Published by Parimal J. Shah, 1. ForC, Jamnadas & Co., 146-C, Shamaldas Gandhi Marg, Mumbai - 400 002 Up-to-date First Edition : 2008-09 , Price : Rs. 280 /- Type-set by Shri. Anil M.Vhatkar Mahalaxmi D..P. Center S-3, Sarang Aptt., Sudhakar Nagar, Near Jawahar Nagar Road, Kolhapur -416 012 Phone 09423040308 Printed at Shri Swaminarayan Mudran Mandir, 12, Shayona Estate, NearVadilal Icecream Factory, Dudheswar Road, Shahibaug, Ahemadabad- 380004 Phone -07925626996 ‘The book is written according to the sy and we have taken every commission or omission of any sort in the book. It should be noted that neither the publisher nor the author nor the seller shall be held responsible for any damage or loss of action to anybody of any kind and in any manner therefrom, | Preface am pleased to place this up-to-date first edition of Applied Mathematics [fin the hands of Second Year (Computer, Electronics and Telecommunication) ies in gener Applied Mathematics - Il (Computer, Electronics and Telecommuni ‘Mumbai University. The book is based on my earlier book Applied Mathematics III and is modified according to the new syllabus. It contains a number of ad ‘examples-solved and unsolved-taken mostly from recent examination papers. Ihave taken this opportunity to rewrite some old articles in some chapters. so as to make the discussion complete and easier to understand, Also Thave taken care to remove the printing mistakes that were brought to my notice by my colleagues. ‘The book is an outcome of over thirty-five years cf teaching of ‘Mathematics to students of Engineering and Science, of c syllabus of University of Mumbai, of clear understandi {question papers of more than fifteen years of Examinations of all branches of ng of University of Mumbai. Thave also made extensive use of question the past ten years of Pune, SI Universities so to the present book, the students will have aclear of the type of examples they can expect at the 1 hopefully able to solve them successfully. ‘imperative for him to know clearly how the tool works. Ths, in . reg 1 understanding of the concepts and raethods of higher mathematics. A teacher of Engineering Mathematics has to strike a golden sean between rigorous mathematical proofs of the theorems, which often tend tobe tedious, and mere applications of these theorems to engineering problems tend to be difficult to grasp. With this difficulty in mind, an attempt has in this book to explain the theory through illustrations, diagrams ‘and examples whenever it was found sufficient for understanding the concepts and theorems are discussed at heuristic level also short, every care has and necessary materi sn ta vento see that unnecess is not left out ‘To make the matter easy for u {nto sub-topies, and illustrative exam after theoretical discussion of each ‘methods of solving problems are-given. & large number of examples is also ises. These examples ave mostly taken from the university main topics have been divided “; complete solutions are givenuestion papers and some are newly constructed according to the need, This, Will help students to know the nature of problems they are expected to face and the methods of solving such problems. In addition to th -k requiring a particular technique. In short, the book is so designed that it becomes complete in all respects and meets the demands of the students of both average and above- It also fulfils the expectations of the university syllabus in am extremely and sincerely thankful to Prof. A. N. Nakra; M.Sc. P.G. (BARC); MSc. (Nuclear Engg, ) Canada, so take this opportunity to express my sincere Mrs, Seema Latkar, Prof. A. B. Pawar, Prof. R. M. Pise, Prof. Mrs. S. Hegade, Prof. (Dr.) A. V:Dubewar, Prof. A. V. Deshmukh for their help and appreciation of my books. take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and sense of gratitude to Shri Parimal J. Shah; M.A. who wholeheartedly accepted the respon of publishing the entire series. Talso thank the printer for printing nicely and in time the book and the whole series. I am thankful to Shri. Rajan Bhatt Bhupendra Joshi and other members of the staff of C. Jamnadas and sparing no effor and for their cooperation and type-setting and to Shri, Kaushal Kulkarni Creative Concepts for beautiful cover design. T hope that the students and teachers of Engineering Mathematics of Mumbai and other Universities wil a edition enthusiastically. Any sug; and for removing errors that mij acknowledged, have gone unnoticed will be gratefully 4th July, 2008 Gajanan Vishnu Kumbhojkar ‘Sukrut™ Residency Colony, Sagarmal, Kolhapur-416 008 Phone: (0231) 2692041 ; Mobile : 9326052278 Syllabus APPLIED MATHEMATICS - IIT S.E. Semester - Ill (Mumbai University - Effective From June 2008) | errr Computer Engineering Module 01 : Laplace Transforms 1. Function of bounded variation. Laplace transform of standard functions such as 1, f, &% sin at, cos at, sin h at, cos hat, erf (0. (03) Linearity property of Laplace Transform, First Shing property, Second Shitting property, Change of Scale property of LT. lep function, Dirac Delta function, Periodic functions and their Laplace Transforms. (07) Inverse Lapalce Transform : Linearity property, use of theorems to find in , Part Module 02 : Matrices 1. Types of Matrices, Adjoint of a matrix. Inverse of a matrix. Orthogonal ‘matrix. Unitary matrix. Rank of a matrix. Reduction to a normal form AQ, Linear dependence and independence of rows/columns over field. 2. System of homogeneous and non-homogeneous equation, consistency and solutions. Module 03 : Fourier Series 3. Complex form of Fourier Series. 4. Practical harmonic analysis.Module 04 : Fourier Transform Introduction. Fourier integrals-Fourier sine and cosine integrals. Fourier So and cosine tensor Lineerly propery Change of sla pope Shing property. Convolution thorer (wiNeut poo). (08) Module 05: Z-Transform Module 06 : Use of Scilab ' (Computer Software) to solve integral transform, (02) | Term Work : 1 Based on above syllabus at least 10 tests assessed papers (10 2. Onotam int of 100 mats He urs ptm mst be cone and scaled to 10 marks. et 3. Attendance 05 marks. Electronics andTelecommunication 01: Laplace Transforms (10) arity property, Laplace transform of standard functions os at, sin h at, cos h at. 2. First shifting theorem, Second shifting theorem, l of scale property, L {}, L { ‘theorem (without proof) 3. Laplace transform of periodic functions, Error Function, 4. Heaviside Unit Step function and Dirac-delta function, (). Change ). Convolution Module 02 : Laplace Transforms and Matrices (12) 1. Inverse Lapalee transforms, Solution of Ordinary di Using the Laplace Transform method 2. Types of MaticesSymmetic, Skew-symmeti, Horm ’ mma, Hermitian, Skew- Hermitian, Orthogonal and Unitary Matrices. ~ 3. Inverse of a Matrix using Adjoint of a Matrix. equations Module 03 : Matrices (10) 4. Echeloon form, Rank of a Matrix, Normal Form. PA in the Normal form. 2. System of Homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations, their ‘consistency and solution using rank of a Matrix. 3. Linear Dependence and independence of vectors. 44. Solution of a system of simultaneous linear equations using Gauss elimination method, Gauss~Jordan reduction method, Gauss-Seidel iterative method. (12) 2 3 4 5. Half range Fourier series, Parseval 6. Complex form of Fourier Series, Orthogonal and orthonormal functions. Module 05 : Fourier Transforms (08) {ea of Fourier integral representation, Fourier Sine and Cosine Integral representation, Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms. Linearity property, Change of Scale property. Shiiting property. 2. Convolution theorem (statement only) and related problems. Module 06 : Z-transforms 4. Sequence, Representation of a sequence. Basic operat ‘sequences. Definition of Z-transforms. Linearity property ( proof). Z-ransforms of standard sequences - sin k, cos Kk, cos hk, sin hk, sin k, 008 Change of scale property, Shifting property. Inverse Z-transtorms. Convolution theorem (statement ont Inverse transform by Direct division. Binomial expansion and Partial fraction method, ‘Theory Examination 4. Question paper will be comprising of total 7 questions, each of 20 math 2. Only 5 questions need to be solved.ixed in nature (2.9. - suppose Q. 2 from, module 3 then part (b) will be from any module ther than module 3.) 5. In question paper weightage of exch media ach mode wil be propor numberof respective lecture houre ae mentonad n he oye, BER . Fourier Series Laplace Transforms - It Z-Transforms 1-1 to 1-57 @) Definition (@) Region of Convergence of Some Standard Functions (5) Properties of transforms (6) Inverse Z-transforms. 2-1 to 2-38 roduction (2) Fourier Integral (3) Fourier Sine And Cosine Integral Fourier Transform Or Complex Fourier Transform (5) Inverse Fourier Transform Or Complex Fourier Transform (6) Fourier Sine Transform (7) Inverse Fourier Sine Transform (8) Fourier Cosine Trans! (8) Inverse Fourier Cosine Transform (10) Properties Of Fourier |, ‘Transform (11) Finite Fourier Sine Transform And Its Inverse (12) Finite Fourier Cosine Transform And its Inverse. 3-4 to 3-103 (1) Introduction (2) Dirichlet’s Conditions (3) Determination Of Fourier Coefficients (Eule 2) Parseval's Identity In (c, ¢ + 21 4-1 to 4-32 (2) Complex Form Of Fourier Series (3) Orthogonality, egral Theorem. . 5-1 to 5-64 arity Property (4) Laplace ‘Change Of Scale Property ing Theorem (7) Second Shifting Theorem (8) Effect of By t (8) Etfect OF Division By ¢ (10) Laplace Transforms ives (11) Laplace Transforms OF Integrals. 6-1 to 6-85 ations (@) Methods Of }) Laplace Transforms Of roduction (2) Inverse Laplace Tra 19 Inverse Laplace Trans! CONTENTS 1.7. Rank Of A Matrix 7-1 to 5-83 (1) Introduction (2) Definition (3) Types OF Matrices (4) Operations On Matrices (5) Minors And Cofactors (6) The adjoint Of A Square Matrix 2 Recrocal Matrix (8) Orthogonal Matrices (@) Unitary Matrices (20) Elementary Transformations (1) Elementary Matrices (12) Rank Matrix (18) Normal Form Or Canonical Form (14) Reduction Of A Matrix A To Normal Form PAQ (16) Inverse By Elementary Row m Inve me (15) Inverse 8) r Linear Equations 8-1 to 8-77 (Induction (2) Vectors (@) Non-Homegeneous Linear Eq (8) HomegeneousUner Exton (ect) Lina Dependens And Independence Of Vector @) Solutions of Linear Algebras qvatons (8) Gaus Elminaton Method (@) Gauseoréan Metod (10) erate Methods (11) Jobs Method (2) Gauss Seidel Motos Total 539 kee Student's Agencies (India) Pvt. Lt 102, Konarkshram, Behind Everest Bldg: Opp. Tardeo Bus Depot, 156, Tardeo Road, Mumbai - 400 034 Phne : 23513334 /5/ 6/7 Vidyarthi Sales Agency, Shop No. 5, Henére Mansion, Khotachiwadi 157, 159, 3. 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Sequences objects are arranged ace called a sequence. We are particula are real or complex numt We shall denote a sequence by { f(k) } and k-th term of the sequence by (8). For example, we have a sequence -~» Thus, in a sequence we have totake into account, the order of a term &, the term of kth order £(K) and the ‘set of all such ordered terms { (0) 1(K), . } called the sequence. 1. The most elementary way to denote a sequence is to list all the members of the sequence. For example, tok=0. The elements 0 arrow 7 indicat ae and to the right fo the left of the arrow correspond to k = 1, ~2, correspond to k= 1, 2,3, 2.Applied Mathematics - it (1-2) Z-Transtorms (Computer and E:T) 2. Another way of denoting a sequence fe the general term in terms of kwhich varies from — « to = taking values, For example {f(K)} = 2* (where kis an integer). This sequence is 29,22, 2-1, 29,0? 2°, Asillustrations we can have the wing sequences and can have many more, (oe ea ghey 3. Basic Operations On Sequences ‘We shall see below some properties of sequences through examples. 1. Addition : The sum (or difference) ‘adding (or subtracting) For example, ) of two sequences is obtained by 'e Corresponding terms of the two sequences, 2. Scalar Multiplication : If « is a scal £(K) we can obtain another sequence « {f of the sequence (F(K)) by a. then from a given sequence lying each term {f(K)} For example, if {f(k) + ee cones than 8. (Hk) = Applied Mathematics. (Computer and E.T) (1-3) Z-Transforms and (g (hi), we can obtain ancther sequence By multiplying the terms of the ve and adding the corresponding terms, the number of terms become infinite the sequence {goes on decreasing and ultimately takes the value 1. Such a sequence Is called a convergent real number Las ktendstoinity then (10 ‘The following sequences are convergent. io Gonverges tO a led aconvergent sequence. converges to 0 real number is called a divergent soquence. ing are divergent sequences. k, diverges to = sey th oe diverges to = tes betwen 1 and 2 lates between 0 and 1. eeApplied Mathematics 14 Transforms (Computer and E.1.) “” 2 eTiansform ite down the term corresponding to k= 3 ofthe following sequence £6, -3, +1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) [Ans, : 8] t 2, Write down the term corresponding to k=~3 of the folowing sequence, 12, 10, -9, B84 6,10) [Ans. :~ 10] 3. Write down the sequence if kth term is 3 for—2< k= 4, } 5. Wate down the sequence where kth term = {41 <0 s*, k20 14 ee ag gh 8 64" 6" 4 927, ‘ 6. Write down the sequence where kth term = {2+ K<0 o*, k20 tad ANS. tJ...) ys 5, =, 1, BB, BY, Une fon oe oo B18 08 4. Z- transforms We shall now define Z-transform of a sequence. Definition : Lot (F(4)} = (....f(-9), f(-2), f-1), £(0),f(1), be a sequence of terms where k varios etde, Let z= x+ iy be a complex number then ZY = oe HBA 42) 24 1-1) 24 0) P +f)ZPE+MD T+... =< 1h) = Lhe k= F 2 a a 's called the Z-transform of the sequence {f(k)}. rns, [Zeon= Same we ‘Applied Mathemat (Computer and ET) =m (15) Z,Tranaforms ere Is no unanimity in the notations used in | the case of Ztransform. Some Use Xp Ys 10 denote sequences and x, xj, | 1. Itisnecessary to know which is the zeroth term, first term, second term ‘minus first term, minus second term .... ie. we must know the order of each term. To obtain Z-transform of a sequence we multiply each term by negative power of z of the order of that term and take the 2. Z{f (ld) is a function of a complex variable 2 and is defined only if the ‘sum is finite i. if the infinite E(k) Z* is absolutely convergent. We shall denote the Z-ransform of the sequence {f (k)) by Z{f(W)} or by F (2). 3. Wherever necessary we shall denote the sequences by (f(K)}. {9 (H)} etc. 4, IfZtranstorm of (f(K)} is F(z) we call (f(K)} the inverse Ztransform of F (2) and donote it by Z Ex tilt (7K) ={-6,-3, 0,2, 4), t find Z{f (0) where T denotes the element corresponding to k= 0. Sol: Z4Kk) = ZAK) 2" =f2z+K where, -2)=—6, f(-1)=-8, 10)=0, e Zen= 8 iy2* 2 =(66)z? + (-3)2! 40.2% +2244 422 2,4 nner? vars0r 2s Ex.2: (£W)=(9, 6,3,0,~3,~6,-9), find Z \ t Sol. : Since 3 is the term corresponding to k= 0. We have 1-2)=9, f(-1)=6, 12)=-3, 1(3)=-6, . | = ZMi= $ HKy2* weApplied Mathematics - I (8) Aeeted Mathame Z-Transforms =92?+621432°+024-32%-67%-97-4 » Zitk)}=92? +62+3+0-3- 59, 2 A (F(A) = (2°, 24, 2°, 2°, ind Z{F(H)}. transform of the Sequence is Sol. kee Zitky="S Kkyz-* | kate = 2294 2124 2272 428794, “EEF 1 1=@iz) 7-2 (+ easersat eons. nitl) , Be aH 00) = [<2 200 Sol. : The sequence is 4448 a? gt, 3°, 3, 37, 33, oncinme \ ZAM a fon Asa Ae gt Pegte +P Paateterr2agesyy [8.8 fz-8.8., - a pery NKlele 4 Note : We shall require the ing results in finding Z-ransforms, Witrer +A re we tt Inlet Applied Mathematics - (7) 2-Transtorms (Computer and E-T} Rtoxt tate Berra xe <1. we (14x) ers zens iyinen|zl= ato? 7. The set|z|to? sJz| ais the set of points outside the circle with radius a and centre at the orig 1. Write down the Ztransforms of the following sequences H)) = (8,6, 4,2,0,1.3,5, 7) “ 5 [Ans :() 82° +625 +424 422840412 +9454 (624-422-2241 2 +o SI down the Ztransform of the following sequences K) = 3%, k20 D¢r(k) = 8%, k20 2 <1, 4 <4) z z-5 Dy tans: 25‘Mathematics - Il Z-Transforms (Cmmuterange (1-8) 6. InverseZ-Transform Definition. sequence (f(K)} the sequence (f(A)) then the insform of F (2) and is denoted as LF@1 = F (2), then {f(k)) = Z" [ f(z) land vice versa. 7. Region of Convergence (ROC) We shall try to understand this important concept in relation to Ztransforms through an example, Consider the following sequence 1k) =0 fork0 the sequence (f(K)} = {4°, 41, 47, 4°, . Its Ztransform by definition is Z (fl) = EMK)2* = E atok Ro 1K= ‘Thus, we have = oe 442144 wedi, 2 (hie Goomettie Progresion wth common aon 4/2. We ow ‘osm Sonatas sla Patan nF gro ratio ris given by S = —*— Tho sum of he above seis Lo. the Zranform is ret. je 44. Since, for the Ztransform to exist the corresponding series must be convergent. The above Z:ransform is defined only if| z| > 4. ta G.P. a, ar, a, ..... ar” .... is convergent Irl4 ie. if zis on the exterior of the ‘The region for convergent is called the region of comersence ‘denoted in short by R.0.C. + Find the Z:transform and the region rol convergence of =" fork<0 23h fork20. E12" ee y= E keke Pa ré kate Sol. : By definition Z (((K)} = Putting k=~ nin the first ser = Eset Este Zo "2* Eo) 1@ sum of two Geometric Progressions with the respectively. The series will be convergent if y is But| z| = Sis a circle with contro at the origin and radius 3 and | 2| = 5 is a circle with centre at the origin an is | Hence, Z {f(k)) is convergent between the annulus as shown in This is the region of convergence of Which is shown by shaded area. ROCis3<|z] <5. t‘Applied Mathematics - Il (1-10) Z-Transforms, (Computer and E:7) Ex. 1: Find the Ztransform of Unit Impulse function 8(K) =1 for k=0 =O otherwise Sol.: Z(5(KN= FE eyz-* kote 8. Z-Transforms of Some Standard Functions { | = (20404044629 404040..:..) Fall z This is convergent for all z -. ROC is whole of zplane. ‘The graph of unit impulse function is, 5 (K) transform of Discrete Unit Step function for k20 =Ofork<0 = a - = | Sohz ZUK= Elke = Forks Frerk= Fk | kee te ®o 0 1,4 1 2 =[ute dane = [ 2 | 0) 27 The graph of ciserete unt step function is, vw | | | | k —4 32S of This is convergent if lel ROCis| z1> Since, Z(U ile Mathematis - (Compater sna) (1) Z-Tanstorms Ex. 3: Find the Ztransform of f(X) = kat, kz 0. suming f(K) = 0 for k< 0, = F ooseka E katert Ziy= Ek): E_Ovzh +B kore kee! koe Sol: a5 5 04 S42 Grae oz ee ‘we find that the series is ‘a.=2 in the above example and =2,0=3, 2 32 Go Gor slzl>31 Ex. 4: Find the ztransform of f(K) = a, 0.> 0, 24 Sol. : We have see (1)Applied Mathematics. (Computer and E.7.) (1-12) Z+Transforms Z(H0)=-1o5(1~ 2) Applying D’Alembert’s Ratio Test to (1), we find that the series is sonvergent if | z/c| > 1. * ROCis |z|>] a Particular cases : () Find Ztanstorm of fk) =, k>1. : Put a=1 in the above example. (Ans: ~to(1~3)} alo 41 Bet. r (ii) Find the Ztransform of f(k) = Put a =2 in the above example. (Ane: ef 1~ 2) lzl>2) Ex. 6 : Find the Ztransform of | f(K)= a‘, k> 0. Sol. : Assuming that /(K)=Owhen k a/z| te.|z1>1al Since, 2(a") = 2, a, 2 Jeet eo. za za Ex. 7 : Find the Ztransform of f(k) = b*, k < 0. Sol. : Assuming that f(k) = 0 when k2 0. Zien= EM k= Splat = 3 pte" where n=—k J. me ast (Note the substitution n =~ &) “pin@ib) b-z The seties being G.P. is convergent it 1 >| 2/ b| Le. |BI> 121 . ROCis | z1<|b} ore, 2081-52, 2H E Jeet koa { Applied Mathematics - (13) 2 -Transtorms (Computer and 7) bX, k<0 f Ex. 8: Find Ztransform of 1) = [Pe ‘transform of f(k) {e kz0 Bol: By example 7 and 6, wo get tf(k)} = Ziflk) aca *d-b z(a-b) = 2a as tzlod . @-ae-m 2"! : Note: In general the Ztranstorm of (F(K) = BS for k< O and {f(k} = a for | hoi GOS anda 21 4 ote agit 1) = Eke E Hono, Tans.) ery Hz 9.) aa lal 4. Tareq FPG (as in the previous example) 1 1 | mae ME ope? a, 4s mary BP» OS amaTy seh | sy" 4 | “f-2 zt e z z1< 4, (9) 32 | ( z OF rary IS? © Fa erH ° i As above ROG is | z|> 1. az Bz lzl< 4 i a) — 2 ___- acizic3, (1) Gopgca oss Ex. 12: Find the Z+transform of f(k) = =, k= 0, 09 GaHe=2 (4-22-38) . it 12) 292s pejzlea, (13) 5 ile 3, Sol: Zittk= Faz. F (az 2) Ga ne-B* C9) aa wok? “Bo ki se 3) 121 2 2 (1) siz 5, (15) Ia, (98) ~to(1-3) 12> an ded(f edly 09 Gage lt e-aF ® z*2ilz) *ailz a = et? ROC ie all of zplane, on -oo(1-2) 21> 2, (1) -9(1-4) ila Remark : You are advised to memorise the Z-transforms of these standard 2 fincton (19) 22 TN alee, 2 1-(2/2) 1-22'2 * .! EY i re Jejaiea. Find the Ztransform and its ROC of each ofthe following sequences. 20) 5 =Ga7a * Taz) * 4 " | WAK=3K20 Haak RDO 3. £(K)=(1/ 6)", k20 az 1 4.1(Q=2,k20 — 8.f(K=4,k>0 6.1(K)=5, k20 On Tae Tayarg ‘Telstels | 7AW=HkeO BtK=askeo OHM alL/a)K Keo (22)6°/%, ROG zplane, (28) 6°/#, ROC zplane, MWK KO =A O11) =a ko = k20 =94 k20 = BL K20 (a, b>0, a>b) a ant 13. (= KB, k20 ABER = KS, R20 18.1(K)= kak k20 (3) rhe & 3) rh aaron eo “ . taro) 1 yt et 4k 16.1K)=F kot a= Zot 18.10) = ©, k>1,a>0 ‘Az eh a) 19. 1(k) = (1/2), fora k 20. Hk) = (14), for all k a pce?) 21. 1(h)= aM foralk (O | az | and 1>| 2 and | z]> a. The ROC is (1 >lzl>a, (Computer and E.T.) | ye k.2: rain tant (2) Sol. : We have 1 lzi|ce"'*| ie. it} z|>| e(cos a+ isin a) Ex. 5: Find the 2: (0 f(%) = cos ak, k> 0 where ais real. (i) f(K) = cos KE, 3 I: Put ¢= 1 in the above example, 2 = arith “ug Putting a=, 2 {eon Xt} = 3 Paget 3 lzl>t Ex. 6: Find the Ztransform of f(k)= of sin ak, k> 0. .: Following the above fines we find that ite) =_,_2z8ina ' oy Fa eczcosare| tel Ex. 7 Find the Z-transtorm of (0 f(4)= sin ak, k2 0 where ais real, ina =p 288 Fr eecoaet FP Punting a= E, 2{sin Sh W212 a)" 2 zat ‘Applied Mathematics - I (1-19) Z-Transforms (Computer and E.T) Find the Z-transform of f(k) = ck cos hak, k > 0. Sol: Ziftky)= E Miz" = F ck coshak 2-* bee fo 5 aletheeet) “5 tg feet} 15 “43,(E) *2eo =4 4 + ~ “2|t- (e672) | *2|1= (e072) [By not =t_2_,—4_|.2| szn 08 “alz-ce® "Freee |” 22 —zcet rere _2[_22~2ccoshe _]___2(z-ecoshn) 22" =2zcc0sha+c® |” 2? —2zccosha +o" From (1), we see that the series are convergent > |ee*| and |z]> |ce™*| rospsctively Le. | 2| > max. of Joe"| and ice" Ex. 9: Find the Ztransform of Kk)= ck sinhak, k=0 lowing the above lines, we find that _ sinh = 2 azcosha et" Ex. 10: Find the Ztran in (ak + b)}, KO. I: We have sin (ak+ b) = sin ak cos b+ cos aksin b «. Z{sin-(ak + b)} = cos b+ Z (sin ak + sin b- Z (cos ak} zsina z(z- cosa) ee + sin. FE = 0088) 2 —2z008a+1 2 ~2zc08a+1 _ Zisina cos b — cosasinb + zsinb] “2? ezc0sa+t _ z[sin(a—b) + 2sinb} “2 Bzcosa+t Ex. 11 : Find the Z:transform of {cos (ak+ b)}, k2 0. Sol. : We have cos (ak+ b) = cos ak cos b— sin ak sin b s+ Z{c08 (ak+ b)) = cos b- Z {cos ak} sin b+ Z{sin ak) + . cosh. 22-054) ing, ina P—2zcosa+t P= 2zcosati {> max.[e*| and je" | =cosb-.Applied Mathematics {Computer and E.T) (1-20) Z-Tansforms _ 2[z008b ~ (cosacosb + sina sinb)] 2 -2zcosa+t = Z[z.008 b ~ cos(a~ b)) 2 -2z008a+1 | Ex. 12: Find the Zatransform of {eos (S+ a} k20. -(a(tz-0} +2 {oon cosa ~sin A. sina} 3 3 Sol. : We have zu ke kx ~exna2 08 2} sina. 2 {sin} z? - 2608(n/3)-1 zsin(x/3) 2 = 22-008 (x/3) +1 (22 -cos(n/3) +1 = 212 08 a [008(n/3) cos. + sin(n/9)sinal) OT Fa 2es(n/8)z+t F(2)=cosa- ~sina. 12k! 3. cos k 4. cos 2k 5. sink 6. sin 2k 7.cos hk 8.cos 2k Qsinhk 10.sinh2k HH sin(k+1) 12.2" cos k 1, sin (Bk-+ 2) 14,08 (K+ 2) 18.sin(ak +5) 16, cos(ak +) ; az z(z- [Ans. : (1) @-pezan © 2 2zc0s1-1" zsint zsin2 pS, (6) = 2eosi+t’ "” 2? —2cos2 z(z-cosh2) fg sinh Fa 2zcosna+i' \) P—2zcosht+1 2 (10) ——s8i0h2__ yyy ze sint C9 Br pecoshdat’ ) Foazcosivi 2 —2c081-z 2(sin1 +z sin: (12) =, (13) —, (1) Fr aeosi.2 +4" = 22008341" ‘Applied Mathematics - Il (1-21) Z-Transtorms (Computer and E:T) 2(20082 ~ cos) 2(2-cosa) “a 2 22008341" (9) eT areosa si ~z0080 16) p= 208 (9) Pr ezcosart' + (2) Change of Scale lalAy<|z}) Zthtks m= E ntkemz* == ny zr) Eien 20 =2 me + mz) Put k++ n= m. When k= 0, n= m, when k= «, m= =, ZUle+m= 2" F saz” ‘The interval subtracting from 17 to ~ can be changed to the interval from 0 to = by interval Oto n—1. 2 2+ maz” E mz = 25 gm e-m mo mo . =2FR)-2 Sum” mo Taking 2” inside the summation, ee Ziftk-+n)}= 2" Fl2)— Ez flmz-m. Further, Zittk = 5 k—np2-* = E thm zt Ko a2 E kz . x20 Put k— n= m. When k= 0, m=~nand when k=, m=. Zk— maz" KmsApplied Mathematics - It (1-24) 2-Transforms (Computer and E.T) Applied Mathematics - : “Transton ‘As before we spilt the interval from ~ nto = into two intervals, = nto 1 (Computers (125) Z-Transtorms and 0to =, x = = Zik—maz” Stem sz” Sumer =-2E-kK)Z = EH Zieh | 3 aoz hey arr ajez? me” i 2 GUM k= 2 ZF) Taking 2-Pinside the summation, Insomat 20° =(-2 a re) 2 2Uk—m =F (2+ Emer we nw at (-2-2) 42°, tuts onal pet opr Pat =r anime £1 dwn mene (ose) Zk —n)} = 2-7 F(z)+ z fenzer'. | a, ae Corollary 1: Z{k)= lzl>4 | z (-1F" Corollary 1 : Since for one sided sequence (k= 0), we have Ztttk—m) az" Fe)+¥ Proof : By definition, Zs 8, 1 Since for causal sequence f(~ term is zero. ~ Zif(k—n)} = 27" F(z). “ly Corollary 2: Since for one sided sequence (k2 0), we have 2 tele net zi Zee) = 2° F(a) = "4m zoom Now, by the above theorem, Putting n= 4, 2un=zK-t=(-2)iz a] Zieem=2'F0~ £102" z Jf] @-i = ZF (z)-z1(0) Putting n= 2, zie 2-2 Fe Same coro 2: 718)= 2221) = 2 Fe) -[tO.22-° +42] ew Prost We ae proved atv at 28)= <2 22 Fe -M0)-aM Pros: Weave ved sbve at 201-755 2y ay = Fa, thon ZH) =-2 LF, Zu) = 208-1) (-2 8) 2c : efit =(-z2)(-. = Pro: May . ee) ZtkHi= kak)z* = Dkkyz*.z i (4 - “CS )feae] weelied Mathematics - (1-26) Z-Transtorms (Computer and £7) a otf test ~ e-" _ eon-pr], ree, “3 e-9 Je ©) Initial Value ‘Theorem : If Z{f(K)} = F(z), k2 0, then f(0) = im F@). Proof : By definition Zniy= Erie =F) 2 H0)2° + 41) 274 + (2)2°? +....= F(Z) 4+ Taking the limit as 2 > « of both sides of 0) 12). 10)+ 0D = FO 1(0)= im F(z). (©) Final Value ‘Theorem: fim #(K) = lim (z—1)F (2) oo 2S Proof : By definition, ¢ Zieh t)— He) = FE ink+1)— M0) 2* 2 Zee My ~ Z(t) = fen ot + 1) 14012-* ZF (2)~21(0)-F(2)= im Sirk +1) 2* [ By corollary (2), page 1-24] se (@=NF(z)= 2 1(0)+ lim Elk +1) 1] z-* Eietk +1) —AKy)2-* lim, (2-1) F(z) =1(0)+ fi my 2h aire ‘Changing the order of limits, fim, (2 F (2) = 10) fin im, tk +1) 1001-2 iim, = fim [£(0) + £(1) = (0) + £(2) — (1) +.....# (n+ 1) - H(n)] = lm f+ 1)= im f(r) = im 1(). ‘Applied Mathematics - (127) (Computer and E:T) : @ Convolution 1 (F WO} and (9 (K)) are two sequences then their convolution {4(0) + (9 (hi) is defined by h (K} = {F(4)} + (9 (A) where, (n(k))= E _s(m)g(k ~m) Z-Transtorms. = 5 gemk—m = (atk) + (h(AO} ‘Theorem : If {h(X)} is the tonvolution of two sequences (f(K)} and then Z(h (8) = ZUF(H) Z(9(8) Len HOF em) Proof : By definition, H(2)=Z(h(k)) = Z[trO) + {9K)] =2/ z fimore-m)] -5 [ E_amote-m) es Since the power sale covergesabsobtly converges uniter also win FOC. Hence, we can itrchange he oder of corersae Heay= EE am) gk-mz-* ice koe E_ fim).g(k mz = ke = E nme”. 3 gtk mz-t-m) moe se = Efe": E902"? ver, p= km (When k=—s, p=—= and when k=, p 2 H@=F@ Gt) Ex. (kK) = U(K) and g(k) = 2* U(R), find Z:transform of fk +9 (K. ‘Sol. : We know that {f(k)} = U(K) = {1, 1, 1, Zilk}=E1.2k stededen ta Fei mag oe [3] By the change of scale property,u (1-28) Z-Transtorms Zig(kh=Z(2ku: =, [2|< 6@)=T5 B 1 By convolution theorem, z 2 Zk) + (K)} = F(2) G2) =. _# -eoece FPP? 5 (k) = 4 U(K) and g (k) = 5* U (k), then find the Ztransform of 1+ 918. Sol, : As above, {f(k)}= (4°, 41, 42, fe ZUMK)} = EMR) ZK = 492° + 42-14 42? +. =. 2. \é z <1 = 159, 55%, a) Zig (k)}= Dgl{k)z* = 592" +5214 227 4. (eh 1 z.,|8 <1. 6H" z-8' |z + By convolution theorem Z{f(k) * 9(k)} = F (z)-G(z) a2 “@=4)@-8) = 4iz-5)" Ex. 3: Find Z(f(K)} where f(k) = ee Nos tek zl Ree et 2 Kaz) 2z-1" & 3z-1" ¢ 1 l2z|>4 he. lel>d 1 21>3. lel>3 ton theorem, (2 1 24100) = (2 pd. ‘Theorer 2{f(K)} = F (2), then Z(o"* Kk)} = F (e%z)- Proof : By defi ez By the above theorem, Z[e™** U(k)) = . ez-1 Now, by , page 1-26 Zlke*}=-2-4| Ex. 2: Find Z(6-** cos bk}. Sol. : We have already obtained z(z~cosb) 2=2zc0sb +1 Now, by the above result, Z {cos bk) = efz(e*z ~cosb) Tez = cos) _ (6% 2)" ~2(@%z)c0s b+ 1 in the numerator and denominator by 6°24, Z(e°* cos bk) = 2(z-6"* cosb) Ze cos bk} = = =2e* zc08b +6 a Ex. 4: Find 2( 6° sin bk Sol. : We have already proved that zsinb 2 {Sindh = 2? 2zensh+4 We know that if U(k)= 1, for k> 0, then Z(U(K)}=—2—,| Applied Mathematics - I (1-30) Z-Transtorms (Computer and E: «+ By the above property, (etz)sinb = gin bk) = e = Ginf—alez\cosb 1 22° sin bk) = CaF a(ehz)cosb +1 . ertz-sinb =2e*.zcosb+e™ ‘Table of Ztranstorms for allz = lzl>4 2. ZU = 5 = lzl>t a 2= A Ziky= . lzlet y= 20, 8. Zia=25, _2 <0, [21 Lal e.zeoae(1+4)) osken, [z1>0 Koger" ele a. ztton)=2"(1- 5 ke oforallz. a, lal< z(z- cosa) Izl>el 12. Z(¢k cosa) = yee K sinork) = yp — A __, lzl>leb 18, Z(e! Sak) =z pezcosa . Tee ccsn@) ag 1A Z{chcoshakl= a pez cosha+e Jz] >max(|ee"l. |e") einnack)= 2209 kz 18. Zc! sinhak)= zo hge Jz|>max({ee"l, lee“. Applied Mathematics - Il (1-31) Z-Transtorms. (Computer and E:T) Miscellangous Examples Ex.1: Find Ziransfom of (acos ka+ bsin ka), k2 0. Sol. Z(acos ka+ bsin ka} = aZ (cos ko} + b Z{sin ka} z(z~cosa) F-2zc08a+4 _ az? +2(bsina~ acosel “Fa azeosa+t [By linearity property } zsine, =a. b. 78 _ 2 ~2z008a+1 lzl>4 ex.2: Find Z{ai(*Z a} ko, kx kx ke set See sn. 4) = nl cona sone Ean 2{an(*2 v0) =2{o ona oe ana} 4 4 4 ~conaz-{en( i) sna [oe( $4} zsin(n/4) 2[z~cos(n/4) op FI) ging FEC #2 = 22008 (n/4) 41 2 2zcos(n/4) +4 = cosa -(ziv2) “Fa ezay+i 2 (ezhd2)+4 [cosa +sina-(W2z~1)) “We Fa dezet x. 9: Find Z(H (a) whore 1K) = cor(AE +a), 20, :Wehave cos(*® +2) = cos“ cosa~ sin“ sina sot weave ca) = ost cona-sink? 2 fos(*2 + D = 2 {cos cosa- sin“ sina} 4 4 4 weno 2 fo} - sna. zon] sina zsin(n/4) #1" 2 = 22008 (R/4)+1 _ cosa. 2{2—(1/W3))_sina-2-1¥3 OTP zt Po iez+i vaAppl (Computer an Sol.: We have cos (8k +2) = cos 3k Sol. Sol. : We have lied 2-Transtorms Ex. 4: Find Z(2*cos (8k +2)}, K20. 16 2— sin Sk sin 2 08 2+ Z{cos 3k) ~ sin 2 + Z{sin 3k} = cos2. 2270083) __sin2.zsing ‘22 =2z0088+1 2 -2z0083+1 _ Zlzc0s2 - (¢0s3.¢082 - sin3sin2)] ~ 722008341 = Z:[z0082~ cost] 222008341 By change of scale property, WZ(F(H)} = F (2), then Z ta Mh -F(2) Zoos (3k + 2) 3 [0002 cost] 242 cost +29 = BAR (2) -2{Z)eoss +1 _ Zlz00s2~2c0s1} “a azcos3+4 * Ex. 5: Find 2 (2 sin (3k+2)}, k20. Weave sin (9k +2)= sin 9kcos 2+ cos &k sin 2 1. {ein (9k +2)) = cos 2+ 2 (sin 3k) + sin2 + (008 3K con z_289_, sn2-2(2 = 0082) Paezcosdsi* z= 2ze088+1 __ 2isind0052~ cos 38in2 + z0in2] Z —22z0083+1 _ zlsin{3-2)4z8In2] _ z{sin1+z8in2] = zisini=2)+z8in2] _ 2 = 22008341 z*—2zc083+1" Now, by change of scale property as above, 2) _o(2 (3) -2(Z}sosas1 = Z[2sint+ zsin2] “2 = 4z0088+4" Ex.6:Find 2(3*sin hak, k20. zsinha 2 eenna)- eFecanhavi Z(2sin(ak + 2)) = Sol. : We have already obtained that, Z {e" Applied Mathematics - I (1-33) (Computer and E:T) By change of scale property, Zena 2{9" sinha) = * (3) ~2(z)eoshaes 2 szsinne. 2 = Ezcoshas9 Ex.7: Find Z(3* cos hak), k20. Sol.: We have Z {coshak) = —22=cosha) By change of scale property, 2 -2zc0shasi } a( 2{Z-cosha. » 2(9* coshak) = 213 2) (2 (3) =2(Z)ooshast __z(z~3e0sha) P-Geosha+d” ind Z((k + 1) af}, 20. Ztka}+ Zia") But we know that Z{a*) ==. z ‘Now, by the property of multiplication of k, + Z(katj=-24 ae “G-aF z Ze nal) a OE wate 2 (e-aP Ex.9:Find Z(H o%), kz 0, a “(@=ay z ze Z-Transtorms [Ex.1 page 1-29]Applied Mathematics - Il (1-34) 2-Transforms (Computer and E:T) = ZK 0) = 2 {K(k e*)} = ZeT +O) 2] > Ie". @-o"F Ex. 10 : Find Ztransform of { aX k20. ‘Sol. : We know that, Z{f(k—n)} = 2" + F(z) « Ztaty=z'F(z) where F(z)=Z(at)=—2 + Zieh Y=z1F(2) where F(z)=Ztah)=—2— e-24|_2 2-2 elena” eae - [2-22 (ray Ex. 11 Find 208 a1 Uk Sol. : We know that, Z(U| By change of scale property, Aude Ze 2 ata = Gaya =a Z(Kk= ny) = 2° ZUKh) Zak U(k-Np=zZ".Z(H UK) ere, z-a z-a Z-Transforms Find the Ztransforms ofthe following, 1. +54, Keo 2 4. (ak +BY), k20 6. thats HB), k20 5. {k2*+ K3"), k20 7 [Bt Lee Vso 11. {sin 54), k20. 13. (++) kz0 15 so(SE 4). 20 be rr on(t o(lEsa). ee 19. fte=($-g]} x20 21, {6° cos 3k}, k20 bz ~222 6-26-3) (o+B)z-227 © (e-a6-2) 22.{6° **sin 2k, k20 [Ans.: (1) z1<3 min, of Jah. BI lz|> max. of 32 [> 8,Applied Mathematics - Ill (1-36) Z-Transforms (Computer and E:T) az Bz (@-aP * e-BF @ ~teo[ S=2E—2|, ers (6) eof === Pats eof a1 © Zz @ ates zw zens (1) Fayre Pll ON Bezeos5 +1 __2(2~c0s8)_ Z sina+ z008 (02) 2 220086 +1 03) eat oy —etZ8h ta g[eeeGeenete—n Z ssnate=1| 2-Beztt Pozi om #[osaaee taste] om [emacs 8 +.#=3 093) (9) Be F9 1 2432 2(z- 6"? cos) . le Ae ee (0) Fee PS 0 Br pe c083+ eo zsin2 2 20° *zcos2 +e" (22) 1 10. Inverse of Z-transform We shall now consider the reverse problem i.e. given the Z(f(k)} = F(z) of a sequence to find the original sequence denot ° insider Z-transforms which are rational functions of Z/.0. 271 F{z)). We st of the form F(z) = of convergence /.e. ROC. We shall consider the following three methods. 1. Direct Division, 2. Binomial Expansion, 8. Partial Fraction. ‘Applied Mathematics - Il (37) Z-Transtorms (Computer and ET.) (a) Direct In this method, we by the denominator and obtain wwe actually divide P(z) by Q(z). However, this method, now, is of academic interest only. 1 Find the inverse Z:transform of zl>lal lzi1 10, |S|.<1,wo tke outdo and wito z a z 1 1 ay! F)= 200) = = ara -3(-4) Coefficient of 2“ = ak, k>1 =fkeah' ket Ex. 2: Find the inverse Ztransform of 5 ZF =-(a~}, K <0. ial Expansion ‘To apply Binomial Expansion method we take a suitable factor common 2) depending upon ROG from the denominator so that the denominator is of the form 1 ~ rwhere | r] <1 and then use Binomial Theorem. Sol. : We have Bi 1 Find be ieeZtnomot Re) = whe Ilal. + ZF Sol.:(D | z1<1a| Le. |2/al <4 wo take ‘a'eutsde and wite 8: Find th merce Zeno of $l, 1 1 1 1 1 zy" Fe) =zi=-t = td, =-1(1-2 + Changin 1 proceeding as above we get 2) = 2 aay a) - Sol. : Changing the sign of a or proceeding 0. =a)(Computer and E:T) : Note : The following inverse Ztransforms may be remembered, 1 0 zfs vaetiepe w zs] = Wketlzi>a za iy z(3] =a kz0|z>@ (Al Ex. 4: Find the inverse Ztransform of kz 0, |zi2a 4 Gar Olzla Sol: (DIf|z] 5. <1 hence, we take out ‘2’ and write. 1 Fe= Gags at. 4(-8)° Peay 22 ~gfeentneen gf emis oa] aA fisa.se t+ 6-522? 410-8925 +... (A+ N02) on, ony, +e NOst gn. 2 | (a+ W(n+2) 2 ceotentot 9-2 =O2MM* 6 ruins om] 1 Consent et # = = B+ D9 gh-s KE 2VK= 1, 5h-a - 2 BEAD 38 kaa 1 Ex. 6 : Find the Ztransform of i[z]<5. (8) Sol. : Since | z| < § we take out 5 and write Fa)-—\—, = -4 (1-2)° Rga-P FS: tIyco.Zee-Z io, (04 Mined) 2” =-g[edes z yoea Coetiient of 2” = —!" .n20 [Putn=-kApplied Mathematics - Ill (1-42) Z-Transforms (cepaaronte) 2 Cooticantotsr#=-CKPICKED, 1 peg =A Lk 9CKe2), tog ee eae kSO (©) Method of Partial Fractions FF (2) can be factorised into partial factions, near, quadratic or repeated wwe express Fiz) = ae as the sum such factors, find the constants and then E Use the method of Binomial Expansion. lustrated in the folk F222) ap in £x.2,pagn 1-48, We now decuss the te eases ww 1 nee acetate nn rh <2. Then a,(aP (ay fee) a2 [tears ate? ade =a} iso, 2(22)=z 24-3) oe } HT -| a2 sa} tat " t N iN Applied Mathematics - It (1-43) Z-Transtorms (Computer and E-7.) --z"{ az forks}, k20 a-Zate"}, Keo (4) =-fat}, kso Ex. 1: Find the inverse Ztransform of Sol. : We have = 4 et. R= Gry@=a z-3 F-2 z z ica. |2|< Zier It] 2] <2, clearly [2|<3 5 + and |Z zk et Ze 8 } 2 fe z,2 2 45+ F tt } Zeta ae abet) aH Az TI THA HENRI Z oei as) zetanstorme | (Computer and ET) 8, clearly | z|>2 ie.| 2/3 |>1and| z/2|>1 ie. <1. Hence, we take out z from both fractions. 1 1 FRG) z= eA From the first series we find that the coofficient of Beng}, 13/z]<1 and] Fe) 20 “. The coefficient of 2*=— 3-1, 0, From the second series, we find that the coef aol hoo + The coefficient of 2 k= 2*-", ko a3 tet ko <9 he 2<|z|2. |2/z] 0, From the second series the coefficient of 2-* = 3! kod > From the hi series the coetcent of 2 =, k20. +. The coefficient of 2-* = —4**1 Kk <9 Fg ght gs 2 Dpeya [2143 kz0 Fe -4 so (@) Linear repeated factors : When the linear factors are repeated, we 1 1 . Binomial Theorem ea eae” | as illustrated in the following examples. ind the inverse Ztransform of 22 / leer use the above technique and expand z1>1 ‘Applied Mathematics - It (47) 2-Transtorms (Computer and E:T) Sol. We have 2 2t2 8 Fa) er er i Since, [zl 1 Fiz) z- Wz) y? 4 1y* J sz(-3) (-2(-9) 2 3(-ea taco, Ex. 2: Find the inverse Zitransform of 228102413 (2-37 (2-2) Sol. : We havo 2 4 From second and third series, 1 _k-2 . ket Coottclnt of # = AA7 tw AE, k20 rk-2 yee Hence, Z-"F(2))=2'-" k>1 ~k-2 ta? eso eae + Coefficient of 2°* = kso. ind the inverse Z-ransform of bated 1 Ed, @lelcd, 1) Since, the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the umerator, we write, Fz) _ z 2 -W/alfe-075) 5 “25 07a) z= 1 Now, 2 s stoalea tele oa phplzicutel 2 stpilal3 3. salle tlzl1 a z za 1 sIz] a, a>0 zl< 4 lzi>4 6 l2l<5, [z[>5 | “Ha a ee | prarajesarap eet i, EoRecy kz 2clzle ala 8 RaaAyEaay OSG. MF “ ee be “mae zs (Ans. : (1) (a)~1, ks 0; (6) 1, k21 (2) (@)-3*"1, k<0; (o) ak (8) (@) ~1, k< 05 (0) 1, k20, (4) (a) - ak, k< 0; (b) ak, k20, (8) (a) ~k#1, KO; (b) k= 1, k22, ket, Applied Mathematc (ost) 2 -Transtorms « , (6) (0) AED, 505 () (k= 1) 594, ka, am ~ CARER) se ks0; HEME Dghod ga, (0) -LEXDEKAD 59; EBD kas, () -5-8 yk, (k20) (k<0), (10) 2-1-4, k> 1, 1" 1" on (2) aa(gy (ks0), (k= 0), (12) ()2k-3", k 0, (i) 2% (k> 0), -3*(k< 0), (ii) X24, k2 0, (13) (@) M= sey. k>0; =12-2%, k0 =e, -—] woriad gy gh] ne (14) Hint Write 142? 142629 143-24 Faye iE EE ee Mk) =14 ke 2%, k 20 (15) Hint: Write Fl2)_-_9___8 ___4 2 @-8) @-3 @-7 3) “3-3 Fk) = 384? — 23 _ kk KO)‘Applied Mathematics - i (1-52) (Computer and E.7) Z-Transtorms (ii) Non-repeated Quadratic Factor : Let the non-repeated quadratic factor be Mz + Nz Pape+a We know that, a Zeman) ha eee ~2ezcosa+ ezsina and Z(o sinak}=—-— =e _ Fr 2zcosare a { Mz? + Nz Toting — z-t} Me + Nz (4) {g +9244) o ‘We shall use zi{_ 2 -ezcosa. 2 - 20zc0sa + * ang zt 5 z= 2ezeosa+ 2] In view of this, we write ezsina. | M2? = M22 ~ ezeos.a}+ Mez cosa. Nezsina esina ‘Then (5) and (6) can be used to find (4). This means we write Mz2+N__M(z2.~czcosa) Pepetq 7 -20zc08a+c (Mz cose + +n a Peewee and Nz = i p=—2ccose, q=0%, ‘Since we are putting p = ~ 2c cos a and q= @, we have 1] Zo, easing as above, we wea ‘Applied Mathematics - I (1-53) Z-Transforms (Computer and E.T,) Mz? sNz __M(z? ~czcoshe) Faprrq F-2ezcshare (Mecosha+N) a sinng sinha Fi terchar 2 Ex.4: Find Z~| |, 2) 54. (& tl ' p Ls Since p20, 02 1,| Pet. Sol: Since p=0, c= 1,| 2 Comparing 2 +1 wih 22-2 ezcos a+ 2, we see that o= 1, x cosa=0 a= 2 Now, wo wit Pocosa) 6 2 aecomw_, (na) 8 AvP een 241 P-2ezcsarc z—-2ezcosa+e Puting © 1, a= 10, cos = 0 in th bracketed quantity ofthe ‘second term, we find that 2ecosa _ 0. sina ___ 2 -czcosa == f2e 2 — 20zcosatc* 2 )_73(_ 2 -czoosa 2 ye 2+, 2 —2ezcosa +c = (eX cosa} Putting o= 1, a= %, wo got 2 x = {cos Fal boa 22? +32 Pezti 2 20 Comparing 2+ z+1 -2osa=t Be asm 2 Sol.: Since p=1,¢=1, z th 22 az 00s a+ C2, we see that ¢ = 1 and eosa==1/2, an As cos(28) =~ a=, 5 3 2‘Applied Mathematics (1-54) Z-Transtorms {Computer and 7) Now we write 227432 __ 2(z*~czcosa) Port F bacsare Pezet P-Rezcosare’ Puting e= 1, a=28 ie, cosa=—2, sina=‘S inthe bracketed quantity ofthe second ter, we tnd that csing Hence, from (A) we get az? +32 __ 2(2 -ezcosa) Furs Potacsare Maa F—seaeeeas a e 7 =2ezcosa+c* ‘Taking inverse Ztransforms of both sides, az +92 -i{__ 2 -czeosa a 22.2 (Fs ) (Sts =2ezcosa +e 45 af__czsina 4A.z4{,— zene _, “Ss Ge) =2fet cosar} +4 fo sna} on ge afeo(e)¢ wfen(2)e. eee ex aerind 2-(SFME), ato, Sol. : Since p=—1, c=1, 2 aeR/3, with 2-2 ezcos a+ @, we see that c= 1, Applied Mathematics - I (1-55) (Computer and ET) Z-Transtorms 322442 __3(2?~ezcosa) Faz F-2ezcsa+e Putting ¢= 1, «=, cosa 3 and sine = 1% in the bracketed ‘quantly of the second term, we find that decoas4 _((2)+4_ 14 caine “3B Hence, from (A), we get 327 +42 7 (2? ~czcosa) Faas Pataca 11 ezsing WB Pa Rezcosare Taking inverse Ztransforms of both sides, SAE) «fot cosat] + fohcina Paz grrwe got EA} )-se@} Tz+t Beard z(t), la>t +2 + (119). Sot: Since o? =, p=] 2 |= 2>1, lg Hence, we compare Paae(h 5) wan 2 2ezeosha+e. . ex-k, ~2ecosha=1 « cooha= 28, sinha = Ycos® a —1 sinha = ~ 2