-

2002

,
,
LIFE-Nature
( 4/3200/98/443).

:
, ., . 2002. :
.

-. . 75 .

,
, I960
(...) Frey
Wyschling, .

.
.
.

.

.
,
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, .

,
,

.

, .


.

1.

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1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

10

1.6

11

2.

18

2.1

18

2.2 (Responsible tourism)

22

2.3 (Sustainable tourism)

23

2.4

24

3.

29

3.1

29

3.2 -

30

3.3

31

3.4

32

4. (stakeholders)

5.

36

4.1

36

4.2

38

4.3

40

4.4

42

4.5

43

5.1

46
46

5.2

50

5.3

52

5.4

53

5.4.1 (participatory planning)

53

5.4.2

55

5.4.3 SWOT

56

5.4.4

59

5.5
6.

61
65

6.1

65

6.2

66

6.3

67

7.

70

72

1.

I.1

(UN 2000).
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,
(Eagles 1999). (
, , ),

.
:

.
.

( 1 2).
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( 4,5 6)

, ,

.

1.2

.
,
. ()
2001 693
(WTO 2002).

.

4%
2020, .

.

.
.


.

. (1999)
,
, 19 .

.

.

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.

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(2001)
, , .

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;

;
;

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1.6
,
.

.

,
.
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.

(World Conservation Union,
IUCN)
. Tourism, ecotourism and
protected areas, , .

. Parks

for Life ( )
.

(UNEP)
- 2002.
UNEP

. :
:

:

:
.
:
(stakeholders)

,
.

.
1998
Natura 2000,

. ,


( 2, 4). ,
1999 ,
Natura 2000,
Natura 2000.

11

.
,
.

92/43
Natura 2000:
, . , ,

.
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,
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.
, .

- (eco-labels).
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.

.
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. (95)10
.


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.
13

2000-2004.
.
.
.
:
.
.
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' .

2002,
.

, ,
2002 ,

-.

8.1. (
- , ,
).

1.
- 13 2000 (15
)
- 10.140 (10
)
- 61,3

- 8.209 600.000
- 28 ( ) 450.000
- 7%
- 10%

...
- 1938
( )
- 238
92/43/
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)
- 105 ( 244 )
92/43/
- 24
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- 2
2742/99

: , ,

15

1.

.

.
.
Carter (2000)

(
)
(
)
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(
)

16

3.

, :

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.
- 92/43/
.
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Natura 2000)
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, .
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( 18,

19, 21 22).

( ,
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.
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. , 15 - 16 '

,
.

1.

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.
,

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2.1

20 ,

-. ,


, , .

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.

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18

(Ziffer 1989).

(Farrel Runyan 1991
Butler 1992).

(Blangy Wood 1992).

(Australian

Department of Tourism 1994).

,
,
. (IUCN
1996)

, ,
,
.

.

.
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.
19

Eagles (1999)
:
.
.

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tourism).

. , ,
.
(wilderness tourism).

.
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. :

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.
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(International Centre for
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:

,

.

.

.


.

.
Greenwich .
22

2.3 (sustainable tourism)

.

21 :

,

.
,
.

.

:

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.

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13

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2.4

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, , , .

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14

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. , 2.1,

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15

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)

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26

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10.

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.
(European Commission 2001)

UNEP, IUCN UNESCO

.

28

3.

3.1
,
,

(Ceballos

1996).

,
( ).

,
,
.

(.. Smith 1992,
De Meyer 1998).


.

.

.
.

.


.

. 40-55
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.

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70 80
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.

.

.

.
31

(Ceballos
1996, Roe et al 1997, 1999, 2001, 2001):

.

,
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.

3.4


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(Wunder 2000):

.
,
, .
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.

( 1999, Wunder 2000):

.
,
( 2001).

5.
230.000 .
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(Spyropoulou and Dimopoulos 1999):

.
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modus vivendi
.

7. " Tour Operators Initiative fo r Sustainable

Tourism Development - I"


.


.
:

-

, .
-
.
-
.

UNEP, UNESCO
, .

:
http://www.toinitiative.org/

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,
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(master plan)
.

.
.
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.
( 10 ).
.

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.
:

46

.
,
.
:





()

.
.


.

1.
2.
3. -
4.
4.1.

4.2.

4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3. -

4.3.

(market segmentation)

5. Marketing
5.1.

5.2.

5.3.

5.4.

I I 7

5.5.

5.6.

5.6.1.
5.6.2.

5.7.

6. marketing
7.
8.
9.
10.

(marketing).

.


,
-.

() .

. ( )
:

, .

(IUCN 1989, TIES 1992,

IUCN 1994, 1999) .

.


:





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. (2002)

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.

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,
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,
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,
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50 ,
.

.
,
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.

(stakeholder identification and analysis),
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.

. Wight
(1999),
, .


.
,
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.
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.

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.
(McArthur 2000),

13 .

(IUCN 1991).
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.
:

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,
.
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.

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.

5.4.3 SWOT
SWOT
. SWOT
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats.
: , ,
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modus operandi
:

.

.

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9.

( 92/43/) -
10
NATURA 2000 .

10
.
:
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.

.

.

.
.

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.

1996

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.
,
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1998.
2000-2006.

.
, ,

.

.


.

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.

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.

.
LIFE-
.

LIFE-

.

Natura 2000, LIFE-.
LIFE-

.
LEADER PLUS

.
. (
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.
.
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.

.
.
.

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.

.
.
,
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.

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68

.


.


.
.


.

.

.
,

. , ,
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.
20
50 ( 1000
/ 20 ).
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.
50

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.

, .

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,
.
.

.

,
.

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.

.
,

.

70

,
.

,
,
.

.

Australia Department of Tourism. 1994. National Ecotourism Strategy. Canberra:

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Blangy, S., and . Wood. 1992. Developing and Implementing Ecotourism

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