111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1Cavitation is likely to occur at the thin

diameter point 1 where

D1 1 in

(there is no cavitation at point 2why because it is open to the atmosphere so

cavitation will not occur here.
To determine if cavitation will occur we have to find the pressure at the point
1.
Therefore The overall flow rate.
By applying Bernoullis equation between the top of the large tank at point 0
and the exit point 2

P0 V02
P2 V22

z0

z2
g 2g
g 2g

2
2
P0 P2 V0 V2

0
z 0 z2
g
2g

From the figure

z0 z 2 h
P0 P2 0(since both exposed to atmosphere)
2

V0 2

V0 2

A2V2
2
V2
A0

be neglected

2
2
P0 P2 V0 V2

0
z 0 z2
g
2g

0 0 0 V2
h

0
g
2g
2

V2 2 gh
The flow rate, Q,
Q A2V2 A2 2 gh

Applying Bernoullis equation between this point 1and the exit point 2 gives.
P1 V12
P2 V22

z1

z2
g 2g
g 2g

2
2
P1 P2 V1 V2

0
z 1 z2
g
2g
2
2
P1 P2 V1 V2

0
z 1 z2
g
2g

Here z1 = z2 and p2 = 0.
Continuity equation
V1 A1 V2 A2

so that we can rewrite this equation as follows.

2
2
P1 P2 V1 V2

0
z 1 z2
g
2g
2
2
P1 P2 V1 V2

z 1 z2
g
2g
2

V2 A2
2

V2
P 0 A1
0 1

0
g
2g
We can use the previous result that

V2 2 2 gh

g
.

V2 A2
2

V2
P1 A1

0
g
2g
V22 A22
V22
2
P1
A
1
0
g
2g
A22
2 1
P1 A1

V22 0

2g
A22
2 1
P1 A1

2 gh 0

2g
P1 A22

1 h 0
A12
Solving this equation for the gage pressure

D24
P1 1 4 h
D1

The absolute pressure

P1abs P1 Patm

D24
1 4 h Patm Pvaccum
D1

Substituting the given data that

D1 1 in, D2 2 in, Patm 14.3 psia, Pv 1.60 psia,
a specific weight of =62.4

lb f
ft 3

4
2 in
ft 2
1 psia in 2 62.4 lb f

1
h 14.3 psia 1.60 psia
144in 2
lb f
ft 3
1
in

6.5 psia
h 12.7 psia
ft
h 1.96 ft
To determine the effects of D1 and D2

we can solve

D24
1 4
D1

/ h Patm Pv

for h.

Note that since D2 > D1 we will be dividing by a negative number so we have

to change the direction of the inequality.
h

Pv Patm
Patm Pv

D24
D24
1 4
1
4
D
D

The above equation shows that increasing D2 or decreasing D1 will increase h.

The physical reasoning for this is as follows.
Neglecting visclous forces, increasing D2 will decrease the overall flow rate
and less material will have to flow through D1 for a given h.
Thus we can increase h. However, with D2 fixed, the flow rate is fixed, and
decreasing D2 increases the flow rate through point 1 thus we would have to
reduce h to avoid cavitation.