A chemical element (or element) is a chemical substance consisting of atoms havi

ng the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic numbe
r, Z).[1] There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 9
4 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There
are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusiv
ely radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the
most abundant element (by mass) making up the Earth, while oxygen is the most c
ommon element in the crust of the earth.[2]
Chemical elements constitute approximately 15% of the matter in the universe: th
e remainder is dark matter, the composition of it is unknown, but it is not comp
osed of chemical elements.[3] The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium wer
e mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe
. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by c
osmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation o
f elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur i
n main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen,
silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elem
ents with greater than twenty six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesi
s in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space a
s planetary nebulae, where they may become incorporated into planets when they a
re formed.