Lun gii Ha m P3 1/27

LUN GII
TOAN BO HOA AM
CA

EMILE DURAND
GIO S NHC VIN QUC GIA
(TRAIT COMPLET DHARMONIE par EMILE DURAND,
Professeur au Conservatoire National de Musique)

THU AN Trn Hu Thun dch

(Ngy 26 thng 02 nm 2014 bt u)

Lun gii Ha m P3 2/27

PHN BA
V CC NT NHC THIT YU C TNH GIAI IU
XA L VI HA M
(Des Notes Essentiellement Mlodiques trangres lHarmonie)
KHI NIM CHUNG
(Notions Gnrales)
505. Sng tc mt b giai iu no , ngi ta c th a vo cc nt xa l vi cc hp m c s dng.
Ni chung ngi ta chng ch ra cc nt nhc xa l ny trong vic nh s, tr phi, do cch phi hp chng,
chng hp vi cc nt nhc thnh phn (intgrantes) hoc thit yu (essentielles) ca ha m (*) to thnh cc
chng m (agrgations) tng t vi chng m ca cc hp m no .
(*) Cc nt nhc l thnh phn c s dng trong cc hp m u c gi l nt thc (relles), nt thit yu (essentielles), hoc nt
thnh phn (intgrantes).

506. Ngi ta m c su loi nt nhc hon ton ch c tnh giai iu m thi(*):

(1) Nt thong qua (note de passage); 2) Nt thu (broderie); 3) Nt lt (appoggiature); 4) Nt thot
(chappe); (5) Nt bo trc (anticipation); (6) Nt chi (syncope).
(*) Ngi dch ch thch: Ngha l cc nt khng thuc thnh phn ca bt c hp m no c th dng trong vic ha m cho du chng
cng hin din trong cc b ha m.

---oOo--CHNG 1
NT THONG QUA
(Notes de Passage)
(Ngi dch ghi ch: Chng ti dng t thong qua dch t passasge ting Php do t ng quen thuc c cc tc gi i
trc dng. ngha ch thc ca cch vit nhc ny khng hn ch l thong qua vi l qua i rt mau nh bn c ri s thy. T
ting Anh Passing notes ngha l nt nhc i qua, ngha l nt nhc c dng i t mt nt nhc ny qua mt nt nhc khc, st
ngha vi t ting Php passage hn l t thong qua ca chng ta. Dch bng t chuyn qua, chng ti ngh thch hp hn nhiu,
nhng rt tic chng ti vn phi dng li t quen thuc.)

507. Ngi ta gi l nt thong qua (note de passage) mi nt nhc xa l vi ha m c t vo gia hai nt thit
yu th no t nt ny dn sang nt kia bng cc bc lin hoc bng na cung.

Nt
thit
yu

Vi nt
Nt
thong
thit
qua khc tn B yu

Vi nt thong
qua cung khc
v cng tn

(Chng ti ch nh cc nt thong qua bng ch P)

508. Mt nt thong qua lun lun phi c tng quan lin (conjoint) vi nt i trc v nt theo sau n.
509. lp y mt qung ba vi nt khc tn, ch cn mt nt thong qua; lp y mt qung bn, cn n hai
nt.
C

Qung
ba

1 nt thong Qung
qua khc tn D bn

2 nt thong
qua khc tn

Lun gii Ha m P3 3/27

510. Khi tin hnh vi na cung, ngi ta c th thc hin ba, bn, hoc nm nt thong qua lin tc, khi khc tn
khi cng tn.
E

Q3
th

Hai nt
Q3
Ba nt
Q4
thong qua F trng thong qua G ng

Bn nt
Q5
thong qua H tng

Nm nt
thong qua

511. Nhng cc nt thong qua na cung cng tn ny t thch hp vi th loi kinh vin s ng (scolastique lmentaire), tr phi n pht sinh trong cc hp m cc bin ha tng t vi cc bin ha lun gii trc y (xem
li s 482).
B/ha i xung t Q3
B/ha i ln t Q3
hoc nt thong qua
hoc nt thong qua
I cung cng tn
J cung cng tn

GHI CH
512. Cc nt thong qua c th thc hin khng ch gia hai nt thit yu ca cng mt hp m (cc v d A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, H) m cn gia hai nt thit yu ca cc hp m khc nhau (v d I, J, K).
513. Ngi ta khng th i qua mt qung ln hn qung bn tng ngang qua tt c cc bc trung gian m trn
ng i khng bt gp t nht mt trong cc nt thit yu ca ha m.
K

Q5 ng

Nt thit yu

514. Ni chung, ngi ta ch c th thc hin cc nt thong qua vo cc phch yu hoc vo cc phn yu ca
phch, v ch sau khi hp m tn cng, (xem li tt c cc v d trn).
515. Gi tr ca mt nt thong qua c th di bng nt thit yu i trc n, cng c th ngn hn, nhng him khi
di hn.
NT THONG QUA
Dng hp l
Khc thng

516. Tt c cc b u c th tip nhn cc nt thong qua; ngi ta c th thc hin chng ng thi trong nhiu
b, lc , chng phi i theo qung ba, qung su, hoc chuyn ng ngc chiu.
HP M KHNG C NT THONG QUA

Lun gii Ha m P3 4/27

CNG CC HP M VI NT THONG QUA NG THI

hai b trm theo qung ba, hai b trn theo qung su,
cp b ny chuyn ng ngc chiu vi cp b kia
H
H
H
Q6
Q6
Q6

Hp m
thong qua

517. Cc nt gp g nhau xy ra trong v d trn, gia bn b phch th t ca ba nhp u tin u qu tt, qu

hi ha n ni chng to thnh cc hp m thong qua.
518. Ngc li, cc gp g nghch nh cc nt ghi nhn trong v d sau y u phi trnh v s cng ci ca
chng, tr phi thuc v mt chuyn ng rt nhanh.
Cng
ci

Cng
ci

Cng
ci

Rt cng ci vi
ch/ng cng chiu

519. Mt s nt nhc c th c coi nh l nt thit yu hoc nt thong qua, ngha l ngi ta c th ha m hoc
khng ha m chng. Trong trng hp ha m chng, chng s to thnh cc hp m thong qua.
V d, gi s chng ta c giai iu cho sn hoc b trm cho sn sau y:
D b cho sn l giai iu
hoc b trm, nt Re vn
c th c ha m hoc
coi nh l nt thong qua
Hp m
thong qua

Nt
thong qua

Nt Re c coi nh l
nt thong qua ch c th
thc hin rong b cho sn
m thi
Nt thong qua cho sn
giai iu
b trm

520. Khng th lp y vi nt khc tn hoc na cung cng tn mt qung theo chuyn ng cng chiu tn cng
bng mt qung nm hoc mt qung tm m khng lm thnh hai qung nm hoc hai qung tm lin tip:
Kg nt thong
qua Q5 cng
chiu c php

Vi nt thong qua
Hai Q5
Hai Q5
b cm
b cm

Kg nt thong
Vi nt thong qua
qua Q8 cng Y Hai Q8 Z
Hai Q8
chiu c php b cm
b cm

Tuy nhin, tr phi c th bin ci (modifier) ng thi qung cc b sinh ra li:

Lun gii Ha m P3 5/27

V D Y V Z sa li cho ng
bin ci b 1 ng thi vi b ba

521. Ngi ta khng th bt u cng nh kt thc mt gch ni bng mt nt thng qua.

522. Trong vic s dng cc nt thong qua, phi quan tm n m giai ca bn nhc, tin hnh nh th ang
trong m giai ch m ca m giai hoc trong mt trong cc m giai na cung cng tn ca n: (vi nt nhc no
m hng nht trong chng mc c th c, xem s 459 v 473), v nht l trnh bin ha (altrer) khng thch
hp cc nt nhc thuc v cc hp m c s dng. (Trong cc v d sau y, chng ti ch ghi ch P cc nt
thong qua no cn ch n cch ring.)
M GIAI NT KHC TN DO TRNG

M GIAI NT KHC TN SOL TRNG

G NA CUNG NT CNG TN DO TRNG

DO TRNG
Tt

G NA CUNG NT CNG TN SOL TRG

LA TH
Xu

Vi H y Fa, nt Fa#
l tt nu tin hnh t nt Fa,
xu nu ngc li

Xu

Xu

Vi H La-Re-Fa, Vi H Sol#-Si-Mi, nt
nt Fa #ch c th thc Sol ch c th tt nu
hin nu tin hnh na cung
tin hnh na cung

523. Bin ha khng chun b mt nt thong qua c th gy nn mt chuyn cung.

CHUYN t Do trng sang Sol trng do

CHUYN t Sol trng sang Do trng do

do nt Fa# dng nh nt thong qua gy nn

nt Fa dng nh nt thong qua gy nn

524. Nhng nu c cng nt khng b bin ha i trc, nt thong qua b bin ha khng i buc phi chuyn
cung.
m giai Do trng
m nt Fa# c nt Fa i trc
v nt Sib c nt Si khng buc ra khi Do

Lun gii Ha m P3 6/27

V NT BC 6 V NT BC 7 CA M TH TH
dng nh nt thong qua
(Des 6me et 7me Degrs du Mode Mineur employs comme Notes de Passage)
525. theo nt khc tn t nt bc 5 i ln nt bc 7 ca m th th nh vo nt bc 6 s dng nh nt thong
qua, ngi ta thng dng m giai th i ln hnh thi 2 (nt bc 6 nng ln) trnh bc nhy t qung hai tng
c sn, nu chng vy, t nt bc 6 th sang nt cm m.
Him khi tt

Ni chung kh hn

526. Cng l do, ngi ta dng m giai th i xung hnh thi 2 (nt bc 7 h xung) theo nt khc tn t nt bc
8 i xung nt bc 6 th nh vo nt bc 7 s dng nh nt thong qua.
Him khi tt

Ni chung kh hn

527. i ln theo nt khc tn t bc 6 th n nt ch m, ngi ta c th dng nt cm m hoc nt bc 7 h

xung.
528. lp y vi nt khc tn qung ba trng m ngi ta gp phi khi i t nt cm m xung nt t m ca
m th th, trong cc thay i v th ca hp m ca nt bc 5, nu mun trnh qung hai tng, ngi ta buc phi
nng cao nt qung 6 mt na cung theo bin ha nt cng tn.
TT

NHN XT
Nu, sau khi i t bc 7 xung bc 5, ngi ta lp tc i ln, nh xy ra trong v d trn y, bc 6 nng ln
ny, c s dng nh l nt thong qua, khng to ra tc ng xu (s 486).
Nhng, nu ngc li, ngi ta phi tip tc i xung, bc 6 nng cao ny lm cho on nhc thnh rt cng
ci: lc , tt hn nn tin hnh nh trong mt m giai th hnh thi 2, bt chp sai li v qung hai tng ngi ta
gp phi.
4 cung lin tc
Rt cng

Kh hn

529. Trong cc m giai hoc cc mng m giai nt khc tn ca m th th, vic chuyn t bc 5 qua bc 8 v
ngc li phi c thc hin khi cch ny, khi cch khc, ty theo ha m c s dng.

Lun gii Ha m P3 7/27

BI TP
a vo ccnt thong qua khc tn trong cc hnh trnh v cc bi hc sau y:
HNH TRNH

BI HCHNH TRNH
Nguyn tc vit 2 b trn vi Kha Do 1 v Do 3, chuyn c hai sang Kha Sol

Nguyn tc vit b 1 Kha Do 1, b 2 Do 3, b 3 Do 4, chuyn tt c sang Sol

M TH TH
nt bc 6 nng ln v nt bc 7 h xung c s dng nh nt thong qua

Lun gii Ha m P3 8/27

CHNG 2

V NT HOA M GIAI IU
(Des Ornements Mlodiques)
NT THUNT LTNT THOT
(BroderieAppoggiaturechappe)
(Ngi dch: Sau Chng 2 v Chng 3 ca nguyn tc, ngi dch s trnh by thong qua cc phn loi nt hoa m ca nhc l M bn c
c th thy mt vi khc bit gia nhc l Php v M trong vn ny.)

530. Mt nt hoa m giai iu (ornement mlodique) l mt nt xa l vi ha m, c thc hin QUNG HAI,

trn hoc di, trng hoc th, ca nt chnh.
Ngi ta nhn ra ba loi nt hoa m giai iu nh sau: nt thu (broderie), nt lt (appoggiature), v nt thot
(chappe). y l cch lm sao nhn ra ba loi nt hoa m :
531. Nt thu (broderie) theo sau nt chnh ca n, thay th n mt chc, ri quay v li chnh nt .
Thng thng, n chim gi mt phch yu hoc phn yu ca mt phch. (Chng ti ch ra n bng ch B).
B

532. Nt lt (appoggiature) nguc li i trc nt chnh.

Thng thng, n chim gi mt phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca mt phch. (Chng ti ch ra n bng ch
A
A).

533. Nt thot (chappe), cng nh nt thu, theo sau nt chnh ca n, nhng khng quay v li nt chnh .
(Tm li, n ch l mt nt hoa m gii quyt khng thng thng, trong vic gii quyt ngi ta thc hin
vic loi b [lision] nt c thu dt hoa m.)
Nt thot ch c th chim gi mt phch yu hoc tt hn na, phn yu ca mt phch. (Chng ti ch ra n
E
bng ch E.)

534. Trong cc loi nt hoa m , nt thu l nt duy nht c th a vo trong phong cch kinh vin s ng. V
th cc v d tip theo sau y s khng bao gm nt lt hoc nt thot, cho du cc qui lut a ra trong cc on
t s 535 n 546, 555 v 556 ng thi ni ln cho c ba th loi.
QUI LUT LIN QUAN N VIC S DNG NT HOA M GIAI IU
(Rgles Concernant lEmploie des Ornements Mlodiques)
535. Nt hoa m c th ln cao (suprieur), xung thp (infrieur), khc tn (diatonique), hoc cng tn
(chromatique).
Hoa m ln
Khc tn
Na cung

Do trng

Hoa m xung
Khc tn
Na cung

Lun gii Ha m P3 9/27

536. Ni chung, nt hoa m ln cao c thc hin nh vo bc khc tn t bn trn nt chnh: khong cch gia
hai nt nhc c th l mt cung hoc na cung.

Do trng

537. Nt hoa m xung thp thng thng nht c thc hin qung hai th ca nt chnh, ngay c khi ngi ta
phi nh n mt bin ha c c qung hai th . (Bin ha ny khng cht nh hng trn m giai v chng
i hi phi chuyn cung.)

Do trng

538. Tuy nhin, tt c cc bc m nt khc tn xung thp cch mt qung c th u c th dng nt lm nt

hoa m.

Do trng

M TH TH
(Mode Mineur)
NT HOA M LN CAO CA NT BC 6NT HOA M XUNG THP CA NT CM M
(Ornement Suprieur du 6me DegrOrnement Infrieur de la Note Sensible)
539. Trong mi trng hp, mt nt hoa m no khng th cao hn nt chnh ca n mt cung. p dng vo
nt bc 6 m th th, ngi ta buc phi h nt bc 7 xung na cung nt cng tn.
TT

XU

540. Vi cng l do, c c nt hoa m xung thp ca nt cm m m th th, phi nng cao nt bc 6 ln na
cung. i khi ngi ta x l cn thun li hn nt hoa m ny ca nt chnh ca n bng cch nng cao nt bc 6 ln
hai na cung.
(Cc bin ha nt bc 6 v nt bc 7 m th th chng gi nn bt c thay i m giai no.)
TT
Nt thu
1 cung

Nt thu
cung

La th

541. Mt vi nt hoa m no p buc ko theo vic chuyn cung:

XU
Nt thu
1 cung

Lun gii Ha m P3 10/27

1) Tt c cc nt hoa m ln cao hoc xung thp, sau khi m giai i trc n nh, ch c th tm thy
na cung ca cc nt chnh ca chng, v ch c th ri xa chng bng bin ha t khong cch mt cung gia
nt c hoa m v nt hoa m ca n.
Chuyn cung sang Sol gi nn bi vic
ri xa nt hoa m ln cao ca Mi.
Do trng
Sol trng
Do trg

Chuyn cung sang Fa gi nn bi vic

ri xa nt hoa m xung thp ca Do.
Fa trg

2) Ni chung, tt c cc nt hoa m ln cao, sau khi m giai i trc n nh, ch c th tm thy mt cung
ca cc nt chnh ca chng, v ch c th tin gn chng bng bin ha t khong cch na cung gia nt c
hoa m v nt hoa m ca n.
Chuyn sang Fa
gi nn bi vic
tin gn nt hoa m
ln cao ca Do.
La th
B Fa trg

La th

Chuyn sang Sol Chuyn sang Fa

gi nn bi vic gi nn bi vic
tin gn nt hoa m tin gn nt hoa m
ln cao ca Re
ln cao ca Do.
B Sol trg
Fa th

542. Tuy vy, vic tin gn n na cung ca mt vi nt hoa m ln cao khng lun lun i buc phi chuyn
cung.
A. Nh th, nt hoa m ca nt bc 5 m th trng c th tin gn nt chnh ca n m khng gi nn bt c
thay i m giai hoc m th no.
B. Ngay c khng cch no c th duy tr m giai n nh khi cc nt hoa m ln cao ca nt bc 1 ca c
hai m th v ca nt bc 6 trng ang tin gn n cc nt chnh ca chng. Nhng vic s dng cc nt hoa m
c bin ha kh khn, v do , kh him hoi.
NT HOA M LN CAO
tin gn n cc nt chnh ca chng chng cht li ko phi chuyn cung

Do trng

La th

TM TT V NHN XT B TC
lin quan n cc nt hoa m ni chung
(Rsum et Observations Complmentaires concernant les ornements en gnral)
543. Nt hoa m ln cao ni chung c thc hin vi nt khc tn. Tuy vy, ngi ta c th bin ha n hoc
chuyn cung, hoc a ra bin cm nhiu hn cho giai iu.
544. Nt hoa m xung thp ni chung c thc hin vi nt na cung, nhng mt vi bc chp nhn nt mt cung.

Lun gii Ha m P3 11/27

545. Nt bc 5 c hai m th hnh nh i hi, hn bt c nt no khc, vic tin gn n nt hoa m xung thp ca
n.
546. Nt bc 3 v nht l nt bc 7 ca m th trng, nt bc 2 v ln na nt bc 7 ca m th th l cc nt thch
hp nht cho nt ho am xung thp vi khong cch mt cung.
Ngoi ra, cng nn nhn xt rng mt vi nt hoa m no tin n cc nt chnh ca chng vi cung c th a
cho giai iu mt tnh cht tru mn (caractre daffection) thch hp cho cc phong cch c bit, phong cch n
s v nghim chnh.

Lun gii Ha m P3 12/27

CHNG 3

V NT THU
(De la Broderie)
(Xem li cc s 530, 531, v t s 535 n 546)
547. Ngi ta c th thu dt khng ch cc nt thit yu ca ha m m c cc nt thong qua v cc nt hoa m bt
k l g.

548. Gi tr tng i (valeur relative) ca mt nt thu c th bng vi gi tr ca nt chnh i trc n. N c th

ngn hn nhng him khi di hn.
NT THU
Dng hp l
Khc thng

549. Gi tr tuyt i (valeur absolue) ngi ta c th a cho nt thu ty thuc v tc ng cng ci t hay nhiu
n to ra vi cc nt ca ha m: him khi vt qu di mt hoc hai phch, nht l trong chuyn ng chm.
550. Tt c cc b u c kh nng tip nhn cc nt thu. Ngi ta c th thc hin chng trong nhiu b cng lc.
Cng nh cc nt thong qua cng lc, lc chng c th tin hnh theo qung ba, qung su hoc theo chuyn
ng ngc chiu.
Qung Qung
3
3

Qung
6

Chuyn ng
ngc chiu

Chuyn ng
ngc chiu

Qung
6

551. Ba chm nt thu ng thi (simultanes) tin hnh theo chuyn ng ging nhau (mouvement semblable) v
to ra nh l mt chui hp m nt qung su vi v th chuyn ng cng chiu cng vn c th thc hin, bt
chp cc qung bn ng ni tip nhau, gia hai b c nt thu.

552. Nhng, nu cc b c nt thu c phn b vi qung bn v qung su, vic ni tip cc qung bn ng
m chng sinh ra, t hi ha gia cc b trung gian, s tr thnh xu nu mt trong hai b cc chi li vi cu trc
, cng xu hn na nu n xy ra gia hai b cc , (xem li s 329),
Khg hay lm

Xu

Xu

Rt xu

Lun gii Ha m P3 13/27

tr phi c th hin rt nhanh:

CHP NHN C

hoc c th hin vi na cung ba b c nt thu:

CHP NHN C

553. Ngi ta phi trnh cc nt thu ng thi nh v d sau y, to ra tng quan ba m gi to, nhng g xy ra
do chui ni tip theo chuyn ng i ln hoc i xung vi mt cung, vi 2 qung ba trng, hoc vi 2 qung su
th.
CNG CI

554. Cc nt thu ng thi t na cung so vi nt chnh ca chng khng to ra cc tng quan sai lm, bt
chp cc qung ba trng theo nhau lin tip chng c th to thnh.
TT

555. V hai nt c tng quan qung tm, mt c th c nt thu trong khi nt kia c gi yn hoc lp li, v
nht l nu gia chng c mt hoc nhiu b trung gian.

556. Tuy nhin, cn phi e ngi vic t nt thu hoc ln cao hoc xung thp na cung cho nt qung ba trng
gp i ca mt nt nn no , tr phi thc hin vi gi tr rt ngn.
PHI TRNH

557. ng ging khng bao gi c c nt thu.

CHP NHN C

CHP NHN C

Lun gii Ha m P3 14/27

XU

XU

558. Ni chung, l xu khi mt nt thu xung thp vi mt di no i n ch to thnh mt va chm qung

hai th vi mt trong cc nt thit yu ca hp m.
PHI TRNH

559. Tch ri qung tm mt trong hai nt nhc to thnh qung hai th khng lm nh bt cch y tc ng
xu ca tnh qung nghch chng to ra.
PHI TRNH

560. Trong trng hp tng t, tt hn c l cho nt thu tin n nt chnh ca n cch no ch to ra va chm
qung hai trng vi nt kia.
TT

561. Cng mt nt nhc s dng ng thi lm nt thu ln cao trong mt b v nt thu xung thp trong mt b
khc s rt ngho nn nu khng c th hin rt nhanh chng.
Ngho

Chp nhn c

Kh hn

562. Hp m c th thay i vo lc nt thu quay tr v nt chnh ca n hoc ngay c trong di ca nt thu.

563. Mt nt thu c mt tm quan trng no nh v di chng hn, khi quay v li nt chnh ca n khng
th to thnh qung tm hoc qung nm trc tip gia hai b cc, tr phi qung tm hoc qung nm nm mt
trong cc trng hp ngoi l ni n trong cc s 122, 125, hoc 260.
PHI TRNH

Lun gii Ha m P3 15/27

564. Khi mt nt chnh v mt trong cc nt thu, hoc c hai nt, theo nhau nhanh chng v nhiu ln lin tc nh
trong cc chm luyn ly (battements de trille), nt tn cng ca mt hp m mi c th trng hp vi nt tn cng
ca nt thu. Nt nhc th loi ny cng cho php cc qung nm lin tip m mt trong hnh thnh bi mt nt
thit yu v mt nt thu, v qung nm kia bi hai nt thit yu.
Nt thu ln

SOL NT CHNH CA B 1
Nt thu xung
Nt thu xung v ln lun phin

565. Mt s nt nhc no c th c coi nh l nt thit yu hoc nt thu.

Thit yu

Thit yu

NT THU N, I, V BA
(Broderies Simple, Double, et Triple)
566. Khi ch mt nt ca hp m c hoa m vi ch mt nt thu, nt c gi l nt thu n. (Xem v d cc
t s 535 n 540.)
567. Nu ngi ta cho hoa m ng thi hai hoc ba nt ca hp m, nt thu c gi l i hoc ba. (Xem cc v
d t s 550 n 554.)
NT THU LIN TIP
(Broderies Successives)
568. Khi nt thu ln cao v nt thu xung thp theo sau nhau, theo th t ny hoc th t khc, trc khi dt
khot quay v li nt chnh ca chng, ngi ta gi chng l nt thu lin tip (broderies successives).

569. Cc nt thu lin tip c th xy ra ng thi trong hai b, lc chng to thnh cc nt thu lin tip i
(broderies successives doubles).

570. i khi ngi chen nt chnh ca chng vo gia hai nt thu, trng hp , nt chnh ny ch lp y vi
nhim v nt thong qua, ch quay li dt khot n nt chnh sau khi hon thnh cc nt thu lin tip.

Lun gii Ha m P3 16/27

TNG QUAN SAI LM C PHP

(Fausse Relation Permise)
571. Ngi ta cho php tng quan sai lm c th hin hu gia hai nt thu lin tip i m mt c c nh vo
bin ha.

BI TP
Lm a dng cc hnh trnh sau y theo nhiu cch bng vic thm vo cc nt thu n.

Thm cc nt thu vo cc bi hc sau

TH TH
Nt thu ln cao cho nt bc 6, nt thu xung thp cho nt bc 7

Lun gii Ha m P3 17/27

CHNG 4

V BT CHC
(De lImitation)
572. Ngi ta gi l bt chc (imitation) vic lp li (reproduction) mt nt giai iu ca mt b c nghe
trc trong mt b khc.
Nt giai iu trc c gi l tin (antcedent), nt lp li nt tin trong mt b khc gi l tip
(consquent).
573. Nhc ca mt nt bt chc c th ch bao gm cc nt thit yu.
S 1

Hp m s dng:

Nhng ni chung n cha ng cc nt xa l vi cc hp m:

S 2

Hp m s dng:

574a. Mt nt nhc bt chc c th thc hin mt qung no : qung hai, qung ba, qung su hoc qung
by thp hn hoc cao hn nt nhc ban u, (xem cc v d t s 8 n 15 theo sau y), nhng, thng thng nht,
n xy ra ng ging hoc qung tm, qung bn hoc qung nm (*) (xem v d s 1 v 2 bn trn v cc v d
t s 3 n 7, s 16 v s 18 sau y).
(*) Ngi ta m qung ny t nt th nht ca tin n nt th nht ca tip .

574b. Nt nhc bt chc l n (simple) khi ch c mt b bt chc mt b khc, l i (double) khi hai b cng
lc bt chc hai b khc.
V CC TH LOI BT CHC KHC NHAU
(De Diverses Espces dImitation)
575. Mt nt nhc bt chc l y ht (exacte) t hoc nhiu, u n (rgulier) hoc khng u n (irrgulire) t
hoc nhiu so vi m iu (intonation).
(V phn tit tu, phi cng nh nhau gia hai b bt chc nhau.)
BT CHC Y HT
(Imitation Exacte)
576. Nt nhc bt chc y ht l nt nhc m tip p tr li tt c cc qung giai iu (tous les intervalles
mlodiques) ca tin bng cc qung y ht (intervallles identiques), ngha l, p li mt qung hai trng bng
mt qung hai trng, mt qung ba th bng mt qung ba th vv.

Lun gii Ha m P3 18/27

BT CHC Y HT
NG GING

S 3

(*) Mt vi nt nhc hoc vi nhp dng vo kt thc cho mt cu nhc khi u bng bt chc
mang tn l CODA.
S 4

QUNG BN TRN

S 5

QUNG BN DI

(*) Cho du trn thc t nt nhc bt chc ny qung mi mt di, n vn c h coi nh l qung
bn, y n c ghi qung tm trm.
S 6

QUNG NM TRN

S 7

QUNG NM DI

BT CHC U N
(Initation Rgulire)
577. Khi trong mt nt nhc bt chc, ngi ta p tr mt qung trng bng mt qung th, mt qung ng
bng mt qung gim hoc tng, v ngc li, nt nhc bt chc khng cn y ht na, tuy nhin, n li l u n
(rgulire) khi ngi ta p tr mt qung hai bng mt qung hai khc, mt qung ba bng mt qung ba khc vv.
S 8

QUNG HAI TRN

S 10

BT CHC U N
S 9
QUNG HAI DI

QUNG BA TRN

Lun gii Ha m P3 19/27

S 11

QUNG BA DI

S 12

QUNG SU TRN

S 13

QUNG SU DI

S 14

QUNG BY TRN

S 15

QUNG BY DI

BT CHC KHNG U N
(Imitation Irrgulire)
578. Nt nhc bt chc l khng u n (irrgulire) nu ngi ta tm thy trong mt hoc nhiu qung giai
iu, tnh theo s lng bc (nombre de degrs) m chng c sng tc, khc vi cc qung c ra trong
tin .
S 16

BT CHC KHNG U N

BT CHC TIT TU
(Imitation Rythmique)
579. Bt chc tiu tu (imitation rythmique) xy ra khi mt b ch ti to li tit tu ca nt nhc c ra trong
mt b khc m thi.
S 17

BT CHC TIT TU

Lun gii Ha m P3 20/27

HT UI
(Canon)
580. Ngi ta gi l Ht ui (canon) (*) l mt nt nhc bt chc c pht trin to ln (**).
(*) T Canon c dng y theo ngha qui tc, lut l, v cc b b b buc (astreinte) phi bt chc u n v tip tc.
(**) Mt nt nhc bt chc y ht t pht trin c th c gi l bt chc ht ui.
S 18

BT CHC Y HT QUNG TM TRN HOC HT UI QUNG TM (S 754)

I IM O NGC C
(Contrepoints Renversables)
(Ngi dch: Sau ti liu Ha m ny, nu khng c g tr ngi, chng ti s dch tip cun Lun gii i im v Tu khc [Trait de
Contrpoint et de la Fugue] ca Thodore Dubois thm ti liu tham kho.)

581. Hai b kt hp cch no b ny c th dng nh b trm ca b kia to ra nhng g ngi ta gi l i

im i (contrepoint double) hoc i im o ngc c (contrepoint renversable) vi hai b (*).
(*) Khi o ngc cc i im i, ba v bn, ngi ta to ra cc nt nhc bt chc gia cc b to ra chng, chng bt chc ln nhau
(rciproquement).
I IM I

TH O

582. Ba b c th o ngc to ra mt i im ba (contrepoint triple).

Lun gii Ha m P3 21/27

(**) Th o ca mt i im i, ba, v bn c th xy ra trong mt m giai khc vi m giai ca

chnh i im . Mt nt nhc bt chc no cng nh vy.
(***) lm cho mt nt nhc bt chc ni bt hn ln, cho n hp dn hn (plus saisissable), ngi
ta c th cho i trc n mt du lng, ngay c ch na phch.

583. Bn b c th o ngc to ra mt i im bn (contrepoint quadruple).

BI TP
Thc hin cc hnh trnh sau y c cha cc nt thong qua v cha ch cho nt nhc bt chc.
HNH TRNH BT CHC
Ba b

Bn b

Lun gii Ha m P3 22/27

PHNG PHP I THEO

tm ra ha m cho mt B trm hoc mt Giai iu
cha ng cc Nt thong qua hoc hoa m
(Mthode Suivre pour trouver lharmonie dune Basse ou dune Chant
contenant des Notes de Psssage ou dornement)
584. Tin hnh theo nh th ny:
1) Nhn ra m giai chnh cng nh cc m giai khc nhau m chng ta i qua.
2) nh ra bn cht cc ngng ngh khc nhau nh du kt thc ca cc cu nhc.
3) Rt cc nt thc ca ha m ra khi cc nt xa l vay quanh chng.
NHN XT
585. Trong mt giai iu, khng phi lun lun d dng phn bit cc nt thong qua hoc hoa m khi cc nt
nhc thit yu. Hn na, ngi ta bit mt s nt nhc no c th coi nh l nt thc hoc nt xa l (s 519 v
565) ty theo bn nhc cha ng mt ha m hp hoc rng, hoc t hoc nhiu.
Ch mt cch l quan st k lng bng mt v nht l bng l tai cc v d nh c trong cc chng 1, 2,
v 3 trc y (*), l thm nhp su sc vo c tnh ring bit ca tng giai iu kho lo ti tnh c s dng
trong , ngi ta chc chn s c th nhn ra bt c ni no c th tm thy chng.
Tuy nhin, v cho du ngi ta khng th hnh thnh bt c qui tc chc chn no nh ot trc ( priori)
v trong mi trng hp th loi no phi dng cho tng nt nhc ca mt giai iu, chng ti tin l hu ch khi a
ra mt vi ch dn chung chung gip loi b khi cn cc phn vn ca l tai.
(*) V v sau, nhng g trong cc s t 1181 n 1217.

KHI NIM
thch ng lm d dng vic phn tch mt b cho sn
c cha cc nt nhc xa l vi ha m
(Notions gnrales faciliter lanalyse dune partie donne
contenant des notes trangres a lharmonie)
BC CCH
(Degrs Disjoints)
NT NHC THC HOC THIT YU
(Notes Relles ou Essentiellles)
586. Mt nt nhc c tng quan bc cch (degrs disjoints)vi nt i trc hoc nt theo sau n thng thng
nht phi c coi nh l nt nhc thc.
Theo , hai v d sau y ch cha ng cc nt nhc thc. (Chng ti ch nh theo c tnh ny tt c cc
nt nhc thit yu cha ng trong tt c cc v d sau y.)
NT THC

BC LIN
(Degrs Conjoints)
NT THONG QUA
587. Trong mi chui cc m thanh i ln hoc i xung vi bc lin (degrs conjoints)v khi u mt phn
mnh (une partie forte) ca nhp, ngi ta c th coi nh l nt thong qua:
1) Nt th hai trong chui ba nt:

2) Nt th hai trong chui bn nt:

Lun gii Ha m P3 23/27

V i khi, nt th hai v th ba ca chui tng t:

3) Nt th hai v th t trong chui nm nt :

V i khi, nt th hai v th ba ca chui tng t:

Trong cc chui di hn, (cng ch l cc phi hp ca cc chui ni trc), nt th hai lun lun l nt
thong qua; cc nt thong qua khc, ty trng hp, l nt th t, th nm, v th by; hoc nt th ba, th nm,
v th by; hoc nt th t v th by.

588. Trong cc m giai hoc cc mnh ca m giai na cung cng tn, cc du bin ha xen k gia cc nt khc
tn u thit yu phi l cc nt thong qua.
CHUI BA NT KHC TN
vi nt na cung cng tn gia

GHI CH: Tt c cc nt nhc trong cc chui trn y khng phi l nt thong qua u l cc nt thit yu,
v ngc li.
HOA M
(Broderies)
589. Mi nt nhc t phch yu, c nt bc di ca n i trc v theo sau c th c coi nh l nt thu ln
cao ca bc .
NT THU LN CAO

590. Mi nt nhc t phch yu v qung hai th ca bc trn ca n, c nt ca bc i trc hoc theo sau
c th c coi nh l nt thu xung thp ca n.
NT THU XUNG THP

V cc trng hp ngoi l, xem li cc s 538, 539, 540, v 548.

BI HC V NT THONG QUA
Nt thu v Nt nhc bt chc
Bn b

Lun gii Ha m P3 24/27

Ba b

B CAO CHO SN
Bn b

GHI CH: Nu vo lc ny ngi ta mun nghin cu trit cc nt xa l vi ha m, ngi ta s tm thy

chng c lun gii: 1) Nt lt s 1181 v tip theo; 2) Nt bo trc v nt thot, s 1209 v tip theo; 3) Nt
chi, s 1214 v tip theo.

Lun gii Ha m P3 25/27

PH LC
Ca: Thu An Trn Hu Thun
NT HOA M THEO NHC L M
(Melodic Decoration)
Chng ti son thm phn Ph lc ny theo nhc l M trnh by mt vi khc bit gia nhc l M v Php
trong vn nt Hoa m m chng ti va dch trong Phn 3 ny, cc chng 1, 2, v 3.
---oOoC nhiu phng cch chng ta c th lm cho ging ha m tr nn hp dn hn, lm cho ha m tr nn
khng ch l mt tin hnh gn ghp cc hp m cch nhm chn. K thut ny gi chung l to hoa m cho giai
iu, c th tm thy trong bt c b ha m no.
lm v d v vic thu hoa dt bm cho giai iu v ha m, chng ti trnh by di y cc nt nhc
thit yu ca Chorale Dir, dir Jehovah, will ich singen ca Johann Sebastian Bach v sau l cng bi vi cc
nt hoa m m chnh Bach thm vo:
CHORALE BMV 846 ca JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
Dir, dir Jehovah, will ich singen
ch vi nt thit yu

Cng on nhc vi nt hoa m ca chnh tc gi Bach:

Nt hoa m cng c gi l nt xa l vi nt ca hp m (non-chord) bi v chng khng phi l thnh phn

ca hp m ch thc c chn la ha m.
C 7 loi: 1) Nt thong qua (passing notes); 2) Nt ph (auxiliary notes); 3) Nt thay i (changing notes); 4)
Nt bo trc (anticipation); 5) Nt treo (suspension); 6) Nt tr hon (retardation); v 7) Nt nn (pedals).
1. Nt thong qua (passing notes):
a. Nh trn chng ti trnh by, l ra phi dng t nt chuyn qua mi dch ng ngha ca t passing
notes ca ting Anh hoc t notes de passage ca ting Php, nhng chng ti buc phi dng t nt thong qua
quen thuc.
Nt thong qua, (nh du bng ch P) l nt nhc ri vo gia hai nt khc nhau cch nhau mt qung ba.
Nt thong qua c th l nt khc tn (diatonic) (v d A) hoc nt na cung cng tn (chromatic) (v d B).

Lun gii Ha m P3 26/27

b. Nt thong qua khng c nhn mnh nu ri vo phch yu (off-beat) ngha l vo gia hai hp m (v d
A, B). Nu n ri vo phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca phch yu (on the beat), n c nhn mnh v thng n
to thnh tnh trng nghch (dissonance) vi phn cn li ca hp m (v d C).

2. Nt ph (auxiliary notes):
a. Nt ph, (nh du bng ch A), cng cn gi l nt ln cn (neighbor notes) l nt nhc ri vo gia hai
nt cng cao ca hai hp m. N c th cao hn hoc thp hn hai nt ca hp m hai bn n. Khi n cao hn,
ngi ta gi n l nt ph ln cao (upper auxiliary notes), khi thp hn, nt ph xung thp (lower auxiliary notes).

b. Cng nh nt thong qua, nt ph c th c nhn mnh hoc khng c nhn mnh ty v tr trong
phch, c th l nt khc tn hoc nt na cung cng tn.
3. Nt thay i (changing notes):
Nt thay i, (nh du bng ch C), gm hai loi nt Cambiata v nt thot (chappe).
a. Nt Cambiata xy ra khi mt nt thay i ri vo gia hai nt cch nhau mt qung bn i xung. N khng
phi l nt thot v nt thot i ln hoc i xung lin bc, trong khi nt thay i ny i xung mt bc v theo sau
n li l mt nt nhc cch mt qung ba cng chiu xung ri nt nhc c tip theo vi mt nt qung
hai khc chiu. Cch hoa m ny thng c dng trong i im (counterpointercontrepoint).

b. Nt thot (chappe), (nh du bng ch C/E), l nt thay i nm bn ngoi cc nt ca hai hp m. N

chuyn ng lin bc theo mt hng nghch vi nt trc n nhng nt theo sau n li nhy theo hng ngc li
(xem li s 533).

4. Nt bo trc (anticipation):
Nt bo trc, (nh du bng ch AT), xy ra khi chng ta vit mt nt thuc v hp m sau vo phch trc
phch hp m chnh thc xut hin. Nt hoa m ny thng c vit vi chuyn ng i xung v thng ch
sm hn hp m chnh na phch hoc mt phn t phch. Li hoa m ny thng dng nht trong nhc Jazz v
nhc Nam M (Latin).

Lun gii Ha m P3 27/27

5. Nt treo (suspension):
Ngc li vi nt bo trc l nt treo, (nh du bng ch S), xy ra khi chng ta vit mt nt ca hp m
sau khi hp m xy ra. Nt treo cn c gi l nt chi (syncope), gii quyt bng chuyn ng i xung v
nu khng th s khng cn l nt treo m l nt tr hon (retardation) ni n sau. Ngoi ra, n cn phi c
chun b vi cng mt nt nhc ca cng hp m v cng b, nu khng n s l nt lt (appoggiatura
appoggiature) (xem li s 532).

6. Nt tr hon (Retardations):
Nt tr hon, (nh du bng ch R), l mt loi nt treo nhng c gii quyt theo chuyn ng i ln thay
v i xung nh nt treo.

7. Nt nn (pdals)
Nt nn, (nh du bng ch PD), l nt ch m (v d D) hoc nt t m (v d E) c s dng lin tip trn
mt b thng l b trm, trong khi cc b cn li tip tc thay i cc hp m. Khi n c s dng khng phi
b trm m b trn, ngi ta gi n l nt nn o (inverted pedal). Nu n c s dng gia hai b cc th c
gi l nt nn bn trong (internal pedals). Nt nn c th c ko di hoc lp li lin tc nhiu ln.

8. Phn tch p dng:

Chng ti trnh by mt phn tch p dng nh v nt thong qua v nt ph, trch mt cu trong tc phm
Chorale BMV 2.6 ca Bach:

1) Nt ph ln cao: Nt Re gi 2 nt Do thng nn l nt ph ln cao.

2) Nt thong qua khng nhn mnh: Nt Fa ri vo phn yu ca phch nn khng nhn mnh, nm gia hai
nt Sol v Mi cch nhau mt qung ba nn l nt thong qua.
3) Nt thong qua khng nhn mnh: Nt Fa ri vo phn yu ca phch nn khng nhn mnh, nm gia hai
nt Sol v Mib nn l nt thong qua.
4) Nt thong qua khng nhn mnh: Nt Re nm gia nt Mib v Do nn l nt thong qua, khng nhn
mnh v ri vo phn yu ca phch.
5) Nt thong qua nhn mnh: Nt Do ri vo phn mnh ca phch yu nn nhn mnh, nm gia nt Re v
Si bnh nn l nt thong qua.
HT PH LC

(HT ON I--XIN N C ON II)