325

(9.34)

329

(9.35)

329

(9.36)

329

(9.37)

330

(9.38)

334

(9.39)

334

(9.40)

334

(9.41)

334

(9.42)

334

7.08 10 3 fkh
r 3
ln e
ro 4

7.08 10
.3889 200 100
.55(In5 .75)
n 2

Wen

Wen

j 0
n 2
j 0

p
Z
Wen

n 2

qn

pn
pwf,n

p j WD TD

tDj

U pn 1WD TD

p j WD TD

tDj

U
pn
2

Gpn
pi
1
Zi
G

j 0

116.5b / d / psi

p j WD TD

2 koh pn

tDn 1

pn WD TD

Wen Ei
G

tDj

pwf,n

rh
oh ln
rw
1

pn

2
1

Np,n

Np,n

Np,n

pn

pwf,n

n 2
j 0

pwf,n
pn

p j WD TD

pn
tDj

pwf,n

pwf,n

U pn 1WD TD

tDn 1

tDn 1

LIII

CONTENTS
n 2

Np,n

p j WD TD

j 0

pn

n 2

2U

tDj

pj WD TD

j 0

Pc

po

pw

1
r1

po

pw

Pc

gH

po

pw

Pc

pw =

g y cos
1.0133 106

Pc Sw

0.4335

qt

qw

qw

kkro A
qt o

Pc
x
w

krw

dPc
dSw

(qw

krw
qw

g sin
1.0133 106

krw

Pc
.4335
x
kro

pwf,n

pn

335

(9.44)

335

(10.1)

338

(10.2)

341

(10.3)

341

(10.4)

342

(10.5)

342

(10.6)

342

(10.7)

344

(10.8)

347

(10.9)

347

(10.10)

347

(10.11)

348

(10.12)

349

(10.13)

349

(10.14)

350

sin

kro

Pc
x

Sw
x
1

(9.43)

pwf,n

cos

g sin
1.0133 106
kro
kkro A
qt o

fw

fw

(psi)

qt o
kkro

kkro

Pc
x

pn

(atm)

y cos

1 1.127 10

qw

kkrw

fw

2Np,n

qi
rw

tDj

gh

Pc (Sw )

qo

pn

1
r2

cos
r

Pc (Sw ) = po

pn

x dx

Sw )

dx

Sw )

LIV

CONTENTS

qw
x
Sw
t
qw
x
qw
Sw

Sw
t

Sw
x

qw
Sw

dx
dt

Wi dfw
A dSw

Sw

Sw

fw

Sw

Wi
x2 A

Swc

(1 Sor )x1
SW

dfw
dSw
Wi
LA

Sw

kkro A
g sin
qt o 1.0133 106
kro
w
1
krw
o

x2

1
dfw
dSw
X2

(1 fw

Swf
1 Sor

Swf

1
dfw
dSw

Sw

Wid
Swe

350

(10.17)

350

(10.18)

350

(10.19)

351

(10.20)

351

(10.21)

352

(10.22)

353

(10.23)

353

dfw
dSw

(10.24)

354

(10.25)

354

(10.26)

354

(10.27)

355

Swf

Swf

Sw d

1 Sor

dfw
dSw

Swf

Swf

(10.16)

Sw dx

dfw
dSw
1 fw

350

Swf

X1

dfw
(1 Sor )
dSw

Swf

(10.15)

qt dfw
A dSw

xS w

Sw

Sw

Sw
x

dx
dt

Sw

dx
dt

v Sw

Sw

Swf

1
Sw

Swe

LV

CONTENTS

Npdbt

qid tbt

Swbt

1
dfw
dSw

(10.28)

356

(10.29)

356

(10.30)

356

(10.31)

356

(10.32)

356

(10.33)

359

(10.34)

360

(10.35)

362

(10.36)

366

(10.37)

367

kkrw A
g sin
6
1.0133 10 qt w

(10.38)

367

4.9 10

(10.39)

367

(10.40)

367

r.cc / sec

(10.41)

368

rb / d

(10.42)

368

(10.43)

369

tbt

Widbt

qid

Swe

Sw

(1 fwe )

1
dfw
dSw

Swe

(1 fwe )Wid

Npd = S w

Swc = (Swe

ut

Bw
1
Bo

qcrit
qcrit
b

1
fw

kro (Swf ) /

Swc) + (1

fwe) W id(PV)

1
o

kro /

krw (Swf ) /

4.39 Wid (years)

o

kkro

M 1

dy
dx

Swe

Ms
t

Swbt

Widbt

Sw

fws

Swc

kkrw

dy
1
dx tan

kkrw A
qt

M 1 G
G

tan

(po

pw )

sin
w

tan

kkrw A
g sin
6
1.0133 10
w (M 1)
4.9 10

Sw Swc
1 Sor Swc

kkrw A
w (M 1)

g sin
1.0133 106

sin

LVI

CONTENTS

krw (S w )

Sw Swc
1 Sor Swc

krw

(10.44)

370

kro (S w )

1 Sor
1 Sor

kro

(10.45)

370

(10.46)

372

(10.47)

372

Sw
Swc

(1 b)kkro A

qo

po
x

b kkrw A

qw

pw
x

fwe

Mbe
1 (M 1)b e

(10.48)

373

be

1
M 1

WiDM 1

(10.49)

373

fwe

M
1
M 1

WiDM

(10.50)

373

(10.51)

374

(10.52)

374

(10.53)

374

(10.54)

374

(10.55)

374

(10.56)

375

(10.57)

377

(10.58)

378

(10.59)

379

(10.60)

379

NpD

1
(2 WiDM
M 1

NpDbt

1
M

WiDmax
NpD

WiD

1)

M
1
G
WiDG
2 WiDM 1
1
M 1
M 1
M 1
1

NpDbt

M G
M
G 1

WiDmax
NpD

0.976 WiD (1 0.520WiD )

NpD

WiD
NpDbt

WiD 1

(h ye )2
2hL tan

NpD
WiDbt

ye
2hL tan
1

h
2L tan

0.535 WiD

0.364

(M 1)
G
(M 1)

LVII

CONTENTS

kkrg A

g sin
6

1.0133 10

qcrit
(M 1)
qt

qt

(10.61)

380

(10.62)

382

(10.63)

382

(10.64)

383

(10.65)

383

(atm)

(10.66)

388

(psi)

(10.67)

388

(10.68)

388

(10.69)

388

(10.70)

388

(10.71)

393

(10.72)

396

hjk j

(10.73)

396

hjk j

(10.74)

397

(10.75)

401

dPc = .4335 (1.04 .81) dz = 0.1 dz

h

Sw

Sw (z)dz

h
h

krw (Sw )

krw (Sw (z))dz

kro (Sw (z))dz

kro (So )

po

pw

Pc

Pc

g
1.0133 106

po

pw

Pc

Pc

0.4335

Pc

g
1.0133 106

Pc

0.4335

Pc

0.1 20 z1 Sor

Sw

h
2
h
2

h1 1Sw1

Swn

j 1

hi

krwn (Swn )

j 1
N

kron (Swn )

j n 1

qt j
whj

hjk jkron

fw
Sw

Sor

Sor

z
z

hj

hjk jkrwn

h
2

h3 3 Sw3

hj j (1 Sor j )

j 1

vj

z1

h2 2 Sw2
j 1

z1

h
2

j n 1

hj jSwc j

N
j 1
N
j 1

LVIII

CONTENTS

k jkrw j

qw

(1 Sorj
qw

Swc j )
w

A dx

x dx

kkrw pw
x
x
w

Sw
t

kkro po
x
x
o

So
t

Pc = po pw
Sw

So

1
( x)2

Sw ) Qw

Qw

Qo

(pseudo capillary pressure)

Sw
t

and

So
t

kkrw
w

n
n 1
w,i 1

(p

n 1
w,i

(pnw,i1 pnw,i1 1 )

i 12

i 12
n 1

t
1
( x)2

kkro
o

n
n 1
o,i 1

(p

n 1
o,i

n 1

1
( x)2

kkro

kkrw
w

kkrw

qw =
n 1
w,i

kkro

pnw 1

Pc ,n (Sw ) pno

n
n 1
o,i

(p

n 1
w,i

(pnw,i1 pnw,i1 1)
i 12

kkro
o

n 1
o,i

407

(10.79)

407

(10.80)

408

(10.81)

408

(10.82)

408

(10.83)

408

(10.84)

409

(S

(10.85)

409

(10.86)

409

(10.87)

413

(10.88)

414

n
o,i

S )

kkro
o

( Pc,i,n 1 Pc,i,n)
i 12

(Pc,i,n1 )

i 12

(pwf pw)
n
w,i

(10.78)

pnw

i 12

407

Swi )

i 12

t
Pc ,n 1(Sw ) pno

(Swi

(pno,i 1 pno,i 11 )

i 12

(10.77)

kkro

401

kkrw

(10.76)

n
w,i

dSw,i

Sw,i )(pwf,i

pnw,i1 )