Similarity Laws Casting Ladle 1 - 2 O)2oscm [Pow | O Foundry ladle > Requirement $ & Biy version © ; seal verson@] Guea: 022xO Beaciag of Hole Foe ~ Hate Ag Di=2-Do jy Arz2-Ha j.. Soczeletion. Per Ry Dit, dace Per db, Hate Pa = DHa-HDs” dab > Pa H,-Da* wdo-Phy rote Ooneomert Proctor Comments [rapa] © PF Ublerent material /Medgn required A> Liwiketion of single geomet ‘sim ary a or ty} eeroe Deeper n Fratton Prone Dowtpmere nF 2.2.1 Geometric Similarity OcHsCHULE PDIP } a ee Sr Oi Fundamentals/Nomenclature Similarity Laws > Basic design (The original draft!) = Index 0 > Sequential design (Deduction) = Index 4 OType of Similarity Ne Size step, velehion step » Geometric = = lent > Kinematic No Teles > Static > Dynamic O Basic Quantities (= see following table) Ve Lit Bixtdy ie 3 el ae FQ HE, > Weight {ep od @ oS. ae GV ae) [iftwo or more parameters are in constant amie = Special Similarities! » Volume [a= = (OF Org Bec = FORO got Page 1 2.2.2 Kinematic Similarity AND invariant te OTime Ge a OVelocity DAcceleration we - =+| a . (Pe Ong echchra - PEO RNS Farge: Page 122.2.3 Static Similarity Fach Hocks cHute ul &_ AND ¢ = invarian’ OForce Similarity (static) O Typical forces in ME-systems » Elastic force > Inertia force > Acceleration force > Centrifugal force (OP Onna. Becher — FEZ OFS Farge Static Similarity O Stress (static) based» 6- €-E » Robert Hooke .. (1625-1303) O Typical requirements 1 Same stress gly | > c+ ons 2. Same Material 3. Consequence 4. Cauchy Condition Gee & » (Fre Ong Sachachrc- FOF2 OF Se arses "etiam rave wth | Pages aos pots hue higher [lower debvrnottion. BUT: Stain £ beeps the sane!Protet Detuprartn retain Static Similarity OStress (static) a rs ere noe ee = Static Similarity required Ge && = conse * Same stress in all sizes required — fan | » Final relation for Force (under Cquchy Condition) 1 Mics eles same 2a, bases = Gat | ial Pre ng ct - PORE ORC geste Pa 18 Basic Similarities OSimilarities of Basic Quantities > NOTE: Invariants = Constants = constant values Similarities Basic quantities Geometric Length Temporal Time Force Force Electrical Charge Thermal Temperature Photometric Luminous intensity (Prt Drang. aon - FOR ORnSo Range Poon 182.2.4 Dynamic Similarity Oiisiscue [Por Tne 7 oes aaa | 4 AND 4+ AND &, = invariant = constant O Special Similarity Numbers for this purpose ONewton Similarity Number (inertia Forces)( {44s - 172) Fer mas 7 = 3, @ Oa er wees OR ie Es Oinertia Force ats =>/Bs-O* > If, = 1 and , and $= const. = Dynamic Similarity. » Dynamic Similarity means ,, = const.! > IF, and @,and @-not const. => Force Similarity, static: 5 > n= const. also possible, if ¢,, 0,, ¢.are changed simultaneously! (© Pro Orng st Sacechit POP? OF Soe argent Page 17 Dynamic Similarity 1S rearranged QP 2 tal Porn thie te =p Oy, -% ie M = Cok for dyn. ee (ese He inact) ONewton (Similarity) Number Prod Domprerin Potion ONe = Relative Inertia Force (< one of the possible circumvert Geantty force the ege CIF Ge 4= E> = Preble {PL Deng act - PRA OR Se ergot Po 18Dynamic Similarity acuscnute | PDIP ‘Ut ee SS O Cauchy Similarity Number > Fundamental mismatch to be solved ONew target for engineering > OApproach tothe. es? og Veg ~ Oi: eF a! Equdl Fee Similarity ep dynamic (©Fre g echacr — PEZOFWSS arg Dynamic Similarity OStatic force O Dynamic force ~ centrifugal force Ge, Sey Lo? Ke YO? Up Hey O Cauchy (Simila @: EE. pel Geg= €p p> Ry * i py" Ge rity) Number 6,30 = (eae Ba EB. sent [PDIP Feo A=€-F-k Feent = or ty™ Ver-W [Hang wlacity ) (Fr Deng. carrie - F203 Sa angen Page 203 4 fact — Dynamic Similarity & ocrscnue PDIP a Oa = Inertia Force/Elastic Force = HOOKE/ NEWTON OSummary Ca - Number » Equal Ca-Number = Same relation of Inertia to Elastic Force! > Geometric similar dynamic designs — same material (p, E) - require the same tangential velocity at comparable locations! rots DebomernPrducon Fundamental requirement for_| Dynamic Similarity! > Still mismatches are possible: e.g. Fr — number and Ca - number cannot be fulfilled at the same time. Pet ig ccc POPE a on 81 Similarity Numbers Ojieeecwe PDIP O Typical Similarity Numbers Sines ants Descriptions Kinematic gage é Dynamic Pgags Newton ‘Relative inestia i ae | Sone i ascertains force Inertia forcticteral foes and gases ‘Supoiedoremevedconucedcuantty of nest Conductedstored quatiyofheat (Pret Deg Bachchrt- POPCO NCO ange Page 22roe Onaorerin Proton —— rach - Similarities for const. Ca-Number Ojissome PDIP O Consequence of Dynamic Similarity = constant Ca - Number: { Wh co = p77 = constant andthe same mata, thats pand = ort = ans Inthe case of geometric smarty the folowing raters ocr Speeds, yao a Bending andra citaget 29 Suns, teseso sre presses ue toineriaanddlasiconespeedsy gf g pique detest 7 t Shomsesveses fae pestresp doe ty i forest @ : owes? : i Nase tqus, tion sess « . Secion ads. Secondmements ft! « Mass mest a "Note:The utisation ofthe materi and set levels are oly constant the inuence fhe dimensions on te ate ropeniescan be ignored [SP rng hac POR2 ORC ange age 28 Example: Centrifugal Advance 1-5 — @jfcdscu [Poi cit ee OExample: Centrifugal Advance 1) Static Similarity => Similarity of Force Peso _J a, = 10am Co= | NAnm stiffness Aepring vate No= F20 win! > Wy,2 95,4 5" fSeetierial chosen here | Design by ARR A = 4 - A, = 20 mm (PL ng. Boni PO2.ORHEDSe ran Page 24Praiet Ceeepmercn scion Example: Centrifugal Advance 2-5 — @jrscsame [PDIP Ue ee Sc OExample: Centrifugal Advance 2) Dynamic Similarity [o=1 i [B= TIBET I n= cons. yur> ek, | : > Springratec \_ tude | E Sara Cangential) Velocity v verw) >A #8 [Qa] s e-Bou, » ,Ne-Number = const." => " Fey = Fea Yo VEGF Fe, ot (Pro Orgs Secechit = PORE OANd Se eroen re Page 28 v Example: Centrifugal Advance 3 - 5 Oss PDi “rn hone Sin OlExample: Centrifugal Advance 2) Dynamic Similarity [O17 |[sore mater] [Basic Feo= (ON [Design As =V0mm [Sequential] Fe, = 1b 0M Design | (rot Onng Berchet - POPE ROO ee Reger Aornakiely: Co E2= 1 Whom 5 Ge aret Detention Pret Detepmer a scton Example: Centrifugal Advance 4-5 Oise PDIP eH 886 OlExample: Centrifugal Advance na 3) Dynamic Similarity > = s [QeM|GT] iret atone | * Considering Casnumer requirements” » Same se Pe? hu =|= 20> MEE | a eyed © Prof Drng J Blechschmict = POVA2..Fied3 Sine Rangesppt 7 Page 27 Example: Centrifugal Advance 5-5 — @jrctscane ——— ee NE ees oe OExample: Centrifugal Advance 1 pam ts 4) Working principle ,Gravity" (et [orrars) [REZ tang. velocity ‘Same angle + geom. sirilar if] » Froud-number > Angular velocity 0a, 2 ee ME Bt “Or awe Ne. (Prt Org. chet - POPC OAC Pengo Page 28Fact — hockscuuts | PDIP LoBecK oe ed ene Product Development in Production Application of Similarity Laws Rotary Mower (Kreiselmaher) ' rote: Deetomenca Prcon (© Org Becca - PORES A ONGC FON gee Peet Technical Background Oyiescrm PDIP Rotary Me Rotary Mower (technical principle) oe ee OSize Range? > Input turning speed = const. for all sizes. > Stresses = const. for all sizes. (ro. Ovrg «Bestia - POR. Fa eeeacu Product Development n Production tooren Produlaerewiklung fr Produktion ete ce Application of Similarity Laws - EXAMPLE Rotary Mower (Kreiselmaher) J A size range should be developed for a rotary mower as accessory equipment for tractors. ==> Requirements: = The input turning speed should be constant for all sizes (tractor). Stresses are constant forall sizes. Rotary Mower (technica principle) rt a) How does knife-diameter Ds change? b) How must the speeds nj and n2 as well as the gear ratio ip = no/m change? <) How does the ratio of cutting force to centrifugal force change at the cutting knives? 2D, Teles ms Gente 4d) Does the load (bearing stress = surface ater pressure; tension stress) in the knives eens Ge ee change, if) is considered? sara Ogt 78am €) How does the power consumption change? £) Design steps for the shaft diameters? Note: Bearing friction, ventilation, deadweight are disregarded, here. 8) Consider constant bending stress in all gear teeth. How do module m, tooth-width and pitch diam- eter change, a. .., the gear ratio ir2 = ni/ng = const. with tooth number z = const. b. ... the gear ratio io = no/mi changes according to result of b). Ie Prot. Or-ng. J. Blechschmit ‘Appt Siarity Laws-01-Fer00a.doox - Now. 14 Page: 1.0- 1/1Pret Debyrertn Prtcton Proaet Dotpmere nro Rotary mower a) & b) O)isecwe PDI b) How must the speeds n, and ng as well as the gear-ratio ig = ng/n, change? > Dynamic Similarity requires (© ro Oreg 4 Becca - FOR Aeneas a gee Page 3 Rotary mower, continued b) Weenscne PDIP es EE > 1st gear step requirement constant input speed (splined shaft output = standardized for tractors) (Ore. Ong Beste - FORE Styan201 F oee Pag 4Freer Deeuprere n Freon ric Ontos Peden Rotary mower c) O)eosome PDIP rae Smo c] How does the cutting force/centrifugal force - ratio influence the cutting knife-dimensions? > Cutting force assumption T, - Max. shear stress at grass blade = const. 2q ~ Average no. of grass blades cut at the same time ‘A - Average shear cross-section of grass blade = const. » Required assumption/simplifi Longer knives cut (linear) proportionally more grass blades. : rach Rotary mower, continued c) Osseo PDIP m_ ~ Mass of knife r= Radius = w - Angular velocity » Ratio cutting force to centrifugal force FF (Ore Onrg J Becta - POPE ane) Fa px Page 8