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Freedom Struggle Notes
Freedom Struggle Notes
Freedom Struggle Notes
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30ehs;)
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4
1905
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1907
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elj;jg;gl;lJ.
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Nrhfd;rpq;
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Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; rPff
; pa Njhl;l
njhopyhsh;fshthh;fs;.
fhjh; vd;w thuhe;jphpia cUJ>
kw;Wk;
FUKfp
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fg;gy;
jhafk;
jpUk;gpNahh;
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1907Mk;
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nfhy;y
Kaw;rp
nra;J
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khw;Wk;
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; papy;
1912Mk;
Mz;L
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n[duy; `hh;be; gpuGtpd; kPJ
nly;yp
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[f;rd; ehrpf; Fw;wtpay; eLth;
rhthh;ff
; iu jz;bj;jjhy; 1909
Mk;
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fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g
fhyfl;lk; (1885(1885-1905)
kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;
Mq;fpNya
muRf;Fk;
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,e;jpah;fspd;
gpul;ridfis
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; f
; Tk;>
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nra;J
mikjpahd
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jPhk
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kpjthj jiyth;fs;
s;
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; pahg;[p
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Ngh];>
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rhjidfs;
kf;fsplk;
Njrpa
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tsh;jJ
;
murpay;
fy;tpia
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kf;fspilNa gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;.
gphpl;b~pd;
nghUshjhu
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kf;fSf;F
njhpag;gLj;jpdh;.
nghJthd murpay;> nghUshjhu
gpur;ridia
itj;J
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gapw;rp mspj;jdh;.
5
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;
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murpw;F
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(1904)
gj;jphpf;iffis
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muRf;F
vjpuhf
kf;fis
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nra;jJ.
tprhuizapd;wp ehL fplj;jpaJ.
(1897)
nfhLk;
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; k;
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epthuzk;
toq;fhik
fy;fj;jh gy;fiyfofr; rl;lk;
(1904)
fh;rd; gpuGtpd; tq;fg; gphptpid
(1905)
jPtputhjpfspd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;
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MFk;.
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;
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fy;Y}hpfs; Gwf;fzpg;G
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Gjpa Njrpa fy;tp Kiwia
gpd;gw;Wjy; MfpadthFk;.
jpyfh; rka tpohf;fs; %yk;
(tpehafh; tpoh (1893) rpth[p
tpoh
(1895))
Njrpa
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kf;fspd;
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murpay;
fy;tpiaAk;
,jd;
%yk;
GFj;jpdh;.
jkpo;ehl;by;
t.c.
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Nghf;Ftuj;J
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J}j;Jf;Fbapy; njhlq;fpdhh;.
tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)
fh;rDf;F
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gphptpidiag; gw;wpa jpl;lj;ij
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Mz;ah;
tpy;ypak;
thh;l;
vd;gtuhthh;.
1874k;
Mz;L
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MNyhrid toq;fpdhh;.
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nghpjhf ,Ue;jJ.
fpof;F tq;fhsk; tsh;rr
; p Fd;wpa
epiyia
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mjd;
tsh;rr
; pia Jhpjg;gLj;Jjy;.
cz;ikahd fhuzk; tsh;eJ
;
tUk; Njrpa vOr;rpf;F tq;fhsk;
Kf;fpa Mjhukhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mij
jil
nra;tjw;F
tq;fg;gphptpidia muR nra;jJ.
gphptpid jpl;lk; 1905Mk; Mz;L
mf;Nlhgh; 16Mk; ehs; mKYf;F
te;jJ.
gphptpid vjph;gG
; Nghuhl;lk;
k;
gphptpid
vjph;gG
;
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1905Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 7k; ehs;
fy;fj;jhtpy;
cs;s
lTd;
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1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 gphptpidia
mKy; nra;j md;W Njrpa Jf;f
jpakhf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
RNjrp ,af;fk;
tq;fhsj;jpy;
jPtpukhf
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,af;fj;ij
Muk;gpj;jdh;.
gy
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nethiyfs;
tq;fpfs;
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gp.rp.
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nghq;fy;
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Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
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ehL
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;
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1911k;
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kPzL
; k;
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6
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Nehf;NfhL
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kf;fs;
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cUntLj;jJ.
tq;fhsk; ,izf;fg;gl;l mNj
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khepyq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhty;Jiw
eph;thfj;ij
Nkk;gLj;j 1902y; fhty; FO
gpNurh;
vd;gthpd;
fPo;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
njhy;nghUs;
Jiwia
Kjd;Kjypy;
,e;jpahtpy;
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mjd; jiytuhf
rh;.[hd;
khh;ry;
vd;gtiu
epakpj;jhh;.
1904Mk;
Mz;L
Guhjdr;
rpd;dq;fspd;
ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa ehzar; rl;lk; 1899Mk;
Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
,e;jpa &ghapd; kjpg;G jq;f
mstPlL
;
Kiwf;F
khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1904Mk; Mz;L $l;LwT fld;
rq;fq;fspd; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; #uj; gpsTk; - yf;Ndh
,izTk;
1907Mk; Mz;L $l;lk; ehfGhpapy;
eilngWtjhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh;
jPtputhjpfspd; nry;thf;F kpf;f
,lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; $l;lj;jpd;
,lk; #uj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
1907y; brk;gh; 26> 27 Mfpa
,uz;L ehl;fspYk; $l;lq;fspy;
Fog;gk;
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;
Fwpj;J cld;ghL
Vw;glhjjhy;
gphpl;b~;
gpujkh;
kfnlhdhy;L jdJ tFg;G thhpj;
jPhi
; t
Mf];l;
17k;
ehs;
mwptpj;jhh;.
mjw;nfjpuhf fhe;jpabfs; rhFk;
cz;zhtpujj;ij 1932k; Mz;L
nrg;lk;gh; 20Mk; ehs; Jtq;fpdhh;.
dh
xg;ge;jk;
,e;j cld;ghL 1932 nrg;lk;gh;
26k;
ehs;
nly;ypapYk;
,yz;ldpYk; murhy; Vw;fg;gl;L
xNu rkaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
%d;whtJ tl;lNkir khehL
1932k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17Kjy;
brk;gh; 24tiu eilngw;wJ.
fhq;fpu];
mjpy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
%d;W tl;lNkir khehL gw;wpa
nts;is mwpf;ifia 1933 khh;r;
khjk; gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
rkh;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd;
mbg;gilapNyNa 1935k; Mz;L
,e;jpa
murhq;fr;rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
fhe;jp 1934 Nk 20k; ehs; rl;l
kWg;G
,af;fj;ij
epue;jukhf
epWj;jptpl;lhh;.
13
nts;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW
ntspNaW
,af;fk;
Rgh];
re;jpuNgh];
[g;ghd;
MjuthsuhfTk;>
[t`h;yhy;
NeU gphpl;lDld; rkur Ngr;R
thh;ji
; jia Jtf;fTk; ,uh[h[p
Njrpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fTk;
typAWj;jpdh;.
fhe;jp jdJ jhf;fkhd Kbit
Kbiy mhp[d; gj;jphpf;ifapy;
vOjpdhh;. gphpl;ld; ,e;jpahit
tpl;L
ntspNawpdhy;
[g;ghd;>
,e;jpahit
jhf;Ftjw;fhd
14
Kfhe;jpuk;
vJTk;
,Uf;fhJ
vd;gij vOjp gphpl;ld; ntspNaw
Ntz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij
tpsf;fpdhh;.
mj;jhP k
; hdk;
xU
rpy
khw;wq;fSld;
gk;ghapy;
$ba
mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b
Mf];l;
7-8
(1942)k;
ehs;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
mj;jhP k
; hdk;
epiwNtwpa
,uT
my;yJ
mjw;F
kWehs;
mjpfhiyapy;
fhe;jp
ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
15
,e;j ,ilf;fhy muir vjph;jJ
;
K];yk
P ;
yPf;
[pd;dhtpd;
jiyikapy; Mf];L 16k; ehis
Neub eltbf;if ehs; vd ehL
KOtJk; fpsh;rr
; p nra;jJ.
,jdhy; ,e;J K];yk
P ; fytuk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
jiyth;fs;
,e;jpahitg;
gphpg;gJjhd; xU top vd KbT
vLj;jdh;.
gk;gha; fytuk;
1946y;
gk;gha;
flw;gilapy;
fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ.
kTd;lN
; gl;ld; jpl;lk;
,e;J K];yk
P ; xw;Wik Vw;gl
topapy;iy
vd;gij
Ghpe;J
nfhz;l
kTz;l;
Ngl;ld;
,e;jpahit ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
vd gphpg;gJ. tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg;>
Nghd;w vy;iyfis eph;zapj;jy;
Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf 1947 [{d;
3k;
ehs;
jd;
jpl;lj;ij
ntspapl;lhh;.
,J kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhFk;.
fhe;jpabfs;
,jid
Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy.
gphpl;b~;
ghuhSkd;wk;
,jid
[{iy
18>
1947
md;W
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,jd;gb
Rje;jpuk;
vd
eph;zapf;fg;gl;L
Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
16
[Pdhfhj; vd;W rpw;wuR kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; Nru kWj;jhh;. Mdhy; kf;fs;
,e;jpahTld; Nru fpsh;rr
; p nra;jdh;. vdNt 1948y; thf;F fzpg;G elj;jp
Nrh;ff
; g;gl;lJ.
i`juhghj; - ep[hk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld; Nru kWj;jhh;. vdNt n[duy; nrsj;
jiyikapy; xU gilia gNly; mDg;gpdhh;. 3 ehl;fspy; ep[hk; fhrpk; u];tp
gzpe;jhh;. 1948 nrg;lk;ghpy; ,uhZt eltbf;if %yk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
fh~;khP ; - fh~;ki
P u ghfp];jhd; jd; trg;gLj;j tpUk;gpaJ. Mdhy; fh~;khP ;
kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza tpUk;gpdhh;. mjd; gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ghfp];jhd; trKs;sJ Mrhj; fh~;khP ; vdg;gLfpwJ)
fhiuf;fhy;> ghz;br;Nrhp> kh`p> Vdhk;> re;jpueh$h; Nghd;w gFjpfspy;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; trkpUe;jd. ,g;gFjpfs; 1954 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
a+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
Nfhth> ilA+> lhkd; Mfpa gFjpfs; Nghh;jJ
; fPrpah; trkpUe;j ehLfshFk;.
gpuhd;R muirg; Nghd;W Nghh;j;JfPrpa ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa gil
,g;gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpaJ.
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.
MODERN INDIA
17
18
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
Regulating Act (1773):
Subjected the Companys actions to the supervision of the British Governments
of Bengal to be carried on by a Governor General (President) and his council
(4members); establishment of a Supreme Court at Culcutta.
Pitts India Act (1784)
A Board of Control, including two Cabinet Ministers, to guide and supervise
the affairs of the Company of India; three members in Governor Generals
Council; Madras and Bombay were Subordinated to the Governor General
and his council of Bengal in matters of diplpmacy were and revenue;
commander in chief as one of the three members of the council.
Charter Act of 1813
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade
monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China; a sum of Rs. 1 lakh
annually for education.
STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417
19
Charter Act of 1833
End of Company monopoly on China Trade and tea trade Governor General
of Bengal of Governor-General of India; Governments of Madras and Bombay
deprived of legislative powers; a fourth member (Law Member) added to the
Council; a law commission constitued.
Charter Act of 1853
Service were thrown open to competitive examinations, a commission under
Macaulay appointed to enforce this; Legislative and Executive councils
separated; Law Member made a full members and 6 new members added for
legislative purpose.
Government of India Act, 1858:
Goverment of India passed from the Company to the Crown and Governed
through Secretary of State of India and a Council of 15 members; Governor
General received the title of Viceroy.
Indian Councils Act. 1861
A fifth member added to the Viceroys Executive Council; portfolio system
introduced by Lord Canning; for legislation 6 to 12 additional members to be
added to the Executive Council by Viceroy; legislative powers of Madras and
Bombay restored by Governor Generals assent and made compulsory;
Governor General empowered to issue ordinances to be in force for not more
than 6 months.
Indian Council Act, 1892:
The Act exclusively dealt with the Legislative Councils in India; additional
members in Central Legislature to be from 10 to 16; two fifth of total
members to be non-official; council to have right to discuss budget and ask
questions on matters of public importance; some members to be elected
directly; Indian leaders like G.K.Gokhale, Asutosh mukherjee, Rash Behari
Ghosh and S.N. Bannerjee found their way in Legislative Council.
Indian Councils Act, 1919 (Montague-Chemsford Reforms)
Number of Indians in Governor Generals Executive Council raised to 3 in a
council of 8; division of subjects into central and Provincial lists, bicamercial
legislature at the centre the council of state (Upper House) and Central
Legislative Assembly (Lower House); members enjoyed freedom of speech;
diarchy in provines subjects to be dealt with the Provincial government were
divided into was heads; Reserved and Transferred; reserved subjects to be
administered by Governor with Executive Council; transferred subjects to be
STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417
20
administered by Governor with ministers; at least 70% of the members of
Provincial Councils to be directly elected; under the Meston Award, the
Provincial Governments were required tomake certain contributions to be
Government of India; first election under new Act in 1920; dyarchy continued
from April 1921 to April 1937.
Government of India Act, 1935:
Provided for an All India Federation comprising provisions and those Indian
which might accede; diarchy for the Federal Executive; Federal Legislative to
have two chambers Council of State and Federal Assembly; Coucil of State to
be permanent body; provision of a Federal court; British Government to be sole
authority to amend the Constitution; diarchy in the provinces abolihsed; the
Federation as visualized in the Act never came into being; after the election of
1937 under this Act; Congress formed Government in 7 provinces.
Cockerell (1866)
Statchey (1880)
Lyall (1896)
Mac Donell
Atchison
Public Services
Islignto
Public Services
Lee Commission
Public Services
Hunter Commission (1919)
Punjab Disturbances
Rowlatt Commission (1909)
Sedition
Fraser Commission (1902)
Police
Peel Commission
Federal Structure
Linlithgow Commission (1928)
Agriculture
Whitely Commission (1929)
Labour
Sapru Commission (1935)
Delimination
Butler Commission (1927)
Indian States
Flood Commission (1940)
Tenancy of Bengal
Webley Commission
Interrogated Dadabhai
EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANY
Famine
Famine
Famine
Famine
21
Portuguese
Dutch
English
Danes
French
PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS
Cochin
1501
Cannanore
1502
Goa
1510
Diu & Daman
1534
Hugly
(lost in 1632)
Bombay
(give to English 1662)
DUTCH SETTLEMENTS
Musolipatnam (1605)
Pulicat (1610)
ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS
Surat (1608)
Musolipatnam (1611)
Pulicat (1620)
Madras (1639)
Sultanati, Calicut, Govindpur (1698)
FRENCH SETTLEMENTS
Surat (1668)
Musolipatnam (1689)
Pondichery (1673)
IMPORTANT ORGANISATION & PARTIES