This document contains a study guide for an astronomy assignment covering Chapters 4 and 5, with questions about light and energy, gravity, orbits, and tides. It includes 37 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about these topics, with diagrams illustrating concepts like energy levels in atoms, stellar spectra, and the Moon's gravitational effect on Earth's tides.
Zero Point Energy Per Stereo Radian and the Distribution of Gravitational Acceleration of Planets Throughout the Solar System.: The Origin and Cause of Gravitation
This document contains a study guide for an astronomy assignment covering Chapters 4 and 5, with questions about light and energy, gravity, orbits, and tides. It includes 37 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about these topics, with diagrams illustrating concepts like energy levels in atoms, stellar spectra, and the Moon's gravitational effect on Earth's tides.
This document contains a study guide for an astronomy assignment covering Chapters 4 and 5, with questions about light and energy, gravity, orbits, and tides. It includes 37 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about these topics, with diagrams illustrating concepts like energy levels in atoms, stellar spectra, and the Moon's gravitational effect on Earth's tides.
This document contains a study guide for an astronomy assignment covering Chapters 4 and 5, with questions about light and energy, gravity, orbits, and tides. It includes 37 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about these topics, with diagrams illustrating concepts like energy levels in atoms, stellar spectra, and the Moon's gravitational effect on Earth's tides.
1. The light from Polaris travels through space in the form of
_______ energy. 2. Rapidly moving comets have more _____ energy than slowly moving ones. 3. An apple contains ______ energy that your body can convert into other forms energy. 4. Nuclear fusion in stars converts some of the _____-energy of hydrogen nuclei into light and heat. 5. Due to its much higher density, water heated to 80 degrees (Celsius) contains more ______ energy than air at the same temperature. 6. An asteroid that is moving farther from the Sun is gaining ______________ energy.: 1. radiative 2. kinetic 3. chemical potential 4. mass 5. thermal 6. gravitational potential
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Compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus:: is very
tiny but has most of the mass. Compared to its angular momentum when it is farthest from the Sun, Earth's angular momentum when it is nearest to the Sun is: the same.
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Compared to red light, blue light has higher frequency and:
higher energy and shorter wavelength. Consider Earth and the Moon. As you should now realize, the gravitational force that Earth exerts on the Moon is equal and opposite to that which the Moon exerts on Earth. Therefore, according to Newton's second law of motion __________.: the Moon has a larger acceleration than Earth, because it has a smaller mass The diagrams below are the same as those from Part A. This time, rank the atoms based on the wavelength of the photon emitted as the electrons change energy levels, from longest to shortest.:
According to the laws of thermal radiation, hotter objects
emit photons with _________.: a shorter average wavelength According to the universal law of gravitation, if you triple the distance between two objects, then the gravitational force between them _________.: decreases by a factor of 9 The animation shows a collapsing cloud of interstellar gas, which is held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of all the atoms and molecules that make up the cloud. As the cloud collapses, the overall force of gravity drawing the cloud inward __________ because __________.: *(Blank 1) gradually becomes stronger *(Blank 2) the strength of gravity follows an inverse square law with distance
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The diagrams below each show the motion of a distant star
relative to Earth (not to scale). The red arrows indicate the speed and direction of the star's motion: Longer arrows mean faster speed. Rank the stars based on the Doppler shift that we would detect on Earth, from largest blueshift, through no shift, to largest redshift.:
As the cloud shrinks in size, its central temperature __________
as a result of __________.: *(Blank 1) increases *(Blank 2) gravitational potential energy being converted to thermal energy As the cloud shrinks in size, its rate of rotation __________ because __________.: *(Blank 1) speeds up *(Blank 2) its total angular momentum is conserved The circles in the diagrams below represent energy levels in an atom, and the arrows show electron (blue dot) transitions from one energy level to another. (The spacing between circles represents differences in energy: A larger spacing means a greater difference in energy.) Assuming that the transitions occur as photons are emitted, rank the atoms based on the photon energy, from highest to lowest.:
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The diagrams below show the same set of energy levels as in
Parts A and B, but with a different set of electron transitions (notice that the arrows are now different). Assuming that these electron transitions were caused by the absorption of a photon, rank the atoms based on the energy of the absorbed photon, from highest to lowest.:
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Each diagram below shows a pair of spectra with a set of
spectral lines. The top spectrum always shows the lines as they appear in a spectrum created in a laboratory on Earth ("Lab") and the bottom spectrum shows the same set of lines from a distant star. The left (blue/violet) end of each spectrum corresponds to shorter wavelengths and the right (red) end to longer wavelengths. Rank the five stars based on the Doppler shifts of their spectra, from largest blueshift, through no shift, to largest redshift.:
The following diagrams are the same as those from Part A.
Again considering only the two objects shown in each pair, this time rank the strength, from strongest to weakest, of the gravitational force acting on the object on the right.:
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The following diagrams are the same as those from Part A.
This time, rank the pairs from left to right based on the size of the acceleration the asteroid on the left would have due to the gravitational force exerted on it by the object on the right, from largest to smallest.:
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The following five diagrams show pairs of astronomical
objects that are all separated by the same distance d. Assume the asteroids are all identical and relatively small, just a few kilometers across. Considering only the two objects shown in each pair, rank the strength, from strongest to weakest, of the gravitational force acting on the asteroid on the left.:
The gravitational potential energy of a contracting
interstellar cloud: gradually transforms into other forms of energy. An important line of hydrogen occurs at a rest wavelength (as measured in a laboratory) of 656 nm (a nanometer (nm) is a billionth of a meter). Each diagram below has this line labeled with its wavelength in the spectrum of a distant star. Rank the motion of the stars along our line of sight (radial motion) based on their speed and direction, from moving fastest toward Earth, through zero (not moving toward or away from Earth), to moving fastest away from Earth.:
The light blue region represents tidal bulges. In what way
are these bulges drawn inaccurately?: They should be much smaller compared to Earth. Listed following are various physical situations that describe how light interacts with matter. Match these to the appropriate category.: Transmission: *visible light meets clear glass *cell phone signals pass through walls Absorption: *blue light hits a red sweatshirt *visible light does not pass through a black wall Reflection or Scattering: *red light hits a red sweatshirt *white light hits a white piece of paper Emission: light comes from a light bulb *light comes from your computer screen Match the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blank in the sentences in the right-hand column. Use each word only once.: Q&A Below
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represents how the Moon causes tides on Earth; the
diagram looks down from above the North Pole, so the numbers 1 through 4 label points along Earth's equator.:
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The set of spectral lines that we see in a star's spectrum
depends on the star's:: chemical composition Shown following are five different colors of visible light that travel to Earth from the Sun. Rank these colors of visible light from left to right based on the altitude in the atmosphere where they are completely absorbed, from highest to lowest (Earth's surface). If two (or more) of the choices reach the surface, rank them as equal by dragging one on top of the other(s).:
Shown following are six different types of light that travel
to Earth from the Sun. Rank these types of light from left to right based on the altitude in the atmosphere where they are completely absorbed, from highest to lowest (Earth's surface). If two (or more) of the choices reach the same altitude or the surface, rank them as equal by dragging one on top of the other(s).:
A star whose spectrum peaks in the infrared is:: cooler than
our Sun.
Suppose that the Sun were to collapse from its current
radius of about 700,000 km to a radius of only about 6000 km (about the radius of Earth). What would you expect to happen as a result?: A tremendous amount of gravitational potential energy would be converted into other forms of energy and the Sun would spin much more rapidly. Suppose that two asteroids are orbiting the Sun on nearly identical orbits, and they happen to pass close enough to each other to have their orbits altered by this gravitational encounter. If one of the asteroids ends up moving to an orbit that is closer to the Sun, what happens to the other asteroid?: It will end up on an orbit that is farther from the Sun. What do the three black arrows represent?: the Moon's gravitational force at different points on Earth What time is it at point 1?: cannot be determined from the information in the figure.
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Where is it high tide?: points 1 and 3
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Where is it low tide?: points 2 and 4
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Which forms of light are lower in energy and frequency
than the light that our eyes can see?: infrared and radio Why is a sunflower yellow?: It reflects yellow light. Why is Newton's version of Kepler's third law so useful to astronomers?: It can be used to determine the masses of many distant objects.
Zero Point Energy Per Stereo Radian and the Distribution of Gravitational Acceleration of Planets Throughout the Solar System.: The Origin and Cause of Gravitation