Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

BI GING MN HC

BI DNG NGHIP V KHO ST, TNH TON

THY VN THY LC CNG TRNH GIAO THNG
Ging vin: Nguyn ng Phng
n v:
B mn Thy lc Thy vn,
trng H Giao thng Vn ti
Mc tiu mn hc: Nhm trang b cc kin thc t tng quan n chi tit v cng tc
kho st, tnh ton thy lc, thy vn cng nh vic d bo thy lc, thy vn cng trnh giao
thng. Ngoi ra, cn hng dn phng php tnh xi chung, xi cc b di cu trong kho
st thy lc, thy vn cng trnh.
i tng hc: Cc k s, cn b k thut lm vic trong cc Cng ty Kho st Thit
k T vn giao thng, cc cn b qun l cng trnh giao thng; cc sinh vin ngnh Xy
dng cng trnh sau khi hc xong cc mn hc Thy vn cng trnh.

Bi 1:
TNG QUAN V CNG TC KHO ST, TNH TON THY
LC, THY VN CNG TRNH GIAO THNG.
I.

Ni dung cng tc kho st ng t:

- Kho st tuyn.
- Kho st thy vn.
- Kho st a cht cng trnh.
- iu tra kinh t - x hi.
- Kho st mi trng.
II.
Ni dung cng tc kho st thy vn ng t:
Thit k cc cng trnh cu, ng c thnh lp trn c s kt hp kt qu ca cng
tc o c, a cht, thy vn. Tp hp ton b cc cng vic trn gi l kho st ng t.
Danh mc v khi lng ti liu khu vc xy dng cn phi tp hp trong thi gian
kho st c xc nh bng ni dung ca n xy dng.
Trong thit k phi xc nh tt c cc kch thc c bn ca cng trnh vt sng,
m bo sc chu ng ca cng trnh di tc dng ph hoi ca dng chy, khng hn ch
vic s dng bnh thng dng nc vo cc mc ch kinh t khc (thng thuyn, cp nc,
cung cp nng lng, ...), ng thi m bo chi ph nh nht cho cng trnh vt sng.
cho vic la chn v tr vt sng c c s phi thu thp hay bin son bn a
hnh y trn c s o c v nhng hiu bit chung v l ni la chn PA vt sng.
xc nh cc kch thc c bn ca cng trnh, cn phi tnh thy lc v tnh lng
sng mt cch chi tit trn c s c s liu y v chnh xc c trng ca sng (chiu su,
chiu rng mt ct ngang sng, cc ch tiu v din bin lng sng, dao ng mc nc v
lu lng).
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

Cn c vo cc nhim v trn s c gii quyt trong qua trnh thit k, lc kho st

phi lm cc cng vic sau:
- o v a hnh, vch tuyn, o v bnh , o v mt ct.
- iu tra thy vn: thu thp cc s liu c trng cho ch dng chy, iu tra
hnh thi thung lng on sng.
- Cng tc o c thy vn: o v bnh y sng, xc nh tc dng chy, lu
lng nc, cc c trng din bin dng sng.
- Nghin cu a cht cng trnh: thnh lp mt ct a cht, iu tra t , nghin
cu a cht thy vn, iu tra VLXD, ...
- Cc cng tc khc: mi quan h tng h ca cng trnh vi cc cng trnh khc
trn sng, quy nh v thng thuyn, ...
III.
Cc ti liu kh tng thy vn:
1.
Cc ngun ti liu thy vn sn c ( cc trm KTTV hay Tng cc KTTV):
- Ti liu o c thy vn do Tng cc KTTV chnh bin v xut bn di hnh
thc nin gim v s c trng.
- Ti liu KTTV ca cc trm ring trn khu vc xy dng:
+ Lu lng ln nht hng nm.
+ Quan h Lu lng ~ Mc nc.
+ Quan h Lu lng ~ Lu tc.
+ Lng ma ngy ln nht hng nm.
- Ti liu iu tra kho st thy vn vng cng trnh.
- c im KTTV (nhit , m, gi) cc tnh, TP trong c nc.
2.
Cc ti liu cn thu thp ti khu vc xy dng:
a) iu tra mc nc:
Trong G kho st, cng tc iu tra mc nc phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Dc theo sng, mc nc iu tra cc a im ri u c hai b.
- i vi cc v tr cng, phi iu tra t nht mt im ti v tr d nh lm cng.
- Ti mi im, phi iu tra c 3 trn l ln nht xy ra trong lch s, mc
nc l bnh qun v mc nc l nh nht.
- i vi tng trn l phi phn tch tnh chnh xc v ghi y v nm thng xut
hin, nhng hin tng quan trng xy ra khi c l.
- V tr cc mc nc l phi c nh du bng sn, ghi r nm pht sinh v c s
ha.
iu tra mc nc c tin hnh theo 3 phng php:
- iu tra v su tm ti cc c quan a phng nh: trm bm, n v qun l
ng, bn ph, bn cng, ...
- Phng vn nhn dn a phng sng lu nm.
- Da vo cc vt l cn lu li cc a hnh.

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

b) o c hnh thi:
- Lp bnh hnh thi:
+ T l bnh :
Chiu rng sng sui (m)
T l
< 50
1:500
50 200
1:1000
200 500
1:2000
> 500
1:5000
+ Phm vi o v: o v thng lu 1.5 chiu rng sng khi ngp trn v o v h lu
0.75 chiu rng sng khi mc nc cao hn nc l cao nht 1 - 2 m.
+ Yu cu o v: trn bnh hnh thi phi th hin:
V tr cc mc nc iu tra.
ng bao cc khu dn c, c quan, ng rung, ...
ng b sng, , ng mp nc hai bn v ng y sng.
V tr tim cng trnh.
- o mt ct hnh thi:
+ V tr mt ct hnh thi:
Mt ct hnh thi phi nm trn on sng thng, vung gc vi dng chy v
trong phm vi c mc nc iu tra.
Hnh dng mt ct tt nht nn chn l mt ct dng parabol hay ch V, khng
phi l khu vc nc t v khng ch ton b dng chy khi c l ln nht.
Mt ct n nh, khng c hin tng xi bi v st l b sng.
+ S lng mt ct hnh thi: t nht l 3 mt ct.
+ Yu cu o v: Phn nh ng a hnh tuyn o.
- o mt ct dc sng sui:
c) iu tra tnh trng b mt lu vc:
- Th st b mt lu vc: xem xt mc che ph trn b mt lu vc, loi lu vc,
tnh hnh ao h m ly trn lu vc, ... t quyt nh la chn h s dng
chy, h s nhm b mt lu vc, h s trit gim lu lng trn lu vc cho ph
hp.
- Quan st tnh trng lng sng xc nh phn lng sng, bi sng ph hp, ng
thi l c s xc nh h s nhm lng sng.
3.
Cc ti liu khc:
- Bn a hnh c t l ln (1/10.000, 1/25.000, 1/50.000 hay 1/100.000). Trn
bn ny phi c cc v tr cng trnh khoanh lu vc.
IV. H thng vn bn lin quan n cng tc KSTTTLTV.
- Tnh ton cc c trng dng chy l 22TCN220 95.
- Quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn 22TCN18 - 79.
- ng t - Yu cu thit k TCVN4054 - 1998, 2005.
- Tiu chun thit k ng t 22TCN273 2001, 2005.
- S tay tnh ton thy vn, thy lc cu ng B GTVT - 2006.
- Quy trnh kho st ng t 22TCN263 2000.

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

Bi 2:
H S KHO ST, TNH TON THY VN, THY LC
CC CNG TRNH GIAO THNG
PHN I: THUYT MINH
I. GII THIU CHUNG
II. C IM THY VN LU VC
III. PHN TCH TNH TON THY VN, THY LC
IV. PHN TCH THY LC CU
V. PHN TCH THY LC CNG
VI. PHN TCH THY LC CC CNG TRNH KHC
PHN II: KT QU TNH TON
1. Kt qu tnh ton thy vn
2. Kt qu tnh ton thy lc cu
3. Kt qu tnh ton thy lc cng
PH LC
Ph lc 1: S liu ma v xy dng ng tn sut ma ti trm X, tnh Y
Ph lc 2: Tnh ton thy vn, thy lc cu
Ph lc 3: Tnh ton thy vn, thy lc cng thot nc
Ph lc 4: Biu iu tra mc nc
Ph lc 5: Bn khoanh lu vc

Bi 3:
PHNG PHP THNG K XC SUT TRONG THY VN
I.

C s ca phng php:
Phng php TKXS da vo c im ca cc hin tng thy vn l c tnh ngu
nhin v tnh chu k tng i. Xut pht t tnh ngu nhin ca cc hin tng thu vn,
ngi ta p dng mt s khi nim v phng php trong l thuyt thng k xc sut
tm ra quy lut thng k ca cc c trng thu vn, xc nh tr s thit k cho cc cng
trnh.
II.
ng tn sut:
1. Tn sut v tn sut tch ly:
Tn sut: tn sut xut hin ca bin c A l t s gia s ln xut hin ca bin c A
vi tng s ln thc nghim (s nm o c).
p = f/n
f - s ln xut hin ca bin c A trong n ln thc nghim (s nm o c).
Tn sut tch ly: l t s gia tng s ln xut hin ca bin c c tr s ln hn hay
bng bin c A vi tng s ln thc nghim (s nm o c).
2. ng tn sut:
ng cong biu din mi quan h gia bin c v tn sut ca n gi l ng mt
tn sut. Cn biu din mi quan h gia bin c vi tn sut tch ly gi l ng tn sut
tch ly (thng gi l ng tn sut).
ng tn sut xy dng t cc s liu o c gi l ng tn sut kinh nghim. T
ng tn sut kinh nghim, chn mt hm ton xc sut xy dng s c ng tn sut
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

l lun. Hai ng tn sut ny phi v trn cng mt h trc ta , v c coi l ph hp

vi nhau khi hai ng ny st nhau.
3. Cch xy dng ng tn sut:
tnh ng tn sut l lun c nhiu phng php tnh khc nhau nh:
- Phng php m men.
- Phng php thch hp dn.
- Phng php tch hp ti a.
- Phng php v ng c im mmen
- Phng php 3 im Alecxayev.
- Phng php un thng.
- Phng php gin ho 3 im.
III.
Gii thiu chng trnh tnh v v ng tn sut:

Bi 4:
TNH LU LNG THIT K
THEO PHNG PHP HNH THI LU VC
Hin nay nc ta bn cnh cc cng thc ca nc ngoi c ng dng tnh
ton nh cc cng thc ca Bnakp, Alchxp, Xklpxki, cng thc ca Vin nghin
cu thu li Bc Kinh. Mt s tc gi trong nc cng a ra cng thc tnh ton mi hoc
da theo cc cng thc ca nc ngoi nhng cc thng s xc nh theo ti liu trong nc:
Tng Cng ty T vn thit k Giao thng vn ti, Cc Thu li, Trng i hc Thu li,
i hc Xy dng...
tnh lu lng nh l thit k, tu theo din tch lu vc m s dng mt trong
cc cng thc sau tnh ton:
I.
Vi lu vc nh:
i vi lu vc c din tch nh hn 100km2 p dng cng thc Cng thc cng
gii hn (Tiu chun 22 TCN 220-95).
Q P = AP H P F
trong :
QP: lu lng nh l ng vi tn sut thit k P%, m3/s.
HP: lng ma ngy ln nht ng vi tn sut thit k P% ca trm i biu cho lu
vc tnh ton, mm (Trong tnh ton cn cp nht chui s liu ma ca trm i biu n thi
im tnh)
: h s dng chy l, tu thuc vo loi t cu to nn lu vc, lng ma ngy
thit k (HP) v din tch lu vc (F);
AP: m uyn dng chy nh l ng vi tn sut thit k tu thuc vo c trng a
mo thu vn ca lng sng ls, thi gian tp trung dng chy trn sn dc sd v vng ma;
: h s xt ti nh hng lm gim nh lu lng nh l do ao h;
F: din tch lu vc, km2;
VD1:

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

II.

Vi lu vc va:
i vi lu vc c din tch ln hn 100km2 c th s dng cng thc trit gim,
cng thc Xklpxki.
Cng thc Xklpxki.
0,278( H T H 0 )
QP =
. . f .F . + Qng
tl
trong :
F: din tch lu vc, km2;
: h s dng chy xem bng sau:
Bng tra , H0
Khu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

a danh
Lu vc sng Nm Rn v thng ngun sng M
Lu vc sng , sng Thao
Cc lu vc thng ngun sng L, sng Chy
Sng Gm, h lu sng L, sng Ph y
Lu vc sng Cu, sng Thng, sng Trung,
sng Bng Giang, Bc Giang.
Lu vc sng K Cng, sng Lc Nam
Lu vc cc sng Qung Ninh
Lu vc cc sng t sng Chu - sng Hng
Lu vc cc sng t Thu Bn - sng Ci
Lu vc cc sng S San v sng Srpk
Lu vc cc sng ng Nai, sng B

0,65
0,81
0,82
0,66
0,77

H0(mm)

0,86
0,89
0,92
0,86
0,76
0,64

19
15
21
16
21
25

20
22
20
26
22

HT: lng ma thi on tnh ton ng vi thi gian tp trung dng chy, mm;
H0: lp nc ma tn tht ban u, mm (xc nh theo bng trn);
f: h s hnh dng l, sng khng c bi f=1,20; sng c bi thot c di 25% Q
th f=1,0; sng c bi thot c trn 50% Q th f=0,75; ngoi ra c th tham kho bn
phn khu f
Qng: lu lng nc trong sng trc khi c l, c th ly bng lu lng nc bnh
qun nhiu nm i vi lu vc ln, hoc c th b qua i vi lu vc nh;
tl: thi gian l ln, theo ngh ca Xklpxki ly bng thi gian tp trung dng
chy trong sng. Khi khng c ti liu ma v dng chy th c th tnh theo cng thc:
K .L
tl = n
( h)
3,6vtb
trong :
L: chiu di dng chnh tnh t ngun ti mt ct tnh ton, km;
Kn: h s, i vi ma ro ngn Kn = 1,0; i vi ma c thi gian ln hn ngy m
Kn = 1,3 1,6;
vtb: vn tc trung bnh dng chy trong thi gian l ln, ly bng (0,6 - 0,7) vn tc
bnh qun ln nht mt ct sng tnh ton ( v max ) xc nh theo ti liu quan trc lu vc
tng t, m/s;
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

HT: lng ma thit k tnh theo thi gian tp trung dng chy ( = 60*tl, pht):
H T = H = H np
: to ng cong trit gim ma ng vi thi gian ma thit k ly bng , xem
ph lc 4-11;
Hnp : lng ma ngy ng vi tn sut thit k P.
i vi lu vc va v ln cn xt trit gim ca lng ma theo din tch.
HT
H 'T =
(mm)
1 + KT F m
KT v m xc nh theo T
T 1440 ph
=>
KT = 0,001 v m = 0,80
T > 1440 ph
=>
KT = 0,002 v m = 0,60
F 100 km2
=>
H'T = HT
: h s trit gim nh l do h ao m ly, rng;
VD2:

Bi 5:
XY DNG QUAN H LU LNG V MC NC
Xy dng quan h lu lng v mc nc Q ~ H ng vi cc cp mc nc ti cc
mt ct thu vn theo cng thc Sdi Maninh v t quan h Q ~ H xc nh mc nc thit
k:
1
Q = R 2 / 3i1 / 2
n
trong :
R: bn knh thy lc, R = /P
: din tch mt ct ngang.
P: chu vi t.
n: h s nhm.
i: dc mt nc sng ng vi cp mc nc tnh ton.
VD:

Bi 6:
KHI NIM V XI DI CU V KHU CU
I.

Khi nim
i vi cu vt sng, xi ton din di cu thng bao gm ba loi c bn:

Xi t nhin: do s bin dng (xi v bi) t nhin ca lng sng, khng ph thuc
vo s c mt ca cng trnh trn sng m ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh ch thu
vn, iu kin a cht, s khai thc ngun nc v.v...;

Xi chung: do dng chy trn sng b cu thu hp (hin nay c nhiu ti liu thng
gi l xi thu hp; thng nht tn, sau y vn gi l xi chung nh dng);

Xi cc b: do tr v m cu cn dng nc, xy ra st chn cng trnh, h xi c

dng hp v su.
Nu ba loi xi ny xy ra ng thi ti mt ni, th d ti chn tr cu th nh hng
ca xi theo nguyn l cng tc dng l tng s hc ca ba loi xi thnh phn.
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

Bridge Scour RS = 1.105

40

Legend
WS PF 1

30

Ground
Bank Sta

Elevation (m)

20

Contr Scour
Total Scour

10

-10

-20
500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Station (m)

II.

Xi chung di cu:
Xi chung lng dn t nhin hoc khu vc cu c lin quan ti s chuyn ng
ca vt liu y v b sng trn ton b hoc phn ln b rng sng, l kt qu gia tng ca
tc dng chy v ng sut tip y sng.
S thu hp dng chy do nn ng dn u cu chon vo bi hoc lng chnh l
nguyn nhn ch yu nht ca xi chung.
Cc yu t khc c th gy ra xi chung l: s thu hp dng chy t nhin; nn ng
p dn vo cu lm thu hp dng chy; c, rc chn dng chy; hoc lp ph thc vt mc
trn phn lng dn hoc bi sng v.v...
Xi chung xy ra khi mt ct dng chy l b thu hp do c hai nguyn nhn: t nhin
hoc do cu. V dng chy c tnh lin tc nn khi gim nh tit din dng chy, s lm tng
lu tc trung bnh v ng sut tip y trn on sng b thu hp. V th, khi c s gia tng
lc o xi khu vc thu hp dng chy th s c cc vt liu y b dng nc mang i
nhiu hn l c mang t thng lu v. Khi cao y sng h xung, din tch thot nc
tng ln, lu tc dng nc v ng sut tip y s gim i cho n khi t c s cn bng
tng i: lng vt liu y c dng nc mang n tng ng vi lng vt liu y
b dng nc mang i; hoc ng sut ct y c gim i ti tr s m khng c vt liu
y b dng nc mang i.
C hai dng i vi xi chung v xi cc b l xi nc trong v xi nc c.
Xi nc trong xy ra khi khng c chuyn ng bn ct y trong dng chy thng
lu cu hoc vt liu y c vn chuyn t thng lu v dng l lng t hn kh nng
mang bn ct ca dng chy. tr hoc m, s gia tng dng chy v cc xoy c to ra do
s chon ch lm cho vt liu y xung quanh chng chuyn ng.
Cc tnh trng xi nc trong in hnh bao gm: sng, sui c vt liu y dng
th; sng, sui c dc bng phng trong qu trnh dng chy mc nc thp; c s lng
ng cc b ca vt liu y ln hn nhng phn t ln nht m dng nc c th vn

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

chuyn i ( l trng hp c bit ca tnh trng ny); y sng, sui c cu to bng

lp vt liu th; cc lng dn hoc khu vc b sng, sui c thc vt che ph.
Xi nc c xy ra khi c vn chuyn vt liu y t on sng thng lu v khu
vc cu.
Trong qu trnh xy ra l, cc cu vt qua dng sng c vt liu y th thng c:
xi nc trong lu lng thp, xi nc c lu lng cao, v sau xi nc trong ng
vi lu lng thp hn trong giai on nc rt. Xi nc trong t ti gi tr cc i ca n
qua thi k di hn l xi nc c. S d nh vy l v xi nc trong phn ln xy ra trong
dng chy c vt liu th.
III.
Xi cc b tr cu.
C ch c bn gy ra xi cc b tr hoc m cu l s hnh thnh cc xoy (xoy
nc c hnh mng nga, cn gi l xoy mng nga) mng ca chng. Xoy mng nga
c to nn do dng nc pha thng lu x vo mt cn lm tng dng chy quanh mi
tr hoc m. Hot ng ca xoy lm di chuyn vt liu y quanh mng m, tr. Mc mang
bn ct ra khi vng mng ln hn mc mang bn ct n, kt qu l mt h xi c hnh
thnh. Khi chiu su xi tng ln, cng ca xoy mng nga gim i lm gim mc vn
chuyn bn ct.
Cui cng, i vi xi cc b
nc c, s cn bng c thit lp gia
dng chy c mang vt liu n v i v
qu trnh xi chm dt. i vi xi nc
trong, qu trnh xi chm dt khi ng sut
tip y gy bi xoy mng nga tng
ng vi ng sut tip ti hn ca ht
bn ct y h xi.
Hnh 6-1: S ha v c ch xi cc b
chn tr cu hnh tr.
Ngoi cc xoy mng nga,
xung quanh tr cn c cc xoy thng
ng h lu tr c gi l xoy r
nc. C hai loi xoy mng nga v
xoy r nc lm chuyn ng vt liu ra
khi khu vc mng tr. Tuy nhin, cng
ca xoy r nc gim nhanh khi
khong cch h lu ca tr tng. Do vy
ngay pha sau ca mt tr di theo hng
chy, thng c bi lng vt liu nh m Hnh 6-2: S bi lng vt liu h lu chn tr
t trn hnh 6-2.
cu trong qu trnh xi cc b
i vi m cu, xi cc b xy ra chn m cu khi m chon vo dng nc. S thu
hp dng chy to thnh cc xoy nc theo phng ngang bt u t im cui thng lu
ca m chy dc chn m, v mt xoy nc theo phng ng lm khuy ng im
cui h lu m. Xoy nc chn m rt ging vi xoy mng nga tr cu.

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

IV.

Khu cu:
Khu cu l bi ton kinh t - k thut v xc nh bng cch so snh nhiu phng
n c khu cu khc nhau thay i trong phm vi t chiu di cu Lc bng chiu rng lng
ch Bl n chiu rng ton b sng ng vi mc nc thit k Bo (Bl < Lc <Bo)
ng vi mi phng n khu cu, tnh ton xi l tng ng, chiu cao nc dng,
gi thnh dm, m, tr cu, nn ng p qua bi sng, cng trnh hng dng, cng trnh
chng xi, ... a ra tng gi thnh cng trnh vi mi phng n v t la chn ra
phng n ph hp nht.
Trong giai on nghin cu kh thi, th khu cu c th c xc nh qua din tch
thot nc di cu trc khi xi theo cng thc sau:
Q p%
Atx =
.Vl .[ P]
trong :
Qp% - lu lng thit k ng vi tn sut p%.
h s tht hp dng chy h lu cu.
[P] h s xi chung cho php.
Vl lu tc trung bnh dng ch ng vi mc nc tnh ton trc khi lm cu.
Sau khi xc nh c Atx chiu di cu c th c xc nh theo phng php biu
hoc th dn.

Bi 7:
TNH TON XI CHUNG DI CU
I.
Phng php ca Andreev:
1. Xi nc c:
Thng xy ra lng sng khi c: Vl Vox.
trong :
Vl lu tc trung bnh lng ch.
Vox lu tc cho php khng xi ca VL y sng, c th xc nh theo cng thc:
Vox = 3,6.(h.d)1/4.
Khi chiu su trung bnh dng chy sau xi chung xc nh theo cng thc:
2

B 3 Q 9
8/9
hlc = hl l . lc = hl l2 / 3
Pblc
Blc Ql
Chiu su sau xi ti mt v tr bt k:
hlci = hli.Ph.
trong :
hl, hlc chiu su trung bnh dng ch trc v sau xi chung.
hli, hlci chiu su dng chy ti mt v tr bt k trc v sau xi chung.
Bl, Blc chiu rng dng ch trc v sau xi chung.
Ql, Qlc lu lng dng ch trc v sau xi chung.
l h s tng cng lu lng dng ch (l = Qlc/Ql >1).
Pb h s xi theo b rng (Pb = Blc/Bl).
Ph h s xi theo chiu su (Ph = hlc/hl).
B

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

10

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

- Trng hp sng c bi v cu c thu hp mt phn dng chy bi th h s tng

cng lu lng dng ch xc nh theo cng thc:

= 2 + ( 2 1).F ( , a, x)
l
l
b

1 b
l = b 1

trong :

Ql
Qtk

Vltn
Vbtn

a=

.Vltn2
g.J P .l f

F ( , x, a) =

a.( 2 1)
a + 2

Vi sng mt bi chiu di phu rt nc ly:

lf = Bl - LC.
Vi sng hai bi i xng chiu di phu rt nc ly:
lf = (Bo - LC)/2.
- Trng hp sng khng c bi:
Ql = Qlc v Blc = Bl b.
b b rng tr.
2. Xi nc trong:
Xy ra khi V < Vox. (thng xy ra bi sng)
.V
hbc = hb . b bctn
(1 ).Vox
trong :
hb, hbc chiu su trung bnh dng chy bi sng trc v sau xi chung.
Vbctn lu tc trung bnh dng chy bi sng trc xi chung.
Qbctn, Qbc lu lng dng chy bi sng trc v sau xi chung.
b h s tng cng lu lng bi sng (b = Qbc/Qbctn >1).
- h s chon ch do tr cu ( = b/Lc = 0,05 0,10)
b b rng tr cu.
II.
Phng php ca Laursen:
1. Xi nc c:
Thng xy ra lng sng khi c: Vl Vc = 6,19.hl1/6.D501/3.
Khi chiu su trung bnh dng chy sau xi chung xc nh theo cng thc:
6
7

k1

Q B
h2 = h1 2 . 1
Q1 L
h1, h2 chiu su trung bnh dng chy thng lu v di cu sau xi chung.
L chiu di thot nc thc t di cu.
k1 s m ph thuc vo V*/
V*/

V* - lu tc ng lc,

k1

< 0,50

0,59

0,50 2,00

0,64

> 2,00

0,69

V* = ghi .

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

11

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

- th thy lc, c th xc nh theo cng thc:

= 1,068.(g..D)1/2.
- h s Acsimet ( = 1,65 1,9).
Q1 lu lng thng lu dng chy.
Q2 lu lng v tr cu.
B1 b rng dng chy thng lu.
2. Xi nc trong:
Nm 1963 Laursen a ra phng trnh sau xc nh xi nc trong on sng
b thu hp:
B

0,025Q 2
hsx = 2/3 2
Dm L

3/7

trong :
hsx: chiu su trung bnh on thu hp sau xi chung, m;
Q: lu lng dng chy qua on thu hp, m3/s;
Dm: ng knh ca ht vt liu y nh nht trong bn ct y khng b cun i (Dm
= 1,25D50) on thu hp, m;
VD:

Bi 8:
TNH TON XI CC B TR CU
I.

Cng thc ca trng H Xy dng:

Nm 1982 GS.TS Nguyn Xun Trc v KS Nguyn Hu Khi ca Trng i hc
Xy dng H Ni gii thiu cng thc xc nh tr s xi cc b ln nht ti tr cu cn c
vo kt qu xi thc t mt s cu ang khai thc nh sau:
hcb
h
= C.K d .
b
b

Vox

hcb chiu su h xi cc b.
b b rng tr.
V lu tc dng chy trc tr.
Vox lu tc cho php khng xi.
h chiu su dng chy trc tr.
Kd h s hnh dng tr, Kd = 0,1K.
K - h s hnh dng tr theo Iaroslavtsev.
C = 0,52; m = 0,12 v n = 1,16 vi xi nc c.
C = 0,97; m = 0,17 v n = 1,04 vi xi nc trong.
II.
Cng thc ca Trn nh Nghin (trng H GTVT):
Sau qu trnh nghin cu c ch xi cc b i vi tr trn hoc tr trn u, Ph gio
s - Tin s Trn nh Nghin Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti xy dng cng thc l
thuyt, ng thi kin ngh cng thc thc hnh tnh xi cc b tr cu i vi c hai loi
xi nc c v xi nc trong nh sau:

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

12

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

V
hcb = K . b.h
V
ng

K .K

trong :
hcb v hx: chiu su xi cc b v chiu su xi chung ti v tr tr, m;
b: chiu rng hay ng knh tr, m;
K v K: h s xt ti nh hng ca hng dng chy v hnh dng tr;
K = 1,24; n = 0,77 khi V < Vox; v khi V > Vox nhng V Vng (xi nc trong);
K = 1,11; n = 1 khi V > Vox nhng V > Vng (xi nc c).
V: vn tc dng chy n tr, m/s;
Vng: tc ngng xi ph thuc vo dng nc l trong hay c, m/s, c xc nh
theo cng thc:
h
Vng = 3 g ..h
d

0 , 06

trong :
: th thu lc ca ht y sng c ng knh d50, m/s;
d: ng knh d50 ca ht y sng, m;
Vox: l tc khng xi ca ht t, m/s.
III.

Cng thc ca Richardson (trng H Colorado M):

Phng trnh d bo xi cc b tr cu v ang c cc t chc t vn thit k
cng trnh giao thng trn th gii s dng rng ri l ca Richardson (nm 1990) Trng
i hc Colorado, Hoa K. Phng trnh ny dng chung cho c hai trng hp xi cc b
dng nc trong v dng nc c c dng:

hxcb = 2,0K1 K 2 K 3 K 4 b 0, 65 h1

0,35

Fr1

0,43

trong :
h1: chiu su dng chy ngay trc tr, m;
Fr1: h s Froude ngay trc tr, Fr1 = V1 / (gy1)0,5;
K1: h s hiu chnh cho hnh dng mi tr nh trong bng sau: .
Dng mi tr
H s K1
Mi vung
1,1
Mi trn
1,0
Tr trn
1,0
Nhm tr trn
1,0
Mi nhn
0,9
K2: h s hiu chnh i vi gc cho ca dng chy c xc nh theo bng:
L/b = 4
L/b = 8
L/b = 12
Gc ()

trong :

0
15
30
45
90
L: chiu di tr, m;

1,0
1,5
2,0
2,3
2,5

1,0
1,0
2,0
2,5
2,75
3,5
3,3
4,3
3,9
5,0
b: b rng tr, m.

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

13

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

K3: h s hiu chnh i vi tnh trng y sng ly theo bng:

Chiu cao sng
Tnh trng y sng
ct (m)
Xi nc trong
y sng bng phng hoc c cc sng ct ngc
0,6 H < 3
y sng c cc sng ct nh
3 H <9
y sng c cc sng ct va
H9
y sng c cc sng ct ln

K3
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1 n 1,2
1,3

K4: h s hiu chnh gim bt chiu su h xi cc b i vi trng hp y sng

c vt liu th ng knh D50 60 mm c kh nng th ho y h xi. Yu t hiu chnh
ny l kt qu t nghin cu gn y ca Molinas Trng i hc Colorado. Kt qu ca
nghin cu ny cho thy: khi tc tin vo khu vc cu V1 nh hn tc ti hn Vc90 ca
ng knh ht vt liu y D90, s c s cp phi v kch thc vt liu y, ht D90 s gii
hn c chiu su xi. Phng trnh xc nh K4 do Jones phn tch v a ra nh sau:
K4 = [1 - 0,89 (1 - VR)2 ]0,5
trong , t s tc VR c xc nh qua biu thc:
V Vi
]
VR = [ 1
Vc90 Vi
V1: tc dng chy tin vo cu trc tr, m/s;
Vi: tc khi ng ca ht bn ct khi dng chy tin ti tr, m/s; c tnh qua
cng thc:
D
Vi = 0,645[ 50 ]0,053 Vc50
a
Vc90: tc ti hn i vi ht vt liu y D90, m/s;
Vc50: tc ti hn i vi ht vt liu y D50, m/s;
b: b rng tr, m;
Vc = 6,19 y1/6 Dc1/3
Dc: kch thc ht ti hn i vi tc ti hn Vc, m.
Gii hn cc gi tr ca K4 v kch thc vt liu y c cho trong bng:
VD:

Bi 9:
TNH TON THY LC CU NH
S tnh thu lc cu theo s ca p trn nh rng.
1. Ch tiu chy ngp:
- hh < 1,3.hk: Cu lm vic theo ch p trn nh rng chy khng ngp.
- hh > 1,3.hk: Cu lm vic theo ch p trn nh rng chy ngp.
hh: su h lu.
hk: su phn gii.
2. Cng thc tnh lu lng:
a) Vi ch chy khng ngp:
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

14

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

Vi ch chy khng ngp dng chy di cu coi nh ch chy phn gii, lu

tc phn gii c coi nh bng lu tc cho php khng xi ca vt liu gia c y sng, khi
khu cu tnh theo cng thc:
g .Q
b=
.Vcp3
trong :
b khu cu.
- h s co hp, ly theo bng sau:
Loi m
M vi c nn chp
M c tng cnh chn t
M cha ra ngoi nn chp
Chiu cao nc dnh trc cng trnh:

H = hk +

0,90
0,85
0,80

0,90
0,90
0,85

Vcp2
2 g. 2

- h s lu tc ly theo bng trn.

su phn gii hk c th tnh theo cng thc:
hk =

Vcp2
g

a) Vi ch chy ngp:
Vi ch chy ngp chiu su dng chy di cu coi nh bng su dng chy t
nhin h lu, khu cu tnh theo cng thc:
Q
b=
+ m.hh
.hh .Vcp
Chiu cao nc dnh trc cng trnh:

H = hh +

Vcp2
2 g. 2

VD:

Bi 10:
TNH TON THY LC CNG V NG TRN
I. Tnh ton thy lc cng.
1. S tnh
S tnh thy lc cng theo s ca p trn nh rng.
2. Ch tiu chy c p v khng p
Khi H 1.2D th dng chy l khng p, cn khi H 1.4D th dng chy trong cng
l c p.
trong :
D
: chiu cao cng ti ca vo.
H
: chiu cao nc dng trc cng, m.
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

15

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

3. Cng thc tnh

a. Kh nng thot nc
Ch chy khng p:

Q = c c 2 g ( H hc ) = c c gH
trong :

c = 0.82 0.85 .

: h s lu tc cng khng p,

c
: din tch mt ct co hp trong cng.
: chiu su dng chy ti mt ct co hp, hc = 0.9hk.
hc
hk
: chiu su phn gii ca dng chy trong cng.
H
: chiu su nc dng trc cng, thng H 2hc.
Ch chy c p:

Q = n 2g(H D)
trong :
n

: h s lu tc cng c p, .

: din tch mt ct ngang cng.

D
: Chiu cao hoc ng knh cng.
Trong thit k c th tra bng kh nng thot nc i vi cng trn hoc i vi cng
hp.
b. Nc dng trc cng
Ch chy khng p:
H = hc +

v c2
2g c2

trong :
vc: lu tc dng chy trong cng ti mt ct co hp, (m/s).
Ch chy c p:
H = D+

Q2
2g2 2n

VD:

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

16

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

II. Tnh ton thy lc ng trn.

C? NG

ng trn c thit k sao cho mt s phng tin vn ti vn qua li c khi xy

ra l thit k, ng thi phi thot c lu lng l thit k. ng trn c tnh nh p
trn nh rng, cng thc tnh lu lng qua trn nh sau:

Q = n .m.b. 2 g .H o3 / 2
trong :
Q lu lng qua trn.
b chiu di ng trn.
Ho mc nc thng lu so vi mt ng trn.
n h s chy ngp, ph thuc vo hn/Ho.
hn/Ho 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96
1.00 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.70 0.60
n
hn chiu su ngp h lu tnh mp ng trn, hn = hh Hn.
Hn chiu cao mt ng.
m h s lu lng, ph thuc vo Hn/Ho:
Theo Pikalop
Theo Chetanxop
Hn/Ho
m
kc
m
kc
4
0.300 0.424 0.300
0.447
3
0.324 0.458 0.320
0.470
2
0.329 0.483 0.328
0.490
1
0.339 0.500 0.341
0.570
0.5
0.357 0.558 0.356
0.576
0.064 0.381 0.641 0.376
0.647
hc chiu su nc chy trn trn, hc [h]
[h] chiu su cho php trn mt ng trn:
Vn tc dng chy
Chiu su cho php trn mt ng trn (m)
trn trn (m/s)
t
Xe xch
Xe th s
< 1.50
0.5
0.7
0.4
1.5 2.0
0.4
0.6
0.3
> 2.0
0.3
0.5
0.2
Ch : chiu su nc chy trn trn xc nh nh sau:
- Nu chy t do hn 0.8Ho th hc = kc.Ho.
Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

0.98
0.40

17

Bi ging lp Bi dng NV Kho st Tnh ton TLTV cng trnh Giao thng

- Nu chy ngp hn 0.8Ho th hc = hn = hh - Hn.

Lu lng qua cng di trn xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = . . 2 g ( H n + H o hh
- h s co hp, = 0,65.
- h s lu tc, = 0,85.

1.
2.
3.
4.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Trn nh Nghin Thit k thy lc cho d n cu ng NXB Giao thng Vn
ti 2003.
Trn nh Nghin Thit k thy lc cho cng trnh giao thng NXB Giao thng
Vn ti 2010.
Trn nh Nghin Xi l cng trnh cu NXB Xy dng 2008.
B Giao thng Vn ti S tay tnh ton thy vn, thy lc cu ng NXB Giao
thng Vn ti 2006.
H Ni, ngy 22/06/2010
Ngi vit bi ging

Nguyn ng Phng

Nguyn ng Phng B mn Thy lc Thy vn, trng H GTVT

18