Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter3a (Beam Design For Tension)
Chapter3a (Beam Design For Tension)
Chapter3a (Beam Design For Tension)
CHAPTER
Third Edition
LRFD Method
ANALYSIS OF TENSION
MEMBERS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
3a
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Introduction
Slide No. 2
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Introduction
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Transmission Towers
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Tension Members
Trusses
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 5
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Tension Members
Tension Structures
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 6
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Rods
One of the simplest forms of tension
members is the circular rod.
The rod has been used frequently in the
past, but has only occasional uses
nowadays in bracing systems, light
trusses, and in timber construction.
The problems associated with rods that
there is some difficulty connecting them to
many structures.
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 7
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Single angles
Double angles
Tees
Channels
W sections, and
Built-up sections
Introduction
Slide No. 8
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Steel Sections
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 9
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 10
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Steel Cables
They are made with special steel alloy wire
ropes that are cold-drawn to a desired
diameter.
The resulting wire strengths of about
200,000 to 250,000 psi can be
economically used for suspension bridges,
cable supported roofs, ski lifts, and other
similar applications.
Slide No. 11
Nominal Strength
The strength of a tension member may be
described in terms of the limit states that
govern.
The controlling strength limit state for a
tension member can either
Yielding of the gross cross-section of the
member away from the connection, or
Fracture of the effective net area (i.e., through
the holes) at the connection
Slide No. 12
LRFD Specification
When the limit state is general yielding of
the gross section over the member length,
as for a tension member without holes (i.e.,
with welded connection), the nominal
strength Pn is expressed as
Pn = Fy Ag
Pu t Fy Ag
with t = 0.90
(1)
Fy = yield stress
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
Slide No. 13
LRFD Specification
For tension members having holes, such as
for rivet or bolts, the reduced cross section is
referred to as the net area.
Holes in member cause stress concentration
(nonuniform stresses).
For example, a hole in a plate with a tensile
service force P produces a stress distribution
at service load as shown in Fig. 1
Slide No. 14
Slide No. 15
LRFD Specification
Theory of elasticity shows that tensile
stress adjacent to the hole will about three
times the average stress on the net area.
However, as each fiber reaches yield
strain, that is y = Fy/Es, its stress then
becomes a constant Fy with deformation
continuing with increasing load until finally
all fibers have achieved or exceeded the
strain y (see Fig. 2)
Slide No. 16
Fy
Slide No. 17
LRFD Specification
When the limit state is a localized yielding
resulting in a fracture through the effective
net area of a tension member having holes,
the nominal strength Pn is expressed as
Pn = Fu Ae
Pu t Fu Ae with t = 0.75
(2)
Fu = tensile strength
Ae = effective net area = UAn
An = net area
U = efficiency factor
Slide No. 18
Table 1
Slide No. 19
Net Areas, An
Whenever a tension member is to be
fastened by means of bolts or rivets, holes
must be provided at the connection.
Therefore, the member cross sectional
area is reduced and the strength of the
member may also be reduced depending
on the size and location of the holes.
The term net cross-sectional area or net
area refers to the gross sectional area of
the member minus the holes, notches, or
other indentations.
10
Slide No. 20
Slide No. 21
11
Slide No. 22
Slide No. 23
Ah = d h t p
(3)
12
Slide No. 24
Ah = d h t p
Slide No. 25
Example 1
What is the net area An for the tension
member shown?
1
Plate - 4
4
P
Standard hole for a - 3 in - diam. bolt
4
13
Slide No. 26
Example 1 (contd)
Ag = 4(0.25) = 1.0 in 2
3 1 7
+ = in. = d h
4 8 8
An = Ag Ah = Ag d ht p
7 1
= 1.0 = 0.781 in 2
8 4
4 in.
1
in.
4
Slide No. 27
Example 2
Determine the net area of the 3/8 8-in
plate shown. The plate is connected at its
ends with two lines of -in bolts.
Pu
Pu
2
Pu
2
Pu
1
Plate - 8 in
4
3
Plate - 8 in
8
Pu
1
Plate - 8 in
4
14
Slide No. 28
Example 2 (contd)
3
Ag = (8) = 3 in 2
8
width to be deducted for one hole =
3 1 7
+ = in. = d h
4 8 8
An = Ag 2 Ah = Ag 2d ht p
7 3
= 3.0 2 = 2.34 in 2
8 8
Slide No. 29
Example 3
Compute the net area for the member
shown in the figure.
WT12 31
3
in bolts
4
15
Slide No. 30
Example 3 (contd)
Using a WT12 31, the following
properties can be obtained from the AISC
Steel Manual (Page 1-44):
A = 9.16 in2
tw = 0.430 in
tf =0.59 in
Therefore,
Ag = A = 9.16 in2
Slide No. 31
Example 3 (contd)
width to be deducted for one hole =
3 1 7
+ = in. = d h
4 8 8
An = Ag 2( Ah )Flange ( Ah )Web
16