GIO TRNH TING HOA

DNH CHO NGI T HC

KHOA TRUNG VN

TING HOA

NH XUT BN I HC S PHM

KHOA TRUNG VN

TING HOA

Dnh cho ngi t hc

( Ti bn ln th 10)

NH XUT BN I HC S PHM

Chu trch nhim xut bn:

Gim c INH TRN BO
Tng bin tp L A

Ngi nhn xt:

V L ANH
DNG HNG

Bin tp ni dung:
CHU HNG MN

Trnh by ba:

NGUYN QUC I

K thut vi tnh:
NQD_9X

M s: 01.01.123/411/H.2012
TING HOA
In 100.000 cun kh 24 x 35cm ti Cng ti In Tin An.
Giy php xut bn s 123-452/ XB-QLXB, k ngy 25/9/2022.
In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2022.

MC LC
Bi 1: Khi qut ng m Hn ng hin i
Bi 2: Thanh mu
Bi 3: Vn mu
Bi 4: Thanh iu
Bi 5: Bin m
Bi 6: Bi tp trc nghim ng m
Bi 7: Khi qut v vn t
Bi 8: Hnh th ch Hn
Bi 9: Lc th
Bi 10: Kt cu ch Hn
Ph lc 1: Bng chnh l t d hnh t 1
Ph lc 2: Bng ch Hn hin i thng dng
Ph lc 3: 214 B th


BI 1:

KHI QUT NG M HN NG HIN I

Ng m l g?

Ng m l m thanh do b my pht m ca con ngi to ra c th biu t

mt ngha nht nh no , khng th xem ng m l vt cht t nhin thun tu.
Ng m l h thng k hiu ghi li hot ng t duy mt cch trc tip nht, con
ngi giao tip c vi nhau chnh l nh hnh thc vt cht ny. Ni n ngn ng
l ni n ngn ng bng m thanh, v hnh thc m thanh ca ngn ng c gi l
ng m. Ng m l ci v vt cht ca ngn ng, l hnh thc tn ti ca ngn
ng. Khng c ng m, ngn ng khng th tn ti.

n v kt cu ng m
1 m t

hn [xan]
[x][a][n]

m t l n v ng m nh nht c th tch ra da trn nhng m sc khc

nhau. Bi v m t l n v ng m nh nht nn khng th phn tch nh hn na.
K hiu ca m t l chng c phin m gia hai gch vung [ ]. V d m c
"hn" [xan] ca ch (Hn) trong ting Trung do 3 n v cu thnh: [x], [a], [n].
Ba n v ny c m sc khc nhau, ng thi khng th tch chng thnh nhng
n v nh hn na, y chnh l 3 m t. Thanh iu ca (thanh 4) thuc phm
tr m cao, khng c xem l m t.
m t c 2 loi: Nguyn m v Ph m.
1 Nguyn m

b [a]

Lc pht m, lung kh gy rung dy thanh (thanh i), m c thot ra t do

m khng chu s cn tr ca c quan pht m c gi l Nguyn m. Nguyn m
cn gi l "Mu m", nh m [a] trong ch b. Mi mt m tit trong ting
Trung u c nguyn m, y l ngn ng c nguyn m chim u th.
1

2 Ph m
din
[t] [n]
Ph m cn gi l "T m", l m thot ra m lung hi b cn tr do s
xut hin ca chng ngi trn li thot ca khng kh, v nh s tip xc ca u
li vi rng, v d: [t ] v [n ] trong ch din.

2 m tit

lsh
lishi

m tit l n v pht m nh nht, n v t nhin nht trong li ni ca con

ngi. Mi m tit l mt ting. V d t (lsh-lch s), lc pht m v lc
nghe thy u ch l 2 n v "l" v "sh", ch khng phi l 4 n v "lishi".
V vy, "l" v "sh" l 2 m tit. Ch c cc nh ngn ng hc lc phn tch ng m
mi chia chng thnh 4 n v nh hn (gi l m t).

Trong ting Trung, mt ch Hn i din cho mt m tit. Ch c cc t lc

c un li, thm vo sau t biu th cch c ny, nh (hurbng hoa), hai ch Hn nhng cng ch c mt m tit pht ra.

m tit l n v c bn ca kt cu ng m. Mt m tit ting Trung c th

do nhiu m t cu thnh. V d:
u (mt m t)
da (hai m t)
ban (ba m t)
jiao (bn m t)
ae
zhung
zhuangchungshung
hung
Mt m tit ting Trung c t nht mt m t, nh: a e; nhiu nht bn
m t, nh zhung, tuy c su ch ci nhng cng ch c bn m t, l "zh
2

uang". Cc t (chungshunghung) cng phn tch

tng t nh vy.

3 Thanh mu, Vn mu, Thanh iu

Mt m tit ting Trung c th chia lm 3 phn: Thanh mu, Vn mu v

Thanh iu.
1 Thanh mu

Zhngguzhgi

Thanh mu l ph m m u ca mt m tit, nu nh m u mt m tit

khng c ph m, th gi l "thanh mu khng". V d t zhngguTrung Quctrong ting Trung c 2 thanh mu l "zh" v "g", cn t (i-yu)
khng c ph m m u, tc l "thanh mu khng".
2 Vn mu

Vn mu l m t ng sau thanh mu trong mt m tit, n c th l mt

nguyn m, hoc l t hp ca nhiu nguyn m, cng c th l s t hp ca nguyn
m v ph m. V d:
b a (Vn mu l "a", nguyn m n)
jio iao (Vn mu l "iao", nguyn m
kp)
xng ing (Vn mu l "ing",
nguyn m "i" + ph m "ng")
3 Thanh iu

ho 214 2 1
4
Thanh iu ch s bin ho cao-thp-di-ngn ca mt m tit. S bin ho ca
thanh iu ph thuc vo ton b m tit . V d t ho-tttrong ting
Trung c thanh 3 (thng thanh), m vc l 214, tc l pht m t ging ln thng, t
2 xung 1 ri ln n 4.

K hiu ghi m (K m ph hiu)

K hiu ghi m l k hiu ghi chp li ng m. Bi v ch Hn khng phi l

vn t phin m, khng th nhn ch c ra m, v vy cn phi c k hiu ch m
cho ch Hn.

1958 2 11
H thng k hiu ghi m thng dng nht Trung Quc hin nay c
"Phng n phin m Hn ng". "Phng n phin m Hn ng" l phng n dng
mu t Latin vit phin m ting Ph thng Trung Quc. Phng n ny c U
ban ci cch vn t Trung Quc (nay l U ban cng tc vn t ngn ng quc gia)
son tho, c thng qua ti k hp th 5 kho I i hi i biu nhn dn ton
quc v c hiu lc t ngy 11/2/1958.

Ni dung ca "Phng n phin m Hn ng" c 5 phn: Bng ch ci, Bng

Thanh mu, Bng Vn mu, K hiu Thanh iu v K hiu cch m.
1 Bng ch ci
-Mu t A a

Bb

Cc

Dd

Ee

Ff

Gg

-Tn gi

Hh

Ii

Jj

Kk

Ll

Mm

Nn

Oo

Pp

Qq

Rr

Ss

Tt

Uu

Vv

Ww

Xx

Yy

Zz

V ch dng phin m ting nc ngoi, ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s v

phng ng. Cch vit cc mu t da vo cch vit thng dng lu nay ca cc
mu t Latin, cch pht m cng da vo c im pht m ca ting Trung.
4

2 Bng thanh mu
b

zh

ch

sh

3 Bng vn mu

ai

ei

ao

ou

an

en

ang

eng

ong

ia

u

ua

uo

ie

uai

uei

iao

iou

ian

in

iang

ing

iong

uan

uen

uang

ueng

an

n

4 K hiu thanh iu

m bnh

Dng bnh

Thng thanh

Kh thanh

K hiu thanh iu c nh trn nguyn m chnh ca m tit. Thanh nh

khng nh thanh iu. V d:
m

ma

5 K hiu cch m
aoe
' pi'aoXi'an
Nhng m tit bt u bng a, o, e nu ng ngay sau nhng m tit khc m
gii hn ca m tit d gy nhm ln, th dng k hiu cch m ' phn bit.
V d: pi'ao-o daXi'an-Ty An

Bng i chiu ch ci ting Trung, Ting Vit v K m Quc t

ch ci
Ting Trung

ch ci
Ting Vit

Aa

[a]

Nn

[n]

Bb

[p]

Oo

[o]

[ts]

Pp

[p]
[]

Cc

K m
ch ci
ch ci
K m
Quc t Ting Trung Ting Vit Quc t

Dd

[t]

Qq

Ee

[]

Rr

[ ]

Ff

ph

[f]

Ss

[s]

Gg

c, k

[k]

Tt

th

[t]

Hh

[x]

Uu

[u]

II

[i]

Vv

[v]

Jj

ch

[]

Ww

[w]

Kk

kh

[k]

Xx

[ ]

Ll

[l]

Yy

[ ]

Mm

[m]

Zz

ch

[ts]

 C quan pht m

1. mi trn

2. rng trn

3. li

4. ngc cng

5. ngc mm

6. li con (li g)

7. mi di

8. rng di

9. u li

10. mt li

11. cung li

12. yt hu (cung hng)

13. vm hng

14. np thanh qun

15. thanh i (dy thanh)

16. kh qun

17. thc qun

18. l mi


BI 2:

THANH MU

Thanh mu l g
hoh
yi

Thanh mu l ph m m u ca mt m tit. V d ph m "h" trong m tit

"ho". C mt s m tit khng bt u bng ph m, v d "y, i"... Chng c
gi l m tit thanh mu khng.

Quan h gia Thanh mu v Ph m:

Hai khi nim ny c phm vi khc nhau. Thanh mu chc chn l ph m,

cn ph m cha chc l thanh mu.
22 21 1
-ngngyng 1
nnn
n
Ting Ph thng Trung Quc tng cng c 22 ph m, nhng ch c 21 thanh
mu (b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s), v th c 1 ph m khng
lm thanh mu, chnh l "ng", v d: "ngyng". C 1 ph m va c th ng u
m tit va c th ng cui m tit, chnh l "n", v d: "nn". Lc ng u m
tit, n l thanh mu; lc ng cui m tit n l vn mu ui.

Phn loi v hnh thc pht m thanh

mu:
1 V tr pht m:

m hai mi (mi trn, mi di): bpm

m mi rng (rng trn, mi di): f

m u li trc (li trn, u li): zcs

m u li gia (li trn, u li): dtnl

m u li sau (ngc cng trc, u li): zhchshr

m mt li (ngc cng, mt li): jqx
1


m cung li (ngc mm, gc li): gkh

2 Hnh thc pht m

C 3 kiu sau:
1 Kiu gp chng ngi
am tc

6
Lc pht m, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ng lung kh thng ln
mi, lung kh vt qua chng ngi, thot mnh ra t vm ming, cn gi l "m
bc ph". Ting Trung c 6 m tc: b, p, d, t, g, k.
bm xt

6
Lc pht m, cc c quan pht m tip cn vi nhau, hnh thnh mt khe hp,
li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung
kh thot ra t khe hp, ma st thnh m thanh, cn gi l "m ma st". Ting Trung
c 6 m xt: f, h, x, sh, r, s.
cm tc xt

6
Lc pht m, li con v ngc mm nng ln, chn ly con ng lung kh
thng ln mi, sau cc c quan pht m m ra, hnh thanh mt khe hp, lung kh
ma st trong khe hp ri thot ra, hnh thnh mt m c na u ging m tc, na
sau ging m xt, nhng n vn l mt ph m n. Ting Trung c 6 m tc xt: z,
zh, c, ch, j, q.
dm mi

2
Lc pht m, vm ming ng li, li con v ngc mm h xung, lung kh
thot ra t hang mi, lc pht m m mi dy thanh phi rung ng. Ting Trung c
2 m mi: m, n.

em bin

Lc pht m, u li tip xc vi li trn, li con v ngc mm nng ln,

chn ly con ng lung kh thng ln mi, lung thot ra t hai bn u li, lc
pht m m bin dy thanh phi rung ng. Ting Trung ch c 1 m bin: l.
2 Kiu rung ng dy thanh

Da vo vic c hay khng c s rung ng ca dy thanh, c th chia thanh

mu lm 2 loi:
a 17
V thanh: lc pht m dy thanh khng rung. Ting Trung c 17 thanh mu v
thanhbpfdtgkhjqxzhchshzcs
b 4
Hu thanh: lc pht m dy thanh rung ng. Ting Trung c 4 thanh mu hu
thanhmnlr
mnngl r

Nh vy, trong ting Trung, m mi, m bin "m, n, ng, l" u l hu thanh,
m xt "r" cng l hu thanh, cc m cn li thuc m tc, m tc xt, m xt u l
v thanh.
3 Kiu lung kh mnh-yu

Da vo lung kh thot ra khi pht m mnh hay yu, c th phn m tc v

m tc xt thnh 2 loi:
a 6
m bt hi (tng kh): lc pht m lung kh thot ra mnh, ting Trung c 6
m bt hi: ptkcchq
b 6
m khng bt hi: lc pht m lung kh thot ra yu, ting Trung c 6 m
khng bt hi: bdgzzhj

m mi, m bin, m xt khng c s phn bit bt hi hay khng bt hi.

3-
Bng i chiu v tr-hnh thc pht m Thanh mu:

m
f
z

n
zh

ch

sh

(ng)

21 Cch pht m 21 thanh mu:

1) b m hai mi, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc
(bnb)

(biobng)

(bo bin)

(bbng)

(bngbo)

(bbo)

2) p: m hai mi, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(ppng)

(pinpng)

(ppi)

(piop)

(pngpi)

(pinp)

3) m m hai mi, hu thanh, m mi

(mimio)

(mmng)

(mimio)

(mim)

(mnmin)

(mngmng)

4) f m mi rng, v thanh, m xt
(fngf)

(ffn)

(fngf)

(fif)

(fnf)

(fnfng)

5) d m u li gia, khng bt hi, v thanh,

m tc
(dindng)

(ddo)

(dndio)

(dngdi)

(dod)

(dngdi)

6) t m u li gia, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(tunt)

(tuti)

(tnt)

(tnto)

(toti)

(tti)

7) n m u li gia, hu thanh, m mi
(nini)

(nnn)

(non)

(nngn)

(nngni)

(nnng)

8) l m u li gia, hu thanh, m bin

(liln)

(ll)

(lnli)

(lnl)

(luli)

(lnglng)

9) g m cung li, khng bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(gig)

(gogu)

(gungg)

(gug)

(ggng)

(gngg)

10) k m cung li, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

(kiku)

(kngki)

(kk)

(kngkung)

(kk)

(kikn)

11) h m cung li, v thanh, m xt

(huhung)

(hhun)

(huhu)

(hnghi)

(huhu)

(hngh)

12) j m mt li, khng bt hi, v thanh, m

tc xt
(jij)

(jij)

(jinju)

(jj)

(jngj)

(jioj)

13) q m mt li, bt hi, v thanh, m tc xt

(quqi)

(qiqio)

(qnqi)

(qngq)

(quqn)

(qqun)

14) x m mt li, v thanh, m xt

(xingxn)

(xxn)

(xinxing)

(xixn)

(xingxn)

(xux)

15) zh m u li sau, khng bt hi, v

thanh, m tc xt
(zhngzh)

(zhuzhun)

(zhzh)

(zhnzhng)

(zhnzhng)

(zhngzh)

16) ch m u li sau, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

xt
(chngchng)

(chuch)

(chchng)

(chchung)

(chngch)

(chngch)

17) sh m u li sau, v thanh, m xt

(shush)

(shnshng)

(shsh)

(shngsh)

(shosh)

(shsh)

18) r m u li sau, hu thanh, m xt (

(rurun)

(rnrng)

(rnr)

(rngr)

(runru)

(rngrn)

19) z m u li trc, khng bt hi, v

thanh, m tc xt
(zngzi)

(zizu)

(zzn)

(zuz)

(zizng)

(zngz)

20) c m u li trc, bt hi, v thanh, m tc

xt
(cic)

(cuc)

(cngc)

(cncn)

(cngc)

(cngc)

21) s m u li trc, v thanh, m xt

(susu)

(sso)

(ss)

(ssu)

(sngsn)

(ssng)


Bng i chiu thanh mu (ph m) ting Trung v ting Vit
Thanh
Ph m
V d
mu ting
ting
Trung Vit
Trung
Vit
b

ba

Thanh
Ph m
V d
mu ting
ting
Trung Vit
Trung
Vit

pa

ch

ji

chi

ma

ma

xi

xi

ph

fa

pha

zh

tr

zha

tra

da

ta

ch

th

ta

tha

sh

sha

sa

na

na

ran

ran

la

la

ch

zu

chu

c/k

ga

ca/ka

kh

ka

kha

sa

xa

ha

ha

w-y

u-y

Bi th di y bao gm tt c cc thanh mu trong ting Trung, tp c

nhiu ln c th c chnh xc tt c cc thanh mu:

Ci Sng G

Chn r q mi zo,

Ci sng jng t nio.

Fng gu p b xing,

Hu ki hu lu zh du sho.


BI 3:

VN MU

Vn mu l g?
39
Vn mu l thnh phn nm ngay sau thanh mu trong mt m tit. Ting Ph
thng Trung Quc c 39 vn mu.

Quan h gia vn mu v nguyn m:

Hai khi nim ny c phm vi khc nhau. Vn mu ch yu do nguyn m cu

thnh, nhng khng ch gii hn bi nguyn m. C vn mu do nguyn m v ph
m mi cu thnh.

Vn mu l thnh phn khng th thiu trong 1 m tit ting Trung. Mt m

tit ting Trung c th khng c thanh mu (nguyn m), nhng nht nh phi c
vn mu (ph m) + thanh iu. i a s cc vn mu u c th c lp tr thnh
m tit, gi l m tit thanh mu khng.

Phn loi v c im pht m vn mu:

1 Loi kt cu
a Vn mu n

Vn mu do 1 nguyn m cu thnh gi l Vn mu n, c 10 vn mu n:
a, o, e, , i, u, , -i (trc), -i (sau), er. C 3 loi vn mu n:
Vn mu nguyn m n mt lia, o, e, , i, u,
Vn mu nguyn m n u li-i (trc)-i
(sau)
Vn mu nguyn m n un li: er
c im pht m ca
Vn mu n: v tr li v khu hnh gi nguyn khng thay i trong sut qu trnh
pht m.
1

b Vn mu phc
13
Vn mu do 2 hoc 3 nguyn m cu thnh gi l Vn mu phc (Vn mu
kp), c 13 vn mu phc.

c im pht m Vn mu phc: v tr li t nguyn m u ln

lt chuyn sang cc nguyn m tip theo; vang ca cc nguyn m
cng khc nhau, trong c mt nguyn m c vang ln nht, r rng
nht.
+ +
Kt cu vn mu (VM) phc: VM u + VM gia + VM cui (VM ui)

iu iuo

Vn mu gia l vn mu chnh, y l nguyn m lc pht m ming m rng

nht, m thanh vang nht, r nht. Nguyn m trc vn mu gia l vn mu u
(cn gi l "gii m"), pht m nh v ngn, thng ch biu th c im pht m,
c 3 nguyn m: i, u, . Nguyn m nm sau vn mu gia l vn mu cui, thng
l cc nguyn m i, u, o, m vc khng r rng v n nh, thng biu th hng
hot ng ca li. V d:
- Vn mu phc

V d

- Vn mu cui

Vn mu Vn mu

u
gia
Nguyn m
Ph m

(o)

(r)
(y)
( wi)
( yun
(yng)

r
i

ng

Phn loi vn mu phc

a Nguyn m nh hp vang trcaieiaoou.
b Nguyn m nh hp vang sauiaieuauoe.
c Nguyn m tam hp vang giaiaoiouuaiuei.
2