Author(s),

Year, Approach/
Title of the Paper
Method/
Technique

Topic/ Scope,
Brief
Descriptions

Strengths,
Weaknesses/
Advantages,
Disadvantages

1.
Ahmad Zakwan

Modeling and

Simulates the

Azizul Fata,

simulating crowd

movement of

Sarudin Kari,

under emergency

pilgrims in

Mohd Shafry

condition is important

performing one of

Mohd Rahim

as it could be used as

Hajj rituals, which

one of the tool to

is Tawaf.

Advantage :The early

findings results shows that it
is able to simulate the rituals
and the crowds to a certain
level of precision
Disadvantage: the algorithm
needs to be revised.

analyze and assess

safety precautions.
The following
subtopics review prior
studies on tawaf crowd
simulation.
2.
John M. Usher *,

A pedestrian navigates

Lesley

based on its reaction to development

Strawderman.

items within the

of ISAPT, an

2010. Simulating

environment. Such

individual-based

Operational

methods include

Intermodal Simulator

Behavior Of

the use of social force

for the Analysis of

Pedestrian

fields, rule based

Pedestrian Traffic.

Navigation

methods, and XZT

space methods.
create plans with

pedestrian simulation

J. Archit.

methods other than

system following a

Plann.2009.

those specified by the

straightforward, highly

Representing

rules and regulations,

userdefinable

Crowd With

especially in the field

pedestrian and spatial

Multi-Agent

of fire safety design.

model.

3.

Model
4.

Describes the

Advantage : individual
steering behaviors were
developed based on the
micro-level pedestrian
behaviors that have been
reported in the literature.
Disadvantage : The
simulation, at this time, is not
able to directly simulate this
behavior in providing a group
type of response to external
stimuli.

Advantage: The advantage of

this method, as opposed to
the simple method which
aims towards a single grid
point with a low potential
value, is that movement
direction is not limited to the
grid point direction.

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7.
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9.
10.
11.
12.