Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jurnal 1
Jurnal 1
INTRODUCERE
Cancerul colorectal reprezint a doua cauz de deces prin cancer n SUA i
Japonia [1], fiind de asemenea o patologie foarte frecvent i n serviciile chirurgicale
din Romnia.
*
178
Articole originale
179
Articole originale
n lotul studiat predomin brbaii, cei mai muli subieci avnd vrsta peste 50
de ani, n general cu 2-3 comorbiditi asociate. S-au prezentat cu abdomen acut
chirurgical 16 pacieni (37.2%), pentru care s-a intervenit chirurgical n primele 12 ore.
Majoritatea subiecilor au avut tumori localizate pe colonul stng (n=39; 90.7%).
Neoplazia a fost descoperit n stadiile II (n=15; 34.9%) i III (n=28; 65.1%), ncadrarea
n sistemul TNM (AJCC/UICC ed. 6) avnd la baz examenul histopatologic n 33 de
cazuri (76.7%), n timp ce la 10 subieci (23.3%), invazia local i/sau comorbiditile
existente au limitat gestul chirurgical doar la rezolvarea complicaiei, cu lsarea tumorii
pe loc i cu o ncadrare stadial rezultat din explorarea intraoperatorie. n nou cazuri
(20.9%) n intervenia iniial s-a tentat o anastomoz per primam, dar apariia unei
fistule anastomotice a impus reintervenia finalizat cu ileo/colostomie (Tabel 2).
Tabel 2
Principalele variabile ale cohortei pacienilor stomizai pentru cancer de colon nemetastatic
(N=43; 2008-2010; Clinicile I-II Chirurgie Sp. Universitar Sf. Spiridon Iai)
Variabilele documentate preoperator
Variabilele tratamentului chirurgical
Sex (n/%)
Moment operator (n/%)
Brbai (n/%)
31/72.1
Urgen primele 0-12 ore
16/37.2
Femei (n/%)
12/27.9
Urgen primele 12-24 ore
15/34.9
Electiv
12/27.9
64.89.34 ani
Vrsta (medie)
(extreme 47-85
ani)
Grupe de vrst (n/%)
Localizarea tumorii (n/%)
2/4.7
Ceco-ascendent
5/11.6
<50 ani
50-59 ani
11/25.6
Transvers
1/2.3
60-69 ani
16/37.2
Descendent
6/14.0
70 ani
14/32.6
Sigmoid
16/37.2
Jonciune rectosigmoidian
15/34.9
Comorbiditi (n/%)
Operaia (n/%)
Anemie
34/79.1
Hemicolectomie dreapt
3/7
Malnutriie
5/11.6
Tranversectomie
1/2.3
Obezitate
6/14.0
Hemicolectomie stng
4/9.3
Insuficien cardiac I-III
33/76.7
Colectomie segmentar tip Hartman 21/41.8
NYHA
Insuficien respiratorie mixt
5/11.6
Amputaie abdomino-perineal
4/9.3
Insuficien hepatic Child A17/39.5
Doar colostomie
8/18.6
B
Retenie azotat fix
8/18.6
Doar ileostomie
1/2.3
Diabet zaharat tip II
2/4.7
Ileotransversoanastomoz
1/2.3
Lsarea tumorii pe loc (n/%)
10/23.3
Nr. comorbiditi/caz (n/%)
Indicaia stomiei (n/%)
1 comorbiditate
7/16.3
De principiu
34/79.1
2 comorbiditi
14/32.6
De necesitate*
9/20.9
3 comorbiditi
14/32.6 Tip stomie (n/%)
4 comorbiditi
7/16.3
Ileostomie
5/11.6
5 comorbiditi
1/2.3
Colostomie
38/88.4
Complicaii postoperatorii precoce
(n/%)
Abdomen acut (n/%)
Infecie plag
4/9.3
Ocluzie
14/32.6
Infecie urinar
4/9.3
Peritonit
2/4.7
Pneumonie
1/2.3
*Pacieni la care s-a efectuat anastomoz per primam dar care au dezvoltat fistul anastomotic
180
Articole originale
181
Articole originale
182
Articole originale
NS
EF
NS
= 0.445
p=0.003
NS
Nr.
comorbiditi
NS
DZ
=
0.471
p=0.001
IR
RF
= -0.344
p=0.024
NS
NS
NS
NS
= -0.330
p=0.031
= 0.436
p=0.003
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
= -0.424
p=0.005
IH
NS
Insuf. resp.
PF
IC
NS
Obezitate
QL
Tumor
lsat
pe
loc
Anemie
Sex
Grupe
Stadiul
vrst
Malnutriie
SCALA EORTC
Comorbiditi
===0.315
0.663 NS NS NS NS NS 0.321
p=0.040 p=0.0001
p=0.036
==0.428
NS
0.455 NS NS NS NS NS
NS
p=0.004
p=0.002
NS
=-0.454
NS NS NS NS NS
p=0.002
NS
NS NS NS NS NS
Chimioterapie
= 0.381
NS NS NS NS NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
p=0.012
coeficientul de corelaie Spearman; NS fr semnificaie statistic; IC insuficien cardiac; IH insuficien hepatic;
IR insuficien renal
SF
NS
NS
NS
Articole originale
Tabel 6
Comparaia dintre calitatea vieii msurate la trei luni de la stomie i cea msurat la trei luni de la
repunerea n circuit
(N=12; 2008-2010; Clinicile I-II Chirurgie Sp. Universitar Sf. Spiridon Iai, test t)
Scor purttori
Scor la
Scor la 3 luni dup
stomie vs. scor
Abreviere
3 luni dup
desfiinarea stomiei
Scala
repui n circuit
EORTC
practicarea stomiei
(medie)
(p)
(medie)
60.48.8
74.97.1
0.004
Statusul global
QL
Statusul
funcional
Fizic
76.67.8
81.17.9
0.001
PF
Ocupaional
52.711.9
83.37.1
0.0001
RF
Emoional
48.616.6
90.94.3
0.00001
EF
Cognitiv
93.08.6
91.27.9
NS
CF
Social
31.911.1
76.38.6
0.0001
SF
Simptome
Astenie
26.813.7
11.113.4
0.003
FA
Grea,
6.98.5
7.36.7
NS
NV
vrsturi
Durere
18.018.0
20.19.3
NS
PA
Dispnee
13.917.1
19.417.1
NS
DY
Insomnie
5.512.9
6.88.4
NS
SL
Inapeten
5.512.9
5.512.9
NS
AP
Constipaie
5.512.9
24.920.7
0.027
CO
Diaree
2.89.6
5.512.9
NS
DI
Dificulti
36.09.6
22.216.4
0.017
FI
financiare
184
Articole originale
DISCUII
Calitatea vieii este un subiect important i intens analizat n studiile clinice dar
n acelai timp exist o experien redus n interpretarea rezultatelor. Studiile de
calitate a vieii sunt n general realizate n scop de cercetare i nu de rutin n clinic.
Cele mai multe lucrri din literatur arat preocuparea medicilor pentru calitatea
vieii pacienilor la distan [5-7] fiind un numr redus al acestora pentru urmrirea
imediat postoperator. Aceste din urm sunt importante prin date furnizate referitoare la
factorii care iniaz procesele psihologice i psihofarmocologice cu rsunet general
asupra vieii pacienilor [8,9]. Studiile arat c interveniile psihologice i farmocologice
pot mbunti calitatea vieii prin scderea morbiditii i a unor probleme cum ar fi
depresia i anxietatea care pot fi tratate cu succes [9,10].
i n studiul nostru, postoperator nivelul statusului global a crescut semnificativ,
iar amplitudinea simptomelor a diminuat semnificativ. Kopp et al. ntr-un studiu realizat
pe 146 pacieni arat o revenire aproape la normal a statusului global cu o recuperare
optimal a pacienilor la ase luni postoperator, dar cu meninerea unui deficit n
scorurile funcional [11]. De asemenea exist cercetri care arat c aceste modificri la
nivelul statusului funcional i psihologic pot persista pn la cinci ani
postoperator [12].
Scorurile obinute prin chestionarea pacientului n perioada preoperatorie sau
imediat postoperatorie pot fi influenate de stresul determinat de investigaiile efectuate,
spitalizare, gravitatea bolii astfel rezultatele neoferind o imagine real asupra nivelului
calitii vieii. Nu exist un gold standard n msurarea calitii vieii, pentru studiul
acesteia fiind disponibile mai multe chestionare, dar datele existente arat c EORTC
QLQ-Q30 este printre cele mai potrivite instrumente de msur, ntruct conine
ntrebri specifice pentru pacientul cu neoplasm precum i modulul de ntrebri
specifice simptomelor colorectale [9,12-14].
Comparativ cu alte studii, vrstnicii din lotul nostru prezint un status emoional
semnificativ mai ridicat fa de ceilali pacieni. Se pare c acest fenomen este
determinat de ateptrile ridicate ale tinerilor, ei simind c au mai mult de pierdut
comparativ cu cei mai n vrst, precum i din cauza impactului determinat de afeciune
i actul medical n viaa acestora [15]. Pe de alt parte btrnii au ateptri conforme cu
bogata lor experien de via [16]. Un concept interesant n nelegerea calitii vieii
este faptul c simptome identice pot avea impact variabil la oameni diferii, persoanele
pot avea ateptri diferite i s nu cuantifice identic calitatea vieii la cel puin dou
interogri succesive derulate chiar n condiii similare [17].
De asemenea, jumtate dintre studii sunt prospective i se reduc la analiza
efectelor unui tratament individual (chirurgical, oncologic, etc.) [13,14,16,18,19]. n
studiul nostru, aplicarea chestionarului la trei luni postoperator, interval care include i
tratamentul oncologic, am analizat practic calitatea vieii pacienilor n cursul unui
tratament multimodal.
Pacienii cu stadiu avansat de boal dezvolt postoperator un numr mai mare de
complicaii i implicit calitatea vieii acestora este mai sczut comparativ cu a altor
pacieni. De asemenea s-a observat un nivel crescut de citokine (IL-6, IL-2 i TNF) [20]
care ar fi implicate n apariia depresiei la aceti pacieni, astfel ei prezentnd o scdere
a statusului global, social i ocupaional.
La pacienii cu stom, scorurile de calitate a vieii arat o scdere dramatic a
acesteia n perioada imediat postoperatorie cu o revenire treptat a acesteia spre normal
pe msur ce pacientul se familiarizeaz cu boala [14,21-23]. Prezena stomiei la btrni
185
Articole originale
2.
3.
4.
5.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Kobayashi H, Mochizuki H, Morita T, Kotake K, Teramoto T, Kameoka S, Saito Y, Takahashi
K, Hase K, Oya M, Maeda K, Hirai T, Kameyama M, Shirouzu K, Sugihara K. Characteristics of
recurrence after curative resection for T1 colorectal cancer: Japanese multicenter study. J
Gastroenterol 2011; 46(2): 203-211.
Ansaloni L, Andersson RE, Bazzoli F, Catena F, Cennamo V, Di Saverio S, Fuccio L, Jeekel H,
Leppniemi A, Moore E, Pinna AD, Pisano M, Repici A, Sugarbaker PH0, Tuech J-J.
Guidelenines in the management of obstructing cancer of the left colon: consensus conference of
the world society of emergency surgery (WSES) and peritoneum and surgery (PnS) society.
World J Emerg Surg 2010; 5: 29.
Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ, Filiberti A, Fletchner H,
Fleishman SB, de Haes JCJM, Kaasa S, Klee MC, Osoba D, Razavi D, Rofe PB, Schraub S,
Sneeuw KCA, Sullivan M, Takeda F: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of
Cancer QLQ-C30: A quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology.
Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993; 85: 365-376.
Fayers PM, Aaronson NK, Bjordal K, Groenvold M, Curran D, Bottomley S, on behalf of the
EORTC Quality of life Group. The EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual (3rd Edition). European
Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels 2001.
Engel J, Kerr J, Schlesinger-Raab A, Eckel R, Sauer H, Holzel D. Quality of life in rectal cancer
patients: a four-year prospective study. Ann Surg 2003; 238(2): 203213.
186
Articole originale
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Camilleri-Brennan J, Steele RJ. Prospective analysis of quality of life and survival following
mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2001; 88(12): 16171622.
Anthony T, Jones C, Antoine J, Sivess-Franks S, Turnage R. The effect of treatment for
colorectal cancer on long-term health-related quality of life. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8(1): 4449.
Wolinsky FD, Unverzagt FW, Smith DM, Jones R, Stoddard A, Tennstedt SL. The ACTIVE
Cognitive Training Trial and Health-Related Quality of Life: Protection That Lasts for 5 Years. J
Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61(12): 13241329.
Antoni MH, Wimberly SR, Lechner SC, Kazi A, Sifre T, Urcuyo KR, Phillips K, Smith RG,
Petronis VM, Guellati S, Wells KA, Blomberg B, Carver CS. Reduction of cancer-specific
thought intrusions and anxiety symptoms with a stress management intervention among women
undergoing treatment for breast cancer. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(10): 17911797.
Walker LG, Walker MB, Ogston K, Heys SD, Ah-See AK, Miller ID, Hutcheon AW, Sarkar TK,
Eremin O. Psychological, clinical and pathological effects of relaxation training and guided
imagery during primary chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 1999; 80(1-2): 262268.
Kopp I, Bauhofer A, Koller M. Understanding quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer:
comparison of data from a randomised controlled trial, a population based cohort study and the
norm reference population. Inflamm Res 2004; 53(suppl 2): S130S135.
Graf W, Ekstrm K, Glimelius B, Pahlman L. A pilot study of factors influencing bowel function
after colorectal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39(7): 744749.
Wolinsky FD, Unverzagt FW, Smith DM, Jones R, Stoddard A, Tennstedt SL. The ACTIVE
cognitive training trial and health-related quality of life: protection that lasts for 5 years. J
Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61(12): 13241329.
Engel J, Kerr J, Schlesinger-Raab A, Eckel R, Sauer H, Hlzel D. Quality of life in rectal cancer
patients: a four-year prospective study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2003; 12(3): 215-223.
Ramsey SD, Berry K, Moinpour C. Quality of life in long term survivors of colorectal cancer.
Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97(5): 1228-1234.
Carr AJ, Gibson B, Robinson PG. Measuring quality of life: is quality of life determined by
expectations or experience? Br Med J 2001; 322(7296): 12401243.
Carr AJ, Higginson IJ. Measuring quality of life: are quality of life measures patient centered?.
Br Med J 2001; 322(7298): 1357-1360.
Scieszka M, Zielinski M, Machalski M, Herman ZS. Quality of life in cancer patients treated by
chemotherapy. Neoplasma 2000; 47(6): 396399.
Anthony T, Long J, Hynan LS. Surgical complications exert a lasting effect on disease-specific
healthrelated quality of life for patients with colorectal cancer. Surgery 2003; 134(2): 119125.
Allen-Mersh TG, Glover C, Fordy C, Henderson DC, Davies M. Relation between depression
and circulating immune products in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J R Soc Med 1998;
91(8): 408413.
OLeary DP, Fide CJ, Foy C, Lucarotti ME. Quality of life after low anterior resection with total
mesorectal excision and temporary loop ileostomy for rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 2001; 88(9):
12161220.
Grumann MM, Noack EM, Hoffmann IA, Schlag PM. Comparison of quality of life in patients
undergoing abdominoperineal extirpation or anterior resection for rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2001;
233(2): 149156.
Camilleri-Brennan J, Steele RJ. Objective assessment of morbidity and quality of life after
surgery for low rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2002; 4(1): 6166
Udekwu P, Gurkin B, Oller D, Lapio L, Bourbina J. Quality of life and functional level in elderly
patients surviving surgical intensive care. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193(3): 245249.
Wilson TR, B.Sc., Alexander DJ, Kind P. Measurement of health-related quality of life in the
early follow-up of colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49(11): 1692-1702.
Mastracci TM, Hendren S, OConnor B, McLeod RS. The impact of surgery for colorectal
cancer on quality of life and functional status in the elderly. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49(12):
1878-1884.
Podnos YD, Juarez G, RN, Pameijer C, Choi K, Ferrell BR, Wagman LD. Impact of surgical
palliation on quality of life in patients with advanced malignancy: results of the decisions and
outcomes in palliative surgery (DOPS) trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14(2): 922928.
Ferrell BR, Chu DZ, Wagman L, Juarez G, Borneman T, Cullinane C, McCahill LE. Online
exclusive: patient and surgeon decision making regarding surgery for advanced cancer. Oncol
Nurs Forum 2003; 30(6): E106114.
187