Freqresp

11: Frequency Responses
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Plot Magnitude Response

Low and High Frequency
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)
Frequency Responses: 11 1 / 12
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

sine wave but with a different amplitude and
phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the
output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
The gain of the circuit is
Y
X
1/jC
R+1/jC
1
jRC+1
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Y
X
1/jC
R+1/jC
1
jRC+1
This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Y
X
1/jC
R+1/jC
1
jRC+1
Y
Magnitude: X =
1
|jRC+1|
1
1+(RC)2
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Y
X
1/jC
R+1/jC
1
jRC+1
Y
Magnitude: X =
1
|jRC+1|
1
1+(RC)2
0.5
0
0
RC
Magnitude Response
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Y
X
1/jC
R+1/jC
1
jRC+1
Y
Magnitude: X =
Phase Shift:
Y
X
1
|jRC+1|
1
1+(RC)2
= (jRC + 1) = arctan
RC
1
0.5
0
0
RC
Magnitude Response
Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

output phasor.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Y
X
1/jC
R+1/jC
1
jRC+1
Y
Magnitude: X =
Phase Shift:
Y
X
1
1+(RC)2
= (jRC + 1) = arctan
RC
1
1
|jRC+1|
-0.2
0.5
-0.4
0
0
RC
Magnitude Response
RC
Phase Response
Sine Wave Response

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
= 50
Y
X
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Sine Wave Response

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
= 50
Y
X
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
= 50
Y
X
X-Y
=50

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
-0.2
-0.4
Approximations
Asymptotes
0
Imag
0.5
Real
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
Y
X
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 300
Y
X
0.5
Real
w = 50 rad/s, Gain = 0.89, Phase = -27

1
= 0.71 45
= 0.32 72
x=blue, y=red
= 50
X-Y
=50

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
-0.2
-0.4
Approximations
Asymptotes
0
Imag
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
20
40
60
80
time (ms)
100
120
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
= 50
Y
X
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
= 50
Y
X
X-Y
=100

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
-0.2
-0.4
Approximations
Asymptotes
0
Imag
0.5
Real
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
-0.2
Y
X
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 300
Y
X
0.5
Real
w = 100 rad/s, Gain = 0.71, Phase = -45

1
= 0.71 45
= 0.32 72
x=blue, y=red
= 50
X-Y
=100

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
-0.4
Approximations
Asymptotes
0
Imag
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
20
40
60
80
time (ms)
100
120
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
= 50
Y
X
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
-0.2
-0.4
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
= 50
Y
X
0
Imag
X-Y
=300
0.5
Real
= 0.89 27
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
= 0.32 72
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
-0.2
-0.4
Approximations
= 50
Y
X
= 0.89 27
X-Y
=300
0.5
Real
w = 300 rad/s, Gain = 0.32, Phase = -72

1
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
x=blue, y=red
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Asymptotes
0
Imag
= 0.32 72
y
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
20
40
60
80
time (ms)
100
120
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
RC = 10 ms
Y
X
1
jRC+1
1
0.01j+1
-0.2
-0.4
Approximations
= 50
Y
X
= 0.89 27
X-Y
=300
0.5
Real
w = 300 rad/s, Gain = 0.32, Phase = -72

1
= 100
Y
X
= 0.71 45
= 300
Y
X
x=blue, y=red
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Asymptotes
0
Imag
= 0.32 72
y
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
20
40
60
80
time (ms)
100
120
Phase ()
|Y/X|
-20
0.5
-40
-60
-80
0
0
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
100
200
300
(rad/s)
400
500
The output, y(t), lags the input, x(t), by up to 90 .

Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase)
because % differences are more significant than absolute differences.
E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less significant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz
even though both differences equal 5 Hz.

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
-0.2
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|V |
Logarithmic voltage ratios are specified in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | .

1
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|V |

1
Common ratios: 1 0 dB,
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|V |

1
10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB,
100 40 dB,
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|V |

1
10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB,
2 6 dB, 0.5 6 dB,
100 40 dB,
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|V |

1
10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB, 100 40 dB,
2 6 dB, 0.5 6 dB,
2 = 1.41 3 dB, 1 = 0.707 3 dB.

2
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Logarithmic axes
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|V |

1
10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB, 100 40 dB,
2 6 dB, 0.5 6 dB,
2 = 1.41 3 dB, 1 = 0.707 3 dB.

2
0
-10
-0.2
-20
-30
-0.4
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
P2
Note: P V 2 decibel power ratios: 10 log10 P
1
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (j)
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Magnitude (log-log graph):
|H| = c r log |H| = log |c|+r log

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

r
100
|H| = c log |H| = log |c|+r log

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
10
1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations


r
100

This is a straight line with a slope of r .
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
10
1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations


100

10
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Phase (log-lin graph):
H = j r + c = r
(+ if c < 0)
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations


100

10
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
1
(+ if c < 0)
100
0.5
H = j r + c = r
10
(rad/s)
0
-0.5
-1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations


100

10
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
1
100
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
The phase is constant .
10
(rad/s)
0
-0.5
-1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations


100

0.22
10
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
1
100
2 0.22
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
10
(rad/s)
0
-0.5
-1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes

100

c only affects the lines vertical position.
0.22
10
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
2 0.22
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
0
-0.5
-1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes

100

0.22
80
10
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
2 0.22
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
80
-0.5
-1
1
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes

100

0.22
80
10
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
65-1
1
1
2 0.22
80
65-1
-0.5
-1
1
100
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
10
(rad/s)
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes

100

0.22
80
10
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
65-1
1
1
2 0.22
80
65-1
-0.5
-1
1
100
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
If c > 0, phase = 90 magnitude slope.
10
(rad/s)
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

Asymptotes

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
If |H| is measured in decibels, a slope of r

is called 6r dB/octave or 20r dB/decade.
Approximations

100
0.22
80
10
65-1
1
1
10
(rad/s)
2 0.22
80
65-1
-0.5
-1
1
100
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

Asymptotes

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Approximations

100
0.22
80
65-1
-9-1
1
1
10
(rad/s)
2 0.22
0.5
0
100
-9-1
80
65-1
-0.5
-1
1
10
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
Negative c adds 180 to the phase.
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

Asymptotes

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Approximations

100
Note: Phase angles are modulo 360 , i.e.

+180 180 and 450 90 .
0.22
80
10
65-1
-9-1
1
1
10
(rad/s)
2 0.22
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
-9-1
80
65-1
-0.5
-1
1
100
10
(rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
H = c (j) has a straight-line magnitude graph and a constant phase.

Asymptotes

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Approximations

100
Note: Phase angles are modulo 360 , i.e.

+180 180 and 450 90 .
0.22
80
10
65-1
-9-1
1
1
10
(rad/s)
2 0.22
0.5
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0)
-9-1
80
65-1
-0.5
-1
1
100
10
(rad/s)
100
Straight Line Approximations

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
|Gain| (dB)
0
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
Low frequencies ( RC
): H(j) 1
|Gain| (dB)
0
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
High frequencies ( RC
|Gain| (dB)
0
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
Approximate the magnitude response

as two straight lines
0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
): H(j) jRC

0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
|H(j)| RC
1

0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
|H(j)| RC
1

0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
|H(j)| RC
1

as two straight lines intersecting at the
1
corner frequency, c = RC
.
0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
|H(j)| RC
1

1
.
At the corner frequency:
0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
(a) the gradient changes by 1 (= 6 dB/octave = 20 dB/decade).
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
|H(j)| RC
1

1
.
0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
(a) the gradient changes

by 1 (= 6 dB/octave = 20 dB/decade).
1 1
(b) |H(jc )| = 1+j
= 2 = 3 dB (worst-case error).
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
(
aj for |a| |b|
Key idea: (aj + b)
b
for |a| |b|
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
): H(j) 1 |H(j)| 1
1
1
1
): H(j) jRC
|H(j)| RC
1

1
.
0
|Gain| (dB)
-10
-20
-30
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
(a) the gradient changes

by 1 (= 6 dB/octave = 20 dB/decade).
1 1
(b) |H(jc )| = 1+j
= 2 = 3 dB (worst-case error).
b
A linear factor (aj + b) has a corner frequency of c = a .

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in j and is

called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
Step 1: Factorize the polynomials
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600

Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600

Step 3: For < 1 all linear factors equal
their constant terms:
2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600

2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
Step 4: For 1 < < 4, the factor (j + 1) j so
|H|
2012
450
= 1.2 0

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600

2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

2012
|H| 450
= 1.2 0 = +1.58 dB.

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600

2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

2012
|H| 450
= 1.2 0 = +1.58 dB.
2012
Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H| 50
= 4.8 1 .

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600

2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

2012
|H| 450
= 1.2 0 = +1.58 dB.
2012
Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H| 50
= 4.8 1 .
20
Step 6: For 12 < < 50, |H| 50
= 0.4 0 = 7.96 dB.

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)

2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

2012
|H| 450
= 1.2 0 = +1.58 dB.
2012
Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H| 50
= 4.8 1 .
20
Step 6: For 12 < < 50, |H| 50
= 0.4 0 = 7.96 dB.
20
= 20 1 .
Step 7: For > 50, |H|

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line

H(j) =
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)

2012
|H| 1450
= 1.2 1 .
0
-20
-40
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

2012
|H| 450
= 1.2 0 = +1.58 dB.
2012
Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H| 50
= 4.8 1 .
20
Step 6: For 12 < < 50, |H| 50
= 0.4 0 = 7.96 dB.
20
= 20 1 .
Step 7: For > 50, |H|
At each corner frequency, the graph is continuous but its gradient changes
abruptly by +1 (numerator factor) or 1 (denominator factor).
Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
You can find the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
Low Frequency Asymptote:
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

20j(12)
From factors: HLF (j) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2j
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

20j(12)

720(j)
Lowest power of j on top and bottom: H (j) 600 = 1.2j
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

20j(12)

720(j)
High Frequency Asymptote:
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

20j(12)

720(j)
20j(j)
From factors: HHF (j) = (j)(j)(j) = 20 (j)
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
-20
-40
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000

20j(12)

720(j)
20j(j)
From factors: HHF (j) = (j)(j)(j) = 20 (j)

Highest power of j on top and bottom: H (j)
1
60(j)2
3(j)3
= 20 (j)1
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
0
Phase/
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
j 1 = 2
0
Phase/
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
j 1 = 2
Approximate the phase response as

three straight lines.
0
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
j 1 = 2

By chance, they intersect close to
1
.
0.1c and 10c where c = RC
0
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
j 1 = 2

1
.
0
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
Between 0.1c and 10c the phase changes by 2 over two decades.
This gives a gradient = 4 radians/decade.
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
j 1 = 2

1
.
0
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
(aj + b) in denominator

1 b
gradient = 4 /decade at = 10
a .
Phase Approximation
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
1
Gain: H(j) = jRC+1
1
):
H(j) 1 1 = 0
1
1
): H(j) jRC
j 1 = 2

1
.
0
Phase/
-0.2
-0.4
0.1/RC
1/RC
(rad/s)
10/RC
(aj + b) in denominator

1 b
gradient = 4 /decade at = 10
a .
The sign of gradient is reversed for (a) numerator factors and (b) ab < 0.
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
H(j) =
Approximations

60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
0.5
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
0.5
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
-0.5
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
Step 2: Gradient changes at 101 c .
Sign depends on num/den and sgn ab :
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
Step 3: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Step 4: Find phase of LF asymptote: 1.2j = + 2 .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Step 5: At = 0.1 gradient becomes 4 rad/decade. is still 2 .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Step 6: At = 0.4, = 2 0.6 4 = 0.35 . New gradient is 2 .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Step 7: At = 1.2, = 0.35 0.48 2 = 0.11 . New gradient is 4 .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Steps 8-12: Repeat for each gradient change.
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Steps 8-12: Repeat for each gradient change. Final gradient is always 0.
Plot Phase Response
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
H(j) =
60(j)2 +720(j)
3(j)3 +165(j)2 +762(j)+600
20j(j+12)
(j+1)(j+4)(j+50)
0.5
c = {1 , 4 , 12+ , 50 }
-0.5
.1 , 10 ; .4 , 40 ; 1.2 , 120 ; 5 , 500
0.1
10
(rad/s)
100
1000
1
decades:
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
Steps 8-12: Repeat for each gradient change. Final gradient is always 0.
At 0.1 and 10 times each corner frequency, the graph is continuous but its
gradient changes abruptly by 4 rad/decade.
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
Approximations

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC
LF Asymptote: H(j) = 1

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
Gradient Changes: 20 dB/dec at = 4RC
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
jRC
1
Line equations: H(j) = (a) 1, (b) 4jRC
, (c) 4jRC = 14
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
jRC
1
, (c) 4jRC = 14
Phase Response:
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
jRC
1
, (c) 4jRC = 14
Phase Response:
LF asymptote: = 1 = 0
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
jRC
1
, (c) 4jRC = 14
Phase Response:
0.1
2.5
10
, RC
, RC
, RC
.
Gradient changes of 4 /decade at: = 0.025
RC
RCR Circuit
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations
Y
X
1
R+ jC
1
3R+R+ jC
jRC+1
4jRC+1
1
1
, RC
Corner freqs: 4RC

Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
0
0
Asymptotes
-5
-0.1
-10
-0.2
0.1
1
RC
10
0.1
1
RC
10
Magnitude Response:
1
1
and +20 at = RC
jRC
1
, (c) 4jRC = 14
Phase Response:
0.1
2.5
10
, RC
, RC
, RC
.
Gradient changes of 4 /decade at: = 0.025
RC
0.1
0.1
, = 0 4 log10 0.025
= 0.15
At = RC
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Frequency response: magnitude and phase of

Only applies to sine waves
Y
X
as a function of
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations


Y
X
as a function of
Use log axes for frequency and gain but linear for phase
2
Decibels = 20 log10 VV21 = 10 log10 P
P1
Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Y
X
as a function of
2
P1
b
Linear factor (aj + b) gives corner frequency at = a .
b
Magnitude plot gradient changes by 20 dB/decade @ = a .
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Y
X
as a function of
2
P1
b
b
Phase gradient changes in two places by:
b
4 rad/decade @ = 0.1 a
b
rad/decade @ = 10
4
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Y
X
as a function of
2
P1
b
b
b
b
rad/decade @ = 10
4
LF/HF asymptotes: keep only the terms with the lowest/highest power
of j in numerator and denominator polynomials
Summary
Frequency Response
Sine Wave Response
Logarithmic axes
Logs of Powers
Straight Line
Approximations

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Plot Phase Response
RCR Circuit
Summary

Y
X
as a function of
2
P1
b
b
b
b
rad/decade @ = 10
4
LF/HF asymptotes: keep only the terms with the lowest/highest power
of j in numerator and denominator polynomials
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 16.

Freqresp

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Freqresp

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11: Frequency Responses

Plot Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

11: Frequency Responses

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

The gain of the circuit is

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

The gain of the circuit is

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

The gain of the circuit is

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

The gain of the circuit is

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

The gain of the circuit is

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

If x(t) is a sine wave, then y(t) will also be a

Plot Magnitude Response

The gain of the circuit is

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

w = 50 rad/s, Gain = 0.89, Phase = -27

Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

w = 100 rad/s, Gain = 0.71, Phase = -45

Plot Magnitude Response

11: Frequency Responses

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-5997)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response