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WASHINGTON/ JACKSON
(BOYERS 5,6,7)
WASHINGTONS PRESIDENCY

Elected President in 1789

1st President of the United States
Born February 22, 1732 and died December 14, 1799
Is known as the Father of the country
He was the first President and as such set the tone of the office. He set
precedents
Probably considered our 1st hero
Inaugurated in New York City at Federal Hall
Never shook hands as President
Country was enjoying prosperity
No political parties
His Vice President was John Adams. They were not friends
Secretary of State--- Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of the Treasury--- Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War--- Henry Knox
Mount Vernon--- There he oversaw thousands of acres and hundreds of
slaves, he became one of the countrys wealthiest citizens
He was easily embarrassed by his lack of learning, he was not a good
conversationalist and had a legendary temper
Hobbies included hunting and loved to play the flute
GROWTH OF AMERICA

In 1789, our nation was growing at an amazing rate

1790 (1st census) 4 million people
Largest city was Philadelphia 42,000 ; New York 33,000
95% lived in the East

1ST CONGRESS
Task of molding the new government
Added the Bill of Rights in 1791
Created a federal court system- Judiciary Act (1789)
1. Established a federal district court in each state and 3 circuit courts of
appeal
2. Provided for a chief justice and 5 associate justices of the supreme
court to be nominated by the President and approved by the senate
3. Defined the federal courts powers and the relationship between the
federal courts and state courts
TWO GROUPS EMERGE
1. FEDERALIST
Hamilton
America required a strong national government: that the countrys
mission was to become a genuine nation-state, with centralized authority,
a complex commercial economy and a proud standing in World Affairs
2. REPUBLICANS
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
A far more modest central government. It would be stronger than the
Articles, but it would remain a far weaker instrument than the European
equivalent
Society should not be highly commercial or urban it should be rural and
agrarian
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
Most aristocratic in personal tastes and political philosophy

Believed that a stable and effective government required an elite ruling

class; authority should be lodged in the hands of the enlightened few
U.S. government could be strengthened by attracting the support of the
wealthy
The Federalists offered a vision of the sort of nation America should
become- a nation with the wealthy, enlightened ruling class; one
possessing a vigorous, independent commercial economy with a thriving
industrial sector; a country able to play a prominent role in world
economic affairs
NATIONAL BANK
Only a few banks existed in America mainly in Boston, Philadelphia, and
New York
National Bank would several purposes
1. Provide loans and currency to businesses
2. Give the government a safe place for the deposit of federal funds
3. Facilitate the collection of taxes and the disbursement of government
expenditures
Bank would be chartered by the federal government and was to have a
monopoly and would be controlled by directors
Funding and assumption of all debts would cost a great deal of money.
Hamilton needed to find an adequate source of revenue
Taxes
1. Excise- Paid by distillers of liquors. The tax would hit hard the
whiskey distillers of the back country especially in Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and North Carolina. These farmers converted part of their
corn and rye crops into whiskey
2. Tariff- Imports
Began operation with $10 million
Hamilton held a loose construction of the Constitution. Government can
do anything the Constitution does not specifically forbid. Congress has
the right to make all laws necessary and proper.
REPUBLICANS

Thomas Jefferson was the spokesperson

Jefferson, a farmer believed that farmers were Gods chosen people and
that an ideal republic would consist of sturdy citizens, each tilling his
own soil
Was an aristocrat by birth, but had faith in the good intentions of the
ordinary farmer- citizens and believed that they could, if properly
educated, be trusted to govern themselves through the election of able
and qualified men
Urban people posed a danger to the republic; Jefferson feared city mobs
as sores upon the body politic.
Therefore, he opposed the development of extensive manufactures
because they would lead to the growth of cities packed with propertyless
workers
He envisioned a decentralized society, dominated by small property
owners engaged largely in agrarian activities
Farmers could be engaged in interstate and international trade
Believed that America should avoid a highly urbanized, industrial
economy and that the abundance of land in America was the societys
greatest economic resource
strict construction of the constitution
United States should not try to become an industrial nation
Believed strongly in the will of the majority
Leave most governing to state and local governments that government is
best which governs least
The United States should continue to be an agricultural nation
Farmers are noble people
Purpose of government should be to provide a free atmosphere in which
individuals might pursue their personal goals without interference

WHISKEY REBELLION
Placed excise tax on whiskey
Placed a severe hardship on farmers who lived in Penn, Maryland,
Virginia, & N. Carolina
Farmers in Western Penn. Were refusing to pay the tax

Led to violence
1st direct authority to the new government
Washington agreed to send in troops
President led a force (Hamilton also present) of 15,000 militiamen &
restored order
The frontiersmen now looked to Jefferson for leadership

POLITICAL PARTIES ARE FORMED

1. DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN: Support in rural areas of North,
South & frontier
- Jefferson & Madison
2. FEDERALIST: Business & manufacturing in the East
- Washington & Hamilton

XYZ AFFAIR
French government refused to receive the U.S. minister to France Charles
Pinckney
1797 Adams sends 3 Americans to France
1. Pinckney
2. John Marshall
3. Elbridge Gerry
Just before they were going to leave they were approached by 3 visitors
from the French Foreign Ministry. They were known as XYZ
These men could arrange to reopen diplomatic relations
In return, they demanded $240,000. In addition, France wanted a loan
for $2 million
Attitudes toward France was anger
President Adams could have led us into war--- People would have
supported the war
Adams followed a policy of restraint

NATURALIZATION ACT 1798

It increased from 5 to 14 years the length of time required for an

immigrant to become a citizen
Anti-republican ( most immigrants were Republican)

ALIEN ACT 1798

Gave the president the power to expel from the U.S. any foreigner he
thought, was dangerous to the peace & safety of the U.S.

ELECTION OF 1800

Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr were tied

Election was thrown into the House of Representatives
Hamilton threw his support to Jefferson
Jefferson coming to power was known as the Revolution of 1800
Change of party change in attitude

THOMAS JEFFERSON

Secretary of state, vice president and 3rd President of the United States
Author of the Declaration of Independence
1st President to shake hands
According to Alan Brinkley, Jefferson was a brilliant conversationalist,
a writer endowed with literary skills unmatched by any president in the
United States (possible exception of Lincoln); and undoubtedly one of
the nations most intelligent and creative men with a wider range of
interests and accomplishments than any public figure in American
history.
He was an architect, educator, inventor, scientific farmer, scientist,
diplomat & president
Founder of the University of Virginia
Believed that the federal government should share much of their power
with state governments
Cut the national debt in half ($83 million to $45 million)
Helped establish West Point (1802)

LOUISIANIA TERRITORY

Napoleon acquired the Louisiana territory from Spain

April 30, 1803, one of the greatest real estate deals in history took place
The U.S. purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million
900,000 square miles
Doubled the size of America
Cost per acre was four cents
13 states were carved out of the territory----- Louisiana, Arkansas,
Missouri, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,
Wyoming, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Colorado, Montana
By 1910, the value of farm property was $16.5 billion (over a thousand
times what we paid for the whole territory)
Many historians believe that the purchase of Louisiana was the most
important event in the first half of the 19th century

POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE PURCHASE

No clause in the Constitution could be found giving the president the
right to purchase foreign territory by a treaty
Jefferson was disturbed by his departure from his own doctrine of the
strict construction of the Constitution
He thought about having a Constitutional amendment passed, however,
his friends in Congress persuaded him it was unnecessary and unwise
Unnecessary because the Constitution gives the president and the senate
the right to negotiate treaties
Unwise--- During this time Napoleon might change his mind

LEWIS AND CLARK

Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the
Louisiana territory
Started at St. Louis in 1804
Traveled up the Missouri River , crossed the Rocky Mountains and
canoed down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean

Sacagawea, a Shoshoni served as an interpreter. She also showed them

the best places to fish and hunt
* 1804-1806
Exploratory enterprise that mapped the vast new territory west of the
Mississippi River
Jefferson also sent other people to explore the territory such as Zebulon
Pike- Colorado

EDUCATION
Jefferson believed that an ignorant electorate could not be trusted to
preserve democracy, therefore, education was essential
He wanted to create a national system of public schools, in which all
male citizens would receive free education
It never happened

MARBURY V MADISON
Chief Justice was John Marshall
Adams, before he left the Presidency signed the Judiciary Act of 1801. It
established new positions for judges. He appointed federalist (Midnight
justices)

The commissions had not been delivered

One of these judges was William Marbury
James Madison, Sec. Of State, refused to hand over the commission
Ruling established judicial review
That is the courts had the power to declare laws passed by Congress as
unconstitutional

THE BURR CONSPIRACY

Federalist did not like the Louisiana Purchase for they feared they would
lose power
They believed that the only recourse for New England was to secede
from the Union & form a separate Northern Confederacy
Alexander Hamilton opposed the secessionists. He accused Aaron Burr
of plotting treason and made numerous private accusations about his socalled despicable character. Burr was to run for governor & lost in
New York, he blamed it on Hamilton. He challenged Hamilton to a duel.
Hamilton was mortally wounded and died the next day.

ELECTION OF 1808
James Madison defeated Charles Pinckney

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

Veteran Indian fighter

Advocate of growth & development
His vision--- Rapid expansion of white settlement westward
1801 Jefferson appointed him Governor of Indiana Territory

TECUMSEH
Chief of the Shawnees
Only through united action could the tribes hope to resist the steady
advance of white civilization
Tried to unite all tribes of the Mississippi Valley

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE
November 7, 1811
Tecumseh left Prophetstown to visit tribes along the Mississippi

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Harrison now saw his opportunity---- With 1,000 soldiers he provoked

an armed conflict
Harrison succeeded in driving off the Indians and burned the town
Tecumseh returned to find his confederacy in disarray
Later, Tecumseh was commissioned as a brigadier general by the British
in the War of 1812

THE WARHAWKS
They were aggressive & impatient young men, who came from the new
states in the west
Henry Clay (Kentucky) & John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina)

WAR OF 1812
U.S. declared war
Main grievances
1. Impressment of American sailors
2. Violation of American rights on the Sea
American forces tried to conquer the British territories to the north
(Canada)
7,000 poorly trained troops
General William Hull--- Led U.S. forces into Canada. They were forced
to retreat & finally surrendered at Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago)
American frigates engaged British warships in a series of duals & won
some spectacular victories. However, by 1813, Britain put a close
blockade on the United States
Britain dominated the oceans
U.S. seized control of the Great Lakes

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ANDREW JACKSON
Fighting the Creeks in the Southwest
A wealthy Tennessee planter
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
+Jacksons men took vengeance on the Indians--- Slaughtered warriors,
women & children
+Broke the resistance of the Creeks
+Creeks agreed to cede most of its land to the United States
+Jackson also was given a commission as Major General in the U.S.
Army

BRITISH ATTACK WASHINGTON D.C.

British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay & landed on the outskirts of
Washington
British marched into Washington on August 24, 1814. They set fire to
several public buildings including the White House, in retaliation for the
American burning of the Canadian capitol at York
Low point of the war
Britain proceeded up the bay toward Baltimore & Fort McHenry. They
attacked the fort.
Francis Scott Key--- A Washington lawyer watched the bombardment.
The next morning by the dawns early light he could still see the U.S.
Flag. He wrote a poem--- The Star-Spangled Banner--- In 1931, it
become the official national anthem

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

British advance up the Mississippi River

U.S. hiding behind objects such as bails of hay
Total surprise
700 British died, U.S. 8
Hero of New Orleans Andrew Jackson

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TREATY OF GHENT
December 24, 1814
Ended the fighting, no territorial claims

NATIONALISM: DEVOTION TO ONES COUNTRY

UNCLE SAM: First appeared in the War of 1812
BALD EAGLE: Adopted as the national bird in 1872

THE GREAT MIGRATION

Westward expansion
Population pressures & economic pressures pushed many people from
the East
Availability of new lands & the decline of Indian resistance drew people
West
Between 1800-1820, the nations population nearly doubled from 5.3
million to 9.6 million
Most were still farmers
Living in the West--- Rough existence often plagued by loneliness,
poverty, dirt, & disease
Rapid growth of the West resulted in the admission of 4 new states
1. Indiana 1816
2. Mississippi 1817
3. Illinois 1818
4. Alabama 1819

THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

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The expansion of the economy, the growth of the West, & the creation of
the new states made people feel good about America
James Monroe
1. 61 when he became President
2. Served as a soldier in the Revolutionary War, a diplomat, & a cabinet
officer
3. Cautious and patient

MONROE DOCTRINE
The American continents were not to be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European powers
U.S. would oppose any attempt to extend the European system of
Monarchy to America
U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies in the
Americas

The U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries
Keystone/cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy for many years
America should isolate itself from Europe

JOHN MARSHALL
Appointed as the Chief Justice in 1801. He would stay on the court until
1835
Supremacy of national law over states rights

THE ADAMS-ONIS TREATY 1819

U.S. claims Florida & Spains claim to the Oregon Territory--- Land
north of the 42nd parallel
U.S. paid Spain $5 million

MISSOURI 1819

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Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state

Unwritten agreement in Congress---- # of slave states had been equal to
the number of free states

TALLMADGE AMENDMENT
Proposed by James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York
Prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri & provide for the
gradual emancipation
Rejected

MISSOURI COMPROMISE
Maine and Missouri would be admitted to the Union
Maine would be free
Missouri would be a slave state

Slavery barred in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel
of 36 30
12 free states & 12 slave states

ELECTION OF 1828
Jackson defeated President John Q. Adams
Won 56% of popular vote. Electoral College 178-83
Nasty campaign--- The mud was slinging. It was rumored that Jackson
had knowingly lived in sin with the wife of another man. Rachel &
Andrew were married. She thought he divorce was already through the
courts and finished
American people finally believed they had a peoples president
The inauguration celebration became a mob scene. They pressed into the
White House to see Jackson. Men in muddy boats stood on elegant
furniture. Moreover, they trashed beautiful glasses and dishware

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ANDREW JACKSON
Hero of New Orleans
Led on of the most vicious assaults on the American Indians
His believers felt people would rise to prominence on their talents and
energies
Kitchen CabinetAn informal group of newspaper editors & northern
politicians who worked for his election

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Government should offer equal protection & equal benefits to all
people. It should provide special favors to nobody
Eliminating the privileges of established elites
Reduce the functions of government
Believed in forceful presidential leadership
Strongly committed to the preservation of the Union

THE REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS

He wanted to move the Indians west, beyond the Mississippi( expanding
white settlement)
Whites were coming to view Native Americans as savages
Belief that whites should not be expected to live in close proximity to the
Indians

BLACK HAWK WAR

Illinois
Sauk & the Fox Indians were led by Black Hawk
Early treaty had given tribal lands in Illinois to the U.S. government
Black Hawk refused to recognize the agreement
Indians were defeated & retreated into Iowa
White troops pursued & slaughtered them

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FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES

Located in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida
1. Cherokee
2. Creek
3. Seminole
4. Chickasaw
5. Choctaw
Congress passes the Removal Act (1830): To negotiate treaties to
relocate Indians to the West
Cherokees made an agreement for $5 million. The great majority of the
17,000 Cherokees did not recognize the treaty as legitimate
Jackson sent an army of 7,000 under General Winfield Scott to drive
them westward
They made the long forced trek to Oklahoma in 1838
Aged females, apparently nearly ready to drop in the grave, sometimes
on frozen ground or muddy roads with no covering on their feet
died along the way
Live on reservations in Oklahoma
Trail of Tears
Indian tribes ceded over 100 million of acres of Eastern land to the
government. They received $68 million and 32 million acres of land in a
far less hospitable land west of the Mississippi River.

ELECTION OF 1836
Van Buren is elected President
Whig

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